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Home , Kankakee Torrent, Valparaiso Moraine

of the Portion of the Eastern TODD A. THOMPSON, STATE GEOLOGIST Extent of the South Bend 30- x 60-Minute Quadrangle By José Luis Antinao and Robin F. Rupp Bloomington, Indiana OVERVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, AND MORPHOLOGY

2021 The map area is underlain by unconsolidated deposits of and Holocene age having thicknesses greater than 350 ft north of South Bend, and more than 450 ft -86°7'30" 580000E -86°0'00" -86°15'00" 5 575 northeast of Mishawaka, usually reaching 200 ft elsewhere. All surficial deposits are -86°22'30" 5 5 565 70 -86°30'00" 5 5 55 60 800 45 50 800 mid- to late Episode or younger (<50,000 years ago, or <50 ka), occurring Qma

31 Qas Qac 800 as a minor (<100 ft) cover above a thicker pre-Wisconsin package. A thin, Qml Qwv2 % Dreamwold ? Qwe1 Qwv1 Qwpp1 Heights Qwe1 Qwe1 discontinuous cover of postglacial alluvial, lacustrine, paludal, and aeolian deposits Qwv3 800 800 41°45'00" Qac5 % Qwe1 41°45'00" Qao5 % not exceeding 25 ft caps the glacial sequence. 80 Qwe2

700

800 Qwpp3 Qwe1 Qao5 % 23 Qwpp3 800 Landforms and near-surface deposits reflect the interplay between the Saginaw and I 800

ND % Qao3 I % AN Qao5 Lake Lobes of the . In the Mishawaka fan upland Qwpp2 A T Granger INDI

OL ANA TOLL RD 80

L RD Qwpp2 Qwpp2 Qao4 (Bleuer and Melhorn, 1989) at the center of the map, the morphology is marked by a 31 ? Qac 46 Qml BUS 46 shallow (30–50 ft depth) pre-Wisconsin buried surface, similar to the one present in 20 Qao4 Roseland 800 20 Qao4 800 800 southwestern Elkhart County (Fleming and Karaffa, 2012). Qwpp2 Qml Qaca 700 Qao4 Qac

% Qwpp2 Qml 800 Geochronologic data from southern Michigan suggests an older than 24 ka (mid- % Indian Qac2 80 Wisconsin?) advance from the Lobe (LML) that is covered and Qwv3 Qac1 Qao5 Village

Qml Qao2 Qac overridden in the map area by advances leading to the E MICHIGAN ST % Qao3 Qao1 20 Chain-O Qwpp2 800 (LGM), ca. 24 ka. Between 24 and 17 ka, retreating LML ice left a succession of ice- -Lakes 933 Qao1 Qao2

% Qao5 Qwpp1 Qwpp2 Qao1 % Maple contact sediment ramps and associated pitted and collapsed fan- complexes Lane Qao1 Terre Coupee Olive 800 Qma Notre Dame throughout the southern and western parts of the map area. Diamicton and and Qwv2 Zeigler Qac1 20 % Hubbard BUS Pleasant gravel sediments are stacked in fan heads at the hinged interlobate area north and Qao2 Valley 19 Lydick Qao5 northeast of South Bend. Northeast of Mishawaka, deposits from ice advances

Qwpp3 Ardmore Qao2

% having an eastern source (Saginaw Lobe) seamlessly blend with the hinged ice-margin Qao2 Qao5 % 4615 Qao1 Qml 331 4615 landform. Near Wakarusa, older, diamicton-cored subtly ridged topography of the Qao6 Qma Qma Saginaw Lobe controls the distal onlap of LML deposits. Ice-contact features (fans, Qao6 , and subtle ice-walled lake plains) define positions of the ice margin as the South Bend Mishawaka Qma Qwpp1 WESTERN AVE Qao1 W WESTERN AVE LML retreated from south and east to the northwest, in N-S and minor E-W ridges 2 700 Qao5 Qma Qao6 and fan complexes.

Qma Qao2 Osceola % Qao1

Qwv3 Qao4 933 % Lowlands are mostly occupied by post-LGM (ca. 18 ka) valley-train outwash Qac3 Qma Qao5 Qas Qac5 deposits, with interpreted flow toward the south and west, derived from a LML ice 31 Qac4 Qao4 margin retreating first from south to north, near Mishawaka, then from southeast to northwest across the Kankakee valley. Collapse features attributed to stagnant ice are 800 Qac Qas 800 common on the pitted landscape around the Kankakee valley. The outwash discharge over this area was short-lived, and low spatial connectivity of fluvial systems is 4610 Qac 31 900 Qma 4610 reflected in poorly drained areas underlain by lacustrine and paludal deposits. All Qas Qwpp2 BUS Qac3 800 Qwm Qas Qao2 Qao4 20 outwash fans from the Saginaw Lobe and the interlobate area in the northeast 800 Qml 800 800 20 800 portion of the map are truncated or covered by the slightly younger distal Huron-Erie % 800 800 Qwml Qao3 Qac3 800 41°37'30" Lobe outwash deposits flowing westward from the Lima Plain, the Pigeon River Qao4 Qao3 20

41°37'30" Crumstown 800 meltwater channel, and the Topeka fan (Fleming and others, 1997; Valachovics,

JACKSONR SAIN ? D T J Gilmer OSE Qml 23 PH V 2019; Antinao and others, 2019). Late-glacial aeolian activity is evident in dune

Park ALLE

Y PARKWAY 19

Qao2 ? fields north and southeast of South Bend, along the St. Joseph River valley. ? Qma Gulivoire Qwml Qml Qao4 Park Qwm KERN RD KERN RD Qml Informal names are introduced to develop the stratigraphic framework. These Qwpr 331 include specific units of the Atherton Formation (Wayne, 1963), members of the

Qao2 Qml Qwh Qwm

? Qao2 ? Tamarack Qwml Wedron Group (Hansel and Johnson, 1996), with tentative equivalent units, and the

Qao4 Qma Grange Qwml Elkhart formation and associated members as introduced for the Elkhart area by

46 46

? ? 05 % 05 Qml ? Nutwood Qml Antinao and others (2019). MIAMI MIAMI ST Qwml

Qml Y Qml BREMEN HIGHWAY

WA ? IGH ? Qml

H REFERENCES

RTY Qao2 E ?

LIB Qml Qma

? % Qao2 Qma Qml Qwpr ? Qml

Qao4 Antinao, J. L., Rupp, R. F., and Valachovics, T., 2019, Quaternary geology of the

? Indiana portion of the Elkhart 30- x 60-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological Qac2 ? ? Qwml 931 31 Qwml Qwp Woodland and Water Survey, Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 1, scale 1:100,000. doi:

Qao4 ? ? Qma 10.14434/ijes.v1i0.27232

Qao2 Qma Qwh ? Qml ST NAPPANEE Qao5 Qwp Bleuer, N. K., 1974, Distribution and significance of some ice-disintegration

Qwpr RD DOGWOOD

23 OSBORNE RD features in west-central Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 8, Qml ? 4600 Qma 4600 11 p.

Qao5 Qac2 Qml Qwpl ?

Bleuer, N., and Melhorn, W.N., 1989, Glacial terrain models, north-central Indiana

Qao3 Qma ? Qml Qwml PIERCE RD %

PIERCE RD —the application of downhole logging to analysis of glacial vertical sequences, ?

Qao2 4 Qml ? DIXIE HIGHWAY Qel North ? Wakarusa in: Field Guidebook for the 23rd Annual Meeting of the North-Central Section

Liberty Midway of the Geological Society of America, p. 41–93, 171 pp.

Pine Station ? Corners Wyatt ? Qed

Qma Qml Lakeville Qwml ? Qml Qwh Brown, S. E., 2003, Glacial geology of South Bend area, Indiana: Indiana M

I ? A Qel

M Geological Survey Open-File Study 03-15, scale 1:80,000. Qml ? I H Qao2 I

Qao3 Qwp G H

W

? Qwml

A Qel

? Y Curry, B. B., Hajic, E., Befus, K., Clark, J., Carrell, J., and Brown, S., 2014, The Qao3 Qml ? Qwpr RILEY RD and other large meltwater flooding events during the last 4595000N Qml 41°30'00" deglaciation, , USA: Reviews, v. 90, p. 22–36. 5 5 41°30'00" 5 5 565 70 75 580000E -86°0'00" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.02.006 550 55 60 -86°15'00" -86°7'30" -86°30'00" 545000E -86°22'30" Curry, B. B., Kehew, A. E., Antinao, J. L., Esch, J., Huot, S., Caron, O. J., and SCALE: 1:100,000 Thomason, J. F., 2020, Deglacial Kankakee Torrent, source to sink, in Waitt, Contour interval 20 feet R.B., Thackray, G.D., and Gillespie, A.R., eds., Untangling the Quaternary Period–a legacy of Stephen C. Porter: Geological Society of America Special MN KILOMETERS Paper 548, p. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1130/2020.2548(16) 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 GN 5°1´ INDIANA 89 MILS Fleming, A. H., and Karaffa, M., 2012, Quaternary geology of the Nappanee West 0½° 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9 MILS 7.5-minute quadrangle, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map 89, scale 1:24,000. MILES UTM GRID AND 2020 MAGNETIC NORTH DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET Fleming, A. H., Brown, S. E., Smous, A. J., Schrader, T. L. 1997, Glacial terrain map 5,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 (includes data points) of the Shipshewana 7.5-minute quadrangle, LaGrange County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Open-File Study 97-14.2. US FEET LOCATION OF THE SOUTHEAST QUADRANT OF THE Gray, H. H., 1989, Quaternary geologic map of Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey SOUTH BEND 30- X 60- MINUTE Miscellaneous Map 49, scale 1:500,000. QUADRANGLE Hansel, A. K., and Johnson, W. H., 1996, Wedron and Mason Groups– lithostratigraphic reclassification of deposits of the Wisconsin Episode, Lake Michigan Lobe area: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 116 p. Martinsville Formation (Holocene) Haeger Formation of the Wedron Group (Late Pleistocene) Elkhart formation (Late Pleistocene) Horton, J. M., 2015, The deglacial chronology of the Sturgis moraine in south- central Michigan and northeast Indiana: University of Toledo, , master’s Qml Paludal and lacustrine deposits Qwpp1 Portage Prairie diamicton and complex member Qed Wakarusa diamicton member Gyttja, marl, sedge peat, and sphagnum peat, interbedded with silt and sand. Organic- Boulder-bearing gray to grayish-brown silt-clay diamicton and sand and gravel fans at an Loamy- and silty-clay brown diamicton interbedded with clast-rich sandy diamicton thesis, 100 p. rich sediments occur in saturated depressions, reflecting the poorly drained morphology Qwpp2 intermediate position between the Valparaiso margin and the Inner Kalamazoo margin Qel towards the east, with distinctive lithology derived from the central Michigan Basin Johnson, W. H., Follmer L. R., Gross D. L., and Jacobs A. M., 1972, Pleistocene developed in collapsed outwash or diamicton substrate. Thickness ranges from less than 3 Qwpp3 (Russell and Leverett; 1908, Stone and others, 2017; Curry and others, 2020). A (chert, coal). Unit displays gravel-rich stratified diamicton, and interbedded sand and ft in abandoned swales to more than 10 ft in deeply entrenched channels, and former proximal fan head at Buchanan (Michigan) dates to 24±3 ka (W.H. Monaghan, written gravel towards Wakarusa. Ice-contact ridges could be related to a fluctuating ice margin stratigraphy of east-central Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook subglacial (tunnel) channels. Beyond 5 ft deep, sediments might contain late glacial commun., 2018). Deltaic bedforms are documented in Michigan (Stone and others, from the west. A more subtle regional morphology is defined by east-west ridges and Series 9, 97 p. deposits that grade into Holocene deposition. The unit includes sandy alluvial facies too 2017). Progressively finer sand and gravel in younger units. Interbedded lacustrine silt and hummocks. Covered by and interbedded toward the south with the lacustrine and distal small to be mapped independently. clay with diamicton in the eastern slope (subsurface of units Qwpp2, 3, facing St. Joseph diamicton of the Mishawaka fan complex. Sits directly on top of pre-Wisconsin units. Johnson, W. H., Gross D. L., and Moran S. R., 1971, stratigraphy of the River valley) suggests blockage of hypothesized southward drainage by ice. Deposition of West and southwest of Wakarusa, ice-walled lake plains might have formed at the time of Danville region, east-central Illinois, in Till–a symposium: Ohio State younger units in Indiana could be synchronous with the Kankakee Torrent (Curry and occupation of the lowlands by ice of the Lake Michigan Lobe. Unit formerly assigned to University Press, p. 184-216; Illinois State Geological Survey Reprint 1972-I. Qma Alluvial deposits Silt, sand, and gravel in the bed and alluvial plain of modern river valleys. Alluvial others, 2014, 2020), ca. 19 ka in age, which eroded the distal end of unit Qwpp2 and an unnamed member of the Lagro Formation (Wayne, 1963). These sediments represent Kehew, A. E., Esch, J. M., Curry, B. B., Huot, S., Caron, O. J., Yellich, J. A., and channels are incised into the surface of outwash plains and outwash fans. A thin veneer of deposited units Qao2 and Qao3 southwest of South Bend. Across the Kankakee valley, deposition by ice of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet 25 to 21 ka. Equivalent Karki, S., 2017, Meltwater source of the Kankakee Torrent: Geological Society fine-grained alluvium and organic silt has accumulated in low-lying channels and oxbow glaciolacustrine silt and sand appear attached onto a beheaded fan, which, in turn, onlaps to the diamicton and lacustrine units of the Wakarusa megasequence (Fleming and of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 49, no. 6, Geological Society of America lakes. In the distal Mishawaka fan, the distal Clay-Edwardsburg fan complex, and the against the Mishawaka upland to the east and diamicton of the Potato Creek member Karaffa, 2012). Thickness up to 40 feet. Qed: diamicton; Qel: lacustrine beds. web page, , date accessed, June 24, 2019. doi: 10.1130/abs/ Qml and Qma. In the St. Joseph River, gravel bars and gravel bluffs indicate greater the Haeger Formation of the Wedron Group in Illinois (Hansel and Johnson, 1996)—1: 2017AM-297395 discharge compared to the rest of the area. Gravel-rich deposits are thin (up to 10–15 ft oldest unit. Geologic contact Scarp, Ice-walled lake plain Line depicting the contact between geologic units. thick) and usually much thinner in smaller tributaries. The deposits represent lateral Lines indicating ice-walled lake plains margins. Sediments enclosed in these boundaries were Russell, I. C., and Leverett, Frank, 1908, Description of the Ann Arbor quadrangle accretion of streams in a low-energy regime during the Holocene. The unit includes Yorkville Member of the Lemont Formation of the Wedron Group (Late Pleistocene) deposited on ice. [Michigan]: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas, Folio 155, 15 p., 3 map paludal and lacustrine deposits too small to be mapped independently. % Meltwater flow direction Directional lines indicate meltwater flow Scarp, Meltwater scouring sheets, scale 1:125,000 URL at https://pubs.usgs.gov/gf/155/text.pdf. Potato Creek diamicton and glaciolacustrine complex beds Qwp direction upon deglaciation. Lines indicate location of past scouring and Atherton Formation (Late Pleistocene) Distinctive boulder-bearing reddish loam to silt-loam diamicton, rich in shale and erosion by meltwater, without sedimentation Stone, B. D., Kincare, K. A., O’Leary, D. W., Newell, W. L., Taylor, E. M., Williams, Ridge Qwpl metamorphic rocks characteristic of the Lake Michigan lobe; minor glaciolacustrine sand, at the slope foot. V. S., Lundstrom, S. C., Abraham, J. E., and Powers, M. H., 2017, Surficial silt, and clay. Well-defined ice-contact scarps west of the Miami Highway ridge (Bleuer Lines indicate position of ridges with Colluvium and alluvial fan deposits Qwpr accumulation of sediment on an ice-marginal geologic map of Berrien County, Michigan, and the adjacent offshore area of Qac Qac1 and Melhorn, 1989) characterize the surface expresion of this unit. The diamicton Rim, Ice-disintegration feature Sand, gravel, and minor silt deposited in coalesced wedges and fans on drainage outlets position. Ribbed moraine ridges, push-moraine Boundaries of depressions formed by melting ice Lake Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3383, 2 Qac2 and along erosional edges developed in sluiceways. These deposits guide surface drainage capping the sequence sits on top of a coarsening-upward sequence of sand and gravel, ridge, dune crest. embedded on diamicton-rich ice-marginal sheets, scale 1:50,000, and 49-p. pamphlet. https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3383 and the location of postglacial units of the Martinsville Formation north of Wakarusa, which contains many fan heads and ridges. Towards the west the diamicton and sediment. Qac3 Fluvial and glacifluvial erosional scarp north of South Bend, and along the eastern flank of the Kankakee valley. Most landform glaciolacustrine beds dip under the Kankakee valley. A few landforms suggest ice-walled Valachovics, T., 2019, The glacial stratigraphy and chronology of the Pigeon River Lines indicate location of active or past erosion by Boreholes with verified lithological logs Qac4 development and sediment deposition likely occurred in pulses immediately following lake plains developed on stagnant ice. Tentatively equivalent to the Yorkville Member of meltwater channel: University of Toledo, Ohio, master’s thesis, 109 p. modern streams or glacial meltwater, with Most with gamma-ray log records. deglaciation. Thickness not exceeding 15 to 25 ft. Qac(a): sandy facies in an alluvial fan the Lemont Formation in Illinois (Hansel and Johnson, 1996; formerly Snider Till by Qac(a) Qac5 deposition of sediments at the slope foot. morphology. Numbers denote order of successive sediment stacks in this unit—1: oldest Johnson and others, 1971, 1972). Thickness between 25 and 50 ft. Qwpl: glaciolacustrine Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio seismic data Wayne, W. J., 1963, Pleistocene formations in Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey unit; 5: youngest unit. facies; Qwpr: sand and gravel fan heads and ridges. ? Scarp, Ice-contact position Bulletin 25, 85 p. Lines indicate the generalized position of former Valley train outwash deposits Batestown Member of the Lemont Formation of the Wedron Group (Late Pleistocene) ice margins. Serrated edge points in an up-ice Qao1 direction. Well- to moderately sorted, medium- to coarse-grained sand and gravel. Includes Qao2 lenticular sand and gravel bodies filling channels in the and St. Joseph Qwh Miami Highway diamicton River valleys. Sandy diamicton, silt, sand, and gyttja appear in depressions, linked to the Qao3 Boulder-bearing, brown silt-loam to silt-clay diamicton from the Lake Michigan Lobe; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLAIMER collapse of outwash deposited above stagnant ice in the Valparaiso and Portage Prairie fan minor glaciolacustrine sand, silt, and clay. Thickness between 25 and 50 ft. Near Wyatt, CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS Qao4 complexes and along the southeast side of the Kankakee valley. The sediments comprise 30 ft of the till forming the core of the ridge is sitting over a pinkish unit, tentatively This geologic map was funded in part by the STATEMAP glacial outwash, 20 to 60 ft thick, locally interbedded with alluvial fan and colluvial Qao5 equivalent to the Tiskilwa Formation of the Wedron Group in Illinois. The unit appears program supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under sediments, the latter mostly deposited over the internal (ice-contact) ramps of the Potato 30 ft under the Potato Creek diamicton at Lakeville and continues diving toward the Cooperative Agreement No. G19AC00155. The cooperative Qao6 Creek ridges and over the distal areas of the meltwater channels of the Valparaiso, Portage Qm northwest under the Kankakee valley. This unit represents a rapid advance and formation Holocene Qml Qma agreement requires the following statements: “this map and Prairie, and Clay-Edwarsburg fan members of the Lemont Formation (Wedron Group). of a push-ridge moraine of the Lake Michigan Lobe (Bleuer and Melhorn, 1989) after the explanatory information is submitted for publication with the Creative Commons license Along the central portion of the map, 40 to 50 ft of sand and gravel sits directly on top of Mishawaka and Clay-Edwardsburg fan complex members were deposited. The unit is understanding that the United States Government is Attribution-NonCommercial bedrock. Numbers denote order of successive deposits and associated depositional 4.0 International chronologically equivalent to the Batestown member of the Lemont Formation, Wedron 12 ka authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for surfaces (terraces)—1: oldest unit; 6: youngest unit. Group in Illinois (Hansel and Johnson, 1996). Qas Michigan Lobe Saginaw Lobe governmental use,” and “the views and conclusions contained 14 14 in this document are those of the authors and should not be Toward the northeast, the unit is entrenched by alluvial and colluvial units derived from Clay-Edwardsburg fan complex member interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, erosion of the Clay-Edwardsburg fan complex. Units Qao2 and Qao1 grade to deposits Qwe1 17 Brown clay diamicton (10–20 feet) topping a coarsening-upward sequence of Qwv either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.” dated from 21 to 17 ka in meltwater channels linked to the Huron-Erie Lobe margin Qwe2 interbedded outwash fan deposits (sand and gravel) and sandy diamicton up to 80 feet Qa (Antinao and others, 2019; Valachovics, 2019). The top of the Qao2 surface in the pitted Late Pleistocene Qwpp thick. Proximal fan head morphology north of South Bend (Clay Township) displays Qao This map was compiled by Indiana University, Indiana Geological and Water landscape south of Kankakee valley can be traced to the distal Lima Plain east of South Qac ridges, hummocks, and collapsed morphology left by stagnant ice. These sediments were 19 ka Survey, using data believed to be accurate; however, a degree of error is inherent Bend. North of the Kankakee valley, units Qao1 and Qao2 are graded to distal fans of Qw Qwp previously assigned to outwash fan units (Gray, 1989; Brown, 2003) derived from the in all data. This product is distributed “AS-IS” without warranties of any kind, units Qwpp3. Portions of Qao2 east of downtown South Bend, therefore, might be Saginaw Lobe. Morphology to the north, in Michigan, suggests that the deposits from the either expressed or implied, including but not limited to warranties of suitability equivalent to distal Qwpp3. South of the Kankakee valley, only unit Qao2 is evident in Qwh Clay-Edwardsburg Fan complex member represent deposition by glaciers in a hinged 23 to a particular purpose or use. No attempt has been made in either the design or the landscape, while Qao1 deposits are absent and only a marked scarp indicates Qwe interlobate area between the Saginaw and Lake Michigan Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Qwm Qel production of these data to define the limits or jurisdiction of any federal, state, meltwater flow against the stack of sediment to the east. Units Qao2 and Qao3 might 25 Qe 25 ka Sheet just after deposition of the sediments of the Mishawaka fan complex, and preceding or local government. These data are intended for use only at the published scale represent the main Kankakee Torrent (Curry and others, 2014, 2020). Qao3 and Qao4 Qed deposition of the Miami Highway diamicton ridge—1: oldest unit. or smaller and are for reference purposes only. They are not to be construed as a units are linked to deposition dated to ca. 18 ka in Michigan (Kehew and others, 2017). legal document or survey instrument. A detailed on-the-ground survey and Unit Qao3 was graded to a surface incised into Qao2 and truncated by Qao5 deposition Mishawaka Fan complex member historical analysis of a single site may differ from these data. from Elkhart to South Bend. Units Qao4 and older are graded westward towards the Qwm Loamy- and silty-clay brown diamicton interbedded with clast-rich sandy diamicton and Kankakee valley. The top of unit Qao4 grades towards the north in Clay Township, Qwml outwash fan deposits, incorporating distinctive lithology derived from bedrock exposed LIMITATION OF WARRANTIES AND LIABILITY: Except for the suggesting that the unit represents the first event that flowed north upon ice retreat along the eastern margin of Lake Michigan. Proximal fan head morphology south of expressed warranty above, the product is provided “AS IS”, without any other during the Glenwood phase of Glacial Lake (Stone and others, 2017). Units MAP INFORMATION Mishawaka displays marked ridges and hummocks interspersed with a collapse fan warranties or conditions, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, Qao5 and younger are incised into older units and graded toward the outlet of the St. morphology left by stagnant ice. Circular ice-disintegration features (cf. Bleuer, 1974) warranties for product quality, or suitability to a particular purpose or use. The Joseph River in Lake Michigan, to either the shoreline elevation of the Calumet phase of Digital cartography and GeMS database compilation by Matthew R. Johnson. characterize the distal portion of the unit south of Osceola and are partially linked to risk or liability resulting from the use of this product is assumed by the user. Glacial or of the postglacial Nipissing phase of ancestral Lake Michigan, glaciolacustrine deposition. Near Woodland, parallel ridges might indicate ribbed Indiana University, Indiana Geological and Water Survey shares no liability with respectively, in Berrien County, Michigan (Stone and others, 2017). Topographic shading and contours based on 2016–2020 Indiana Lidar data. . Near Wyatt, a series of ridges, ice-contact scarps, and steps in the landscape product uses indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages whatsoever, represent sedimentation over stagnant ice. This unit represents deposition by ice of the Transportation network from OpenStreetMap.org (© OpenStreetMap contributors). including, but not limited to, loss of revenue or profit, lost or damaged data or Sand sheets and parabolic dunes Qas Lake Michigan Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet more than 25 to 21 ka, formerly assigned other commercial or economic loss. Indiana University, Indiana Geological and Well-sorted medium to coarse sand up to 20 ft thick forming linear and parabolic dunes to an unnamed member of the Lagro Formation (Wayne, 1963). The distal section of the Hydrography from U.S. Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset (local resolution). Water Survey is not responsible for claims by a third party. The maximum as high as 15 ft, mostly developed north and south of South Bend, and in the eastern St. fan complex (southeastern portion of the map), displays a thin drape of lacustrine and aggregate liability to the original purchaser shall not exceed the amount paid by Joseph River valley. The sand sheets and dunes are interpreted as aeolian deposits on top clay diamicton (unit Qwml) interbedded with sediments stratigraphically equivalent to Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Zone 16N. you for the product. of units Qao and Qac, indicating a wind direction from the west and correlated to the Wakarusa megasequence (Fleming and Karaffa, 2012). In this area, ridged post-18 ka aeolian deposits in Elkhart (Horton, 2015; Antinao and others, 2019). Units morphology might indicate former Lake Michigan Lobe ice margin positions (Brown, Horizontal Datum: North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Qao5 and younger are not covered by this unit. 2003). The unit is older than the Miami Highway ridge diamicton, and sits on top of diamicton that was correlated with distinctive till units from the Lake Michigan Lobe in Suggested citations: Wadsworth Formation of the Wedron Group (Late Pleistocene) Michigan and Illinois (Bleuer and Melhorn, 1989). The units sit on top and are interbedded with sediments assigned to the Elkhart formation (Antinao and others, Antinao, J. L., and Rupp, R. F., 2021, Quaternary geology of the Indiana portion of the eastern extent of the 2019) to the east, and it might sit directly on top of pre-Wisconsin sediments towards the Qwv1 diamicton and outwash fan complex member South Bend 30- x 60-minute quadrangle: Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana Journal of Earth Boulder- and gravel-bearing, silt-clay, gray to grayish-brown diamicton, and sand and southeast (Fleming and Karaffa, 2012). Thickness of 20 to 100 feet, thicker and with Sciences, v. 3, scale 1:100,000. doi: 10.14434/ijes.v3i1.31698 Qwv2 gravel fans sourced at the Valparaiso Moraine. Proximal facies display boulders at the thicker gravel-bearing units towards the north. Qwv3 surface and a thicker (>10 ft) cover of diamicton. Distal facies display sandy gravel and Antinao, J. L., and Rupp, R. F., 2021, Quaternary geology of the Indiana portion of the eastern extent of the sand in fans graded toward valley train units Qao1 and Qao2 in the Kankakee valley. All South Bend 30- x 60-minute quadrangle [data set]: Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana units ca. or post-19 ka in age. Equivalent with the Wadsworth Formation of the Wedron University - DataCORE. doi: 10.5967/kef4-bb03 Group in Illinois (Hansel and Johnson, 1996). Progressively finer sand and gravel in younger units—1: oldest unit.

Indiana Geological and Water Survey | An institute of the Office of the Vice Provost for Research Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington , IN 47405-1405| 812.855.7636| [email protected]| igws.indiana.edu DOI: 10.14434/ijes.v3i1.31698