GEOLOGIJOS MOKSLO ISTORIJA 63

Vidojko Joviã*, Belgrado universiteto Kasybos ir geologijos fakultetas

JOVAN CVIJICƒ (1865-1927) INDÉLIS TIRIANT KARSTÀ

Vidojko Joviã

Áþymus serbø geomorfologas Jovan Cvijiã universiteto garbës daktaro laipsniais. (1865-1927) mokslø daktaro laipsná ágijo Vienos J.Cvijiã tyrë karstinius rajonus Dinarø Alpë- universitete, kur, vadovaujamas Albrecht’o se ir apie karstà (reljefà, hidrografijà ir kt.) yra Penck’o, 1892 m. apgynë disertacijà „Das Karst- paskelbæs beveik 50 darbø. Be daktarinës di- phänomen: Versuch einer morphologischen sertacijos, paminëtini dar du jo darbai apie kars- Monographie“. tà: „Die Karstpoljen: Morphologische und gla- J.Cvijiã buvo Belgrado universiteto geogra- ciale Studien aus Bosnien, Herzegovina und fijos profesorius (1893-1927 m.), Geografijos Montenegro“ (1901) bei „La géographie des ter- instituto Belgrade (1893 m.), Serbijos geogra- raines calcaires“ (1960). Pasirodþius ðiems dar- fø draugijos (1910 m.) ir ðios draugijos þurna- bams, daugelis mokslininkø ëmë já vadinti kars- lo (1910 m.) steigëjas. Be to, jis buvo Serbi- to tyrimø pionieriumi, prisidëjusiu prie mokslo jos karaliðkosios akademijos prezidentu apie karsto reiðkinius. Jis buvo daugelio serbið- (1921-1927 m.), daugelio uþsienio akademi- kø terminø (uvala, ponor, kraðko polje, hum, do- jø ir geografø draugijø narys, apdovanotas Pa- lina, jama) autorius. J.Cvijiã pabrëþdavo, kad ryþiaus Sorbonos universiteto bei Prahos Karlo uolienø tirpsmas – svarbiausias procesas, le- miantis karsto susi- darymà. Karstinius reiðkinius jis stebëjo ne tik Dinarø kraðte, bet ir Austrijoje, Mo- ravijoje. Jis apraðë ir klasifikavo karstinius slënius, laukus, pa- siûlë karsto reljefo

Karsto laukas pietø Ser- bijoje (D. Milanoviã nuotr., 2003).

Karst field in eastern Ser- bia (Photo by D. Mila- noviã, 2003).

* Vidojko Jovi㠖 Belgrado universiteto profesorius, Serbijos mokslø ir menø akademijos narys korespondentas, þurnalo «Ecologica» atsakingasis redaktorius. 64 GEOLOGIJOS MOKSLO ISTORIJA

tipologijà, cikliná karsto modelá suskirstë á kars- to kraðtovaizdþius – holokarstà, merokarstà ir pereinamàjá tarp holokarsto ir merokarsto. J.Cvijiã nagrinëjo ir daug geografiniø, geo- tektoniniø, vulkanologiniø, glaciologiniø, limno- loginiø, antropogeografiniø ir etnografiniø proble- mø, kuriø dauguma apraðytos dvitomyje „Geo- morphology“ (1924, 1926). Pasak M.M.Sweeting (1972), „kiekvienam karsto morfologijos studen- tui svarbu nagrinëti J.Cvijiã darbus“. D. Fordas (2005) J.Cvijiã pripaþino vienu ið geomorfologi-

Jovan CvijiãJovan 1909 m. Belgrade. Serbijos mokslø ir menø akademijos archyvas (Milan Jovanovic nuotrauka). Jovan Cvijiã, 1909, Belgrade. Courtessy by Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Photo by Milan Jovanovic). jos ir hidrologijos pradininkø. Literatûra

Cvijiã J. Das Karstphänomen. Versuch einer morphologischen Monographie, Geographische Abhandlungen, V 3. – 1893. – P. 218-329. Cvijiã J. Die Karstpoljen. Morphologische und glaziale Studien aus Bosnien, der Herzegovina und Montenegro. II Theil, Abhabdlungen d. K. K. Geographische Gesellschaft, Wien, Bd. III, Heft 2, – 1901. – P. 1-85. Cvijiã J. Geomorphology I–II.- Belgrade, – 1924, 1926. – P. 588+506 pp. [In Serbian]. Cvijiã J. La géographie des terraines calcaires // Académie Serbe des Sciences et des Arts, t. CCCLI. – 1960. – 212 p. Ford D. Jovan Cvijiã and the founding of karst geomorphology // Cvijiã and Karst (eds Z. Stevanoviã, B. Mijatoviã), Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. – Belgrade, 2005. – P. 305-321. Sweeting M.M. Karst Landforms. – London, 1972. – 362 p. Summary terraines calcaires (1960). After these important Jovan Cvijiã’s (1865–1927) works on karst, many scientists have referred to Contribution to Karst Studies* him as one of the founders of karst studies, and contributed to the karst science by introducing The notable Serbian geomorphologist Jovan some Serbian words into its terminology: uvala, Cvijiã (1865–1927) obtained his PhD from Vienna ponor, kraðko polje, hum, dolina, jama. Cvijiã em- University under Albrecht Penck, with a thesis en- phasized that rock dissolution is the most impor- titled Das Karstphänomen: Versuch einer morpho- tant process in karst formation. He observed karst logischen Monographie (1892) and published in phenomena not only in Dinaric lands but also in Geographische Abhandlungen (1893). Austria and Moravia. He described and classified Cvijiã was Professor of Geography at Belgrade dolines and poljes, and proposed a typology of University from 1893 to 1927 (Figure), and a foun- karst landform assemblages. Also, he offered a der of the Geographical Institute in Belgrade (1893), karst cyclic model and divided karst landscapes the Serbian Geographic Society (1910), and the into ‘holokarst’, ‘merokarst’, and ‘transitional’ bet- Journal of the Serbian Geographic Society (1910). ween ‘holokarst’ and ‘merokarst’. He was President of the Serbian Royal Academy Cvijiã investigated many geographic, geotec- (1921–1927), a member of many foreign acade- tonic, volcanologic, glaciologic, limnologic, anthro- mies and geographical societies, and recipient of pogeographic and ethnographic problems, many honorary doctorates from the Sorbonne in Paris of which were included in his famous Geomorpho- and Charles University, Prague. logy, in two large volumes (1924, 1926). Sweeting Cvijiã studied the karst areas in the Dinaric Alps (1972) concluded that „a study of Cvijiã’s work is and published nearly fifty works on karst (relief, essential for any student of karst morphology”. Ford hydrography, etc.). In addition to his doctoral the- (2005) recognized Cvijiã as one of the fathers of sis, two studies in the field of karst are of special karst geomorphology and hydrology. importance: Die Karstpoljen: Morphologische und Jovan Cvijiã was the leading authority of his glaziale Studien aus Bosnien, der Herzegovina und time on Balkan geomorphology, geography, and Montenegro (1901) and La géographie des history.

* Vidoiko Jovi㠖 Professor at the University Belgrade, Coresponding Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Editor-in-Chief of the journal «Ecologica».