sign in sign up
<<
Home , Uvala (landform)

XVIII 124_Erdkunde_Band

- lachenboden pot Literatur bedeckung - (Grasf Bedeckung) schwenno dernowyi oder einer zusammenge Gwozdeckij, N. A.: Karstowye oblasti Bolschowo Kaw schwemmten Bodendecke. Diese, mit Rasen oder kasa. Tesisy dokladow Permskoi karstowoi konferenzii. 26?31 janwarija 1947 Perm, 1947 ?: Karstowye jaw Boden bedeckten Karstgebiete sadernowannye lenija w Mosk. gos. univers., unterscheiden sich von denen des be Priangarje. Utchenye sapiski eigentlichen wyp. 160, geogr., t. V., 1952. deckten Karstes durch das Vorhandensein von ?: w osera Baskun - Karstowye jawlenija okrestnostjach Trichtern, Wannen und anderen Formen, die d i tschak. Sb. ?Pamjati prof. AN Masarowitscha", Mosk. 1953. rekt auf dem Wege der Auslaugung und der ?: . Isd. 2-e, Mosk. 1954. Auswaschung entstanden sind, aber sie haben nicht ?: Karst Priangarija i ewo na kom die Merkmale des nackten (Gwoz wlijanije prirodnye typischen Mosk. gos. univers. wyp. 170, S. S. plexy. Utchenye sapiski deckij, 1954, 166?167, Sokolow, 1962, 34). geogr., 1954. Wir haben daher zum Unterschied vom eigent ?: O rasprostranjenii karstowych jawljenii w pustynjach lichen ?bedeckten" den Terminus ?bodenbedeck i gorach Srednei Asii. Woprofiy geografii, sb. 40, Mosk. 1957. terKarst" (Sadernowannyi Karst) (Karst mit Bo ?: K woprosuo rasprostranenii i karsta w den und Pflanzenbedeckung) vorgeschlagen osobjennostjach gorach Srednei Asii. Semljewedenie now. ser., t. V. (Gwozdeckij, 1954, S.331)1). (XLV), Mosk. 1960. Dieser Karst, der eine sehr grofie Verbreitung ?: Karst raiona Kawkasskich mineralnych wod. B juli. hat, kommt haufig inBegleitung des nacktenKarstes Mosk. o-wa isp. prir., otd. geol., 6, 1962. mit Karren vor. Wir beobachteten ihn in vielen Subaschtschenko, M. A.: Sakrytyi ili wostotschnoewro karsta. dokladow na nautchn. konf. Gebieten Kaukasiens, im Gebirge ?Peter I." in peiskii tip Tesisy geogr. f-ta Woroneschsk. gos. ped. in-ta, janw. 1947, Mittelasien, in einigen Gebieten der Russischen Woronesch 1947. er ist ferner auch fiir Gebiete Ebene, typisch einige Kruber, A. A.: Karstowaja oblast gornowo Krima. Mosk. des Urals. 1915. Den beiden charakteristischen Typen des Karstes Maksimowitsch, G. A.: Sadatschi karstawoi konf. Karsto ? wedenie 1955. dem eigentlichen ?bedeckten" und dem ?mit wyp. 1, I. W.: Mosk. 1962. einer Pflanzendecke (fast immer Gras) (Saderno Popow, Injenjernaja geologija ? I. S.: t. 1933. wannyi Karst) zugedeckten" folgt, wenn man Schukin, Obschschaja morfologija suschi, 1, A. F.: Karst nach den Untergliederungsmoglichkeiten Aus Jakuschowa, paleozoiskich karbonatnych ? porod navusskoi rawninte utschen. sap. M. osk. gos. uniw. schau halt der ?Merokarst" oder der ?unvoll wyp. 136 geol. t, (od. Sch,) 1949. kommene Karst" im Unterschied (Cvijic, 1925) Cvijic, J.: Types morphologiques des terrains calcaires. zum ? klassischen Karst des Dinarischen Gebietes Le Holokarst. Comptes rendu de l'Acad. d. Sc., t. 180. dem ?Nacktkarst" oder ?Vollkarst". Jan v.?juin 1925. Der Nacktkarst weist in der UdSSR ebenfalls Gwozdeckij, N. A.: Kras Velkeho Kavkazu. Ceskoslo 11, 1958. eine weite Verbreitung auf; besonders auf der vensky kras, 2.: Ein zum Zyklus im Krim, im Kaukasus und in einigen Gebieten des Sawicki, Beitrag geographischen Karst. Geographische 2eitschr., H. 4 u. 5, 1909. zentralasiatischen Berglandes. Tesarik, K.: Krasove jevy v horach a poustich Stredni Asie. *) Vorschlag des Chairmann: ?Grasnarbenkarst". Ceskoslovensky kras, 11, 1958.

FOSSIL KARST IN POLAND

1 map, 10 figures and 1 table Sylvia Gilewska

Karst phenomena are developed in the Middle recognized depressions due to solution subsidence Polish belt of old mountains and of uplands on the northern fringe of the Swi^tokrzyskie (Sudety Mtns, Silesian Upland, Cracow Upland, Mtns. J. Flis (13) investigated the gypsum karst in Nida Basin, Swi^tokrzyskie Mtns, Lublin Upland), theNida Basin, and K. Kowalski (25) published and in the Carpathians (Tatra Mtns, Klippenzone, an inventory of Polish caves. Finally, M. Klima Carpathian Upland). Karst features also occur at szewski (23) summarized and discussed themodern several sites in lowland areas. views on karst evolution, and R. Gradzinski (16) Recent studies of karst phenomena have been studied the subsurface karst features in the Karst restricted to particular karst areas. A. Wrzosek southern part of the Cracow Upland. phe (59) discussed the karst of the Tatra Mtns. nomena have been the subject of numerous ref Z. Cietak (7) studied the caves in the southern erences by geologists, archeologists, geographers part of the Cracow Upland. S. Z. Rozycki (40,41) botanists and zoologists. Despite the abundance of Sylwia Gilewska: Fossil karst in Poland 125

works on this subject, however, a paper summa Jura, the and the Quaternary. The fossil rizing the observations has not been published. karst landforms developed on the polycyclic and The brief descriptions of the karst regions in Po poly genetic surface of degradation whose initia land, together with the reconstruction of the var tion is regarded as Lower Tertiary (14). The karst ious stages in their evolution were therefore, the depressions contain deposits of different age and principal object of the present paper. origin. The infill consists of pre-Tortonian crystal line formations, of deep-red residual clays rich in The SudetyMtns (Map, I) kaollinite, of halloysite and allophane, of residual iron and zinc ores, of Liassic bauxite, fireclays, Karst features are in hard Lower developed sand and pebbles, and of Lower Tortonian marine Paleozoic limestones which have crys undergone or brackish clay containing lignite (Glyptostro tallization and in softer Permian lime Upper boxylon tenerum). Fossil karst hollows filled with stones. The soluble rocks form thin or len layers Upper Miocene freshwater clay and sand with ses within the mass of and metamorphic igneous lignite also occur in the Cretaceous marly lime rocks, Karst features karren, dolines including stone and marl near Opole (Oppeln) and bones of and caves are, therefore, (21) poorly developed. Mastodon augustidens have been found in them (4). Dolines are important in the vicinity of caves as at Karst features continued to develop during the theMilek in theKaczawskie Mtns (atWojcieszow/ (14). This is indicated by caves, pipes M. Pulina that these do Kauffung). suggested and karren buried under Wiirm The lines date from Pliocene times. deposits. Today they begin Silesian was twice invaded the Scandi to function Caves are found in theKaczaw Upland by again. navian inland ice.Hence, the karst processes were skieMtns Orlickie Mtns (Katzbach-Gebirge), (Ad the Riss Mtns interrupted during glaciations (Mindel, I) ler-Gebirge), Bystrzyckie (Habelschwerdter and the later of the Sniezne Mtns re-energized during phases Gebirge), (Glatzer Schneegebirge) glacial at which the and in the Zlote Mtns The Kaczawskie periods powerful pro-glacial (25 c). streams in the limestones and Mtns contain the number of caves. The lon disappeared jointed larger dolomites. the caves were cave so far discovered in the was Consequently enlarged. gest Sudety the last at which about 350 and occured in a at During glacial period periglacial m., quarry Rogozka. conditions constriction rather than en The caves corrosion prevailed developed by by through of the caves was Caves streams and water down largement taking place. flowing by percolating were filled with calcite varved and ward. dripstone, clay brown rich in quartz and illite. Caves in the Kaczawskie Mtns occur at clay lying At present the former karst different levels The caves were formed depressions partly (35). upper revive. Recent karst landforms are devel the as deduced from the poorly during Neogene Upper There occur and small dolines. Pliocene fauna remnants that have been found in oped. stepkarren These can form under a shallow cover of the Southern Cave at the Polom at pervious (Kitzelhohle) sand, which subsides into the as it Caves have depression Wojcieszow (Kauffung). originated grows. Powerful and streams several of corrosion and of springs disappearing during phases rapid over a of their courses and under which were of portion (17) deepening separated by phases circulation of the karst waters have also fluvial accumulation and ground (sand, pebbles, ) been recorded. of calcium carbonate deposition. The lower caves were formed the Caves during Quaternary (25c). The Cracow Upland (Map, III) above the present river level are now dry. Enlarge In the Cracow all of lime ment is taking place only in the lower part of Upland composed stones karst most the Radochowska Cave near L^dek which is oc phenomena have their compre hensive Surface cupied by a small lake (25c). development. drainage is poorly developed. Dry valley systems predominate. Vau clusian are common. The few rivers The SilesianUpland (Map, II) springs (Pr^d nik, Raclawka, B?dk6wka, together with their In Upper Silesia the Lower and Middle Triassic tributaries, and Wiercica) flow in narrow valleys limestones and dolomites have well developed with steep sides. The streams are actively deposit dolines, pipes and joints widened by solution. ing calc-tufa at their bottom (25a, 36, 53). are rare. m. Caves The dolines range up to 100 In the Cracow Upland there occur residual or more in diameter and 30 m. are in depth. They mogotes, dolines, shafts, caves, blind valleys, pipes, common in the vicinity of Tarnowskie Gory, pinnacles, clefts and joints widened by solution. and Bytom/Beuthen MierzQcice (1, 11, 14, 17, 18, These features have originated during different The e. 22, 42, 50). features discussed date from periods, i. the Lower Trias (28), the Jura (25a, different i. e. the periods, Upper Trias and Lower 28, 36), the Cretaceous (6, 15, 36, 39), the Terti ! to ?? X | i IS

v^(^^vTrB^xa-;j") !~~-'aimumx~v\3o"2429i-ix19914

| _^^__^_

c FOSSIL KARST ^ ^ "^^^^ ^ j 2 nnnnn ?e=i POLAND cn2217 a j ^ \ ^) .V IN 12? Sylwia Gilewska: Fossil karst in Poland 127

10 20 3. AH

Fig. 1: Lower Cretaceous dolines at Zloty Potok (after S. Z. Rozycki) 0 2m 1. Jurassic limestones; 2. Albian sandstones; 3. Lower Ceno manian glauconite sand containing a phosphorite bed; Fig. 3: Tertiary doline near Grodziec north of Katowice 4. Middle Cenomanian glauconite sand with phosphorite. (after S. Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki) 1. Triassic limestone; 2. coarse limestone debris with yellow marly clay; 3. green-grey clay; 4. brown ferruginous clay with ochre and bean ores (limonite); 5. fine yellow sand; 6. fine red sand; 7. deep-brown ferruginous limestone block; 8. Quaternary clay.

5 m "|

? 0 1 2 3 4 5 ' 6^7 8m

Fig. 2: Shaft of Cretaceous date at Trojanowice in the Fig. 4: Pre-Tortonian karst surface at Kurdwanow near Pradnik Valley (after S. Bukowy) Krakow (after M. Tyczynska) 1. Rauracien limestone; 2. green limy clays with limestone 1. Upper Jurassic limestone cut by fissures; 2. Pre-Torto fragments passing into marl at top; 3. sandy limestone; nian residual clay with flints; 3. Lower Tortonian marine 4. Upper Turonian conglomerate; 5. Upper Turonian nodu clay with oyster shells; 4. limonitic sand; 5. Lower Tor lous limestone; 6. Pradnik gravels; 7. loess. tonian sand; 6. Quaternary sand.

Map: Fossil karst in Poland

1. Paleozoic limestones and dolomites; 2. Triassic limestones, dolomites, shales and sandstones (in the Tatra Mtns); 3. Muschelkalk limestones, dolomites and marl; 4. Keuper sandstone, conglomerate, limestone and dolomite; 5. Jurassic limestones, marl and dolomite; 6. Middle Cretaceous sand, sandstone, clay, marl and limestone; 7. Upper Cretaceous marl and limestones; 8. Miocene limestone, sandstone, sand, clay and gypsum; 9. insoluble rocks; 10. limit of the Pliocene clay facies; 11. limit of Cracow (Mindel) glaciation; 12. limit of Middle Polish (Riss) glaciation; 13. limit 16. of Baltic (Wurm) glaciation; Karst features dating from: 14. Permo-Trias; 15. Keuper-Lower Jura; Jura; 17. Cretaceous; 18. pre-Oligocene; 19. pre-Tortonian; 20. Tortonian; 21. Miocene; 22. Pliocene; 23. Tiglian; 24. early text: Pleistocene; 25. Upper Pleistocene; 26. recent times; 27. residual mogotes; 28. localities referred to in near 3. 4. north (1. Wojcieszow/Kauffung, 2. Nowa Krolewska Wies/Bolko Opole/Oppeln, Bytom/Beuthen, Dolki near of Katowice, 5. Mierz^cice, 6. Z^bkowice B^dzinskie, 7. Czernica near Rybnik, 8. Wieluh, 9. W?ze I and II Dzialoszyn, 10. Rembielice Krolewskie, 11. Kamyk near Klobuck, 12. Radomsko, 13. Zloty Potok, 14. Bleszno near Cz^stochowa, 15. Klucze north of Olkusz, 16. Czernka Valley, 17. Trojanowice and 18. Jerzmanowice north of Cracow, 19. Kurdwanow south of Cracow, 20. Wislica, 21. Tomaszow Mazowiecki, 22. Sulejow, 23. Opoczno, near 24. Zelejowa near Ch^ciny, 25. Kadzielnia at Kielce, 26. Lagow, 27. Ilza, 28. Starachowice, 29. K^ty Ostrowiec, 36. 30. Sudol, 31. Smerdyna, 32. Rejowiec, 33. Chodel, 34. Zamosc, 35. Janow Lubelski, Siemieh, 37, Wlodawa, 38. Mielnik, 39. Broniszow in the Wielopolka Valley, 40. Szaflary south of Nowy Targ, 41. Mala Rowien Valley in the Tatra Mtns); - - - - V - 29. Karst regions: I Sudety Mtns, II Silesian Upland, III Cracow Upland, IV Nida Basin, Swietokrzy - - - - - skie Mtns, VI Lublin Upland, VII the Carpathians (VII A Tatra Mtns, VII B Klippenzone, VII C Car - - pathian Upland), VIII promontory rift valley, IX Polish Lowland; 30. limits of the field of study. Band XVIII 128_Erdkunde

ary (16, 18, 22, 23, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39, 42, 45, 47, glacio-fluvial sand (near CzQstochowa and Zloty 52) and the Quaternary (Fig. 1?3). The fossil Potok) (3, 36) which is extremely permeable. Bare caves karst depressions and contain residual clays limestone surfaces commonly show a widening of with flints (Fig. 4) or bean ores, manganese and joints by solution, small karren and a few dolines calcite formations, redeposited Cretaceous sand and blind valleys. Caves are some of the best de and gravels, bone breccia, gyttja, and marine sand veloped morphological features of the Cracow and gravels, conglomerates, clay, marl and marly Upland. There occur 508 caves and cliff hollows limestone. (25a), the longest being theWierzchowska Gorna Cave (640 m.). Cavern passages occur at different The residual mogotes (Fig. 5) rising above the levels. Unfortunately, nothing is known of their Lower Tertiary Karstverebnungsflache of 450 m. relation to erosion benches and alluvial terraces. sea are above level characteristic of the southern Most of the caves were formed during the Neo part of the Cracow Upland (23, 33, 34, 42). The gene. The geological date of their formation is are mogotes separated by wide depressions. Their given by cave deposits inwhich bones of Pliocene bottom shows numerous pinnacles, pipes and deep (18b, 30, 36, 45, 47) and of early Pleistocene ani clefts widened by solution and buried under a mals (18b, 30) (Fig. 6, 7) as well as Lower Paleo mantle of impermeable pre-glacial deep-red resi lithic implements (Fig. 8) have been found. Caves m. dual clays with flints being up to 10 thick. continued to develop during the Pleistocene under Active dolines and uvalas unconnected by surface a shallow layer of permafrost. Caves are now dry. occur. drainage also They develop under the Enlargement is taking place only in the Kry covering loess (in the vicinity of Cracow) (53) or spinowska Cave (25a).

* ?, - ^ III, 1 -f1 fig. 5: Residual mogote north of Krakow (after J. Pokorny) 1. Biohermal limestone; 2. Plattenkalk; a) Tertiary residual clays rich in kaollinite, b) limestone debris, c) inter glacial waste, d) loess.

The Nida Basin (Map, IV) The SwiqtokrzyskieMtns (Map,V)

In the Nida Basin karst phenomena occur in Karst phenomena are found in the Paleozoic the Miocene gypsum and limestone (13). The limestones and dolomites in the centre of the gypsum has well developed collapse dolines, Swi^tokrzyskie Mtns, and in the Mesozoic and uvalas, blind valleys, karst basins (small ) Upper Miocene marl, limestones and conglo with residual humus, and caves. Most of the caves merates on the northern and southern fringes of are occupied by lakes. The collapse dolines may the mountains. Fossil karst features predominate. have either convex, inclined or concave floors They date from the Permo-Trias (8, 10, 24, 37) (Fig. 9). Pipes, solutional dolines and shafts are and the Tertiary (2, 5, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 31, 37, rare. The caves and dolines generally are con 38, 44). There occur caves, dolines, shafts, pipes, trolled by horizontal bedding planes. The gypsum joints and clefts widened by solution. Fossil do karst is of recent age. No erratic material has been lines are very common in the vicinity of Lagow, found in neither the caves nor the closed karst de Tomaszow Mazowiecki, Opoczno, Sulejow and pressions. It is, therefore, concluded that the Ilza, and in the Opatow Upland. These closed gypsum karst has originated after the retreat of depressions are buried under a covering of Mio theMindel inland ice. cene residual flints (being up to 19 m. thick), and Sylwia Gilewska: Fossil karst in Poland 129

-

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Fig. 6: Middle and Upper Pliocene cave breccia at Weze near Dzialoszyn (after J. Samsonowicz and 2. Michalska). 1. Sandy soil; 2. limestone debris and residual clay; 3. red crystalline calcite breccia containing chemically weathered limestone fragments and bones; 4. grey bone breccia; 5. red sandy clay with bones of Vertebrata; 6. bone brec cia interbedded with crystalline calcite and thin layers of red residual clays; 7-8. red residual clays; 9. crystalline calcite; 10. Upper Jurassic limestone.

Fig. 8: Deposits covering the floor of the Nietoperzowa Cave at Jerzmanowice north of Cracow (after W. Chmie lewski). Recent times: 1. Grey clay with smoothed limestone fragments, neolithic and mediaeval artifacts. Baltic glaciation: 2. limy silt and sand; 3. coarse and sharp-edged limestone fragments mixed with yellow clay (thermal and rainfall minimum); 4. grey clay containing smoothed limestone fragments, charcoal silt and chert artifacts; 5. smoothed limestone fragments mixed with red clay which includes Jerzmanowice chert artifacts at bottom; 6. Lower layer of Jerzmanowice artifacts which gave a C14 age of 38 160 ? 1260 years; 7. well smoothed limestone fragments mixed with grey clay and 8. brown clay containing both smooth ed and sharp-edged limestone debris, limy sand and nu merous bones of Ursus speleus (interstadial oscillation); 9. sharp-edged limestone debris mixed with brown clay (thermal and rainfall minimum); 10. smoothed limestone debris mixed with red clay; 11. smoothed limestone debris (chemically weathered on the surface) mixed with brown Fig. 7: Pleistocene infill of a cleft widened by solution at clay. Rembielice Krolewski (after 2. Mossoczy). Eemian interglacial period: 12. a few Residual clay of terra rossa type containing bones of Upper deep-brown clay containing heavily decomposed limestone 13. and con Pliocene animals was covered by 1. grey-brown clay with fragments; grey greyish-blue clay limestone char remnants of early Pleistocene animals; 2. silt; 3. clay; taining heavily decomposed fragments, ash, coal and remnants of forest animals. 4. fossil soil layer; 5. limestone debris mixed with clay, Middle Polish gravels and a few erratics; 6. light brown stratified sand glaciation: 14. loess limestone debris at bottom with gravels; 7. grey sand containing limestone debris and containing sharp-edged and Lower Paleolithic 15. erratics; 8. brown clayey sand; 9. forest soil. implements; grey-green clay with quartz pebbles and decomposed limestone fragments showing a manganese coating; 16. grey-brown nodulous silt containing fine limestone fragments, well rounded of fireclays, fluviatile sand, gravels and silt con quartz pebbles and red clay balls; subaquatic deposits; remnants of tenerum 17. taining Glyptostroboxylon light-brown silty clay with quartz gravels and red clay (at Katy), and, probably, of Oligocene marine balls; 18. quartz gravels mixed with yellow and red clay; 19. red a few sand (55). The dolines and shafts were re clay containing quartz gravels and chert frag partly ments at 20. intercalations of activated the advance of the Mindel in bottom; yellow-red sand during and clay; 21. brown-red clay with lenses and lamines of land-ice and in recent times. yellow-green clay and sand; 22. Upper Jurassic limestone. 130 Erdkunde Band XVIII

bare limestone surfaces in the area around Lagow. 1 Karren are locally developed at the Zelejowa near ;BS^^|j|.:::l, Ch^ciny. Caves are less well developed, the lar gest being the Lagowska Cave (80 m. long). It con 2 tains actively forming small straw stalactites. Wg^gIfflllllglflllflllllllllllllll The Lublin Upland (Map,VI) Karst landforms occur in the Cretaceous and Upper Miocene limestones, Fossil karst features are poorly developed in the Lublin Upland (29, 43). Both dolines of pre-Oligocene age and Wurm pipes have been recorded from Rejowiec, and pi pes of pre-glacial date observed at Janow Lu belski1). Actively forming dolines and uvalas also occur. Caves are absent because the thickness of soluble rock above the karst water table is small. Karst depressions unconnected by surface drai nage are very common in the Chodel and Zamosc Basins. Dolines chiefly develop under the covering abed permeable Pleistocene deposits and tend to occur in groups. Numerous hollows are water-filled, C 1111111l-o\-^o+lV.---:-"-.-k7'-^:^ many of them silted up. By the coalescence of groups of dolines flat karst surfaces Fig. 9: Recent dolines developed in gypsum (after J. Flis). neighbouring arise on the floor of the Chodel and Zamosc Ba 1. shaft; 2. convex floored doline; 3. doline with an in clined floor; 4. concave floored doline; 5. doline deve sins *). in the gypsum, b) gypsum loped covering sandy deposits; a) The fragments and fine waste material, c) soil, d) sand or stand Carpathians stone. Karst phenomena occur in the Tatra Mtns, in the with the Mtns, Active basins Klippenzone together Pieniny dolines, uvalas, dry (small poljes) and in the are characteristic of limestone areas covered with Carpathian Upland. ? boulder clay (in the vicinity of Starachowice The Tatra Mtns (Map, VII A) 10 or sand the vicinity of Fig. a) glacio-fluvial (in ? In the Polish Tatra the limestone and dolomite Tomaszow Mazowiecki and Opoczno Fig. 10b). area in which underground drainage and active Solutional dolines, uvalas and ponores occur on karst phenomena are displayed extends as a belt from theHala G^sienicowa in the east to theCho cholowska valley in the west. The morphology of this region shows several specific features. Cave formation is closely linked with the allogenic 'iBSigggdiiB streams draining from the crystalline rocks which cover theMesozoic series. These through-flowing rivers have formed most of the caves that open out from the valley-sides. Both the caves and the karst landforms are associated with structural fea tures in the Mesozoic strata. Most of the caves and dolines occur in the limestones showing well developed joints, whereas the dolomites rarely have dolines, and caves are smaller. The evolution of the Tatra karst has been affected by their gla ciation. The existing karst landforms are of recent age. They were formed after the melting of the tjale. Finally, the development of the karst land ve forms is closely dependent upon the zones of con getation2) reflecting the prevailing climatic ditions. Typical rillenkarren (up to 2100 m.), ver Z. Fig. 10: Hollows due to solution subsidence (after S. The writer is indebted to Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Maruszczak Rozycki); a) in clayey deposits (1. boulder clay, 2. sand, *) of Lublin for information about the area. 3. loam); b) in sand. Sylwia Gilewska: Fossil karst in Poland 131

tical shafts and caves may be found The Polish Lowland (avens) deep ? (Map, IX) all over the higher parts of the dwarf pine and In lowland areas the soluble rocks are covered zones. Karren also occur on the bare sur pasture by Tertiary and Pleistocene clay and sand. In con faces of the roches moutonees at the bottom of for sequence karst phenomena are confined to the bu mer 1050 Dolines are com glacial troughs (at m.). ried ridges where the Cretaceous limestone is at, mon in the forest zones. The dolines are broad and or slightly beneath the surface of the covering rather shallow and tend to under a develop permeable deposits. Numerous water-filled de mantle of Caves are com glacial deposits. fairly pressions due to karst processes are best seen bet mon. In the Polish Tatra Mtns there occur about ween the rivers Bug and Tysmienica around Sie 80 caves. The cave so far discovered is deepest mien, Cycow and Wlodawa (Podlasie) (55, 56). 620 m. or more The caves (Sniezna Cave) (18 c). The initiation of these depressions is regarded as are narrow relatively simple unbranching passages pre-Riss (19). They were renewed in post-Riss well Potholes and following developed joints. times. Small karst hollows and pipes also occur at flutes are Moon-milk formations are significant. Mielnik on top of the buried limestone ridges. M. of the Polish Tatra caves whereas typical crystal Drzal (12) suggested that these depressions were line is rather rare. River and dripstone gravels formed during the late phases of the last glacia sand occur in most cave and bones of passages tion (Wiirm) and continued to function in the Pleistocene animals have been found in Upper early Holocene. them. scale has taken part inmany Large collapse The examination of the karst regions in Poland caves. The cave occur at two main galleries levels, shows that the limestones, dolomites, marl and at 100?120 m. and at 180?210 m. above present gypsum have well developed widened joints, kar river level in the Koscieliska These levels Valley. ren, pinnacles, pipes, dolines, uvalas, vertical are to be as evidence of of reduced regarded phases shafts, blind valleys, karst basins (small poljes) stream erosion associated with the Upper Tertiary with residual hums, planated surfaces due to karst of tectonic phases stability. processes, mogotes and caves containing local and The Klippenzone (Map, VII B) allogenic deposits. These features were formed under different climatic conditions at The Klippenzone consists of Mesozoic lime prevailing different times. The chronological position of the stones which show a complicated structure and various in the evolution of the karst contain numerous intercalations of insoluble rocks. stages regions is shown in the following table. Karst phenomena are, therefore, poorly devel Fossil karst oped. hollows of Cretaceous age and Conclusions typical lapies of preglaciai date have been found In Poland there occur which have at Szaflary (58). Small solution caves and cliff regions pas sed more than one former of karstic hollows open out from the valley-sides in the Pie through cycle and which show of niny Mtns. Underground drainage occurs in the development regions signs only one of The karst featu Biatka gap across the Klippenzone (25 c). cycle karsting. polycyclic res are characteristic of theMiddle Polish uplands. The VII Carpatian Upland (Map, C) Their morphological evolution took place in sev Fossil karst hollows developed in the Lower eral stages separated by transgressions of the epi Tortonian gypsum have occasionally been found continental seas which deposited a thick sheet of in theWielopolka Valley (46). Fossil dolines of limestones, dolomites and marl. One cycle of similar age also occur in the promontory rift val karstic development has taken place in areas that at near ley Czernica Zory (Map, VIII). emerged from beneath the sea in Upper Tertiary zones 2) Forest in the Tatra Mtns (according to J. Fa times (the Nida Basin), and in the mountains bijanowski) : where the limestones have been buried 700?1250 m. sea ? zone completely above level lower forest under an insoluble rock mantle. After removal of (beech, fir, spruce) ? the cover, the surface and subsurface solution in 1250?1550 m. above sea level upper forest zone limestones has rise to different karst fea (chieflyspruce) ? given 1550?1800 m. above sea level dwarf zone tures. ? pine 1800?2300 m. above sea level pasture or zone ? alpine Karst all above 2300 m. above sea level summit zone phenomena developed during periods of of the land masses when the lime 3)The DTA of the infillingclays show that theTertiary emergence stones were residual clays formed under warm and humid climatic already exposed (16,25). In Poland we conditions are rich in whereas illite can koallinite, predominates recognize four major continental of in the periods Quaternary clays. By analysing the mineralogical karstic the of the it becomes to both development (the Permo-Trias, Upper composition clays possible give Trias ? and lower Lower Jura, the Lower Cretaceous, the upper limiting dates for the formation of the ? clays concerned. The DTA of the residual clays were car Tertiary, together with the Quaternary) also a ried out Prof. P. Bakker in Amsterdam. of by J. number minor periods of karsting. These are trassiimm ILQ- _.n^Illlllllllllllllllllllllllll Wm

Q|j||jj|gI^y\JOligocene_Subtropical_E=-H== =^ ===., _liSone'do]emarl ""?""'Ttnne 'imes" aypsum gypsum'Ttlne

|][]2||305g8090607010011[U]l30]l9012020 0141 015016gl8017 ^-^-^-)Humid^Removalj ?_~"_cond-? ^

II I ?, A ENOMENPHARKST Removal-^^"N Go__

.i WarmforestclimateTT~A7\A(Silkcovertrocks OU\7\/^_?~ [^31gjf^g?g]3,[^3102903O||31028024021022025026027@?02b3|

I ^^ ? 1 ~o"S

HI1!-:?I IVWy ';Arid cond-Middleo VII\AWF\7QVWrXLL^^3 &<(~,TatraMtns.: moistO?cool SA*^Zn^SiTTfT&humidWarm -? EraEpoch/stage GeneralclimaticconditionsProcessI 1 II I III^I L UIVV_?^%VLV

? Lower_ _Gunz_CoolAridforest \J ofEocene_Tropicalinsoluble_ or ^ ^ or A ^ ^ U2_LJL- _ ======:?=s ~??? ^ll1I||? M Arcasuoorctic , climate_|8Mlddte_Optimum:subtropical_W y?->n_()*Q?Z /subtropical-arid-subtropical/\ I | ?? ^ Eemian int. rs U imiiihS^ih semi-arid subtropical_ aperiodsincreasedof I?III temperate_ Optimum, *~Lower_IncreasedEhumidity_O^Upper_=1^1 Hot&aridwith short <-|I| ^ I^ ~^B Hot&humidLower_ 'V^y^/ |precipitation Lower_q-_|_|_|_|_| ArcticsubarcticWCirm& Lower_Subtropical_c? H| _^ Tiglianint. >Q ^* ^*

Mild&arid_

JI_H_ Middle_ o Sylwia Gilewska: Fossil karst in Poland 133

short periods of re-emergence of relatively small are rare (Silesian Upland) or absent (Lublin Up land tracts, and the recurrent interglacial periods. land). In is evidence of succes addition, there plentiful The fossil karst features ceased to function at sive of either moist or arid climatic condi phases various stages of evolution. They are now buried tions 48, of (27, 49). During phases highhumidity under deposits of different origin. Such conditions (wether tropical, temperate or cool) subtropical, are exactly realized in the Silesian where karstic took Du Upland strengthened development place. dolines containing only Tortonian with ring of arid climate warm or cold) phases (wether lignite (14) occur in the close vicinity of dolines mechanical weathering (scree formation) domi that are completely filled with residual clays and nated over the chemical weathering. These data covered by deposits of the Tortonian sea (1). The clearly indicate that the development of karst was ? conclusion is that the long continued karst pro not a rare occurence in the history of the relief of ? cesses lead to development of a flat land sur Poland, but a systematic phenomenon. Karst de face. This karst equiplanation takes place veloped always under humid climatic conditions through lowering the ridges that separate the (wether warm and humid or cool and humid) at neighbouring groups of hollows, and filling the periods following the phases of earth movements karst depressions a) with the insoluble residual (producing jointing systems and a high relative ? clays and coarse debris chiefly flints (e.g., the relief). planation surface with themogotes in the southern The inventory of the karst features varies from part of the Cracow Upland), and b) with the re region to region. Well developed caves are charac deposited loams, sand and gravels, and organic teristic of the mountains and of the Cracow Up matter (e.g., the karst surfaces actively forming land where the limestone is pure, the surface on the floor of the Chodel and Zamosc Basins). stands high, and the valleys are deep. In the re Both fossil maining upland areas, by contrast, the total verti the karst landforms and their infill cal scope for karsting is less because the soluble suggest that the optimum conditions for the devel of cover is relatively thin and contains less soluble opment karst prevailed during the Tertiary 60 (chiefly marly) elements. Dolines and uvalas pre continental period representing about million In the ? suc dominate. Shallow cave systems being controlled years. Oligo Miocene times several cessive of movement by the horizontal bedding planes occur only in the phases tectonic took place gypsum of the Nida Basin. In other areas caves producing well developed jointing systems. This fact favoured the development of underground drainage and of cave formation in limestone areas. Table: The Evolution of Karst Phenomena in Poland. Furthermore, both the rich vegetation and the pre - - Karst phenomena occuring in the I Sudety Mtns, II Si humid or climate - - vailing tropical subtropical pro lesian Upland, III Cracow Upland, IV Nida Basin, - - - vided conditions for wide-spread chemical weath V Swi^tokrzyskie Mtns, VI Lublin Upland, VII Car A - - which resulted in the formation of a thick pathians (VII Tatra Mtns, VII B Klippenzone ering - - VII C Carpathian VIII promontory rift val mantle of residual with flints and of a - Upland), clays great ley, IX Polish Lowland. number of karst hollows. - - huge 1 Major phases of mountain building and jointing, 2 - - major phases of uplift, 3 glaciations; 4 marine trans At the time the of karst is - present development gressions; 5 extensive lakes and swamps. in the - - less perfect belt of the Middle Polish up Processes: 6 Chemical weathering, 7 mechanical weath - - lands and old mountains. Most of the karst land ering; 8 intensified weathering; 9 predominant weath - - forms are a ering; 10 reduced weathering; 11 intensified subsur actively formed under covering of the - - face corrosion; 12 wind action; 13 intensified Pleistocene The - erosion; deposits. disappearence of springs 14 underground drainage. - has also been observed. But it is not known if this Karst phenomena: 15 Formation of karst planation sur - - is a of revival of the karst faces; 16 initiation of mogotes; 17 mechanical destruc consequence former - - tion of mogotes; 18 cave formation; 19 features, or of the in Caves are - enlargement progress karsting. of caves; 20 mechanical destruction of cave mouths; now In the - - dry. Tatra Mtns, by contrast, karstic 21 karren (lapies) formation; 22 sink-hole formation - is still under cool and on bare rock surfaces; 23 active formation of karst de development continuing a humid climatic pressions under shallow cover of a) sand; b) gravel (see conditions. - 31); 24 renewed modelling of Tertiary karst depressions; - - - 25 uvala formation; 26 shaft formation; 27 pipe for - mation; 28 active formation of small poljes with hums; References - - 29 active formation of blind valleys; 30 formation of - 1. P.: Uber isolated limestone hills; 31 constriction or fossilization Assmann, das Alter der oberschlesischen Braun eisenerze und d. Kon.-Preuft. Geol. by accumulation of a) loess; b) clay; c) sand; d) gravel; Eisenerzbegleiter. Jb. L. A. zu Berlin 1. Berlin 1914. 316?326. e) huge masses of flint; f) angular rock fragments; g) orga XXXV, pp. nic matter (lignite, gyttja); h) bone breccia; 2. W.: at - i) dripstone. Barczyk, Jura sulejowska. Jurassic deposits Cave levels: L - - lower, M middle, U upper, a) Pasture Sulejow. Acta Geol. Pol. XI, 1.Warszawa 1961. pp. zones and dwarf-pine zones; b) forest (in the Tatra). 11,24. 134 Erdkunde Band XVIII

zna 3. Bazynski, J., Kuhn, A.: Geologiczno-inzynierskie 22. ?: Rozwoj geomorfologiczny terytorium Polski w ok czenie lejow krasowych na przykladzie obszaru cz^sto resie przedczwartorz^dowym. The geomorphological diowskiego. The practical role of dolines of the Cz^sto development of Poland's territory in the pre-Quater chowa region. Przegl. Geol. VII. Warszawa 1958. nary period. Przegl. Geogr. XXX, 1. Warszawa 1958. pp. 293?298. pp. 3?33. 4. S.: Geo Biernat, Budowa geologiczna kredy opolskiej. 23. ?: Nowe poglqdy na rozwoj rzezby krasowej. Modern structure near logical of the Cretaceous sediments Opole. views on the Development of the Karstic Relief. Przegl. 152. Inst. Geol. Biul. Warszawa 1960. pp. 201?202, 227. Geogr. XXX, 3. Warszawa 1958. pp. 421?434. 5. W.: na Bobrowski, Badania glin obszarze swi^tokrzy 24. Kotanski, 2.: Przewodnik geologiczny po Gorach skim w 1938 r. wykonane Clay investigations carried SwiQtokrzyskich. I, II. Warszawa 1959. out in the in 1938. Pahstw. Inst. Swi^tokrzyski region 25. Kowalski, K.: Jaskinie Polski. Polish Caves. Panstw. Geol. Biul. 15. Warszawa 1939. Muz. Archeol. a) I. Warszawa 1951. b) II. Warszawa 6. S.: obzaru Krakowem a Bukowy, Geologia pomi^dzy 1953. c) III. Warszawa 1954. Korzkwi^. structure of the area between Geological 26. Krach, W.: Materialy do stratygrafii miocenu Gornego Cracow and Korzkwia. Inst. Geol. Biul. 108. Warszawa Sl^ska. 2 badan trzeciorz^du w Polsce. Inst. Geol. 1956. 59. pp. 22, 30, Biul. 71. Warszawa 1954. pp. 158?159. 7. Cietak, Z.: Jaskinie poludniowej cz^sci Wyzyny Malo 27. Lilpop, J.: Roslinnosc Polski w epokach minionych. polskiej. Caves of the southern part of the Malopolska Fossil Flora of Poland. Wyd. Geol. Warszawa 1957. Upland. Ochrona Przyrody. XV. Krakow 1935. pp. i ko 195?242. 28. Lis, J.,Wojcik, 2b.: Triasowa brekcja kostna kras w kamieniolomie Stare Olkuszem. 8. Czarnocki, J.: Cechsztyn w Gorach Swi^tokrzyskich. palny Gliny pod Triassic bone bed and fossil karst in the quarry Zechstein in the SwiQtokrzyskie Mtns. Sprawozd. exposed Stare near Olkusz. Kwartalnik Geol. 1. War Panstw. Inst. Geol. II, 1?2. Warszawa 1923. pp. Gliny IV, szawa 55?67. 177?178. 1960. pp. 29. 2 i trze 9.?: O tektonice Lagowa oraz kilka slow w sprawie Morawski, J.: zagadnien sedymentacji rzezby i On the trzeciorz^du i zloz galeny na tym obszarze. Pos. Nauk. ciorz^du srodkowej polnocnej Lubelszczyzny. sedimentation and relief in the middle and Panstw. Inst. Geol. 8.Warszawa 1923. p. 36. Tertiary southern part of the Lublin area. Ann. UMCS. B. Vol. 10. ?: Przewodnik XX Zjazdu Polskiego Towarzystwa w r. XII. Lublin 1959. pp. 67?135. Geologicznego w Gorach Swi^tokrzyskich 1947. 30. 2b.: wieku Pol. Tow. Geol. XVII. Krakow 1948. pp. 245, 277, 278, Mossoczy, 2agadnienia jaskin polnocnej 294. cz^sci Jury Krakowsko-Wielunskiej. On the age of caves in the northern of the Cracow-Wieluh 11. Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki, S.: Arkusz Grodziec. Feuille part Jura. 4. Warszawa 1959. 201?210. Grodziec. Explication. Panstw. Inst. Geol. Warszawa Speleologia. I, pp. 1935. pp. 71?76. 31. Mycielska, E.: Formy krasowe na polnoc od Osieka 12. Drzal, M: Kras w kredzie w Mielniku nad Bugiem. Sandomierskiego. Karstic Landforms occuring north of Karst in the Cretaceous of Mielnik on the Bug River. Osiek Sandomierski. Przegl. Geogr. XXXII, 4. War Inst. Geol. Biul. 169. Warszawa 1961. pp. 241?252. szawa 1960. pp. 575?585. 13. Flis, J.: Kras gipsowy Niecki Nidzianskiej. Gypsum 32. Passendorfer, E.: Kreda Tatr. Regionalna Geologia karst of the Nida Trough. Prace Geogr. PAN. 1. Polski. I. Karpaty. 1. Stratygrafia. Krakow 1951. p. 75. Warszawa 1954. mo 33. Pokorny, J.: Quaternary changes in relief of the 14. S.: Rzezba w Gilewska, progu srodkowotriasowego gotes in the southern part of the upland of Cracow. The relief of the Mid-Triassic Es okolicy B^dzina. Inqua. Vlth Congress. Abstracts of papers. Poland in the of Prace carpment Vicinity B^dzin. Geogr. 1961. p. 67?68. PAN. 44. Warszawa 1963. 34. Polichtowna, J.: Ostahce Wyzyny Krakowsko-Cz^s 15. Gradzinski, R.: Przewodnik geologiczny pookolicach w tochowskiej, ich geneza i znaczenie krajobrazie. The Krakowa. Warszawa 1960. pp. 69, 155, 172, 202, 215, monadnocks of the Cracow-Cz^stochowa Upland, their 229?248. origin and importance in the landscape. Ochrona Przyr. 16. ?: form w Rozwoj podziemnych krasowych poludnio XXVIII. Krakow 1962. pp. 256?283. wej cz?si Wyzyny Krakowskiej. Origin and develop 35. Pulina, M.: Wiek i intensywnosc rozwoju zjawisk kra ment of subterranean karst in the southern part of the w Gorach Kaczawskich w okolicy Wojcieszo Cracow Rocznik Pol. Tow. Geol. XXXII. 4. sowych Upland. wa. 4. Warszawa 1959. pp. 185?196. Krakow 1962. Speleologia. I, 36. Przewodnik XXXIII Pol. Tow. Geol. Cz^sto 17. Hornig, A.: Z zagadnieh krasu w gornosl^skim triasie. zjazdu chowa 1960. Guide of the XXXIII meeting of the Pol Some problems of karst in the Upper Silesian Triassic 4. ish Association. S. 2. Rozycki. deposits. Czas. Geogr. XXVII. Warszawa-Wroclaw Geological Supervision: 37. Przewodnik XXXV 1956. pp. 327?344. zjazdu Polskiego Towarzystwa Kielce 1962. Warszawa 1962. Guide of 18. Inqua. Guide-Book of Excursion: From the Baltic to Geologicznego. the XXXV of the Polish Associa the Tatras. Poland 1961. a) Part II. Vol. I. Middle meeting Geological tion at Kielce in 1962. H. Zakowa. Poland (by S. Z. Rozycki). b) Part II. Vol. II. Middle Supervision: obrze Poland (supervision: S. Z. Rozycki), c) Part III. South 38. Radlowska, C: Rzezba pdlnocno-wschodniego Relief of the north-eastern Poland (supervision: M. Klimaszewski). zenia Gor SwiQtokrzyskich. w of the Mtns. in 19. Jahn, A: Teren krasowy Siemienia powiecie Radzyh fringe Swi^tokrzyskie (Summary area Siemieh in Prace PAN. XXXVIII. Warszawa skim (Podlasie). The karst of the village French). Geogr. 1963. the Radzyh District (Podlasie). Czas. Geogr. XVII, 3_4. Wroclaw 1939?1946. pp. 226?230. 39. Rozycky, S. 2.: Alb, cenoman i turon w okolicy staji w Smer Potok Cenoman und Tu 20. Jonca, E.: W sprawie wieku studni krasowych 2loty (kolo Koniecpola). Alb, at ron in der von Potok. dynie. On the age of karst shafts Smerdyna. Przegl. Umgebung 2loty Sprawozd. 95-99. Panstw. Inst. Geol. Warszawa 1937. 43. Geogr. XXXV, 1.Warszawa 1963. pp. IX, 1, p. ?: do krasu Polski. I. 21. Klimaszewski, M.: Osobliwosci skalne w Sudetach. II. 40. Przyczynki znajomosci Cz^sc 1?3. Kra Kras XX. Warszawa 1946. Jaskinie. Chronmy Przyrody Ojczyst^. V, opoczynski. Przegl. Geogr. kow 1949. pp. 37?39. pp. 107?127. P. 2. Szabo: Neue Daten und Beobachtungen iiber Palaokarsterscheinungen in Ungarn 135

41. ?: Przyczynki do znajomosci krasu Polski. Czqsc II. 50. Szaflarski, J.: Zarys uksztaltowania Wyzyny Sl^skiej. we Zapadle doly wschodniej cz^sci lasow staracho Zjawiska krasowe. Gorny Sl^sk. Prace imaterialy geogr. wickich. Przegl. Geogr. XXII. Warszawa 1948?1949. Krakow 1955. pp. 87?88. 225?288. pp. 51. Tyczynska, M.: Klimat Polski w okresie trzeciorz^do 42. S. Z.: i Rozycki, Czwartorz^d Jury Cz^stochowskiej sq wym i czwartorz^dowym. The climate of Poland z obszarow. The in the siaduj^cych ni$ Quaternary Czq during the Tertiary and Quaternary. Czas. Geogr. stochowa and in region its surroundings. Przegl. Geogr. XXVIII. Wroclaw 1957. pp. 131?166. VIII, Warszawa 1960. pp. 427?428. 52. Tyczynska, M.: A pre-Tortonian karst surface in the 43. krasowe z kamieniolo Rzechowski, J.: Kopalne formy vicinity of Cracow. Bull, de l'Acad. Pol. des Sci. Serie mu w Rejowcu. Fossil karst forms from Rejowiec Quar des sci. chim., geol. et geogr. VI, 6. Warszawa 1958. Kwartalnik Geol. 1. Warszawa 1962. 109? ry. VI, pp. pp. 399?401. 123. 53. W.: i 44. Walczak, Czwartorz^d morfologia poludniowej Samsonowicz, J.: Objasnienia arkusza Opatow. Feuille czQSci Jury Krakowskiej. The relief and Quaternary in Opatow. Explication. Panstw. Inst. Geol. 1. Warszawa the southern part of the Cracow Jura. Inst. Geol. Biul. 1934. pp. 51?54, 97?98. 100. Warszawa 1956. pp. 419?453. 45. ?: krasowe i kostna Zjawiska trzeciorz^dowa brekcja 54. w Walczowski, A.: Zjawiska krasowe w utworach paleo W^zach pod Dzialoszynem. Karst phenomena and zoicznych w okolicy Lagowa. Karstic phenomena in the Tertiary bone breccia at W?ze near Dzialoszyn. Za Paleozoic rocks in the vicinity of Lagow. Przegl, Geol. bytki przyr. nieozyw. 3. Warszawa 1936. pp. 147?155. IX. Warszawa 1962. pp. 457?460. 46. Starkel, L.: Rozwoj morfologiczny progu Pogorza 55. Wilgat, T.: Kras okolicy Cycowa. Karst in the sur Karpackiego mi^dzy D^bic^ a Trzcian^. Morphological roundings of Cycow. Ann. UMCS. B. IV, 9. Lublin evolution of the escarpment of the Pogorze Karpackie 1949. pp. 229?252. between D^bica and Trzciana. Prace Geogr. PAN. XI. 56. ?: The lakes between Warszawa 1957. p. 27. Jeziora L^czynsko-Wlodawskie. Le^czno and Wlodawa. Ann. UMCS. B. VIII. Lublin 47. Sulimski, A.: O nowym stanowisku kopalnej fauny 1954. pp. 37?114. kr^gowcow w okolicy Dzialoszyna. New fossil Verte 57. Zb.: krasowe i Tatr. Wier brata fauna near Dzialoszyn. Przegl. Geol. Warszawa Wojcik, Zjawiska jaskinie XXVII. 1962. pp. 219?222. chy. Krak6w 1959. 48. 58. ?: w na Szafer, W.: Pliocehska flora okolic Czorsztyna. Plio Preglacjalny lapiez Szaflarach Podhalu. Pre at cene flora from the vicinity of Czorsztyn (West Car glaciai lapies Szaflary in the Podhale region. Kwar pathians). Inst. Geol. Prace. XI. Warszawa 1954. talnik Geol. IV. Warszawa 1960. pp. 1039?1053. 49. ?: Miocehska flora ze na Starych Gliwic Sl^sku. Mio 59. Wrzosek, A.: Z badah nad zjawiskami krasowymi Tatr cene at flora Stare Gliwice in Silesia. Inst. Geol. Prace. Polskich. Wiadom. Shizby Geogr. III. Warszawa 1933. XXXIII. Warszawa 1961. pp. 1?43.

NEUE DATEN UND BEOBACHTUNGEN ZUR KENNTNIS DER PALAOKARSTERSCHEINUNGEN IN UNGARN Mit 7 Abb. und 3 Bildern

P. Z. SZABO

Die Untersuchung der inUngarn durchweg be dehnte Kalkgebiete, die nicht den Formenschatz deckten nur mor Palaokarstformen ist nicht eine des tropischen Kegelkarstes aufweisen, sondern sie ist auch mit dem Studium nur phologische Aufgabe, die gewohnlichen Karsterscheinungen. Wo dies der Fullsedimente in den Hohlformen verbunden nicht der Fall ist, kann das Fehlen der sonst typi und stets zu dariiber hinaus mit einer schwer 16 schen Kegelkarstformen in ursachlichem Zusam senden des Der der Frage Bergbaus: Ermittlung menhang mit der unreinen, kreidigen oder merge wahrscheinlichen Stellen von Karstwassereinbru ligen Beschaffenheit der Kalke gebracht werden." So chen. kann sich der Karstmorphologe imVerein In Ungarn lenkte die Bauxit- und Steinkohlen mit dem Geologen, Palaoklimatologen und Geo forschung die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Karst chemiker an der Losung praktischer Probleme reliktformen aus der Kreidezeit (2, 3). Heute kon niitzlich beteiligen. nen wir schon mit Recht die bedeckten Karstfor Die Korrosion schafft im Bereiche der Karbo men der Kreidezeit und des Palaozans als ein Er einen natgesteine aufierst vielfaltigen Formen gebnis eines tropischen Vorzeitklimas betrachten schatz. Die und Formausbildung Formanderung (4, 5). Dennoch zeigen diese Formen nicht in jedem ist aufier von den klimatischen Faktoren in hohem Falle die charakteristischen Merkmale des Tropen Mafie von der Gesteinsbeschaffenheit abhangig. karstes. Im norischen Dolomit und rhatischen Dazu schreibtH. Lehmann (1): ?Keineswegs aber Kalkstein der oberen Trias, weiterhin im Kalk ist das identisch mit der vom Kegelkarstgebiet Verbrei Dachsteintyp des unteren Lias, und schliefi der Kalke Es sowohl auf lich in tung uberhaupt. gibt den Obermalmkalken finden wir typische, wie auf mehr oder minder unverkennbar Kuba, Jamaica ausge tropische Karstformen. Dagegen