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A Glossary of Karst Terminology

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A Glossary of Karst Terminology A Glossary of Karst Terminology GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1899-K A Glossary of Karst Terminolog)' Compiled by WATSON H. MONROE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1899-K A contribution to the International Hydrological Decade UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 75-607530 First printing 1970 Second printing 1972 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATE." A GLOSSARY OF KARST TERMINOLOGY Compiled by WATSON H. MONROB ABSTRACT This glossary includes most terms used in describing karst geomorpho'ogic features and processes. The terms are primarily those used in the literature of English-speaking countries, but a few of the more common terms in Fronch, German, and Spanish are included, with references to the corresponding Enrlish terms where they are available. The glossary also includes simple definitions of the more common rocks and minerals found in karst terrain, common terms of hydrology, and a number of the descriptive terms used by speleologists. The glossary does not include definitions of most biospeleological terms, geologic structure terms, varieties of carbonate rock that require microscopic techniques for identification, or names describing tools and techniques of cave exploration. INTRODUCTION This glossary of karst terminology has been compiled mainly from published definitions and suggestions made by the following investi­ gators in karst geomorphology: Keuben Frank and Joseph N. Jen- nings, Australia; Marjorie M. Sweeting, England; Paul Fenelon, France; Paul W. Williams, Ireland; David Wozab, Jamaica, TTest Indies; Victor R. Baker, Eugene Borax, Eeginald P. Briggs, William E. Davies, John J. Fisher, L. A. Heindl, Harry LeGrand, C. L. McGuinness, George W. Moore, James P. Quinlan, Zane Spiegel, and V. T. Stringfield, United States. The terms are primarily those used in the literature of EngMsh- speaking countries, but a few of the more common terms in French, German, Spanish, and Slavic languages are included, with references to the corresponding English terms. The existing glossaries of geology, geography, and speleology listed in the references have been para­ phrased or quoted freely. Authorship has not been cited because the origin of most terms has not been determined. Although the glossary was originally intended to include only definitions of karst geomorphologic features, it was soon found desir­ able to include definitions of the more common rocks and minerals found in karst terrain, common terms of hydrology, and a number of the descriptive terms used by speleologists; most biospeleological Kl K2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES terms have been omitted. Also omitted are definitions of geologic structure terms, which are defined in most dictionaries; varieties of carbonate rocks that require microscopic techniques for identification; and names describing tools and techniques of cave exploration, GLOSSARY anentolite. A helictite in vhich the eccen­ tricity is ascribed to the action of air abime. (French.) 1. Abyss. 2. Wide, deep currents. shaft, in limestone, the walls of which anthodite. A cave formation composed are vertical or overhanging. of feathery or radiating- masses of long abris sous roche. (French.) See rock needlelike crystals of gj-psum or arago- shelter. nite, which radiate ortward from a active cave. 1. Cave containing a running common base. See also cave flower. stream. 2. Cave in which speleothems apron. A smooth bulging mass of flow- are growing. (Less common and less stone covering sloping projections from desirable usage.) Compare live cave. walls of caves or limestone cliffs. aeolianite. See eolian calcarenite. aquifer. A ground-water reservoir. Pervi­ aeration, zone of. See zone of aeration. ous rock that is completely saturated aggressive water. Water having the abil­ and will yield water to a well or ity to dissolve rocks. In the context of spring. limestone and dolomite, this term refers aragonite. A mineral composed of calcium especially to water containing dissolved carbonate, CaCOa, like calcite but dif­ carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) or, fering in crystal form. rarely, other acids. arete and pinnacle karat. A landscape of aguada. (Spanish for watering place.) In naked reticulated saw-topped ridges Yucatan, shallow depression generally having almost vertical slopes and a covering several hectares used for relief of as much as 120 meters. The water supply. ridges rise above forest-covered corri­ air pocket. An enclosed air space between dors and depressions. Found in New the water surface and the roof of a Guinea at elevations o* 2,000 meters cave. and more. aisle. An elongated high narrow traversa- aven. 1. (French.) A vertical or highly ble passage in a cave. See also crawl, inclined shaft in limestone, extending crawl way; corridor; passage. upward from a cave passage, generally alternative. Adjective used to designate to the surface; smaller than an abtme. an intake or resurgence operating only Commonly related to enlarged vertical during rainy seasons; in some areas joints. Compare cenote; natural well; reversible; equivalent to intermittent pothole. 2. (British.) A vertical exten­ Used also as a noun. sion from a shaft in a passage or cham­ alveolization. (From the Latin word ber roof that tapers upward rather like "alveolatus," meaning hollowed out.) a very elongate cone. Compare dome Pitting of a rock surface produced by pit. wind loaded with sand, by water B charged with carbonic acid, or by plant roots. backflooding. Temporarily rising water anastomosis. A network of tubular pas­ level in a cave caused I* downstream sages or holes in a cave or in a solution- passage being too small to pass an ab­ sculptured rock. A complex of many normally high discharge. The excava­ irregular and repeatedly connected pas­ tion and reexcavation of some caves is sages. Synonym, labryrinth. ascribed to the enlargement of a pas- A GLOSSARY OP KARST TERMINOLOGY K3 sage at or near the water table by blowing cave. A cave out of which or gravity flow alternating with periods into which a current of air f aws inter­ of calcite precipitation. mittently. bacon. Thin, elongated, translucent flow- blowing welL A well into T7hich and stone having parallel colored bands on from which air blows with noticeable or projecting from roofs and walls of force owing to changes in barometric some caves. See also blanket; curtain; pressure or tidal action on the under­ drapery. lying aquifer. balcony. Any projection on the wall of a blue hole. 1. (Jamaica.) A m^jor emer­ cave large enough to support one or gence where water rises from below more persons. without great turbulence. See also bare karst. See naked karst. boiling spring. 2. (Bahamas.) A base level, karst. See karst base level. drowned solution sinkhole. beachrock. A friable to indurated rock bogaz. (Slavic.) A long narrow chasm consisting of sand grains of various enlarged by solution of the limestone. minerals cemented by calcium carbon­ See also corridor; struga; rinjon. ate; occurs in thin beds dipping sea­ ward at less than 15°. Also known as boiling spring. (Jamaica.) A Irrge turbu­ beach standstone. lent spring. See also blue hole. bed. A layer in sedimentary rocks; a bone-breccia. Cave breccia including stratum. much bone. bedding plane. A plane that separates botryoid. A grapelike deposit of calcium two strata of differing characteristics. carbonate generally found on walls of caves. Synonyms, clusterite; grape bedding-plane cave. A passage formed formation. along a bedding plane, especially when there is a difference in susceptibility to bourne. (British.) Intermittent stream corrosion in the two beds. in a normally dry valley in chalk bicarbonate. A salt containing the radi­ country. cal HCOs'1, such as Ca(HCOs) 2. boxwork. Network of thin blades of cal­ biospeleology. The study of subterranean cite or gypsum etched out ii relief on living organisms, particularly in caves the limestone walls and ceiling of a in limestone regions. cave. blade. In a cave, a thin sharp projection branchwork. A dendritic system of sub­ jutting out from roof, wall, or floor, of terranean watercourses having many which it is an integral part; generally incoming branches and no risible out­ the remains of a partition or bridge. going ones. blanket. A thick layer of dripstone, not breakdown. See cave breakdown. translucent, see also bacon; curtain; bridge. In a cave, a residual rock span drapery. across a passage. See also natural blind valley. A valley that ends suddenly bridge at the point where its stream disap­ buried karst. Karst topography buried pears underground; some blind valleys by younger sediments. See also cov­ have no present-day streams. See also ered karst; paleokarst. half-blind valley; marginal polje. C blowhole. 1. A hole on land near the calanque. (French.) 1. Cove or small bay. shore through which air and water are 2. A valley excavated in limestone or forced by incoming waves. 2. (Austra­ formed by collapse of the roof of a cave lia. ) A small hole in the surface of the and subsequently submerged by a rise Nullarbor Plain through which air in sea level. blows in and out with observable force, calc-. Prefix meaning limy; containing sometimes audibly. calcium carbonate. K4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES calcarenite. Limestone or dolomite com­ sloping wall projection and forming a posed of coral or shell sand or of grains fringe of shawls or stalactites on the derived from the disintegration and outer edge. erosion of older limestones. Size of canyon. 1. A steep-walletf chasm, gorge, particles ranges from 1/16 to 2 mil­ or ravine cut by running: water. 2. A limeters. chasm that has been formed by a cave calcareous. Containing calcium carbon­ stream. 3. A valley forned by collapse ate. of the roof of a long fairly straight calcareous tufa.
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