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Hypogenic Origin of Robber Baron Cave: Implications on the Evolution and Management of the Edwards Aquifer, Central Texas, Usa

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Hypogenic Origin of Robber Baron Cave: Implications on the Evolution and Management of the Edwards Aquifer, Central Texas, Usa Warning concerning copyright restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs· the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of Copyright Law. LINDA HALL LIBRARY Illllll 111111111111111111111111111111111 5109 CHERRY STREET KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 64110-2498 PHONE (816) 363-4600 1/24/12DocServ #: 661910 j FAX: (816) 926-8785 13:15 SHIP TO: Shelved as: G-S c,,D\.-A)- A'* taO' 7 ILL I T AMU Libraries Location: Texas A and MU.*** 5000 TAMUS Title: National Cave and Karst Symposium 1 ; Advances in Hypogene Karst Studies I College Station, TX 77843-5000 Odyssey Preferred Volume: Issue: TXA Patron: Bandel, Micaela Date: 2009 Odyssey: 165.91.74.104 Phone: (979)845-5641 Article/Paper: ; Hypogenic origin of robber Ariel: 128.194.84.50 baron cave; implications on the evolution and ~~nt of the edwards aquifer, central Regular Ariel OCLC #: 437009571 LHL SN: / CCG Max Cost: $50IFM Lender string: UIU,*LHL,GIS,IXA Notes: Billing Notes; BRI USER CODE 51- IL: 86434113 1281;CAI # 00000806; LHL 010225 Illllll lllll lllll 111111111111111111111111111111111 DocSERV I OCLC I PULL SLIP HYPOGENIC ORIGIN OF ROBBER BARON CAVE: IMPLICATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE EDWARDS AQUIFER, CENTRAL TEXAS, USA George Veni Lynn Heiz/er National Cave and Karst Research Institute, 1400 Commerce New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Drive, Carlsbad, New Mexico 88220 USA, [email protected] Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico 87801 USA, [email protected] Abstract Introduction Robber Baron Cave is formed within the Upper Robber Baron Cave is located within the city of San Cretaceous Austin Chalk, in Bexar County, Texas, Antonio, in central Texas, USA. It is by far the most USA. The cave exhibits features that demonstrate a extensive and best known cave in Bexar County. The hypogenic origin, including a 1.51-km-long network earliest reports of the cave date to the 1910s. From 1926 maze pattern, fissure-floored passages, passage -1933, about 160 m of its passages were developed for ceilings laterally enlarged adjacent to a contact with tourists. This included the placement of electric lights an upper confining unit, and authigenic sediments. and the partial filling and leveling of the floors to create The Edwards Aquifer provides the only source of easy walkways. The developed areas were passages in water that could create the conditions necessary to the northern third of the cave. form the cave, and provides modem analogs through artesian flows from the nearby San Antonio and San Currently the cave has 1.51 km of known passages Pedro Park Springs. Anecdotal reports from the early within a square area approximately 100 m on each side 1 20 h century describe flowing streams and pools in (Figure 1). It is a predominantly horizontal network sections of the cave no longer accessible. maze of linear passages intersecting at 30-90° angles. The entrance is a sinkhole measuring 11 m long by 9 m The Edwards Aquifer enlarged westward by stream wide by 3-9 m deep and formed by collapse at the incision along the Balcones Fault Zone, exposing intersection of least three passages. The sinkhole had down-faulted permeable units to allow groundwater discharge from lower elevation locations. Stream incision rates indicate that the hypogenic conditions 29° necessary to form Robber Baron Cave occurred 2.0 to 2.5 Ma, and thus set a minimum age for accretion of the Bexar County portion of the aquifer. The presence of this and other hypogenic caves and artesian springs in the Austin Chalk, above the upper confining unit of the Edwards Aquifer, dem­ onstrates areas of significant localized upward flow into the Austin and the paleo land Nt surface. Identification of these areas is important in establish­ 32• / AIR PHOTO LINEAMENT WITH l!EARING ing areas of more stringent land 15 30 use regulations to prevent 0 AIR PHOTO KARST FEATURE aquifer degradation through these highly permeable features p situated outside of the recog- nized aquifer recharge zone. Figure 1. Silhouette map of Robber Baron Cave and aerial photo lineaments, updated from Veni (1988, 1997a) with surveys conducted in 2008. Advances in Hypogene Karst Studies NCKRI Symposium 1 85 been half filled with dumped dirt and debris since at the cave. Since the late 1970s, cave explorers have least the 1950s until cleaned out from 2003-2004, when excavated the collapsed passages in hopes ofrediscover­ a trench was cut into the north side of the sinkhole for ing the "lost" parts of the cave. Much of that effort and easier access (Mitchell and Palit, 2009). Two of the the cave's history is recorded by Veni (1988) and three passages in the sinkhole are open to the surface; updated byVeni (1989, 1997a). one is blocked by bars and the other, at the deepest point of the sinkhole, is gated to protect the cave from vandal­ Geologic setting ism and unauthorized visitation. Robber Baron Cave is located at the southeastern comer of the karstic Edwards Plateau. Its entrance is at an The majority of passages in Robber Baron Cave are elevation of250 m above mean sea level at the northern about 1 m wide by 1-3 m high. Many walls are covered edge of an effectively level upland area between Olmos with a layer of flowstone usually <2 cm thick. Several and Salado creeks, situated 3 km to the southwest and walls taper to "V"-shaped cross sections or narrow rifts east, respectively. Local surface drainage at the cave 1-3 m deep, so the floor areas in these passages are flows northeast to Salado Creek, while regional surface relatively small. Clay is common on the floors. Gray water flow is to the southeast. clay is either washed or carried in material and brown clay is composed predominantly of the insoluble resid­ The surface above Robber Baron Cave is about 4.5 m ual from the Austin Chalk that dissolved to form the below the top of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) passages (demonstrated in the following sections). The Austin Chalk Group. Locally comprising the Atco, clay usually ranges from about 3 cm to a meter thick, Vinson, and Dessau formations (Table 1), the Austin although a systematic sounding of clay depths has not ranges in thickness in Bexar County from 40 to 73 m. been conducted. Excavation of a pit into the floor of the Barnes (1983) described the Austin as "chalk and marl, Lighted Passage in 1977 demonstrated the sediment was chalk mostly microgranular calcite with minor fo­ at least 3 m deep. However, most of this was artificial raminifera tests and Inoceramus prisms, averages fill. Sediment depth decreases with distance from the about 85% calcium carbonate, ledge forming, grayish sinkhole, and the cave's mean depth generally increases white; alternates with marl, bentonitic seams locally, with that distance, probably a direct correlation to the recessive, medium gray, sparsely glauconitic, pyrite thinner sediments. The northern third of the cave nodules in part weathered to limonite common, averages roughly 10 m below the surface, the west­ occasional beds with large-scale cross-stratification; central portion averages a depth of about 12 m, and locally highly fossiliferous." Its stratigraphy in the passages in the southern third of the cave rise to a depth Bexar County area has not been well described but has of8-10 m. A sediment-filled pit along the west-central been generally discussed by Holt (1956), Arnow (1959), margin of the cave was excavated to reveal the "Lower Pessagno (1969), Cloud (1975), Waddell (1977), Dravis Level," which has at least 75 m of passages averaging (1979), Corbett (1982), Barnes (1983), Young (1985), 17 m below the surface. and Corbett et al. (1991 ). Detailed descriptions of the Austin have not been published, and its formation Most of the cave's reported extent is not accessible for boundaries are not locally mapped, but the cave's gross exploration or study. During its commer- cial development, the owner at the time Table 1. Stratigraphic column of the Bexar County, Texas, area deliberately collapsed many passages. (wide lines represent unconformities). Road building, underground utility lines, Age Group Formation Average Thickness (m) and other construction associated with the Upper Cretaceous/ Taylor Pecan Gap Chalk 30-122 area's urbanization invariably added to Coniacian the collapse. Prior to the collapses, Upper Cretaceous/ Austin 40-73 Robber Baron was known to extend at Coniacian least 100 m farther east to a water well, Dessau inadequately mapped 600 m southwest to a now-sealed, exten­ Vinson inadequately mapped sive, but poorly explored maze cave Atco inadequately mapped known as Holmgreen's Hole, and about Lower Cretaceous/ Washita 32.5-37.5 1.2 km to the southwest to underground Cenomian-Albian Buda Limestone 16.5 streams, pools, and another well that pumped water from the cave. Two caves Del Rio Clay 16.0 sealed by urbanization have also been Georgetown 0-5 reported within 500 m of Robber Baron, Lower Cretaceous/ Edwards 147.1 and could potentially have connected to Albian 86 NCKRI Symposium 1 Advances in Hypogene Karst Studies stratigraphic position at the top of the group indicates it amphiboles and carbonates were run in each analytical lies within the Dessau Formation.
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