XVIII 124_Erdkunde_Band - lachenboden pot Literatur bedeckung - (Grasf Bedeckung) schwenno dernowyi oder einer zusammenge Gwozdeckij, N. A.: Karstowye oblasti Bolschowo Kaw schwemmten Bodendecke. Diese, mit Rasen oder kasa. Tesisy dokladow Permskoi karstowoi konferenzii. 26?31 janwarija 1947 Perm, 1947 ?: Karstowye jaw Boden bedeckten Karstgebiete sadernowannye lenija w Mosk. gos. univers., unterscheiden sich von denen des be Priangarje. Utchenye sapiski eigentlichen wyp. 160, geogr., t. V., 1952. deckten Karstes durch das Vorhandensein von ?: w osera Baskun - Karstowye jawlenija okrestnostjach Trichtern, Wannen und anderen Formen, die d i tschak. Sb. ?Pamjati prof. AN Masarowitscha", Mosk. 1953. rekt auf dem Wege der Auslaugung und der ?: Karst. Isd. 2-e, Mosk. 1954. Auswaschung entstanden sind, aber sie haben nicht ?: Karst Priangarija i ewo na kom die Merkmale des nackten Karsts (Gwoz wlijanije prirodnye typischen Mosk. gos. univers. wyp. 170, S. S. plexy. Utchenye sapiski deckij, 1954, 166?167, Sokolow, 1962, 34). geogr., 1954. Wir haben daher zum Unterschied vom eigent ?: O rasprostranjenii karstowych jawljenii w pustynjach lichen ?bedeckten" den Terminus ?bodenbedeck i gorach Srednei Asii. Woprofiy geografii, sb. 40, Mosk. 1957. terKarst" (Sadernowannyi Karst) (Karst mit Bo ?: K woprosuo rasprostranenii i karsta w den und Pflanzenbedeckung) vorgeschlagen osobjennostjach gorach Srednei Asii. Semljewedenie now. ser., t. V. (Gwozdeckij, 1954, S.331)1). (XLV), Mosk. 1960. Dieser Karst, der eine sehr grofie Verbreitung ?: Karst raiona Kawkasskich mineralnych wod. B juli. hat, kommt haufig inBegleitung des nacktenKarstes Mosk. o-wa isp. prir., otd. geol., 6, 1962. mit Karren vor. Wir beobachteten ihn in vielen Subaschtschenko, M. A.: Sakrytyi ili wostotschnoewro karsta. dokladow na nautchn. konf. Gebieten Kaukasiens, im Gebirge ?Peter I." in peiskii tip Tesisy geogr. f-ta Woroneschsk. gos. ped. in-ta, janw. 1947, Mittelasien, in einigen Gebieten der Russischen Woronesch 1947. er ist ferner auch fiir Gebiete Ebene, typisch einige Kruber, A. A.: Karstowaja oblast gornowo Krima. Mosk. des Urals. 1915. Den beiden charakteristischen Typen des Karstes Maksimowitsch, G. A.: Sadatschi karstawoi konf. Karsto ? wedenie 1955. dem eigentlichen ?bedeckten" und dem ?mit wyp. 1, I. W.: Mosk. 1962. einer Pflanzendecke (fast immer Gras) (Saderno Popow, Injenjernaja geologija ? I. S.: t. 1933. wannyi Karst) zugedeckten" folgt, wenn man Schukin, Obschschaja morfologija suschi, 1, A. F.: Karst nach den Untergliederungsmoglichkeiten Aus Jakuschowa, paleozoiskich karbonatnych ? porod navusskoi rawninte utschen. sap. M. osk. gos. uniw. schau halt der ?Merokarst" oder der ?unvoll wyp. 136 geol. t, (od. Sch,) 1949. kommene Karst" im Unterschied (Cvijic, 1925) Cvijic, J.: Types morphologiques des terrains calcaires. zum ? klassischen Karst des Dinarischen Gebietes Le Holokarst. Comptes rendu de l'Acad. d. Sc., t. 180. dem ?Nacktkarst" oder ?Vollkarst". Jan v.?juin 1925. Der Nacktkarst weist in der UdSSR ebenfalls Gwozdeckij, N. A.: Kras Velkeho Kavkazu. Ceskoslo 11, 1958. eine weite Verbreitung auf; besonders auf der vensky kras, 2.: Ein zum Zyklus im Krim, im Kaukasus und in einigen Gebieten des Sawicki, Beitrag geographischen Karst. Geographische 2eitschr., H. 4 u. 5, 1909. zentralasiatischen Berglandes. Tesarik, K.: Krasove jevy v horach a poustich Stredni Asie. *) Vorschlag des Chairmann: ?Grasnarbenkarst". Ceskoslovensky kras, 11, 1958. FOSSIL KARST IN POLAND 1 map, 10 figures and 1 table Sylvia Gilewska Karst phenomena are developed in the Middle recognized depressions due to solution subsidence Polish belt of old mountains and of uplands on the northern fringe of the Swi^tokrzyskie (Sudety Mtns, Silesian Upland, Cracow Upland, Mtns. J. Flis (13) investigated the gypsum karst in Nida Basin, Swi^tokrzyskie Mtns, Lublin Upland), theNida Basin, and K. Kowalski (25) published and in the Carpathians (Tatra Mtns, Klippenzone, an inventory of Polish caves. Finally, M. Klima Carpathian Upland). Karst features also occur at szewski (23) summarized and discussed themodern several sites in lowland areas. views on karst evolution, and R. Gradzinski (16) Recent studies of karst phenomena have been studied the fossil subsurface karst features in the Karst restricted to particular karst areas. A. Wrzosek southern part of the Cracow Upland. phe (59) discussed the karst of the Tatra Mtns. nomena have been the subject of numerous ref Z. Cietak (7) studied the caves in the southern erences by geologists, archeologists, geographers part of the Cracow Upland. S. Z. Rozycki (40,41) botanists and zoologists. Despite the abundance of Sylwia Gilewska: Fossil karst in Poland 125 works on this subject, however, a paper summa Jura, the Tertiary and the Quaternary. The fossil rizing the observations has not been published. karst landforms developed on the polycyclic and The brief descriptions of the karst regions in Po poly genetic surface of degradation whose initia land, together with the reconstruction of the var tion is regarded as Lower Tertiary (14). The karst ious stages in their evolution were therefore, the depressions contain deposits of different age and principal object of the present paper. origin. The infill consists of pre-Tortonian crystal line formations, of deep-red residual clays rich in The SudetyMtns (Map, I) kaollinite, of halloysite and allophane, of residual iron and zinc ores, of Liassic bauxite, fireclays, Karst features are in hard Lower developed sand and pebbles, and of Lower Tortonian marine Paleozoic limestones which have crys undergone or brackish clay containing lignite (Glyptostro tallization and in softer Permian lime Upper boxylon tenerum). Fossil karst hollows filled with stones. The soluble rocks form thin or len layers Upper Miocene freshwater clay and sand with ses within the mass of and metamorphic igneous lignite also occur in the Cretaceous marly lime rocks, Karst features karren, dolines including stone and marl near Opole (Oppeln) and bones of and caves are, therefore, (21) poorly developed. Mastodon augustidens have been found in them (4). Dolines are important in the vicinity of caves as at Karst features continued to develop during the theMilek in theKaczawskie Mtns (atWojcieszow/ Pleistocene (14). This is indicated by caves, pipes M. Pulina that these do Kauffung). suggested and karren buried under Wiirm The lines date from Pliocene times. deposits. Today they begin Silesian was twice invaded the Scandi to function Caves are found in theKaczaw Upland by again. navian inland ice.Hence, the karst processes were skieMtns Orlickie Mtns (Katzbach-Gebirge), (Ad the Riss Mtns interrupted during glaciations (Mindel, I) ler-Gebirge), Bystrzyckie (Habelschwerdter and the later of the Sniezne Mtns re-energized during phases Gebirge), (Glatzer Schneegebirge) glacial at which the and in the Zlote Mtns The Kaczawskie periods powerful pro-glacial (25 c). streams in the limestones and Mtns contain the number of caves. The lon disappeared jointed larger dolomites. the caves were cave so far discovered in the was Consequently enlarged. gest Sudety the last at which about 350 and occured in a at During glacial period periglacial m., quarry Rogozka. conditions constriction rather than en The caves corrosion prevailed developed by by through of the caves was Caves streams and water down largement taking place. flowing by percolating were filled with calcite varved and ward. dripstone, clay brown rich in quartz and illite. Caves in the Kaczawskie Mtns occur at clay lying At present the former karst different levels The caves were formed depressions partly (35). upper revive. Recent karst landforms are devel the as deduced from the poorly during Neogene Upper There occur and small dolines. Pliocene fauna remnants that have been found in oped. stepkarren These can form under a shallow cover of the Southern Cave at the Polom at pervious (Kitzelhohle) sand, which subsides into the as it Caves have depression Wojcieszow (Kauffung). originated grows. Powerful and streams several of corrosion and of springs disappearing during phases rapid over a of their courses and under which were of portion (17) deepening separated by phases circulation of the karst waters have also fluvial accumulation and ground (sand, pebbles, breccia) been recorded. of calcium carbonate deposition. The lower caves were formed the Caves during Quaternary (25c). The Cracow Upland (Map, III) above the present river level are now dry. Enlarge In the Cracow all of lime ment is taking place only in the lower part of Upland composed stones karst most the Radochowska Cave near L^dek which is oc phenomena have their compre hensive Surface cupied by a small lake (25c). development. drainage is poorly developed. Dry valley systems predominate. Vau clusian are common. The few rivers The SilesianUpland (Map, II) springs (Pr^d nik, Raclawka, B?dk6wka, together with their In Upper Silesia the Lower and Middle Triassic tributaries, and Wiercica) flow in narrow valleys limestones and dolomites have well developed with steep sides. The streams are actively deposit dolines, pipes and joints widened by solution. ing calc-tufa at their bottom (25a, 36, 53). are rare. m. Caves The dolines range up to 100 In the Cracow Upland there occur residual or more in diameter and 30 m. are in depth. They mogotes, dolines, shafts, caves, blind valleys, pipes, common in the vicinity of Tarnowskie Gory, pinnacles, clefts and joints widened by solution. and Bytom/Beuthen MierzQcice (1, 11, 14, 17, 18, These