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Karst Rivers' Particularity: an Example from Dinaric Karst (Croatia/Bosnia

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Karst Rivers' Particularity: an Example from Dinaric Karst (Croatia/Bosnia Karst rivers’ particularity: an example from Dinaric karst (Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina) Ognjen Bonacci, Ivana Željković & Amira Galić Environmental Earth Sciences ISSN 1866-6280 Volume 70 Number 2 Environ Earth Sci (2013) 70:963-974 DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-2187-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Environ Earth Sci (2013) 70:963–974 DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-2187-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Karst rivers’ particularity: an example from Dinaric karst (Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina) Ognjen Bonacci • Ivana Zˇ eljkovic´ • Amira Galic´ Received: 17 May 2012 / Accepted: 5 December 2012 / Published online: 19 December 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract The very complex system of sinking, losing problems in the regional water resource management of and underground transboundary Karst rivers, lakes and this transboundary river and catchment. aquifers in the central part of the deep and bare Dinaric karst in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is analysed. Keywords Karst hydrology Á Karst river Á Polje Á The groundwater and surface water are hydraulically con- Dinaric karst nected through numerous karst forms which facilitate the exchange of water between the surface and subsurface. A complex underground conduit system is an inherent char- Introduction acteristic karst system analysed. Groundwater and surface water exchange with both adjacent and distant aquifers The rivers are the bloodstreams of landscapes and catch- through underground routes or inflows from surface ments. This is especially true in complex karst regions. The streams and artificial reservoirs. Because of a complex case which is discussed in this paper represents a very surface and underground karst features, which strongly special example of the evolution of karst hydrography and influenced its hydrological and hydrogeological regime, the of the behaviour of karst hydrology caused by interplay main open stream flow, with a longitude of about 106 km, with extremely complex karst geomorphology. The study undergoes eight name changes. In this paper, it is noted as area (Fig. 1) is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina and ‘‘the eight-name river’’. In fact, it represents one river with Croatia between 43°050 and 43°600N, and 178000 and losing, sinking and underground stream sections. Different 17°600E. Generally, each karst catchment is unique, but in surface and underground karst forms play crucial roles in the case of the analysed catchment it is especially true. This the way the water flowing over the surface and on the is the result of a deep and extremely strong regional underground sections of its catchment. The analysed area is karstification which causes the development of extreme full of varied and often spectacular surface landforms, surface karst forms as well as a complex underground including for example the Blue and Red Lakes and the conduit system. Kravice Waterfall. The analyses made in the paper show The main open stream, with a longitude of about the existence of a decreasing trend of mean annual dis- 106 km from spring to mouth in the Neretva River, charges on the eight-name river, which can cause numerous undergoes eight name changes. Owing to this reason, the river will be noted in this paper as ‘‘the eight-name river’’. Both the beginning and end of this river catchment are in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but it also partly flows through O. Bonacci Á I. Zˇ eljkovic´ (&) Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Croatia. Its catchment is roughly estimated to be Split University, Matice hrvatske 15, 21000 Split, Croatia 1,100 ± 200 km2. e-mail: [email protected] The determination of the catchment boundaries and the catchment area in karst represents an extremely complex A. Galic´ Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mostar University, and sometimes unsolvable task. The differences between Matice hrvatske bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina the topographic and hydrologic catchments in karst terrain 123 Author's personal copy 964 Environ Earth Sci (2013) 70:963–974 Fig. 1 The study area location maps are as a rule, so large than data about the topographic medium space which changes over time. Rapid changes in catchment are useless in hydrological and hydrogeological the surface and underground flow paths over time are analyses (Bonacci 1999, 2007; Bonacci et al. 2006; Bon- caused by different natural or anthropogenic causes (Cˇ alic´ acci and Andric´ 2008). In general, the position of the karst 2011; Bonacci 2004a; Beach et al. 2008; Podobnikar et al. catchment boundaries depends upon the rapidly fluctuating 2009). groundwater levels, especially during periods of abrupt An additional problem connected to the study area is groundwater rise (Bonacci 1987, 1995, 2001). Due to this that during the last century there were many large projects reason catchment area in karst can change very fast. (the construction of tunnels and hydroelectric power plants, In situations of high groundwater level, the redistribution the development of irrigation systems, massive karst of catchment areas is caused by overflow from one to the groundwater pumping, fish farming, urbanisation, etc.) other catchment. In the study area, there is the great vari- initiated and implemented by the countries which shared ability of surface and underground karst geomorphological karst catchments and aquifers. The consequences of these features (mostly unknown), as well as the interplay of projects, as well as new ones which are in the design phase, pervious and impervious layers within the deep karst have changed and will change the regional hydrological, massif. This creates a lot of possibilities for contact hydrogeological and ecological phenomena. between two or more karst aquifers and karst springs. The specific forms of geological genesis, orogenesis and A catchment in karst represents a complex water the genesis of climate that took place during the long his- transport system in which the heterogeneity of the surface tory of the region, which is analysed in this paper, have and underground karst forms, serving for flow circulation resulted in the extremely high diversity of geomorpholog- and storage, makes discovering and quantifying the water ical, hydrogeological, hydrological and ecological karst flowing through them difficult. Numerous and extremely phenomena (Redzˇic´ et al. 2011). In fact, the eight-name different surface and underground karst forms makes pos- river represents a system of losing, sinking and under- sible unexpected connections of water flows in the karst ground stream sections. Despite the abundant precipitation, 123 Author's personal copy Environ Earth Sci (2013) 70:963–974 965 many sections of the analysed stream are losing, and one The study area is composed of sedimentary rocks of the short section is an underground river. Underground flow Permo-Triassic, Triassic, Upper Jurassic, Lower and Upper was presupposed by tracing test on river Vrljika through Cretaceous, Palaeogene, Neogene and Quaternary ages ponor Sˇainovci (ponor—natural surface opening with (Slisˇkovic´ 1994). surface stream flowing partially or completely under- The Triassic strata (mainly dolomites) form partial ground) from where water reappears again in Tihaljina barriers for water circulation within the study area. The spring (Petrik 1960). More than 100 temporary and per- broader region has been exposed to repeated tectonic manent karst springs emerge along the longer axes of a movements. Owing to this reason, there are many hydrog- dozen of poljes (polje—large, flat-floored depressions eologically important features as for example: anticlines, within karst limestone) existing throughout the study area. synclines, longitudinal and transversal faults. Owing to the extremely complex surface and underground Limestone, dolomites (of Jurassic age) and their com- karst features, numerous geological, hydrogeological and binations are the dominant lithological units that lie hydrological investigations proved insufficient to define the beneath the Lower and Upper Cretaceous periods from catchment boundaries or the directions of groundwater flow about 70 to 145 million years ago. They lie in the north- in the different hydrological situations. western parts of terrain where they normally lie beneath The objective of this paper is to present to karst inter- limestone of the Lower Cretaceous. The Cretaceous national scientific community the extremely complex deposits, composed of stratified to massive limestone with hydrological–hydrogeological karst system on the eight- rare dolomites; occupy the largest amount of space in the name river and catchment. basin. The whole area is tectonically very disturbed, which is the result of wrinkling processes in its Mesozoic and Ter- Geology tiary layers. Tectonic activity in this area occurred during the Upper Jurassic
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