Hawaiian Islands NWR Disease Contingency Plan

INTRODUCTION

Purpose: The purpose of this plan is to provide a framework for response to disease outbreaks in migratory and endangered birds of the Hawaiian Islands NWR. Implementation of this plan is intended to (1) prevent the establishment of new or exotic diseases as diseases in native bird populations, (2) reduce losses of birds through disease, (3) diminish impact of disease outbreaks on endangered or threatened species, and (4) reduce the potential for the spread of contagious diseases from one population to another. The plan provides background on the Hawaiian Islands NWR, establishes notification procedures, and outlines necessary and available equipment and facilities for use in combating major bird disease problems on the Hawaiian Islands NWR. The plan establishes protocol for the early detection and orderly response to on-site wildlife mortality. These actions are necessary for reducing disease spread and costs associated with control of major disease outbreaks. This plan was developed as a practical working document and will be updated so as to be current.

Area: The Hawaiian Islands NWR includes islands, reefs, coastal and offshore waters of the NWHI which extend more than 1,000 miles in a northwesterly direction from the main Hawaiian Islands. In order from east to west, the Hawaiian Islands NWR includes Nihoa Island, Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro Reef, Laysan Island, Lisianski Island and Pearl and Hermes Reef (Table 1, Figure 1-7) All except French. Frigate Shoals are uninhabited with, no facilities. Tern Island, French. Frigate Shoals, is a Refuge field facility with a staff of two Refuge Managers. Tern Island is the only area in the Refuge that can be reached by air transport.

Table 1. Acreages, Hawaiian Islands NWR.

AREA ACREAGE Total Emerged Submerged Nihoa Island 167.8 167.8 -0-

Necker Island 46.5 46.5 -0- French Frigate Shoals 104,866.2 72.7 104,793.5

Gardner Pinnacles 4.5 4.5 -0- Maro Reef 53,386.8 -0- 53,386.8

Laysan Island 1,731.5 997.1 734.4

Lisianski Island 364.6 364.6 -0-

Pearl and Hermes Reef 93,850.2 86.7 93,763.5

TOTAL 254,418.1 1,739-9 252,678.2

The Refuge islands support about 12 million seabirds of 18 species. Among these are albatrosses (2), petrels (2), shearwaters (2), storm-petrels (1), tropicbirds (1), boobies (3), frigatebirds (1) and terns (6). Estimates of the current number of breeding pairs of seabirds and their distribution in the Refuge islands are presented in 180° I70°W .•' ••• 160° 30° H A VV ' N Kure , Midway :_ • " Peorl ond Hermes Reef

Liiianski .layjon LO .Gardner Pinnacles _.. , French Frigate Shoals : •• . .Necker . , :' ' •'..' '. ;•' /. ..Nihoa , , / ',. KAUAI • <- Niihau, «» OAHU Koulo •-.•• A MDLOKAI ' ' Lonai » *| .''.''• ' Kahoolowe 20° 20"

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GRASS •'. ISLAND 27° '45' 176°00'W 175°55' 175°50' 175M5' i Table 2. The estimated number of breeding and non-breeding seabirds in the Refuge islands are presented in Table 3. There are also four endemic endangered landbirds associated with, certain of these islands including the Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis), Laysan finch. (Telespyza cantans cantans), Nihoa finch (T. £. ultima) and Nihoa millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris kingi). The Hawaiian Islands NWR are also breeding sites for the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schaunslandi) and the threatened green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas).

A brief description of the habitat, historical trends and present populations of resident birds of the Hawaiian Islands MR follows.

Nearly half a million seabirds of 17 species and 2 landbird species breed on Nihoa Island each year. This high rocky island is difficult to land on but provides abundant nest sites for the crevice and cavity nesting petrels and noddies. Over 9570 of the Bulwer's petrels and approximately 50% of the blue-gray noddies nesting in the NWHI occur on this island. The island is well-vegetated with low shrubs. The seabird populations there are especially important when viewed from the perspective of individual species. Nihoa Island is the largest colony in the OTEI for six seabird species: Bulwer's petrel, sooty storm-petrel, brown booby, red-footed booby, great frigatebird, blue-gray noddy and brown noddy. Populations apparently are relatively stable. Nihoa Island also provides habitat for the endangered Nihoa finch and millerbird.

Approximately 1,500 finches and 300 millerbirds have recently been estimated on Nihoa Island.

10 Table 2. Estimate of "breeding- pairs of seabirds, Hawaiian Islands NWR,.

. Nihoa Meeker French ?rigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles _ . Laysan Li s i a n a ki Paarl 6 Hermes Reef • Total

BlAck-footed albatross 40-60 . 200-250 .. 4,000-4,500 . 0 14, -21, 000 2,800-3,800 8,000-11,000 40,610

La yuan slbatroM • ' . ' 1-5 450-550 : '.". • 900-1,000 10-15 105,-132,OPO 23, -30, 000 9,000-12,000 175,570 Bonin petrel 0 0 • _ ' 30-50 0 50, -75, 000 150, -250, 000 400-600 325,650

Bulwer' B petrel ' .' 75,-100,000 250-500 200-500 10-15 1,000-2,000 50-100 <10 103,125 Wedge-tailed shearwater 30, -40, 000 1,500-2,500 " 1,500-1,750 25-50 125, -175, 000 10, -30, 000 5,000-10,000 259,300

Christmas shearwater 200-250 0 15-20 0 1,500-2,000 400-600 <10 2,880

Sooty storm-petrel 2,000-3,000 + + 0 500-2,500 ? 1,000-2,000 7,500 Rud-tiiled tropicbird 250-300 100-150 550-600 20-25 1,500-2,500 900-1,300 40-60 4,935

Masked booby 250-300 250-300 500-600 125-150 400-425 300-350 140-160 2,285

Brown booby 150-200 20-25 40-60 5-10 34 15-25 50-60 414 Red-footed booby 1,500-2,000 650-750 550-600 0 250-300 350-450 40-60 4,160

Great frigatebird 3,500-4,500 . 700-900 1 350-375 0 2,000-2,500 750-850 300-400 9,525

Sooty tern 10,-25,000 12,500-25,000 60, -78, 000 250-500 375,-500,000 400, -600,000 35, -45, 000 1,273,500

Cray-backed tern 9,000-12,000 3,500-4,500 750-1,000 1,500-2,500 5,000-10,000 15, -20, 000 650-750 50,750

Bluc-gr»y noddy 2,000-2,500 1,000-1,500 + + 0 0 0 4,000 Brown noddy 25,-35,000 10, -15, 000 5,000-7,500 1,000-1,500 10, -15, 000 7,500-15,000 1,700-2,000 91,000 Black noddy 1,000-5,000 300-500 750-850 200-300 1,500-2,500 500-1,000 75-125 10,275

White tern 1,000-5,000 100-300 500-750 150-250 600-1,000 50-100 10-20 7,420 Total 235,115 52,725 98,155 5,315 943,759 953,575 84,255 2,372,899

* - Indicates breeding occurs but there was not sufficient data to make a quantitative estimate, T - Indicates breeding is suspected but no nests wire found. Table 3. Estimated number of breeding and non-breeding seabirds, Hawaiian Islands NWR.

Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated % of 1 Number of Number of Number of Non-breeders Breeders Non-breeders Birds

Black-footed albatross 50a, 81,220 81,220 162,440 70a,b Laysan albatross 351,140 819,330 1,170,470 Bonin petrel 50° 651,300 651,300 1,302,600 Bulwer ' s petrel 50C 206,250 206,250 412,500 Wedge-tailed shearwater 66a' 518,600 1,006,690 1,525,290 Christmas shearwater 56a' 5,760 7,330 13,090 Sooty storm-petrel 31£ 15,000 6,740 21,740 Red-tailed tropicbird 50° 9,870 9,870 19,740 Masked booby 27a 4,570 1,690 6,260 Brown booby 30a 830 350 1,180 Red-footed booby 45° , 8,320 6,810 15,130 P n Great frigatebird fiQ ' 19,050 42,400 61,450 Sooty tern 63a> 2,547,000 4,336,780 6,883,780 Gray-backed tern 50° 101,500 101,500 203,000 Blue-gray noddy 8,000 8,000 16,000 5°d Brown noddy 45d 182,000 148,910 330,910 Black noddy 63C 20,550 34,990 55,540 White tern 63a'C 14,840 25,270 40,110

Total 4,745,800 7,495,430 12,241,230

Estimated percent of the total birds (i.e., breeders and non-breeders). Percents were calculated from data presented in: ^Woodward (1972), Fisher and Fisher (1969), USFWS (in preparation), Amerson and Shelton (1976) and £Allan (1962).

l^aximum breeding pairs from Table 2 are multiplied by two to account for both adults of the pair. 3 Includes breeders and non-breeders. Necker Island is smaller than Nihoa Island and has slightly more than

100,000 breeding seabirds of 16 species. Except for Gardner Pinnacles,

Necker Island is the smallest of the island groups in the MSI. The island has steep slopes and shallow valleys. little or no vegetation is present on the steep slopes.

French Frigate Shoals (ITS) provides a wide diversity of habitat types for nesting seabirds. Presently, there are thirteen islands in the atoll. All are small sand islets except for La Perouse Pinnacles, a volcanic rock of less than one acre. The four largest islets in the atoll (Tern, Trig, East and Whale-Skate Islands) have well-established vegetation. Little Gin is sparsely vegetated and the remaining islets . are unvegetated. French Frigate Shoals provides rocky habitats for cavity nesting seabirds and sandy habitat for burrowing seabirds. It is the only island group in the NWHI on which all 18 species of seabirds found in the NWHI nest. About 200,000 seabirds nest on French Frigate

Shoals each year, including the largest colony of masked boobies in the

NWHI.

Based on available information, population trends seem to be fairly stable over the past 20 years with few exceptions. Albatross appear to be increasing, though substantive data are lacking due to the intermittent nature of past surveys. Recently, the number of species breeding on

Tern Island has increased. Military and Cdast Guard forces inhabited

Tern Island sporadically from 1943-1979. Since July, 1979, USFWS personnel have inhabited the island. Sooty tern, red-footed booby and black noddy

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However, the Laysan albatross and Christmas shearwater apparently have not completely recovered. Laysan Island provides habitat for approximately

10,000 Laysan finches and approximately 500 Laysan ducks, both of which are endangered species.

Lisianski Island, like Laysan Island, is a large flat, sand and coral island. Unlike Laysan Island, it has no interior lagoon. Most of the island is covered with grasses and shrubs. When compared to Laysan

Island, Lisianski Island supports a similar total seabird population but a different species composition. Close to two million seabirds breed each year on Lisianski Island. The most abundant bird is the sooty

.tern, with approximately one million birds breeding each year. The

Bonin petrel is the next most numerous breeding seabird on Lisianski

Island. Approximately three-fourths of the Bonin petrels nesting in

Hawaii nest on this island. Lisianski Island also has the largest colony of gray-backed terns in Hawaii.

Like Laysan Island, Lisianski Island suffered complete devegetation by rabbits in the early 1900's and a subsequent decline in seaMrd populations.

The vegetation and most seabird species have since recovered. A notable

15 91

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q.Bqq. aq.BDTptiT saq.BraTq.sa q.iiasaj[j -aaq.BajBaqs SBraq.STzqo aqq. ST known. Persons visiting the Refuge are in radio contact with, the Refuge field station at Tern Island and through Tern Island with the Refuge headquarters in Honolulu.

Upon observation of potential/actual disease problems and/or dead/dying/sick birds, observers are requested to contact the area Disease Coordinator in Honolulu.

Contact: Stewart I. Fefer Area Disease Coordinator U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: COM - (808) 546-5608 FTS - 546-5608

When evaluating the seriousness of the observed/reported mortality, the following should be considered: the numbers of sick or dead birds, the number of birds at risk, the species affected, the behavior and movements of affected birds, the rapidity of death based on the condition of birds affected, the probability of death/recovery and other circumstances surrounding the die-off. A checklist of desirable information that should be included in reporting a disease outbreak is included in Appendix 1.

Notification Procedures: Upon observation or notification of disease problems and/or unusual numbers of dead/dying/sick birds, reports should be made to the following by the Disease Coordinator or designate.

Refuge Manager Hawaiian Islands EWR P.O. Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-5608

17 Disease Control Specialist National Wildlife Health. Lab 6996 Schroeder Rd. Madison, WI 53711 Phone: COM - (608) 252-5411 FTS - 364-5411/12 Regional Disease Coordinator Cathy Osugi Disease Laboratory Rt. 1, Box 311 Willows, CA 11680 Phone: FTS - (916) 934-2081 Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Wildlife Ralph Saito, Ron Walker 1151 Punchbowl St. Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 548-5916

Further notification of agencies/individuals will be made in accordance with the Regional and National Wildlife Disease Plan as attached.

Addresses of agencies/individuals for notification are included later in this report (see Communications). If response is planned, notify:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Law Enforcement P.O. Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-5602/3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Endangered Species P.O. Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-7530/1 National Marine Fisheries Service Honolulu Laboratory P.O. Box 3830 Honolulu, HI 96812 Phone: 946-2181

A wildlife disease notification chart is included in Appendix 2,

18 DISEASE RESPONSE

Logistical Considerations: The most important logistical consideration is the remote nature of the Refuge islands and the difficulties in gaining access to the areas for a timely response. Access to the areas (except for Tern Island, FFS) requires boat transport involving 2-7 days of travel time. As the areas are remote sites, no facilities of any type are available on the islands (except for Tern Island, ITS). All necessary equipment for disease response, accommodations and communication must be transported to the site. In addition, due to the presence of endangered species on the Refuge islands, Section 7 consultation will be required for disease response activities.

Personnel: Trained personnel for immediate disease response may be located at the following agencies:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-5608

Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Wildlife 1151 Punchbowl St. Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 548-2861 U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services (Room 4302) Dr. David J. Gilhooly 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-7529

19 Honolulu Zoo Dr. Calvin lum Practicing Veterinarian 151 Kapahulu Ave. Honolulu, HI 96815 Phone: 923-6776

Hawaii State Department of Agriculture Animal Industry Division Branch Chief, Veterinary Labs Dr. Tom Sawa Pathologist 1428 So. King St. Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 488-3640 University of Hawaii Dr. Robert Nakamura Research Veterinarian Virology Department Honolulu, HI 96822 Phone: 948-8691 Hawaii State Department of Health P.O. Box 3378 Honolulu, HI 96801 Phone: 548-6767

Untrained volunteer personnel may be available through the following groups:

Hawaii Audubon Society Robert Pyle, President P.O. Box 22832 Honolulu, HI 96822

Hawaii Chapter Sierra Club 1212 University Honolulu, HI 96826 Phone: 946-8494

Equipment: Due to the remote nature of the Refuge islands, all equipment must be transported to the site as no equipment is available (except for

Tern Island, ITS).

20 Vehicles: Vehicular transport on the Refuge islands is not. feasible.

Vehicles may be needed for transport of equipment and personnel to/from laboratory facilities, airport, etc. These vehicles may be obtained from:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Wildlife

GSA Motorpool Honolulu Interagency Motorpool Ft. Armstrong Bldg. 711 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-7193

Aircraft: Aircraft may be used for transport to Tern Island, ITS, and to Midway Islands where boats may be met for transport to other islands.

The following firm rents aircraft that have been approved by the Fish and Wildlife Service for travel to the NWHI. Under emergency situations, aircraft from other firms may also be rented. For available charter planes, look in the Yellow Pages of the Phone Directory under, "Aircraft

Charter, Rental and Leasing Service." The runway at Tern Island is

3,000 ft. long and 500 ft. wide and is thus limited to relatively small planes.

Approved Charter: Hawaiian Sky Tours Capt. Bob Justman Airport Phone: 836-3134 Home Phone: 523-1181

Military Flights to Midway: The U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Air Force presently fly to Midway Islands. Security clearance is required for

21 individuals landing at NAP Midway. Further information on flight schedules, etc. may be obtained from:

U.S. Coast Guard 300 Ala Moana Blvd. P.O. Box 50229 Honolulu, HI 96850 . Phone: (808) 546-5524

Military Air Command for Midway Island COMAVBASE Pearl Harbor P.O. Box 110 Pearl Harbor, HI 96850 Contact: Jim Chun Phone: (808) 474-4224

Midway OP Det NAP Barbers Point Ewa Beach, HI 96862

Boats: Transport to the remote islands requires boat transport. The following boats have been chartered by PWS for travel to the NWHI. All have limited space available for personnel and equipment.

Peresa Kaimi Edward Shallenberger James Cook Kewalo Basin 46-055 Lilipuna E.d. Honolulu, HI 96814 Kaneohe, HI 96744 Phone: 523-3966 Phone: 247-4525

Easy Rider, Inc. Ellie B. Gary Naftel Bill Strikland 1050 Koloa St. . Kewalo Basin Honolulu, HI 96816 Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 735-5556

Dracar Daystar Don Aastad J. T. Linkins 502 Hao St. Aspen Land and Livestock Honolulu, HI 96821 745 Port Street Phone: 373-2740 Suite 1414 Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 524-5490

22 Small boats may be required to transport equipment and personnel to islands within atolls such as Pearl and Hermes Reef and French Frigate

Shoals. Small boats are located at Tern Island, FFS. These include:

Type Size Quantity

Boston Whaler ' 17' 3

Johnson Outboard 25 hp 2 Johnson Outboard 55 hp 1 Mercury Outboard 50 hp 2 Mercury Outboard 20 hp 1 Evinrude Outboard 65 hp 1 Evinrude Outboard 15 hp 1

Small boats are also located at the Honolulu office of the FWS. These include:

Type Size Quantity Location

Zodiac Mark :II 14' 1 Kapahulu Zodiac Mark III 18.5' 1 Kapahulu Glas-Ply Cabin Cruiser 23' 1 Anuenue, Sand Island

Other small boats may be available from:

Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Wildlife

National Marine Fisheries Service

U.S. Coast Guard 300 Ala ifoana P.O. Box 50229 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: (808) 546-7609

Heavy equipment is unavailable on the Hawaiian Islands MR islands

except for Tern Island, FFS, where 1 front end loader is located.

23 It is not feasible or desirable to locate or transport heavy equipment on the remote island refuges.

Radios: Radios are required for communication between the remote islands and within the remote islands for communication with the Honolulu Refuge headquarters. Emergency Locater Transmitters are also required for each field camp. The following radio equipment is available from FWS, Honolulu.

Call Type Quantity Sign Frequency Location

""Motorola Micom S SSB 1 KOJ609 5907.5 Honolulu Office 3215.0 8395.6 4145.0 6223.0 6506.4 8291.1(8A) 12433.7 16591.6 13113.2

-Motorola Micom HF SSB 2 KOJ638 same as Tern Island, FTS (w/linear amp) above

RF2200 SSB 2 KOJ609 3215.0 Shallenberger 5907.5 residence 8291. 9 (8A) 6506.4 13113.2

Motorola SSB 1 KOJ638 Tern Island, FFS

Horizon 50 w. VHF 1 KOJ638 Tern Island, FFS

Portable 497 VHF 1 Honolulu Office

Motorola 5 w. VHF 5 KOJ638 Tern Island, FFS (portable)

SSB - single side band ""primary station radio

24 Other radio equipment may be available from the following agencies:

Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Wildlife

National Marine Fisheries Service

U.S. Coast Guard

Various sized radio kits are available during the non-fire seasons from the Boise Interagency Fire Center, 3905 Vista Avenue, Boise, Idaho. The

RDC will have a copy of their catalog.

Other Equipment:

Location incinerators not available; burial pits would suffice on remote islands decontamination units none in stock (sprayers) shovels Kapahulu footbaths none in stock; plastic tubs available from Kilgo's scaring devices limited amount in Federal Building storeroom #5314; contact Regional Disease Coordinator for additional supplies camera Honolulu Office

25 Other Supplies:

Sources disinfectant

-clorox local supermarket

. -glycomist (hospital ABC Chemical Corp. disinfectant) (w/one 94-085 Leonui trigger sprayer per case) Honolulu, HI 96797 Phone: 671-2671 carcass bags

-mortuary packs Federal supply stock #9930-00-724-5566

-heavy duty plastic bags GSA #810500-848-9631 (36 x 54 in,, 5 mil.) gloves, rubber or disposable -dish gloves local supermarket

-heavy duty rubber Kilgo's 180 Sand Island Rd. Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 847-4211 boots, rubber Kilgo's Kida K Fishing Supplies, Ltd. 212 Kamani Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 537-1739 head covering Kilgo's

rain gear Kilgo's

field clothes (gloves, Sears, Ala Moana Center rainwear, coveralls, boots) Kilgo's

26 plastic trash, barrels, Kllgo's tubs and scrub brushes scaring devices

-cracker shells no local supplier, contact Regional ADC Coordinator for mainland sources dry ice Gas Pro 2305 Kamehameha Hwy. Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 842-2119

Baskin Robbins Pucks Alley Honolulu, HI Phone: 949-1755 '

Baskin Robbins 2600 S. King Honolulu, HI 96826 Phone: 949-3131 liquid.nitrogen Gas Pro

Lodging: Lodging for temporary personnel assigned to disease control operations in Honolulu will not present any problem due to the numerous hotels/motels and other tourist accommodations present. Lodging would be required for temporary personnel assigned to the disease control operation in transit to the remote islands via Honolulu. Food and other accommodations are also readily available in Honolulu. Transportation from the airport to Waikiki hotels is readily available via cabs or the airport/Waikiki bus operations. The local Honolulu bus does not accept passengers with carry-on baggage so one of the other private bus companies or cabs would be required.

27 Lodging is available for persons on Tern Island, French. Frigate Shoals, in a dormitory. Cooking facilities are also available on Tern Island.

Food would need to be brought to Tern Island for the additional persons involved in the control operation.

On the remote islands in the Refuge, all lodging would involve camp facilities and all equipment for such a camp would need to be transported to the site unless a camp was already located on the island, In which case additional camp supplies would be required.

A list of required camp equipment is Included in Appendix 3. Also included is a list of available camp gear at the Honolulu office

(Appendix 3). Gear may be purchased locally at suppliers listed in

Appendix 3.

Food: All food required for personnel assigned to the disease control operation in the remote islands would need to be transported along with the personnel to the site. Food should be non-perishable due to the lack of facilities on the remote islands. If personnel are to set up the disease control facility on Tern Island, freezer, refrigeration and cooking facilities are available. Food planning should proceed accordingly.

Camp food is available locally at suppliers listed in Appendix 3.

Identification of Working Areas:

1. Clean Areas: On Tern Island, FFS, the office, kitchen and dining area should remain as the clean area and command post. A portion of

28 the area should be set aside as an eating area, staff congregation rest and relaxation area. The shop building should serve as the equipment and supply area on Tern Island.

On the remote islands, separate tents will be needed for the command post, eating and cooking facilities. Due to the mild climate, recreation and gathering areas could be designated outside.

2. Transition Areas: Areas where personnel and equipment are decontaminated should be designated. Due to the mild climate, and lack of facilities, these areas should be outside.

3. Contaminated Areas: Areas should be designated for carcass disposal, laboratory investigations and animal holding. Due to the limited facilities on the Refuge island, these areas will need to be designated on-site as outside areas except for the laboratory facilities which may be located in a tent. Most likely, specimens will need to be stored and transported to a lab for analysis.

Biological Considerations: Seabird species present on the NWHI are indicated in Table 2. In addition, the endangered Nihoa finch and millerbird are located on Nihoa, the endangered Laysan finch on Laysan and Pearl and Hermes Reef, the Laysan duck on Laysan and the endangered

Hawaiian monk seal and threatened green sea turtle are located on all

Refuge islands. Populations of these species in the Refuge have been presented previously (see Section 1). The endemic endangered landbirds,

29 seals and turtles are present on the islands year-round. The phenology of the seabirds are presented in Figure 8. More detailed information on the seabirds of the Hawaiian Islands NWR including colony locations is available in the Atlas of Hawaiian Seabirds (FWS Report, RWR, Honolulu,

HI).

Section 7 consultations as they are foreseen prior to or during the disease control activities will be required. Disturbance of monk seals and turtles hauled-out on Refuge island beaches should be minimized.

Lagoon water levels on Laysan Island are critical to the endangered

Laysan duck population there. Habitat manipulation of upland portions of Nihoa and Laysan must consider the affects on the endangered Laysan finch, and the Nihoa millerbird and finch. Carcass pick-up and bird dispersal must consider the affects on these resources.

Weather Patterns: The outstanding features of the climate in the NWHI include mild and equitable temperatures the year round, moderate humidities, persistence of northeasterly trade winds, and infrequency of severe storms. Generally, temperatures range from 60 degrees F to 85 degrees F.

The Refuge islands obtain their rainfall chiefly from a few winter storms and only negligibly from trade wind showers. Thus the rainfall is strongly seasonal. Winter is the wettest season and summer the driest. Drought may occur when either the winter storms or trade winds fail.

Habitat and Population Manipulation Potential: Manipulation of the fragile island ecosystem habitat present on the NWHI would not be

30 JAN , FEE | MAR , APR , MAY , JUN , JUL , AUG , SEP , OCT , MOV , DEC

Block-footed Albotross

Loyson Albatross

Bonin Petrel

Bulwer's Petrel

Wedge-tailed Shearwater

Christmas Shearwater

Sooty Storm Petrel

Red-tailed Tropicbird

Masked Booby

Brown Booby

Red-footed Booby

Great Frigatebird

Gray-backed Tern

Sooty Tern

Blue-gray Noddy

Brown Noddy

Black Noddy

White Tern

JAN ' FEE ' MAR ' APR ' MAY ' JUN ' JUL ' AUG1 SEP ' OCT ' NOV ' DEC

EGGS CHICKS ... ADULTS

Figure 8\d phenology of NWHI seabirds

31 desirable. Due to the limited habitat available to nesting birds, dispersal of the birds would not be easily accomplished if at all. Further, the effects of habitat manipulation and bird dispersal pn endangered species may threaten their survival and thus not be possible.

Past History of Disease: Primary disease history has involved avian pox on Midway Islands which occurred in 1978 in Laysan albatross and red-tailed tropicbirds and has occurred in low numbers in years since then. In 1983, avian pox was widespread in several areas on Sand Island, Midway, in the Laysan albatross chicks present in areas where exotic vegetation was thickest. The pox outbreak occurred during the February - June period. Exotic insects (green blow flies and mosquitoes) were implicated as disease vectors on Midway Islands. Control programs have been implemented on Sand Island, Midway, during 1978 and 1983. These are detailed in Refuge files.

Communications:

1. State Agencies: Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Wildlife Hawaii State Department of Agriculture Hawaii State Department of Health

2. Federal Agencies: FWS Public Affairs Officer U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 m Multnomah St. Suite 1692 Portland, OR 97232 Phone: COM - (503) 231-6121 FTS - 429-6121

32 Environmental Protection Agency Prince Kuhio Federal Building Km. 1302 Honolulu, HI 96850 Phone: 546-8910

U.S. Department of Agriculture

3- Media:

TV Stations

KGMB-TV 9 & 3 1534 Kapiolani Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 944-5200

KHET-Hawaii Public Television 2350 Dole Honolulu, HI 96822 Phone: 955-7878

KHON-TV2 1170 Auahi Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 531-8585

KIKU-TV Channel 13 150 B Puuhale Rd. Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 847-3246

KITV-4 1290 Ala Moana Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 537-3991

K-SHO TV Channel 26 1750 Kalakaua Avenue, Suite 3604 Honolulu, HI 96826 Phone: 949-0033

Radio Stations

KDEO Country Radio AM-94 94-1088 Harrington Hwy. Waipahu, HI 96797 Phone: 671-2851

33 KIKI 83 Davies Pacific Center, Suite 1700 Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 531-4602

EISA Radio Station 904 Kohou, Rm. 204 Honolulu, HI 96817 Phone: 841-4555

KKUA Honolulu Radio 69 765 Amana Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 946-2869

K-POI 741 'Bishop Honolulu, Hi 96813 Phone: 524-7100

KSSK Radio 1599 Kapiolani Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96826 Phone: 949-6131

KUMD-AM & KUMU-FM Stereo 2005 Kalia Rd. Honolulu, HI 96815 Phone: 941-1566

For more listings see Radio Stations and Broadcasting Companies in the Yellow Pages of the Phone Directory.

Newspapers

The Honolulu Advertiser 605 Kapiolani Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 525-8090 (City Desk)

Honolulu Star-Bulletin 605 Kapiolani Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 525-8609 (Harry Whitten)

The Garden Island 3137 Kuhio Hwy. Kauai, HI Phone: 245-3681

34 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

Laboratory facilities available in Hawaii may be accessed by calling APHIS (Dr. Gilhooly), the Honolulu Zoo (Dr. Lum), the State Department of Agriculture (Dr. Sawa) and the University of Hawaii (Dr. Nakamura). These numbers are listed earlier in this plan under trained personnel.

The Pacific Island Administrator's Office in Honolulu maintains permits for the collection, transport, and possession of migratory birds and parts thereof. Permits for endangered species may be obtained through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Law Enforcement, Honolulu, HI.

Dr. Gilhooly of APHIS should be contacted concerning interstate shipment of plants, insects and other items that may be of concern.

Appendix 4 includes important information for all involved in disease control efforts concerning hazards to human health and preventative measures.

Appendix 5 includes information on collecting, preserving and shipping specimens.

Appendix 6 includes information on record keeping and reporting of wildlife losses.

35 APPENDIX 1

Report of Disease Problems

While this report is to be completed by individuals at National Wildlife Health Laboratory when receiving initial reports of mortality, Service personnel should use this as a checklist to ensure that they have as much of the information as possible when reporting the die-off.

1. Location of the problem:

a. State b. County c. NWR, if any d. Nearest town e. Nearest commercial airport f. Other (Name of lake or river, or State or Federal wildlife areas)

2. Identification of informant or contact:

a. Name b. Title c. Organization - d. Telephone number e. Address

3. Species involved in the problem (be as specific as possible, i.e., mallards and Canada geese rather than ducks and geese):

4. Estimated losses to date (by species, if known):

5. Estimated population(s) at risk (by species, if known): 6. Identification of any rare and endangered species, or other critical species on the problem area (indicate Unknown if not known and None if there are none):

7. Date of onset of problem if known or best estimate if unknown (indicate estimated dates):

Other laboratories involved in investigation of the problem (indicate None or Unknown as appropriate):

a. Name of laboratory b. Name of contact within laboratory c. Telephone number of laboratory (if FTS, indicate)

9. Findings of other laboratories if known (indicate None or Unknown as appropriate):

10. Other individuals notified of the problem by the informant or contact:

a. Names b. Organizations c. Telephone numbers if known

11. Assistance requested of the NWHL:

a. Diagnostic specimens being sent to NWHL (specify type)

b. Tissues being sent for assay (specify type of assay) c. Advice requested for control of problem

d. Other (specify)

12. Additional pertinent information, including "behavior of sick and dying birds, and signs of bleeding, physical injury, or discharge around vent:

13. Date and time contact was established with NWHL:

14. Name of individual receiving contact:

15. Method of contact (check as appropriate):

a. Telephone b. Letter c. Other (specify)

16. Instructions provided to the caller:

17- Date and time KDC contacted and type of assistance requested:

18. Date of this report:

111 APPENDIX 2

Wildlife Disease Notification Chart

(To be filled out and posted in office)

Refuge or Station Name:

Refuge Manager:

Assistant Refuge Manager:

In the event of a disease outbreak notify:

1. Disease Control Specialist at NWHL: Phone number for use day, evening or weekend

OR if DCS not reachable call:

Regional Disease Coordinator:

NAME LOCATION PHONE NUMBER

2. Immediate Supervisor and/or designated Regional Office contact:

3. Biologist-in-charge of nearby management area:

NAME LOCATION PHONE NUMBER

NAME LOCATION PHONE NUMBER

4. Service Special Agent:

NAME LOCATION PHONE NUMBER Special Reminder: Are Endangered Species in, or likely to arrive in, the disease outbreak area? Endangered Species permits or Section 7 consultations may be required: consult page 9 in Migratory Bird Disease Contingency Plan for procedures and your Station Disease Contingency Plan for list of Endangered Species.

v APPENDIX 3

Equipment and Provisions for Remote Field Camp

(Quantities are estimates for 3 people for 3 weeks)

Tents and Furnishings Source

_2 tents 1, 3, 6 1 tarp . 2 2 Coleman lanterns 3, 6, 5 20 mantles 3 1 lantern generator (spare) 3 10 candles 4 3 cots 5 3 foam pads 5 3 sleeping bags 6, 1 3 sheets 1 1 stove (Coleman) 3, 5 1 generator (spare) 3, 5 1 fuel filter funnel 1, 3 1 box matches (wood) 4 1 qt. Ivory, Dawn, Joy dish soap 4 (salt water soluble) 2 plastic buckets (washing dishes) 1, 4 1 can opener 4 1 church key bottle opener 4 1 whetstone 1 potholders 4 3 rolls paper towels 4 20 clothes pins 4 1 fire extinguisher 1 1 broom 1 10 flypaper 1 Raid flying insect spray 4

Radio

VHF radio 6 antennae 6, 5 12-volt batteries (Sears Marine 1 Diehard) generator (Honda EM400) 8 single side band radio (RF2200) 10, 9 antennae 6, 5, 11 hydrometer 1

Codes for sources are listed on the last page of this appendix.

vx Research.

3 binoculars 6 10 rite-in-rain notebooks 12 1 camera 6 20 film (ASA 64 Kodachrome) 6, 15, 7 20 outline maps 6 3 aerial photos 6 data forms 6 1 disease contingency plan 6 5 waterproof pens (Sharpie, Pilot SC-UF, 6, 16, 7 Mark-a-lot) 1 box pencils (mechanical and wood) 6, 16, 7 10 carbon paper 6, 16, 7 bands 6 3 banding pliers 6, 2 Pesola scales (30, 50, 100, 300, 500, 6 1,000, 2.5 k, 5 k) 3 head lamps 6, 19 75 alkaline batteries (D-cells) 7 2 spray paint (orange) 17, 7 3 flagging tape 17 , 2 1 measuring tape 6 100 scalpels 14 3 scissors 3 bone cutters forceps 100 syringes . 14 100 needles 14 ^_ anticoagulent (EDTA, heparin, etc.) 14 liquid nitrogen 4 doz. specimen jars 13 1 gal, formalin (37%) 13 1 gal, alcohol 13 15 gal, water 3 5-gallon jerry jugs 2 100 whirl-pacs

Weather

maximum thermometer 6 minimum thermometer 6 wind gauge 6 rain gauge 6

First Aid _JL kit 6, 17 1 insect repellant (2 oz.) 7 4 sunscreen (5 oz.) 7 1 jar salt tablets 7

Vll Petroleum

3 gal. Blazo 7 5 gal, gasoline 18 1 qt. motor oil 7 1 . • 5-gallon gas can 2

Tools

hammer 2, 5 saw 2, 5 plier 2, 5 screw driver 2, 5 screw driver (Philips) 2, 5 shovel 2, 5 spark plug wrench 2, 5 axe/machete 2, 5 wire 2, 5 epoxy 2, 7 super glue 2, 7 misc. nuts, bolts, screws, etc. 2, 5

Food

Breakfast

4 Ib. granola (or other dry cereal) 3 doz. eggs 1 Bisquick

Lunch

3 Ib. peanut butter tuna saloon pilots (3 Ib. tin) sardines bread _ jam (12 oz.) 10 Ib. cheese deviled lunch meats Vienna sausage

vnx Dinner

3 Ib. rice 4 Dinty Moore stew (24 oz.) 4 chow me in (14 oz.) 21 canned vegetables 21 canned fruits 6 saimin 4 macaroni and cheese 3 lasagne (freeze-dried) 1 spaghetti (3 Ib.) 1 spaghetti sauce (32 oz.) 2 Dennison's chili (32 oz.)

Drinks

80 gal, water (1 gal./person/day) 16 5-gallon jerry jugs 20 fruit juices (32 oz.) _1 coffee (10 oz.) _JL tea (100 bags)

Condiments and Staples

1 catsup 1 mustard 3 mayonnaise (8 oz.) 1 salt 1 pepper 1 garlic 1 tobasco 1 oil 1 sugar (1 Ib.) 1 Milkman powdered milk (32 oz.) 2 evaporated milk (8 oz.)

Fresh Food

fruit vegetables potatoes onions cheese eggs

ix Sources

1. Sears Roebuck & Co. Ala Moana Center ! Honolulu, HI 96814 (see White Pages of the Phojue Directory for department phone numbers)

2. Kilgo's 180 Sand Island Rd. Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 847-4211

3. Omar the Tent Man 1336 Dillingham Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96817 Phone: 841-0257

4. Local supermarket

5- USFWS - MR Kapahulu Storage Unit

6. USFWS - NWR Honolulu Office

7. Longs Drug Store 116 S. Hotel St. Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 536-4551

Wheel's Hawaii 3165 Nimitz Hwy. Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 836-1851

9. USFWS - NWR j Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals

10. Rob Shallenberger 169 Kuulei Rd. Kailua, HI 96734 Phone: 261-3741

x 11. Dillingham Maritime & Electric Electronics Shop 711 N. Nimitz Hwy. '•. Honolulu, HI 96817 Phone: 848-6242

12, University of Hawaii Bookstore Manoa Campus Honolulu, HI 96822 Phone: 948-8061

13. Hawaii Chemical 2363 $. King Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 841-4265

14. Kam Medical Supplies, Inc. 830 Halekauwila Honolulu, HI 96813 Phone: 537-5594

15. Eastman Kodak Co. 1122 Mapunapuna Honolulu, HI 96819 Phone: 833-1661

16. Hopaco Stationers Ala Moana Center Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 946-3191

17. GSA Store Hickam AFB Honolulu, HI 96818 Phone: 449-5431

18. Local gas station

19. Charley's Fishing Supplies 745 Keeaumoku Honolulu, HI 96814 Phone: 949-7373 APPENDIX 4

Disease Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals

Many species of wildlife carry diseases transmlttable to man or his domestic animals. Common examples are rabies, tularemia, rodent plague, ornithosis (psittacosis), salmonellosis, brucellosis and toxoplasmosis. Generally, there is a higher degiree of risk when working with mammals than with birds. However, this Should not diminish the precautions taken when handling sick or deadj birds. If there is doubt about how to handle any situation, professional help should be sought before taking action. The National Wildlife Health Laboratory will provide advice upon request.

Common sense and basic sanitation should be exercised at all times when dealing with diseased animals or; their parts. Thorough washing with soap and water after handling wildlife and the use of gloves when handling diseased specimens are highly recommended. Scratches or bites received when handling wildlife should be; promptly washed and a physician consulted whenever the potential for disea.se transmission exists. Personal protection is the most important factor and: should never be compromised for the purpose of specimen collection or carcass clean-up. If proper clothing and equipment are not available to accomplish the job safely, It will not be done. !

When handling diseased specimens;, outer clothing should be disinfectable (such as raingear, rubber gloves;, and rubber boots) or easily washable (such as coveralls) so that it c|an be either disinfected or removed when travelling between areas. Equipment used in a disease area must also be disinfected before being moved to another area. Mechanical transmission of disease through the movement of contaminated personnel, supplies, or equipment occurs all too frequently and must be vigorously guarded against.

A sprayer containing a good disinfectant such as "Environ," lysol or household bleach is of great assistance In disinfecting vehicles, boats, raingear, and other equipment anjd supplies. Footbaths, scrub brushes and properly used plastic bags Complement the disinfection effort.

Dead animals can be safely picke;d up without gloves if plastic bags are available. To accomplish this, place a hand inside the plastic bag, grasp the specimen, and pull the; bag up and over the specimen. After securing the bag it is best to place this bag Into a second bag and disinfect the outside of the second bag, if possible.

Personnel commonly exposed to high risk disease situations because of the nature of their field activities should consider pre-exposure immunization programs. Examples; would be handling and trapping of carnivores in rabies enzootic areas, exposure to ticks in Rocky Mountain spotted fever areas, etc. In aljl instances, consultation with appropriate public health personnel and the regional safety officer should be undertaken before beginning such a program.;

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aqq. HT/4 A^o^BJoqBi qq-lBag; ajTXPIiFM IBUOT^BJJ zo q.sTSoxoTq -[BtioT§aj[ aq^. 'pa^Tsap aaB suainT3ad:s SnTq^Traqris 10 spoqq.ara aaqq;o

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poo^q nTBqqo oq. aqq. oq. SSBDJBD aaTq.tia aqq. djqs pnB 'piaqq. X3CLBT PU1S ^^ 'SXBUITTIB pBap jo asBD aqq. nj -B3JB aqq trp -[BTipTATpUT! paTjTfBrib ao UBTJCBHTaaqaA T^c10! B raoaj paq.sanBaj aq ABOI d~[aq 'sjqq. op! oq noTq.Bqs aqq. no ajqB^TBAB q.oti ST asTq.aadxa jo sjBTjaqBui jj •pairtBq.qo aq oq. aABq ABOT qB&s B ao ' s^Banis poo^q * sajdraBs poiojq ' snauiTDads aAT^ qq?« 'XBOTq-OBad naqa 'paqqTinqns aq pxtioqs (dnoaS saToads ciopera) adAq jo (zi~) aA-p&q. oq (oi) traq. raoai ptiB tnaxqozd aqq. TIT paAXOAttT asoqq jo aATq.Bqiiasaadaa: aq pxnoqs paq.oaxTOO sxtaraToadg *A:ta:B3 ABUI asoqq; stta§oqq.Bd oq pasodxa asT«aaqqo xo tiaq.q.Tq StiTaq pxoAB oq 5[DTs §tiTq.Daxioo naqA pasjaaaxa aq q.STun a^BO araaj:q.xa 'saoiiBqstiT •paqsanc)aa: AxiBDTjTDads ssajtm A.ioq.BaoqBX B; oq. q.uas aq oq q.oti a^B suaurcoads J.QJ. suatnTDads SB pa!q.Daxas aq pTtioqs

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snaurpadg jo qnaradTqg pnB Each specimen should be bagged separately, and the entire shipment bagged again in a garbage-type bag. Wet ice can be used if the blocks of ice are packaged separately iin plastic bags. Blocks of ice should not be in contact with carcasses; or labels. Cold packs (blue ice or similar material) for frozen carcasses are preferred. Dry ice will protect the frozen carcasses but! can also freeze the other specimens. Therefore, do not overdo the amount of dry ice. If only one package containing both frozen and unfrozen specimens is sent, place the frozen specimens on the dry ice and the unfrozen ones on top. The best procedure is to send frozen specimens in sjeparate containers from unfrozen ones. An inexpensive shipping contained can be made by placing a styrofoam ice chest in a cardboard box. Joam jchests alone are not acceptable; they must be packed inside a cardboard box. If an ice chest is not available, the cardboard box can be lined wjlth 1-inch thick pieces of styrofoam.

Specimens should be shipped via jair freight prepaid or collect (convert to government bill of lading upoh arrival) to the following address:

U.S. Fish ajnd Wildlife Service National Wildjlife Health Laboratory

6006 Slchroede| r Rd. Madison,! Wisconsin 53711 I In all cases, the laboratory should be contacted before actually shipping specimens. Preferably, shipments should be sent so they arrive during the work week. If this is not practical, other arrangements can probably be made with-the laboratory. In; some situations, it will be necessary or desirable to send specimens to cooperating laboratories as well as, or instead of, the National Wild|life Health Laboratory. The regional disease biologist and/or the Natilonal Wildlife Health Laboratory should still be contacted in any event.;

The number of pounds of dry ice jused needs to be entered in the blank provided on the label; if this is not used, NO should be written In the blank. Before using dry ice, check with the carrier accepting the shipment to be certain that they! will ship packages containing dry ice. Contents by specimens and numberjs of each species must be clearly marked on the outside of the container |(50 CM 14.81). Also, fill in the upon-arrival phone number: (608J) 264-5422. This number must always be called before preparing a shipment. After shipping, the National Wildlife Health Laboratory must be called; again to give the weight, bill number and estimated time of arrival inj Madison, Wisconsin.

xlv APPENDIX 6

Recordkeeping and Reporting

Accurate records must be kept of any wildlife losses. A wildlife disease loss report will be completed for each incident. This is a final report following a wildlife loss. A report is to be prepared for each separate disease outbreak and sent to the regional disease biologist. The separation may be on an area or time basis. Two outbreaks, even though in the same vicinity, should be reported separately if they occur on distinct areas. Two outbreaks on the same area should be reported separately if it is apparent that they are not just fluctuations of a long-term outbreak. For example, a spring outbreak in April and a summer outbreak in August would be reported separately.

When a disease incident is first reported to the regional disease biologist, information such as estimated losses to date, population at risk, species involved, and whether threatened or endangered species might be affected should be available. An outline that should be used in gathering the information is the "Report of Disease Problem" attached as an appendix of the Migratory Bird Disease Contingency Plan.

In addition to the reports discussed above, wildlife losses from disease will be reported in the appropriate refuge output report. Disease outbreaks will also be discussed in the appropriate section of the annual narrative report.

xv U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REFUGE MANUAL POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT • ' 7 EM 17 Exhibit.5

Collection, Care, and Shipment of Specimens Page 1

1. Problem Identification. : . / - ...

When you encounter sick and dead wildlife, in the field and want to find out what the problem is, how you handle those specimens will have a signi- ficant effect on laboratory findings. -

2. Safety. •_' . , " ' • . ' . .

Your first consideration is'your own safety and health. There are many diseases of wildlife that are transmissible' to man......

3. What to Collect? ' ,-'•." . ' .'.' " .."'''' .' .

• .'• -1. ' Generally, the fresher the' specimen the better. % 2. The collection should be representative of the species involved. ..' 3. v If specimens are collected alive, kill .them before shipping. Also, collect some dead specimens. ' ' . . • . 4. Collect whole carcasses rather than tissues whenever possible. 5. Record field observations regarding species dying vs species on area, clinical signs observed,' and any other information that may be impor- tant. ' . ' r ' .

4. How Many? ..'.'••'•.

1. Judgement'is Important, however, 5—10 of each type of species involved (crows, waterfowl,, cranes, etc.,) are desirable. 2. To the extent feasible, divide the sample between^specimens killed and those found dead. ' . . • ... '. . • . '

5. It's Collected — Now. What? .'•..'••.'', '.-''•'.-

1. Tag it! ' ' ' .'''•.. 2. Fill out the tag — date, State, area, how collected (shot, found dead, broke its neck, etc.), who collected It, etc. 3. Write on tag with pencil or marker that Is Indelible. 4. Protect tag from becoming obliterated or detached In transit. 5. Preserve the specimen properly. (See below.)

6. Where Do I Send it?

1. Call NWHL for Instructions. 2. Call other laboratories for Instructions if specimens are not being sent to NWHL.

7. How Do I Sent It?

1. Call NWHL for specific Instructions.

Release: NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM 003 March 12 , 1982 : . U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REFUGE MANUAL ' -

POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT 7 RM 17 Exhibit 5 '

• Collection, Care, and Shipment of 'Specimens Page 2' '

2. Package properly. . '. • : ,.'.'' '"' ', -.'•"•"

a. Place each specimen in a separate primary container such as a plastic .bag. ;.''••'• •••"••• - •; • b. Place groups of primary'containers'in a secondary container, such as a styrofoam cooler. c. Place the secondary container in a cardboard box. d. Wet ice. must be in a leak-proof container within the secondary • . •" container: "'• .••'• . •" '•'• "•' '' ' • '•'• ' •_' '' _. e. Package must be packed so that 'there is no "snake", rattle, or roll" . of the containers. -• ' •' " :',. '•"- •'•.'"'. , ..'.':.

3. Label properly. ". . • , .: ', ••" - " ' ' • •

a". V -Provide/prbper address and contact 'information.".', . ' ' • b. .-Provide proper .identification of contents (biological materials, •,' .= _ ' etc.) . . •' • • ''.."'- ;'. '"-.•' ''.'..'.'.. • ' • ' . -c. Provide history information (letter of transmittal) and specimen . ' ' summary in separate envelope attached to outside lid of secondary : • container. •-..-.. • d. Keep a copy of all transmittal materials for refuge files.

4. Frozen, fresh, or rotten? •' . ' " • - • ' - - • . •' • ? a. Fresh, unfrozen specimens are preferred over frozen ones. -Therefore, shipping specimens on chemical ice packs is preferred.if 24 • '• •;••' • hour delivery can be expected. ." ' . . b. Freezing some specimens and sending others unfrozen in the. same - package (using the frozen specimens to keep the others cool) is highly desirable if 24 hour delivery can be expected. c. Freeze specimens if delays in transit or getting them into transit are anticipated. Frozen specimens are preferred over rotten ones. d. Chill secondary containers before-placing specimens in them. Also, chill specimens before placing them in containers whenever possible. e. Insulate -specimens by wrapping them in newspaper after they have been chilled (N/A for frozen specimens). f. The amount of dry ice used in a shipping container must be clearly labeled on the outside of the package. Before using dry ice check with the carrier to be used to make certain the shipment, will be accepted.

8. When Do I Send It? . .

1. For emergencies — ship as soon as possible. 2. For routine — ship on Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday.

Release: NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM 003 March 12 , 1982 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REFUGE MANUAL POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT . "' • 7 SM 17 Exhibit 5

Collection, Care, and Shipment of Specimens Page 3

9. Other 1 " . • ; '' - •-''. '••.'. ;

* " i . • • 1. Call Administrative Officer at NWHL after shipment.is made ' ' - (608) 264-5411 or FTS 364-5411. '' - 2. Provide AO with following information:

a. Airbill number •' .... . b. Carrier '"./•.'• . ' c. Time of expected arrival (include flight number if known) d. Flight, shipped on (if known). .• .--..• e. Name and telephone number of shipper (you) ' .: . . . f. - Contents of shipment •' . • . y g. Airport, shipped from .:'••.•. • - h. .How shipped (conventional, GBL, etc;)

•-v

Release: NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM 003 March 12 , 1982 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REFUGE MANUAL POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT 7 EM 17 Exhibit 6

Sample Specimen Shipping Label

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIMENS Contents: .

DRY ICE '- - OEM' -(A Ibs)

NOT. AN ETIOLOGIC AGENT, N.O.S. NOT RESTRICTED 'OR NOT . HAZARDOUS .'•-••.: ..•• NO; CLASS. HAZARD -' • ..';-: -.:.;..•'".;

•••'•• PERISHABLE : .'• : •• : • .':•'••' ( . . . ''. •' ••."•.-.

RUSH

Upon arrival or in case of damaged package CALL

•From;

Refuge Manager Address:

Telephone:

To: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Health Laboratory 5707 Mineral PuluL' Madison, Wisconsin It

Release: NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM 003 March 12 , 1982 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REFUGE MANUAL POPULATIONS. MANAGEMENT . • • •' - ' ' - T"' •'• 1 RM 17 Exhibit 1_

Outline - Wildlife Disease Loss Report . . Page 1

1. Location of outbreak. '•'•'. •_' • . .'.'':"'',' ' "•'.''.•.,".''.'.' ,.'.'•::'- '

The location should be_identified by'specific name of the area, if appli- cable, and should Indicate distance to the nearest town, ' '• .

2. Date of onset. . -...'-."'': , •',.' ".-..' .

• The date of onset may b'e date losses were first observed or may be esti- mated from carcass conditions. .If dates are estimated, please Indicate so in the remarks section. '•'••". •'.•'.,''.':. . "' • •

3. Date of termination. '. . - ' '•>'-'• " ~'"'• •'*:; -"'"•- • r V ' • ..'••..-••'' " ' •*:-•>• Date of termination may be .estimated or may be exact if routine surveil- lance is maintained or birds suddenly leave' the area. If an outbreak Is_ still under way, please delay preparation of report until losses have ended. ' '.'.-••'...'''' ' '

4. Diagnosis. . •

5. Source of Diagnosis. • ' ' • 1 "" / . ' -' Indicate the source of the diagnosis. In all significant cases it should be laboratory confirmed. •. ' "••-'• '

6. Circumstances which may have initiated the outbreak or influenced its severity. - ...

Circumstances which may have initiated the outbreak or Influenced its severity may include such factors as water levels, weather, or waterfowl and shorebird movements. Any observations such as maggot infested carcasses from other mortalities (fish kills, road kills) or other factors that may be related should be Included.

7. Chronology of Loss.

Weekly figures of losses can tell a great deal about some types of outbreaks. If kept by species and sex, the figures are even more useful. Report the chronology of the dieoff by weekly totals and give it by species and sex If practical.

The number of sick and dead of each species should be estimated as accurately as possible. In cases where sick birds and carcasses are collected, the count may be exact. In other cases, a reasonable "estimate" will be acceptable.

Release: NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM 003 March 12 , 1982 • .' U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REFUGE MANUAL POPULATIONS MANAGEMENT 7 RM.17 Exhibit 7

Outline - Wildlife Disease Loss Report Page 2

'8. Total Population at Risk.' . ..•'•' .'."•' '' /; ••• •'•;'; V ...;_••".:•.:.' '

Estimate, by species, the total population exposed to the risk of the disease. . . ..'..',. - . . . . . - ... -• - . • •

9. Additional observations or remarks. . • ./..•••"

10. Signature. - .• . ,. . ., •"' ._ • .' . - •

t . ; ' ' • •'- Name of person preparing report:- • '

.Title: •;.-." -. ;. _...'-: "•-.,.' ;.'-:' •'.-•.-.•:'.':. -:.. •'• •• l'- ' :i-..-i

Address: . . - ;.,.;,.:...... •.-•--.- - -*•- ,••;..•- .'.

State:" . ' ; Zip: •:'. •..'• Telephone:

Date report prepared: . . '••

11. Distribution of copies. '. .

List on all copies. .'

Release: NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM . 003 March 12 , 1982