DOCSLIB.ORG

Draft Environmental Assessment Lehua Island Ecosystem Restoration Project April 2017 Co-Lead Agency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Draft Environmental Assessment Lehua Island Ecosystem Restoration Project April 2017 Co-Lead Agency Draft Environmental Assessment Lehua Island Ecosystem Restoration Project April 2017 Co-Lead Agency: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife Cooperating Federal Agencies: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center i Executive Summary Lehua Island is a 115 hectare island located 1.2km off the northern shore of Niʻihau (a privately owned, 18,650 hectare island). Lehua is a state-designated seabird sanctuary managed by the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and federally owned by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). Lehua is one of Hawaiʻi’s most important seabird colonies because of its size and height above sea level. It also offers an opportunity for restoring an island ecosystem in the main Hawaiian Islands. DLNR-Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), in conjunction with federal sponsors U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), technical partner Island Conservation (IC), and the cooperating members of the Lehua Island Restoration Steering Committee (LIRSC) are proposing to complete the eradication of rats from Lehua Island so further restoration efforts can move forward in the future. The LIRSC is a multidisciplinary stakeholder body including representatives from DOFAW, USFWS, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (USDA), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), the owners of Niʻihau, and IC. In 2005, DOFAW and the USFWS embarked on a plan to restore Lehua Island. As part of the compliance for the action proposed in the plan, both federal and state Environmental Assessments (EA) were submitted, commented on by the public, and resulted in a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for both the 2005 Lehua EAs and the supplemental EAs in 2009. The alternatives approved in the EAs were followed and the actions resulted in the complete eradication of rabbits from Lehua in 2006 and an incomplete eradication of rats in 2009. The purpose of the proposed action is to eradicate non-native rats from Lehua and maintain its rodent-free status, which would facilitate the restoration of the natural island ecosystem. The proposed action could improve seabird nesting habitat and could aid in the recovery of rare endemic seabirds such as band-rumped storm petrels, Hawaiian petrels, and Newell’s shearwaters, and native coastal plants, and insects. The proposed action is not anticipated to have any significant negative environmental effects. The proposed action involves the aerial broadcast of bait pellets containing rodenticide into all potential rat territories on Lehua Island. Rat eradication would occur in the summer dry season to maximize the probability of success by targeting the rats when food resources are lowest and rat abundance is declining. Conducting the operation during this period would also minimize the risk of rain washing rodenticide pellets into the ocean. ii DOFAW, USFWS, and IC have conducted extensive scoping of the proposed action since 2005, and additional scoping following the 2009 incomplete eradication attempt. As a result of comments from interested public, Federal and State agencies, and conservation groups, DOFAW, USFWS, and IC identified a number of environmental issues. These issues are: 1) restoration efficacy; 2) impacts on non-target species; 3) increase in weed abundance caused by rat eradication; 4) impacts on cultural resources; 5) impacts on human health and safety; and 6) introduction of non-native species caused by project activities. Following the 2009 rat eradication attempt, there was a coincidental fish mortality event reported on Niʻihau and a dead whale calf also was found around the same time. Several tests of the affected fish were done and showed no rodenticide in tissues. Nonetheless, further analysis and research is included in this document to address impacts to marine species. To address these environmental issues, the USFWS and DOFAW prepared three alternatives. Each alternative was developed to respond to the environmental issues identified. USFWS and DOFAW also considered many other alternatives and methods to eradicate rats on Lehua Island, but rejected the methods that failed to meet the purpose and need of the project. Within this Draft EA, USFWS and DOFAW also describe the affected environment of the project. This section describes what is currently known about the status and trend of affected island resources, including the physical features of the island, and its terrestrial and marine resources. There is also an analysis of the environmental consequences that could occur should any of the alternatives presented be chosen for implementation, and a description of proposed mitigation measures. The USFWS-PIFWO Field Supervisor is responsible for the final decision on the proposed action, in addition to plan implementation and monitoring. iii Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... iv Glossary of Terms ..................................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................ x 1. Background ....................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 12 1.2 Overview of the Lehua Island Ecosystem Restoration Project Environmental Assessment of 2005 .............................................................................................. 12 1.3 Overview of the Lehua Island Ecosystem Restoration Project Supplemental Environmental Assessment of 2008 ....................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Factors Evaluated as Potential Causes of the 2009 Rat Eradication Failure ... 14 1.4 Consequences of Rabbit Eradication .......................................................... 15 1.5 Plant Restoration ....................................................................................... 15 1.6 Feasibility Assessment ............................................................................... 16 2. Purpose and Need ............................................................................................. 18 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 18 2.2 Purpose of Action ...................................................................................... 18 2.3 Need for Action ......................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Follow-up to 2005 and 2009 Eradication Efforts ............................................. 18 2.3.2 Impacts of Non-Native Predators on Islands ................................................... 18 2.3.3 Impacts to Islands from Non-native Rodents .................................................. 18 2.3.4 Rodent Impacts in Hawaiʻi ............................................................................... 20 2.3.5 Lehua and Invasive Mammals .......................................................................... 21 2.3.6 Rodent Eradications on Islands ........................................................................ 23 2.4 Scope of Analysis ....................................................................................... 24 2.5 Authority for Action and Regulations Governing Action ............................. 24 2.5.1 Authorizing Federal laws, Executive Orders and Supporting Agency Guidelines24 2.5.2 Hawaiʻi State Laws and Agencies that Apply to or Support the Proposed Action ................................................................................................................................... 27 2.6 Rodenticide Label and Permit Requirements .............................................. 29 2.6.1 EPA-Approved Labels ....................................................................................... 29 2.6.2 Permits ............................................................................................................. 29 2.7 Purpose of this Analysis ............................................................................. 30 3. Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Alternative Development........................................................................... 31 3.2 Internal Scoping and Public Involvement.................................................... 31 3.3 External Scoping ........................................................................................ 32 3.4 Alternatives Being Considered ................................................................... 33 3.4.1 No-Action – Alternative 1 ................................................................................ 33 iv 3.4.2 Action Alternative 2: Rat Eradication with Diphacinone (50ppm), Followed by Brodifacoum (25ppm) if Necessary. ......................................................................... 33 3.4.2.1 Summary of Actions: ................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zoology Marine Ornamental Fish Biodiversity of West Bengal ABSTRACT
    Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 8 | Aug 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Zoology Marine Ornamental Fish Biodiversity of KEYWORDS : Marine fish, ornamental, West Bengal diversity, West Bengal. Principal Scientist and Scientist-in-Charge, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Dr. B. K. Mahapatra Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India Director and Vice-Chancellor, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Dr. W. S. Lakra Mumbai- 400 061, India ABSTRACT The State of West Bengal, India endowed with 158 km coast line for marine water resources with inshore, up-shore areas and continental shelf of Bay of Bengal form an important fishery resource and also possesses a rich wealth of indigenous marine ornamental fishes.The present study recorded a total of 113 marine ornamental fish species, belonging to 75 genera under 45 families and 10 orders.Order Perciformes is represented by a maximum of 26 families having 79 species under 49 genera followed by Tetraodontiformes (5 family; 9 genus and 10 species), Scorpaeniformes (2 family; 3 genus and 6 species), Anguilliformes (2 family; 3 genus and 4 species), Syngnathiformes (2 family; 3 genus and 3 species), Pleuronectiformes (2 family; 2 genus and 4 species), Siluriformes (2 family; 2 genus and 3 species), Beloniformes (2 family; 2 genus and 2 species), Lophiformes (1 family; 1 genus and 1 species), Beryciformes(1 family; 1 genus and 1 species). Introduction Table 1: List of Marine ornamental fishes of West Bengal Ornamental fishery, which started centuries back as a hobby, ORDER 1: PERCIFORMES has now started taking the shape of a multi-billion dollar in- dustry.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys Around Kahoolawe Island 1
    doi:10.7289/V5/DR-PIFSC-17-011 Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys around Kahoolawe Island 1 Results and information presented here summarize data gathered by the Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) of NOAA’s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center and partners during 2 days of reef fish and habitat surveys around Kahoolawe Island in July/August 2016. Surveys were conducted as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. Surveys were conducted using a standard sampling design and method implemented by NOAA’s Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP) since 2009. In brief, pairs of divers record numbers, sizes, and species of fishes inside adjacent 15m-diameter ‘point- count’ cylinders and estimate benthic cover by functional groups (e.g. ‘coral’, ‘sand’). Because it is unpopulated and protected, Kahoolawe is an important reference location in in the main Hawaiian Islands and may also be a significant source of larvae and fish recruits for other parts of Maui-nui and perhaps beyond. Therefore, CREP hopes to routinely survey Kahoolawe reefs during future monitoring efforts. However, as 2016 was the first year for Kahoolawe surveys, we have a relatively small sample size there - 24 sites - in comparison to other Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI: between 107 and 257 survey sites per island). Main conclusions and observations: • Reef fish biomass was high at most sites we visited in Kahoolawe, with mean island-wide biomass higher than at any other of the MHI, although only marginally higher than at Niihau. Biomass tended to be slightly higher at sites along the southern section of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Hawaii Reefs
    11 Geology of Hawaii Reefs Charles H. Fletcher, Chris Bochicchio, Chris L. Conger, Mary S. Engels, Eden J. Feirstein, Neil Frazer, Craig R. Glenn, Richard W. Grigg, Eric E. Grossman, Jodi N. Harney, Ebitari Isoun, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John J. Rooney, Ken H. Rubin, Clark E. Sherman, and Sean Vitousek 11.1 Geologic Framework The eight main islands in the state: Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , of the Hawaii Islands and Niihau , make up 99% of the land area of the Hawaii Archipelago. The remainder comprises 11.1.1 Introduction 124 small volcanic and carbonate islets offshore The Hawaii hot spot lies in the mantle under, or of the main islands, and to the northwest. Each just to the south of, the Big Island of Hawaii. Two main island is the top of one or more massive active subaerial volcanoes and one active submarine shield volcanoes (named after their long low pro- volcano reveal its productivity. Centrally located on file like a warriors shield) extending thousands of the Pacific Plate, the hot spot is the source of the meters to the seafloor below. Mauna Kea , on the Hawaii Island Archipelago and its northern arm, the island of Hawaii, stands 4,200 m above sea level Emperor Seamount Chain (Fig. 11.1). and 9,450 m from seafloor to summit, taller than This system of high volcanic islands and asso- any other mountain on Earth from base to peak. ciated reefs, banks, atolls, sandy shoals, and Mauna Loa , the “long” mountain, is the most seamounts spans over 30° of latitude across the massive single topographic feature on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • "Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean Biogeography"
    A review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the Red Sea Item Type Article Authors DiBattista, Joseph; Roberts, May B.; Bouwmeester, Jessica; Bowen, Brian W.; Coker, Darren James; Lozano-Cortés, Diego; Howard Choat, J.; Gaither, Michelle R.; Hobbs, Jean-Paul A.; Khalil, Maha T.; Kochzius, Marc; Myers, Robert F.; Paulay, Gustav; Robitzch Sierra, Vanessa S. N.; Saenz Agudelo, Pablo; Salas, Eva; Sinclair-Taylor, Tane; Toonen, Robert J.; Westneat, Mark W.; Williams, Suzanne T.; Berumen, Michael L. Citation A review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the Red Sea 2015:n/a Journal of Biogeography Eprint version Post-print DOI 10.1111/jbi.12649 Publisher Wiley Journal Journal of Biogeography Rights This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: DiBattista, J. D., Roberts, M. B., Bouwmeester, J., Bowen, B. W., Coker, D. J., Lozano-Cortés, D. F., Howard Choat, J., Gaither, M. R., Hobbs, J.-P. A., Khalil, M. T., Kochzius, M., Myers, R. F., Paulay, G., Robitzch, V. S. N., Saenz-Agudelo, P., Salas, E., Sinclair-Taylor, T. H., Toonen, R. J., Westneat, M. W., Williams, S. T. and Berumen, M. L. (2015), A review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the Red Sea. Journal of Biogeography., which has been published in final form at http:// doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jbi.12649. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving. Download date 23/09/2021 15:38:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/583300 1 Special Paper 2 For the virtual issue, "Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean Biogeography" 3 LRH: J.
    [Show full text]
  • Pu'u Wa'awa'a Biological Assessment
    PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared by: Jon G. Giffin Forestry & Wildlife Manager August 2003 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii GENERAL SETTING...................................................................................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Land Use Practices...............................................................................................................1 Geology..................................................................................................................................3 Lava Flows............................................................................................................................5 Lava Tubes ...........................................................................................................................5 Cinder Cones ........................................................................................................................7 Soils .......................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised List of the Weevil Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae
    J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 7(2): 143 -169 (2004) www.entornology.or.kr A Revised List of the Weevil Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) of the Korean Fauna, with Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Neighbouring Countries Boris A. Korotyaev and Ki-Jeong Hong' Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia I Central Post-Entry Quarantine Station, National Plant Quarantine Service, Suwon 442-400, Korea Abstract 58 species are recorded from Korea based preceding publications (Hong et al., 1999a, 1999b; on re-examination ofthe previously reported material Hong et al., 2000; Hong et Korotyaev, 2002) and and study ofa new one. Six new species (Rutidosorna investigation ofadditional material on distribution and koreanurnKorotyaev et Hong, sp. n., Calosirus kwoni host plants of the Ceutorhynchinae in Korea have Korotyaev et Hong, sp. n., MJgulones kwoni Korotyaev provided new data on this fauna. Although still quite et Hong, sp. n., Augustinus koreanus Korotyaev et incomplete, these data stimulate some speculations on Hong, sp. n., Ceutorhynchoides koreanus Korotyaev the ecological and geographical characteristics of the et Hong, sp. n. and Mecysrnoderes koreanus Korotyaev Korean fauna. We hope that some preliminary con­ et Hong, sp. n.) are described from Korea, and siderations reported herein may facilitate further study 5 species [Pelenomus waltoni (Boheman, 1843), ofthis group in Korea and the entire Far East. Several Ceutorhynchus scapularis Gyllenhal, 1837,Hadroplontus new species are described from the neighbouring ancora (Roelofs, 1875), Thamiocolus kerzhneri countries apparently vicar to the Korean species or Korotyaev, 1980 and Glocianus fennicus (Faust, probably occurring in Korea but not found yet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Curculionoidea of the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean) (Coleoptera)
    BULLETIN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALTA (2010) Vol. 3 : 55-143 The Curculionoidea of the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean) (Coleoptera) David MIFSUD1 & Enzo COLONNELLI2 ABSTRACT. The Curculionoidea of the families Anthribidae, Rhynchitidae, Apionidae, Nanophyidae, Brachyceridae, Curculionidae, Erirhinidae, Raymondionymidae, Dryophthoridae and Scolytidae from the Maltese islands are reviewed. A total of 182 species are included, of which the following 51 species represent new records for this archipelago: Araecerus fasciculatus and Noxius curtirostris in Anthribidae; Protapion interjectum and Taeniapion rufulum in Apionidae; Corimalia centromaculata and C. tamarisci in Nanophyidae; Amaurorhinus bewickianus, A. sp. nr. paganettii, Brachypera fallax, B. lunata, B. zoilus, Ceutorhynchus leprieuri, Charagmus gressorius, Coniatus tamarisci, Coniocleonus pseudobliquus, Conorhynchus brevirostris, Cosmobaris alboseriata, C. scolopacea, Derelomus chamaeropis, Echinodera sp. nr. variegata, Hypera sp. nr. tenuirostris, Hypurus bertrandi, Larinus scolymi, Leptolepurus meridionalis, Limobius mixtus, Lixus brevirostris, L. punctiventris, L. vilis, Naupactus cervinus, Otiorhynchus armatus, O. liguricus, Rhamphus oxyacanthae, Rhinusa antirrhini, R. herbarum, R. moroderi, Sharpia rubida, Sibinia femoralis, Smicronyx albosquamosus, S. brevicornis, S. rufipennis, Stenocarus ruficornis, Styphloderes exsculptus, Trichosirocalus centrimacula, Tychius argentatus, T. bicolor, T. pauperculus and T. pusillus in Curculionidae; Sitophilus zeamais and
    [Show full text]
  • Important Bird Areas in Hawaii Elepaio Article
    Globally Important Bird Areas in the Hawaiian Islands: Final Report Dr. Eric A. VanderWerf Pacific Rim Conservation 3038 Oahu Avenue Honolulu, HI 96822 9 June 2008 Prepared for the National Audubon Society, Important Bird Areas Program, Audubon Science, 545 Almshouse Road, Ivyland, PA 18974 3 of the 17 globally Important Bird Areas in Hawai`i, from top to bottom: Lehua Islet Hanawī Natural Area Reserve, Maui Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai All photos © Eric VanderWerf Hawaii IBAs VanderWerf - 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS PROGRAM The Important Bird Areas (IBA) Program is a global effort developed by BirdLife International, a global coalition of partner organizations in more than 100 countries, to assist with identification and conservation of areas that are vital to birds and other biodiversity. The IBA Program was initiated by BirdLife International in Europe in the 1980's. Since then, over 8,000 sites in 178 countries have been identified as Important Bird Areas, with many national and regional IBA inventories published in 19 languages. Hundreds of these sites and millions of acres have received better protection as a result of the IBA Program. As the United States Partner of BirdLife International, the National Audubon Society administers the IBA Program in the U.S., which was launched in 1995 (see http://www.audubon.org/bird/iba/index.html). Forty-eight states have initiated IBA programs, and more than 2,100 state-level IBAs encompassing over 220 million acres have been identified across the country. Information about these sites will be reviewed by the U.S. IBA Committee to confirm whether they qualify for classification as sites of continental or global significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Nihoa Manawai Holoikauaua Pearl & Hermes Atoll Kapou Papa'āpoho Lisianski Island Kamole Kauō Laysan Island Kamokuokamohoali'i Ko'anako'a Maro Reef
    175°E 180° 175°W 170°W 165°W 160°W 155°W 150°W 35°N 35°N North America Japan Map Area Photo by Dan Clark/USFWS Hawaiian Islands Photo by Na‘alehu Anthony P a c i f i c Seabird Refuge A Living Hawaiian Culture O c e a n The monument is home to over 14 million seabirds 30°N Hiryū USS Yorktown Equator representing 23 species. This includes the world's Traditional Hawaiian accounts describe largest colonies of Laysan and black-footed Papahānaumokuākea as a sacred area from which Rapa Sōryū albatross. Pictured above is the world's oldest life first emerged and to which spirits return after Nui Australia known bird in the wild – a Laysan albatross named 30°N death. Akagi Wisdom! Banded in 1956 when she was at least five Kaga years old, Wisdom may have hatched more than 36 New Zealand chicks in her lifetime. Hōlanikū Manawai Unnamed Holoikauaua Mokupāpapa Seamount Kure Atoll Pearl & Hermes Atoll 582,578 square miles, only six square miles of land Helsley Seamount Ladd Seamount Kamole Kauō ‘Ōnūnui, ‘Ōnūiki Photo by Mark Sullivan/NOAA Laysan Island Photo by NOAA/OER Endemic Sanctuary Pūhāhonu New Discoveries The monument is home to many species found Kuaihelani Gardner Pinnacles The majority of the seafloor in the Northwestern nowhere else on Earth and is a critically important Pihemanu Salmon Hawaiian Islands lies at depths below 10,000 feet nesting ground for green sea turtles and breeding Bank (3,000 meters). Using advanced technologies like ground for Hawaiian monk seals.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History Compendium of Exploited Hawaiian Fishes
    Life History Compendium of Exploited Hawaiian Fishes Prepared for Fisheries Local Action Strategy and Division of Aquatic Resources Prepared by K. Longenecker Hawai‘i Biological Survey Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817 R. Langston Windward Community College 45-720 Keahaala Road Kaneohe, Hawai‘i 96744 July 2008 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3 METHODS ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Description of life history parameters: ....................................................................................... 4 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 6 HOLOCENTRIDAE ................................................................................................................... 7 Myripristis amaena (Castelnau, 1873) [3] .............................................................................. 7 Sargocentron diadema (Lacepède, 1802) [13] ..................................................................... 10 CARANGIDAE ........................................................................................................................ 13 Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) [17] ................................................................................. 13 Caranx melampygus
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera
    Chapter 6 Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera Michael D. Greenfield Abstract Pair formation in moths typically involves pheromones, but some pyra- loid and noctuoid species use sound in mating communication. The signals are generally ultrasound, broadcast by males, and function in courtship. Long-range advertisement songs also occur which exhibit high convergence with commu- nication in other acoustic species such as orthopterans and anurans. Tympanal hearing with sensitivity to ultrasound in the context of bat avoidance behavior is widespread in the Lepidoptera, and phylogenetic inference indicates that such perception preceded the evolution of song. This sequence suggests that male song originated via the sensory bias mechanism, but the trajectory by which ances- tral defensive behavior in females—negative responses to bat echolocation sig- nals—may have evolved toward positive responses to male song remains unclear. Analyses of various species offer some insight to this improbable transition, and to the general process by which signals may evolve via the sensory bias mechanism. 6.1 Introduction The acoustic world of Lepidoptera remained for humans largely unknown, and this for good reason: It takes place mostly in the middle- to high-ultrasound fre- quency range, well beyond our sensitivity range. Thus, the discovery and detailed study of acoustically communicating moths came about only with the use of electronic instruments sensitive to these sound frequencies. Such equipment was invented following the 1930s, and instruments that could be readily applied in the field were only available since the 1980s. But the application of such equipment M. D. Greenfield (*) Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l’insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France e-mail: [email protected] B.
    [Show full text]
  • Mullidae 3175
    click for previous page Perciformes: Percoidei: Mullidae 3175 MULLIDAE Goatfishes (surmullets) by J.E. Randall iagnostic characters: Body moderately elongate and somewhat compressed (size to 50 cm). Two Dlong unbranched barbels on chin; mouth low on head, the lower jaw inferior, the cleft slightly oblique; dentition variable but teeth conical, either in villiform bands or in 1 or 2 rows, never as enlarged canines (except in adult males of western Atlantic and eastern Pacific species of Pseudupeneus, the teeth of which are slightly enlarged). A single flat spine posteriorly on opercle (a second less developed spine may be present); margin of preopercle smooth. Two well-separated dorsal fins, the first with VII or VIII (usually VIII) slender spines (first spine often very small), the second fin with 9 soft rays (first unbranched); anal fin with I spine and 6 or 7 soft rays; caudal fin deeply forked, with 13 branched rays; pelvic fins with I spine and 5 soft rays; pectoral fins with 13 to 18 rays. Scales finely ctenoid; head and body completely scaly (except preorbital region of some species of Upeneus). Lateral line complete, following contour of back, the pored scales to base of caudal fin 27 to 38. Colour: ground colour in preservative usually pale, in life often whitish to light red; most species with distinctive black, brown, red, or yellow markings; median fins often with stripes or oblique bands. 2 dorsal fins, 1st with VII-VIII spines, 2nd with 9 soft rays 2 barbels on chin Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Most goatfishes inhabit shallow seas. They are usually found on open sand or mud bottoms, at least for feeding (though the species of Parupeneus and Mulloidichthys are often seen on coral reefs or rocky substrata).
    [Show full text]