In the Hawaiian Archipelago

SUBJECT INDEX

HAWKSBILL ZBK2KOCHZLYS1KBRICATA! 30» 31 37»46» 4 7 55» 62» 76» 78» 80»105 1 10» 1 76 201 202» 217 258» 262» 264» 280 299» 333 348» 350 360» 379» 401» 440 447» 457» 460» 461» 462» 465» 468» 491» 492» 5 30»556» 557» 591» 594» 603» 629» 630, 636, 640, 653, 661.

LEATHERBACK DEhFSCPELYS CVRIACEA!: 46, 47, 55, 80, 262, 264, 299, 350, 357, 379, 457» 460» 461» 465» 468» 489» 492» 5 71»5 76~ 5 81»594» 661

I OGGERHEAD CARZTTA CARLOTTA! . 20, 38, 85, 262, 351., 379.

OLIVE RIDLEY ISP19?CBELYSOL2VACEA!: 262» 379, 459

CAPTIVEMAINTENANCE AND AQUACULTURE: 4, 5, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 34, 52, 59, 60, 67, 63, 83, 87, 88, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 118, 119, 120, 129, 130, 131, 134, 159, 164, 174, 183, 192, 193, 196, 206, 215, 221, 234, 259, 262, 264, 274, 278, 303, 340, 344, 407, 413, 420, 421, 422, 452, 459, 461, 462, 466, 467, 476, 477» 479» 494» 503» 504» 535» 544» 5 7S»576» 577~ 5 78~ 588» 596~ 598~ 601» 611, 613, 615, 616, 636, 638, 643

COMMERCIALCATCH STATISTICS: 47, 72, 176, 262, 264, 447, 454, 455, 456, 460, 462, 500, 501, 502, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 594

TECHNIQUES4 7» 64» 85» 1 76»204» 209~ 229~ 249~ 264» 281» 339» 354~ 4 16» 457, 458, 4S9, 460, 486, 559, 583, 593

HAWAII STATELEG1SLATION BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS!: 3, 154» 155, 156, 157, 163, 164, 305, 328, 329, 337, 403, 553 99

HAWAIIAN CULTURE: 35, 41, 42, 72, 105, 109, 127, 137, 144, 145, 14b, 176, 185, 186, 190, 200, 212, 213, 214, 244, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 262, 279, 281, 331, 341, 345, 346, 347, 348, 376, 377, 425, 426, 427, 430, 434, 450, 471, 484, 485, 489, 544, 656, 659

HAWAIIANLEGENDS: 106, 178, 179, 207, 224, 225, 226, 227, 239, 285, 423, 424, 431, 446, 488, 539, 540, 543

PACIFICOCEAN BIOLOGICAL SURVEY PROGRAM POBSP!: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 92, 93, 96, 166, 167, 168, 170, 187, 188, 189, 223, 245, 250, 405, 444, 445, 451,

552

EPIZOICSANO DISEASES: 20, 71, 76, 85, 134, 205, 237, 255, 256, 257, 270~

351

NATURALPREDATION: 20, 47, 49, 51, 62, '70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 86, 131, 230, 262, 265, 275, 350, 351, 399, 480, 481, 482, 487, 490, 492, 557, 658 Table l. Numberof Cheboniatagged throughout the HawaiianArchipelago since 1973.

Location Immature Adul t Total male f ema le

Kure Atoll 21 21

Midway Islands 66

Pearl and Hermes Reef

Lisianski 23 33

Laysan

Mero Reef

Gardner Pinnacles

French Frigate Shoals 130 122 483. 735

Necker 17

Nihoa

Kaula

Niihau/Lehua

Kauai

Oahu 75 83

Nolokai

Lanai 28 30

Kahoolawe

Hawaii 87 92

Total 444 140 518 1102 101

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Table4. Summaryof growthrates andpro!ected years to maturity for greenturtles sampledat resident foraging areas in the HawaiianArchipelago. Growth rates Years to No. of Range of maturit 5-92 cm! growth intervals Location Ran e Mean Ran e Mean measurements in months

Main Islands Kau, Hawaii .38-.52 .44 9-12 10. 8 7-17 No. captures 79 No. turtles---7>

Bellows, Oahu .19-.21 .20 22-25 23. 8 13-22 No. captures--24 No. turtles- 21

Northwestern Islands Necker .14 33.9 20 No. captures 9 No. turtles- -7

French Frigate .02-.13 .08 36-237 59.4 19 3-36 Shoals No. captures-214 No. turtles--130

Lisianski .13 36. 5 No. captures--30 No. turtles- 23

Midway .03-.21 .09 23-158 52.8 6-37 No. captures-293 No. turtles--250

Kure .04-.12 .08 40-119 59.4 13-24 No. captures 23 No. turtles 21

* straight carapace length 104

Table 5. Nuaher of egg clutches laid by green turtles at East Island, French Frigate Shoals.

1974 1975 1974-1975 No. of egg No. of No, of No. of clutches turtles X turtles turtles

13 12. 1 7.0 20 9.6

31 28.7 53 53.0 84 40.4

20 18.5 34.0 54 26.0

26 24.1 6.0 32 15.4

12 11.1 12 5.7

4.6 5 2.4

0.9 0.5

To tal 108 100.0 100 100.0 208 100.1

Mean 2.1 1.4 1.8 105

Table 6. Internesting intervals of green turtles at East Island, French Frigate Shoals.

1974 1975 1974-1975 Interva1 No ~ of No. of No. of in da intervals X intervals intervals

8.0 6.7 7 7.9

12 17 23.0 26.7 21 23.6

13 26 35.1 13.3 28 31.5

14 13 17.6 33.3 18 20.2

15 10.8 13.3 10 11.2

16 2.7 6.7 3.4

17 1.4

18 1.4

To ta1 74 100.0 15 100.0 89 100.0

Mean 13.2 days 13.4 days 13.2 days

Table 7. Results of 40 precounted egg clutches excavated and examined at East Island following the natural emergenceof hatchlings.

Standard Mean deviation

% of eggs hatched 76 ~ 7 24.2 0-100

% of hatchlings emerging at the surface 70.8 24 ' 0 0-97.6

% dead hatchlings in the nest 5.9 9.4 0-52.1

% of eggs with partially developed but dead embryos 10.8 9 ' 9 0-50.0

% of eggs with no apparent development presumably infertile! 12.5 22.4 0-100 106

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Table 9. Food sources recorded for green turtles in the Hawaiian Archipelago.

Location Princi al constituents Other food sources

Hawaii R* Pteroe ladia capi l lacea Amansia glomerata

oui Pterocladia capi 27acea

Kahoolawe GeluEium sp.

Lanai R Amansia glomerata Hypnea cervicornis Acanthophora spici fera Champia parvula B Sargassum po lyphy l lum ~vei l lea j ungermannioides Gracz.laruz sp. Codium phasmaticum Dictyota acute loba Padina japonica Halophi la havaiiana

Oahu G - Codium edule GeHdiel la acerosa Codium arabicum Gelidium pueil lum Codium phasmaticum Graci lar6z coronopi fo gaia Ulva fasciata Graci laria buzsapastori s Ulva reticulata Hypnea musci formi s R Pterocladia capillacea Hypnea chordacea Amansia glomer ata Hypnea cernicorni s Ahnfektia concinna Acanthophora epici fera Grateloupia' fi licina Caulerpa serrulata Caulerpa sertu~oides Dictyosphaeria versluysii Enteromorpha sp. Cladophora fasicularie Dictyota acute loba Padina japonica BG Lyngbya nnJuecula A Halophi la hazdaiiana I Chondro sia chucal la Qongia oceania Brachidontes crebri striatus

Kauai R - Ptezocladia capi l lacea

Necker G - Caulerpa racemosa Halimeda discoidea Amansia glomerata Hypnea sp. l08

Table 9 continued!

Location Princi al constituents Other food sources

French Frigate G - Codkum arabhcum Lobophora varhegata Shoals Codi um phasmati curn Posenvhngea orientalhs Codium edule Sphacelaria trhbuloidee Caul erpa racemoea Roschera sp. Viva fasciata R Grach Zarha new species B 24Pbtnar'LQ ox'nata Poro li thon gardhneH R Spyrhdha fi Zamentosa Ceramium sp. Polysiphonia sp. Lhagora sp. iKcrodictyon setchellhanum Chlor odesmis hi ldebrandtii Halimeda Chscoidea BG Hicroco l eus lyngbyaceus I Physalia phyealhe Cerithiidae Anthrozoa Asterionella notata

Laysan Spyridha fhlamentosa Amaneha glomer ata PKcrodhctyon japonicum Pseudobryopshs oahuenshs Ha Zhmeda Checoidea Tcubinaria orna' Padi na crnssa Zonarha varhegata

Lisianski G - Caulerpa racemosa GeZhdhopshs sp. B Fur bhnaria ornata Pterocladia capi 2 lacea Jania capi l lacea Polyshphonha sp. Halimeda discoidea Chlorella sp. BG Lyngbya majuscula Osci Llatorha sp. Velella velella Janthhna ~ua Nielosira sp. 109

Table 9 continued!

Location Prlncl al constituents Other food sources

Mi dway G Codium edible Codium coneataet R Spy' dna fi Lamentoea Qzulerpa eerrulata Ca~lez pa eertuavioidee Dictyoephae&a ver sluyeii Amansia glomerata Ceramium sp. Falkenber gaia sp. Qhace laria tribe loidee PaCina sp. BG Lyngbya maJuecula Oscillatoria sp. A- Halophila ~aiiana I Phyealia phyealie Velella velella Janthiruz e~tuz Echinoidea

Kure G Codium edible R Polyeiphonia teudana E Phpealia phpealie Janthina ax~ -Echino idea

* R red algae, Rhodophyta B brown algae, Phaeophyta G green algae, Chlorophyta BG blue-green algae, Cyanophyta D diatoms, Bacillarophyta A angiosperm seagrass! I invertebrates Algaeidentified by D. J. Russelland M. S. Doty; invertebratesidentified by W. J. Cooke; seagrass identified by K. Bridges. 110

Table10. Majorfood sources of greenturtles in the HawaiianArchipelago .

Location Benthic al ae

Hain Islands R* Pt.etc &dia capiZZacea sample size N 85! Amansia gZomeva&

Main Islands and Coaium eduZe Northwestern Hawaiian Islands CoCium ambicum CoCium phasnxzticum UZI fasciata Northwestern Hawaiian Islands G RCauZepa rucemosa sample size N=56! Spyrid&z gi Zamen&sa B Fur binaria omaha

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Table 12. Growth rates of adult green turtles recnvvred at French Frigate Shoals since June 1973

Strai ht cara ace len th, cm Interval Growth rate TB no i Ini tia 1 Recove in months in cm er month

FemaLes

699FW, 642 94 ~ 9 95. 3 60 .01 372FW, 641 89. 5 90. 2 35 .02 362FW, 648 92.1 95. 3 35 .09 391FW, 779 94 ' 6 97. 8 47 .07 T60FW, 723 88. 3 91.4 25 ~ 12 976FW, 763 94.6 96.5 37 .05 655FW, 828 90.2 92. 7 75 .03 959FW 95. 3 94. 0 49 650, 1075 95. 3 94 ' 0 24 1029, 2605 94.0 95.6 36 ~04 1047, 2729 100.6 101.6 36 .03 958FW, 2787 97. 0 98.1 73 .02 2235, 3145 90. 8 91.8 24 .04 2209, 2210 89.8 90.8 24 .04 842, 2270 94.6 95.6 24 .04 2253, 3228 92.7 92.7 24 0 2268, 3257 90.8 91.8 24 .04 2255, 3266 90.2 90.5 24 .01 5016, 5018 90.5 92.7 25 .09 651, 3264 87. 0 87.9 72 .01

747FW, 2616 81. 3 82.6 64 .02

Mean 91.8 .04 range 81.3-100.6 24-75 .01-.12 N 18 II3

Table13. Growthrates of Hawaiiangreen turtles capturedfrom the wild andheld for extended periods in captivity at Sea Life Park diet fresh frozen squid and f ish! .

Interval Growth rates Serai ht cara ace len ths cm in months in cm er month Ta no 2 3 I, 2

7~tub e

2057 69.2 70. 8 80. 0 13 .18 .71

2067 62.2 69.2 79.4 13 .78

2014 63.5 68.6 79.1 37 .57 .28

2065 64.8 73.6 13 .68

2071 76. 8 89.2 13 24 .62 .18 2018 73.3 80.3 84.8 13 24 .54 .19 Adult Females

2021 85. 7 87.6 ,03

2013 86. 4 86. 7 59 .Ol

684 94.6 95.6 35 .03

2017 92.7 93. 7 46 .02

2062 85. 1 86,0 46 .02 Adult hkrlee

2015 78,1 78. 7 .01

2019 82.6 84.5 35 .05

2069 78.7 79. 7 46 .02 I '0

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~Q dO cv O O m Cfj CO Table 15. Locationsand numbersof tag recoveries documentinglong distance migrations by adult green turtles in the Hawaiian Archipelago sources Balazs 57 and unpublished data, Kridler 311-327, Olsen 380-385!

Tagging and recovery locations Males Fema les Total

French Frigate Shoals to: Kauai 9 Oahu 11 Mo lokai 4 Maui 2 Hawaii 2

Lisianski Pearl & Hermes Reef

Hawaii to: French Frigate Shoals

Qahu to: French Frigate Shoals

Niihau to: French Frigate Shoals

Lisianski to: French Frigate Shoals

Laysan to: French Frigate Shoals

Pearl & Hermes Reef to: French Frigate Shoals 10

Pearl & Hermes Reef to: Laysan

French Frigate Shoals to main islands 23 28 Main islands tn French Frigate Shoals 2 3 Total 25 31

French Frigate Shoals to northwestern islands 1 5 6 Nor thwestern islands to French Frigate Shoals 3 12 15 Total 4 17 21 116

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Table 18. Maximumnumbers of green turtles seen basking at one time during surveys in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands since 1950.

Number of Location basking turtles Month-Year Reference

Nihoa September 1971 Kridler 26! 3'06'N, 161'58'W!

Necker November 1977 Balazs, un- 3 35'N, 164'42'W! publishedd data

French Frigate Shoals 22 February 1975 Balazs, un- 3 45'N, 166 10'W! published data nonbreeding months!

Laysan September 1966 Kridler 16! 5'43'N, 171'44'W!

Lisianski March 1964 Clapp & Wirtz 6'02'N, 174'00'W! 71!

Pearl and Hermes Reef 7 55'N, 175 45'W! Southeast Island 50 September 1966 Kridler 16! North Island 10-20 1957-58 Kenyon & Rice 88! personal communication to Parsons 00!

Little North Island 10-20 1957-58 Bird and Sand Islands 8 January 1962 A. F. Carr, personal communication to Amerson et aL. 2!

Midway May 1975 J. Bradley, 8 13'N, 177'21'W! only record! personal communication

Kure January 1979 J. Stark, 8'25'N, 178'10'W! personal communication 122

Table 19. Tiger sharks, Qzleooez'dochevier, captured at locations in the Hawaiian Archipelago where turtles vere found to be prey items. Sources- A. Tester 487 end unpublished data; Taylor and Naftel 482}.

No. No. Percent tiger sharks tiger sharks tiger sharks Location containing containing containing Island Coastline food turtles turtles

Sz~n 2'e Lande»

Hawaii southwes t 9 11. 1 nor thves t 14 14.3

sou thves t 11. 1 west 20. 0

Oahu northeast 24 12.5 southeast 6 16.7 south 32 1.5. 6

Kauai nor theas t 4 75.0 southwest 18 11.1

Niihau east 13 15,4 west 15 6.7

Norb~eetsrn Haaeiian Ie Lands

French Frigate Shoals 16 31. 2

Pearl and Hermes Reef 36. 3

» 25 tiger sharks that contained food but not turtles vere captured by Tester 87! at other locations in the main islands 123

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Mon th Kilograms Percent of total

January 8,950 9.9

February 7,729 8.5

March 10,524 11. 6

April 8,9/7 9.9

May 6r900 7.6

June 8,477 9.3

July 7,680 8.5

August 7,682 8.5

September 7,298 8.0

October 6,073 6.7

November 4,312 4.8

December 6,201 6.8

Total 90,803 100.0 129

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25'

l70I E 1800 l 70' W 160' W

Figure 4 ~ Surface drift tra]ectories representing the theoretical movementof hatchling and pasthatchling Chekm6x leaving French Frigate Shoals. Segments of paths represent estimated distances cavered during subsequent months. Most hatchlinga emergeduring August. Prom Balsas 57, courtesy af R. H. Barkley, Southwest Fisheries Center Honolulu Laboratory, Hatianal Marine Fisheries Service, HQAA, Honolulu, Hawaii 96812.! l33

2$ MARIJJASOND iave Figure5. Seasurface temperatures at FrenchFrigate Shoals. Datapresented for eachmonth represent an averageof sevenrecordings. Source: G. H. Balaia and U,S. Coast Guard personnel.! 134

Figure 6. Locationsof 220 nests recordedon East Island from June to August of 1974. The numberson the island's perimeter identify the 17, 50~ long nesting areas that have been established for reference purposes. 135

z 20

a. 10

0 0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NUMBER OF DAYS IN NESTINO SEASON Figure 7. Percent of green turtles successfully nesting each night at East Island, Prench Prigate Shoals day 1 ~ l June}. l36

0 CU I

u |0 Bl 0 0

'U 0 |0 W E~ 4 uCJ u0 4 Q Wqj

V ql 0 0l g 50

u Cl u u D W 0

0 Cl 'Cl |0 a

4 OJ |Ll C4 0 M U '05 4 5 00 u t0 X

<0 u 4 at g 0 bOM g a$ 137

fLES

AOULTS

HATC HL IN GS

Figure 9. Life hietory and habitat model for Havaiian Chelonia adapted from Carr et al. 153!. 138 139

X v IO

0 NXUJ X

0 IO 20 50 40 50 60 70 80

NUIHBER OF DAYS IN NESTING SEASON Figure ll. Incidence of daily basking at East Island, French Frigate Shoals day 1 1 June!. ,a 250

eaa

I50

O IOO

l975 l974 I975 I976 I977 I978 I979

NESTING SEASON Figure 12. Numberof females nesting annually at French Frigate Shoals. 141

X O 30 M 4. Q R

0 HAWAI I IIIIAUI LANA I MOLOKAI OAHU KAUAI

Figure 13. Percent turtle reported as being commercially captured for each of the main islands, 1948-1973,