THE SOUND CHANGES of ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS [ɪə], [Eə], [Eɪ] in MONOSYLLABIC WORDS by NATIVE JAVANESE BAHASA INGGRIS 1 STUDENTS

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THE SOUND CHANGES OF ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] IN MONOSYLLABIC WORDS BY NATIVE JAVANESE BAHASA INGGRIS 1 STUDENTS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By AYU NINDYA HARWADI Student Number: 154214134

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

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THE SOUND CHANGES OF ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] IN MONOSYLLABIC WORDS BY NATIVE JAVANESE BAHASA INGGRIS 1 STUDENTS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By AYU NINDYA HARWADI Student Number: 154214134

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019

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إِ َّن َم َع ا ْل ُع ْس ِر ُي ْس ًرا Indeed, with hardship [will be] ease. -QS. Al Insyirah: 6-

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For my father, my mother, my brother, best friends, and for all who never give up on me

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to deliver my gratitude to Allah SWT. Graced by

His guidance and protection, I can finish this undergraduate thesis well. I also send my gratitude to my beloved father who always supports me and encourages me. I also send my gratitude to my beloved mother who always loves me from the

Heaven above. I also send my gratitude to my brother who always encourages me when I start to give up. Other family relatives that I can‟t mention one by one, thank you for all the supports.

I want to send my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd.,

M.Hum., for her patience and kindness in giving guidance and assistance in writing this undergraduate thesis. I would thank my co-advisor and academic advisor, Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.Sc., for all corrections and suggestions given to me to improve the writing of my undergraduate thesis. I want to send my gratitude to Bruder Yohanes Sarju and Pak Tri of Lembaga Kesejahteraan

Mahasiswa (LKM) who had allowed me to study at Sanata Dharma University. I also send my gratitude to Kemenristekdikti that trough Bidikmisi that was given to me I can study in Sanata Dharma University and finally finish the study well.

Lastly, I would like to send my gratitude for my beloved best friends and sisters: Vatma, Putri, Mbak Uuz, Mitha, and Widi. Thank you for this amazing journey. Thank you for my friend Menur who also supports me. Let‟s graduate together, guys. May God always protect, guide, and repay all your kindness in the future.

Ayu Nindya Harwadi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEGMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS ...... xv ABSTRACT ...... xvi ABSTRAK ...... xvii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 11 1. Phonetics ...... 11 a. Consonants ...... 13 i. English Consonants ...... 13 ii. Javanese Consonants ...... 15 b. Vowels ...... 16 i. Monophthongs...... 16 1.) English Monophthongs ...... 16 2.) Javanese Monophthongs ...... 17 ii. Diphthongs ...... 18 1.) English Diphthongs ...... 18 2.) Javanese Diphthongs ...... 18 2. Phonology ...... 19 3. Phonological Processes ...... 19 a. Assimilation ...... 20 b. Dissimilation ...... 20 c. Feature-Changing Rule ...... 21 d. Segment Insertion ...... 21 e. Segment Deletion ...... 21 f. Movement/ Metathesis Rule ...... 22

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g. Fronting ...... 22 h. Backing ...... 22 i. Raising ...... 23 j. Lowering ...... 23 k. Centralization ...... 23 l. Unrounding ...... 23 m. Monophthongization ...... 23 4. Syllable ...... 24 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 25

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 27 A. Object of the Study ...... 27 B. Approach of the Study ...... 28 C. Method of the Study ...... 29 1. Data Collection ...... 29 2. Data Analysis ...... 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 34 A. Participants‟ Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] ...... 34 1. Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə] ...... 36 a. Diphthong to Vowel ...... 37 1. [ɪə] to [ə] ...... 37 2. [ɪə] to [i:] ...... 37 3. [ɪə] to [e] ...... 38 b. Diphthong to Diphthong ...... 38 1. [ɪə] to [eə] ...... 38 2. Pronunciation of Diphthong [eə] ...... 39 a. Diphthong to Vowel ...... 40 1. [eə] to [e] ...... 40 2. [eə] to [ɛ] ...... 40 3. [eə] to [„e:ɛ] ...... 40 b. Diphthong to Diphthong ...... 41 1. [eə] to [eɪ] ...... 41 2. [eə] to [ea] ...... 41 3. [eə] to [ɪə] ...... 41 3. Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ] ...... 42 a. Diphthong to Vowel ...... 43 1. [eɪ] to [e] ...... 43 2. [eɪ] to [ɛ] ...... 43 B. Sound Changes Occuring in the Participants‟ Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] ...... 44 1. Sound Changes in Diphthong [ɪə] ...... 44 a. Diphthong to Vowel ...... 45 1. [ɪə] to [ə] ...... 45 2. [ɪə] to [i:] ...... 48 3. [ɪə] to [e] ...... 50

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b. Diphthong to Diphthong ...... 52 1. [ɪə] to [eə] ...... 52 2. Sound Changes in Diphthong [eə] ...... 54 a. Diphthong to Vowel ...... 55 1. [eə] to [e] ...... 55 2. [eə] to [ɛ] ...... 57 3. [eə] to [„e:ɛ] ...... 60 b. Diphthong to Diphthong ...... 64 1. [eə] to [eɪ] ...... 64 2. [eə] to [ea] ...... 65 3. [eə] to [ɪə] ...... 66 3. Sound Changes in Diphthong [eɪ] ...... 68 1. [eɪ] to [e] ...... 69 2. [eɪ] to [ɛ] ...... 70

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 73

REFERENCES ...... 75

APPENDICES ...... 77 Appendix 1: Research Instrument ...... 77 Appendix 2: Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə] ...... 79 Appendix 3: Pronunciation of Diphthong [eə] ...... 80 Appendix 4; Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ] ...... 81 Appendix 5: General Result of Participants‟ Diphthong Pronunciation ...... 82 Appendix 6: Summary of Phonological Process of Dipthong [ɪə] ...... 82 Appendix 7: Summary of Phonological Process of Dipthong [eə]...... 83 Appendix 8: Summary of Phonological Process of Dipthong [eɪ] ...... 83 Appendix 9. The Questionnare Data Summary ...... 84

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LIST OF TABLES

No Table Page

1. Table 1. The Table of English Consonant Features 14 2. Table 2. The Table of Javanese Consonant Features 15 3. Table 3. The Table of English Vowels Features 17 4. Table 4. Javanese Vowels Features Table 17 5. Table 5. Words with Diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] 28 6. Table 6. General Result of Participants‟ Diphthong Pronunciation Table Sample 31 7. Table 7. Participants‟ Pronunciation of Diphthong Table Sample 32 8. Table 8. Participants‟ Diphthong Sound Changes Table Sample 33 9. Table 9. General Result of Participants‟ Diphthong Pronunciation 35 10. Table 10. Participants‟ Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə] 36 11. Table 11. Participants‟ Pronunciation of Diphthong [eə] 39 12. Table 12. Participants‟ Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ] 42 13. Table 13. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [ɪǝ] 45 14. Table 14. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [eǝ] 54 15. Table 15. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [eɪ] 68

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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Figure Page

1. Fig 1. First Syllable /de:/ Structure in the Sound Change of Diphthong [eǝ] to [e:ɛ] in the word „Their‟ 61 2. Fig 2. Second Syllable /ɛr/ Structure in the Sound Change of Diphthong [eǝ] to [e:ɛ] in the Word„Their‟ 62

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

No Symbol Meaning

1. A  B / C __ D The written notation of phonological process. A becomes () B in the environtment (/) between ( ___) C and D. 2.  Becomes 3. / In the environtment of 4. ____ Between 5. $ In the syllable

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ABSTRACT

HARWADI, AYU NINDYA. (2019). The Sound Changes of English Diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] in Monosyllabic Words by Native Javanese Bahasa Inggris 1 Students. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Mastering another language can be challenging for some people. It happens because of the difference in the language system that each language has. One of the systems in language system is the pronunciation system. Two languages with many speakers, English language and Javanese language, also have their own pronunciation system. The sounds of both languages are very different in how a letter sounds. Moreover, English language is famous for its inconsistency in how it sounds. Javanese native speakers, who learn English as the students in Bahasa Inggris 1 class of Sanata Dharma University, find the difficulty of pronouncing the words in English especially in pronouncing diphthongs. In addition, the diphthongs such as [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] that exist in English pronunciation are not present in Javanese pronunciation. It would influence how the native Javanese students produce these diphthongs sound in English words because they don‟t know how to pronounce it. In the other hand, they must master language well for their future. Several sound changes processes are found in how the Javanese native speaker students produce the sound because of the issue. In the problem formulation of this study, there are two questions that become the main discussion of this study. The first is to find the students‟ pronunciation of the diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] in English monosyllabic words. The second is to find the phonological processes that occur in the pronunciation of the diphthongs. Furthermore, in the analysis the researcher uses two kinds of resources, the primary and secondary source. The main source is the pronunciation recordings of the students‟ diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]. The secondary sources are the references from books, journals, and sites from internet that support the analysis. Related to the focus of the study, the researcher uses phonological approach to help solving the problem formulations. Thus, the researcher applies four theories to answer the problem formulation such as theory of phonetics, phonology, phonological processes, and syllable. This study concludes that based on the analysis there are two types of changes which are diphthtong to vowel and diphthong to diphthong changes. Diphthong [eɪ] has the most high number the phonological processes, followed by [eə], and then [eɪ]. The phonological processes that occur are vowel deletion, monophthongization, vowel lowering, vowel raising, assimilation, insertion, and new syllable forming. The factors that influence the sound proccesses is the inconsistency of English pronunciation. Keywords: phonological processes, diphthongs, Javanese language, English language

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ABSTRAK

HARWADI, AYU NINDYA. (2019). The Sound Changes of English Diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] in Monosyllabic Words by Native Javanese Bahasa Inggris 1 Students. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Menguasai bahasa lain dapat menjadi tantangan bagi sebagian orang. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya perbedaan dalam sistem bahasa yang dimiliki masing- masing bahasa. Salah satu sistem dalam sistem bahasa adalah sistem fonetik. Dua bahasa dengan banyak penutur, bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jawa, juga memiliki sistem pengucapan sendiri. Suara dari kedua bahasa tersebut sangat berbeda dalam hal bagaimana sebuah huruf terdengar. Terlebih lagi, bahasa Inggris terkenal dengan ketidakkonsistenan dalam bunyinya. Penutur asli berbahasa Jawa yang belajar bahasa Inggris, seperti mahasiswa di kelas Bahasa Inggris 1 Universitas Sanata Dharma, menemukan kesulitan untuk mengucapkan kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris terutama dalam mengucapkan diftong. Selain itu, diftong seperti diftong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] yang ada dalam pelafalan bahasa Inggris tidak ada dalam sistem fonetik bahasa Jawa. Hal ini akan memengaruhi bagaimana mahasiswa penutur asli bahasa Jawa menghasilkan suara diftong-diftong tersebut dalam kata- kata bahasa Inggris karena mereka tidak tahu bagaimana cara mengucapkannya padahal mereka harus menguasai bahasa dengan baik untuk bekal masa depannya. Beberapa proses perubahan bunyi ditemukan dalam bagaimana mahasiswa penutur asli bahasa Jawa menghasilkan bunyi karena masalah tersebut. Ada dua rumusan masalah yang menjadi pembahasan utama dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah menemukan bagaimana pengucapan diftong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] dalam kata-kata bahasa Inggris bersuku kata satu oleh mahasiswa penutur asli bahasa Jawa. Yang kedua adalah menemukan proses fonologis yang terjadi dalam pelafalan diftong oleh mahasiswa penutur asli bahasa Jawa tersebut. Dalam analisisnya peneliti menggunakan dua jenis sumber yaitu sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primernya adalah rekaman pengucapan dari diftong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] siswa. Sumber sekundernya adalah referensi dari buku, jurnal, dan situs dari internet yang mendukung analisis. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan fonologis untuk membantu menyelesaikan rumusan masalah. Dengan demikian, peneliti menerapkan empat teori untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yaitu teori fonetik, fonologi, proses fonologis, dan suku kata. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa berdasarkan analisis ada dua jenis perubahan yaitu perubahan diftong ke huruf vokal dan perubahan diftong ke diftong. Diftong [eɪ] memiliki jumlah proses fonologis yang paling banyak, diikuti oleh [eə], dan kemudian [eɪ]. Proses fonologis yang terjadi adalah penghapusan vokal, monoftongisasi, penurunan vokal, peningkatan vokal, asimilasi, penyisipan, dan pembentukan suku kata baru. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi proses pengubahan pengucapan adalah ketidakkonsistenan pengucapan bahasa Inggris. Kata kunci: proses fonologis, diftong, bahasa Jawa, bahasa Inggris

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of the aspects that cannot be separated from human‟s life. It is used as a tool to transmit and receive information. It is also a medium to express feelings, ideas, and thoughts from an individual to another. There are so many languages in the world, rooting in different root languages and used by millions of people every day.

English is the third most spoken language in the world with 360 million native speakers (Lane, 2016, para. 5). Almost similar in the term of the number of speakers, Javanese is the second most spoken Austronesian language after

Indonesian (Thompson, 2016, para. 1) and a local language with the largest number of speakers. According to data census taken in 2000, there are 84 million or more Javanese language speakers in Indonesia (Sindo, 2017, para. 3).

Languages have systems, so do English and Javanese language. Both of the languages have their language system in how it is written and spoken. One of the differences is in how the English language sounds and Javanese language sound in pronunciation.

Compared to the Javanese language, the English language‟s pronunciation is much more inconsistent. The example is the vowel. In the

Javanese language, the letter „a‟ will only produce two kinds of sounds which are

[a] and [ɔ] as in ora /ora/, aku /aku/, rada /rɔdɔ/, gela /gelɔ/. In the English

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language, the letter „a‟ can produce so many sounds. For examples are glad

/glæd/, class /kla:s/, watch /wɔtʧ/, attorney /ǝtǝ:ni/, suffocate /sʌfǝkeit/, and many more. This inconsistency might confuse the native Javanese speakers as English learners.

In the science of language that is called linguistics, pronunciation is how someone produces sound while she or he is speaking. Pronunciation helps the speaker to differentiate one word from another word. The knowledge of the speaker is important. It is necessary to know what an individual sound is, and how each sound differs from all others to describe speech sounds (Fromkin, Rodman,

& Hyams, 2011, p. 190). Thus, lacking knowledge of individual sound and how it is different from another will lead to mispronunciation in the form of sound changes.

The sound changes, that are examined, happen in English diphthongs pronunciation. A diphthong is a movement from one vowel to another (Lagefoged

& Johnson, 2010, p. 92). In English, there are eight diphthongs which are [iə, ɛə,

ʊə, eɪ, aɪ, ɔi, ǝʊ, aʊ] (Knight, 2012, p. 74). In Javanese, there are also eight diphthongs which are [ay, ai, au, oi, uɛ, uə, ua, uɔ] (Wedhawati, et al., 2006, p.

61). There are diphthongs from English and Javanese that are almost similar in sound such as [aɪ] and [ai] or [ay], [ʊə] and [uə], [aʊ] and [aʊ], [ɔi] and [oi]. The pronunciations of the similar Javanese diphthongs to English diphthongs are still different due to the lax and tense vowels differences and different vowel lips rounding. English diphthongs that do not exist in the Javanese language are [iə],

[eə], [eɪ], and [ǝʊ].

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Ur in Khansir (2015) states that the language learners tend to substitute a particular sound that does not exist in the mother tongue to the nearest he or she knows (p. 60). The statement supports the hyphothesis that to adjust the unfamiliar sound producing, there is a phenomenon in which the sound of diphthong [iə], [eə], [eɪ], and [ǝʊ] in English language are changed when pronunciated by native Javanese speakers due to its absence. Therefore the probability of sound change of diphthong [iə], [eə], [eɪ], and [ǝʊ] in English words that is pronounced by native Javanese speaker is high.

Furthermore, Wise (1957) said that the difficulty and ease in utterance are relative matters, depending largely upon a speaker‟s familiarity from childhood with the sound combination of the mother tongue (p. 151). This means that someone‟s pronunciation of the second or third languages can be affected by the native language that someone learnt first before. This phenomenon happens because the native language‟s pronunciation frequency is higher than the second or third language.

Mastering good English is important for university students. Nowadays,

English is the language of business. So many multinational companies use English as their common corporate language (Neeley, 2012). That is why the university students, especially from non-English department, are now demanded to have good English proficiency as one of the requirements for graduating.

This research is conducted in order to know the process of the phenomenon that happened especially in the sound changes of diphthongs by

Bahasa Inggris 1 class for Non-English Department students in Sanata Dharma

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University. The sounds that are examined are only [iə], [eə], and [eɪ] due to the absence of words containing diphthong [ǝʊ] in the source book that is used in the course. The words that are used as the research data is monosyllabic words. It means that the words consist of one syllable. The words have the simplest form.

Hopefully, by using monosyllabic words in the research, the sound change can be clearly seen.

The reason why this research is conducted in Bahasa Inggris 1 class is that because spoken English is used through the course and the examinations and it is expected that the students can master spoken English well even though they are from non-English department. Hopefully, this research can be an input for

English learners to enrich their knowledge in pronunciation.

B. Problem Formulation

There are problems in this research which are:

1. How do the students pronounce the diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] in monosyllabic

words?

2. What phonological processes occur in the pronunciation of the diphthongs?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research has two objectives of the study. The first is listing and finding the sounds of English diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] that are pronounced by the students of Bahasa Inggris 1 class. The second is analyzing the phonological

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processes of sound changes in the pronunciation of the diphthongs. The analysis will include transcribing the data and describing the sound changes processes.

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding and help the reader understand this research, the definition of terms is provided below. There are three main terms that will be explained which are diphthongs, monosyllabic, and Bahasa Inggris 1 class.

Diphthong is a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable. It consists of two vowels or as vowel+glide (Richard & Smith,

2011, p. 172). It is included as a long vowel.

Monosyllabic is the word that consists of one syllable (Richard & Smith,

2011, p. 374). Syllable is the smallest unit of sounds that can stand alone as a word. It is described in the terms of sequences of consonants (C) and vowels (V)

(Burton, Dechain, & Vatikiotis-Bateson, 2012, p. 70). The example is the word

„you‟, „car‟, „home, and so on.

Bahasa Inggris 1 class is an English class for non-English department students in Sanata Dharma University. The class emphasizes the study in students‟

English proficiency for applying job and scholarship and job interview. This course is given in the first year of study.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter discusses other studies that are related to this research. The following explanations include the related theories, related backgrounds, and the theoretical framework that will help the researcher to complete the research.

A. Review of Related Studies

The main concern in this research is the sound changes in English diphthongs pronounced by Javanese native speaker students. There are four studies that are related to the sound changes in diphthongs. The first study is

Widagsa‟s journal article (2017). The second is Laila‟s journal article (2012). The third is Siulani‟s undergraduate thesis (2018). The fourth is Fakhrunissa‟s undergraduate thesis (2015).

The first journal article focuses on whether vowels are diphthong-like or influenced by Javanese phonetic system by measuring the first form and speech duration (Widagsa, 2017, p. 1). The focus of this journal is on closing diphthongs which are the diphthongs that ended with [i] and [u]. The purpose of this journal article is to that the difficulty in acquiring the second language is related to the role of first language phonetic feature that affecting in its pronunciation.

Five Javanese native speaker students were given the stimuli that are shown on the computer screen while the audio recording device records their voices. The recording is processed in a software whose function is to measure

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diphthong‟s duration from the the open position to close position. The software‟s name is PRAAT5.3.51.

There are two findings discovered in Widagsa‟s journal article. First, there is a change of the first form of the diphthong sound. It is believed as the reason why the production of English diphthongs by participants is different from the diphthong sounds produced by English native speakers. The second discovery is that there is a significant difference in the duration of diphthong pronunciation done by the participants. They tend to lengthen the duration. The second finding supports the hypothesis that the second language failure in producing second language vowel is related to the absence of the diphthongal sound as a contrastive in the first language (Widagsa, 2017, p. 9). The Javanese language does not include diphthongs in the phonological system while the English language does.

The second study is Laila‟s journal article (2012). This journal article aims to examine how Javanese ESL (English as the Second Language) students change their articulation in producing the English sounds (Laila, 2012, p. 57). The objectives of Laila‟s journal article research are identifying the shifts in articulating the English sounds, examining the level of intelligibility of Javanese

ESL students‟ pronunciation of English sounds by Native Speaker of English

(NSE) or Foreign Speaker of English (FSE), and describing the prominence context the Javanese ESL students used in pronouncing the English sounds.

Laila‟s research develops two previous researches that had conducted before. The first one is a journal article that studies about the perception of

Javanese learners of English conducted by Prince (1989) in interdental sound

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pronounced by Javanese native speakers. They tend to not to put stress to a vowel in the nucleus instead to glide the vowel. Futhermore, Laila states that one‟s way of pronouncing speech sounds is various and the Javanese ESL students can only develop understandable pronunciation so that they can hold the communication with the NSE/FSE (Laila, 2012, p. 59).

The method that is used in Laila‟s journal is the qualitative method. The data are collected by the observation, participant interview, and operational recording. The respondents are the Javanese ESL students in Surakarta from random universities. The data that are collected then examined using comparing and contrasting techniques. Furthermore, the researcher goes to NSE/ FSE to check. It will be compared with NSE‟s or FSE‟s pronunciation within the same data.

The finding in Laila‟s research shows that the participants produce consonant sounds by the lack of maximal force and tend to be lenis while in pronouncing vowels they tend to produce some as its phonemes. The participants tend to shift the tongue height a little bit downward and upward also backward and forward; and also reduce the voicing and nucleus strength of diphthongs.

The third study is Siulani‟s undergraduate thesis. This research focuses on Indonesian students‟ English diphthong /eɪ/, /ɪǝ/, and /ʊǝ/ pronunciation error in English monosyllabic words (Siulani, 2018, p. xi). The objectives of this study are to find out how the selected diphthongs are pronounced by Indonesian students and to explain the phonological processes that occur in the pronunciation.

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The method used in Siulani‟s research is sampling method. The participants are given seven monosyllabic English words of each diphthong. The data are recorded using a cell phone then it transcribed in phonetic transcriptions and compared to British English pronunciation based on Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary 8th edition. The results are summarized all the vowel changes of the diphthongs.

The results of Siulani‟s research shows that there is no participant who could correctly pronounce the selected diphthongs (Siulani, 2018, p. 52). The diphthong [ʊǝ] has the biggest percentage of inappropriate pronunciation in which

80% of participants produce incorrect pronunciation. The diphthong [ɪǝ] is in second place with 71%. The diphthong [eɪ] is in third place with 69%. The phonological processes occur are vowel shift, vowel deletion, vowel centering, vowel fronting, and vowel backing. The main factor that triggers the processes is the different system and orthography between Indonesian and English language.

The fourth study is Fakhrunissa‟s undergraduate thesis (2015). This research focuses on Indonesian-Javanese students‟ pronunciation of English monophthong. The objective of this study is to describe how Indonesian-Javanese students of SMK 7 Yogyakarta pronounce English monophthong vowels, explain factors that affect their pronunciation, and identify the sound changes.

The methodologies used in Fakhrunissa‟s thesis research are observation, interview, and documentation. Three students are selected from the English

Debate club in SMK 7 Yogyakarta. Each is qualified into low, medium, and high skill. The next step is giving the stimuli recording the data. All the recorded data

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are transcribed into phonetic transcriptions and compared with the standard pronunciation in Cambridge Advanced Learner Dictionary 3rd Edition Software ©

IDM S.A., France 2008.

This research finds that English monophthong vowels are pronounced correctly and incorrectly by the participants (Fakhrunissa, 2015, p. 50). The factors of correct pronunciation are the influence of familiarity of English borrowing words and frequency of use English words in class. Incorrect pronunciation factors are the rapid speech, unawareness of correct pronunciation, the influence of Indonesian allophonic rules, the influence of familiar Indonesian words, lost of stress, stress displacement, and confusion in differentiating British and American accents. The sound changes found is long vowel shortening, lowering, centralizing, heightening of vowels and anaptyxis.

The studies above have the relevance to this study. The first journal article, which is written by Widagsa, deals with how the vowels are diphthong- like or influenced by Javanese pronunciation system. This journal article examines the sounds that is pronunciated by Javanese speaker too, similar with this thesis. The difference is that the focus of Widagsa‟s journal article is the vowels while this thesis is diphthong. The second journal article examines how

Javanese ESL (English as the Second Language) students articulate English sounds. This journal article focuses on all the sounds including the consonant. The focus in Laila‟s research is all the English sounds while this research only focuses in the diphthongs pronunciation.

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Siulani‟s undergraduate thesis examines the sound changes and pronunciation error in monosyllabic English words and Fakhrunissa‟s undergraduate thesis examines about the mispronunciation by the Javanese learner that is related to vowel sounds. Even so, this research is different from the two studies above. Siulani‟s undergraduate thesis focuses on interference of

Indonesian language interference in diphthong pronunciation in English monosyllabic words and Fakhrunissa focuses on monophthong pronunciations by

Javanese learner. This research will develop the previous researches of Javanese language pronunciation of English sounds, focusing on the diphthongs pronunciation.

B. Review of Related Theories

In order to clarify and support the explanation of the topic, this research uses four theories which are phonetics, phonology, phonological processes, and syllable.

1. Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of the speech sound (Richard & Smith, 2011, p.

434). It deals with how the sounds are produced and how each sound is different from one another. The fact is that speech sound is different from the spelling of the letters (orthography). Fromkin (2011) strenghten the theory by saying that alphabetic spelling does not represent the sound of a language in a consistent way

(p.232). It means that a letter can produce different varieties of sounds. Phonetics

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explains how these sounds are different in the manner of pronunciation and the location of pronunciation.

Phonetics has three main areas of the study which are articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. Articulatory phonetics deals with the way the sounds are produced, including how the position of vocal tract, the shape of the lips, or whether the vocal cord vibrates or not (Richard &

Smith, 2011, p. 434). Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of the sound wave in the air. Auditory phonetics deals with how the sounds are received by the listener.

There are two classes of sounds in phonetics which are consonants and vowels. Consonants are the sounds that are produced with restriction. Vowels are the sounds that are produced with no restriction at all. Both sounds are produced in the vocal tract. It is the air passages above the vocal cords. Vocal tracts are divided into two places which are nasal cavity and oral cavity. The nasal cavity is the air passage within and behind the nose. Oral cavity is the air passage within the mouth and the throat (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 629).

In writing the speech sounds, both consonants and vowels, a certain alphabet is used. The alphabet is called IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet).

IPA is a system of symbols designed by the International Phonetic Association to be used to represent the sounds of all human languages in accordance with a set of common principles (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 296). Some of the alphabets are taken from Roman alphabet such as [a, s, d, t] and so on. Some of the alphabets

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are special symbols, for example [ɛ, ʧ, ð, ŋ] and so on. The phonetic transcription of the word „ship‟, for example, is written as /ʃjɪp/. a. Consonants

Consonants are sounds that are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs (Fromkin, Rodman,

& Hyams, 2011, p. 235). These are the sounds that need restriction in the vocal tract to produce. The air flow can be blocked (stop), partially blocked (lateral), the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction (fricative), or with some consonants (nasals) the airstream is blocked in the mouth but allowed to escape through the nose (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 120). i. English Consonants

The English language has 26 consonants. These are [p, b, m, t, d, n, k, g,

ŋ, ʔ, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, ʧ, ʤ, ʍ, w, j, r, l]. According to the place of articulation, English consonants are divided into seven groups. These are bilabial

(between two lips), labiodental (involving teeth and lower lip), interdental (in between teeth), alveolar (in the alveolar ridge), palatal (involving palate), velar

(involving velar), and glottal (in the vocal cord).

There are four classes of English consonant‟s phonetic features which are voiced (the vocal cord is vibrating), voiceless (the vocal cord is not vibrating), nasal (all the airways are blocked but allowed to get out from nasal cavity), and oral (the air go through oral cavity). The nasal consonants are [m, n, ŋ] and the oral consonants are the rest. The details can be seen in the table below.

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Table 1. The Table of English Consonant Features (Fromkin, Rodman, &

Hyams, 2011, p. 245)

Labio- Inter- Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Dental dental Stop (oral) Voiceless p t k ʔ

Voiced b d g Nasal (voiced) m n ŋ

Fricative

Voiceless f θ s ʃ h

Voiced v ð z ʒ

Affricate Voiceless ʧ

Voiced ʤ

Glide

Voiceless ʍ

Voiced w j

Liquid (voiced)

(central) r

(lateral) l

As can be seen in the table above, English consonants are classified into five groups. These are stops, fricatives, affricates, glides, and liquid. Stop consonants are produced when the air is completely blocked in the oral or nasal cavity. The consonants belong to this group are [p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, ʔ].

Fricative consonants are produced when the airflows is severely obstructed that it causes friction. The consonants belong to this group are [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h].

Affricate consonants are produced when the airflow is stopped and immediately released gradually. The consonants belong to this group are [ʧ, ʤ].Glide consonants are produced when the airflow is obstructed a little. The consonants belong to this group are [ʍ, w, j]. Liquid consonants are produced when airflows

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are obstructed but it does not enough to make a friction. The consonants belong to this group are [r, l]. ii. Javanese Consonants

There are 23 consonants in Javanese language (Wedhawati, et al., 2006, p.

41). These all are [p, b, m, f, w, t, d, n, l, r, ṭ, ḍ, s, z, c, j, ñ, y, k, g, ŋ, h, and Ɂ].

The features of Javanese consonants can be seen in the table below.

Table 2. The Table of Javanese Consonant Features (Wedhawati, et al.,

2006, p. 42)

Geseran Hambat Getar Sampingan Semi- fricative letup Manner of Nasal vocal (Fricative (Stop Articulation (Thrill) (Lateral) Glide) Plosive) Voice (V)/ voiceless V V V VL V V V VL (VL) m b p Bilabial w f Labio-dental d t Apiko-dental r l n Apiko-alveolar ḍ ṭ Apiko-palatal z s Lamino-alveolar y ñ j c Medio-palatal ŋ g k Dorso-velar h Laringal

Ɂ Glottal stop

According to the table above, Javanese consonants are classified into ten groups which are bilabial (between two lips), labio-dental (involving teeth and lower lip), apikodental (involving the tip of tongue and teeth), apiko-alveolar

(involving the tip of tongue and alveolar ridge), lamino-alveolar (involving tongue and and alveolar ridge), medio-palatal (involving the middle part of the tongue and palate), dorso-velar (involving the end of the tongue and velar), laryngeal(in the upper part near vocal cords inside of the throat), and glottal stop (in the vocal

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cord). According to the manner of articulation, these sounds are classified into six groups which are hambat letup, nasal, sampingan, geseran, getar, and semivokal. b. Vowels

Vowels are a speech sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing through the mouth (Richard & Smith, 2011). The classification of vowels depends on some conditions. The first matter to consider is the shape and position of the tongue (Roach, 2009, p. 11). There is another important variable of vowel quality, and that is lip-position (Roach, 2009, p. 13). i. Monophthongs

Monophthongs are vowels in which there is no appreciable change in

quality during a syllable (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 374). It is the vowel that is standing alone, the opposite of diphthongs that are consisted of two vowels. The monophthongs are classified as tense and lax vowels. Lax sounds are those produced with less muscular effort and movement, and which are relatively short and indistinct, compared to tense sounds (Crystal, 2008, p. 271). Tense sounds are produced with a relatively strong muscular effort, involving a greater movement of the (supraglottal) vocal tract away from the position of rest (see fortis), and a relatively strong spread of acoustic energy (Crystal, 2008, p. 480)

1.) English Monophthongs

There are 12 monophthongs in English sounds. These are [i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ə,

ʌ, u, ʊ, o, ɔ, and a]. These vowels are produced differently by the tongue position whether it is high or low, the shape of the lips whether rounded or unrounded, and the duration whether it is pronounced longer or short (lax and tense). The vowels

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can be nasalized when it is following or followed by nasalized consonants such as

[m,n, and ŋ].

Table 3. The Table of English Vowels Features (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams,

2011, p. 284)

Features i ɪ e ɛ æ u ʊ o ɔ a ʌ High + + - - - + + - - - - Mid - - + + - - - + + - + Low - - - - + - - - - + - Back - - - - - + + + + + - Central ------+ Round - - - - - + + + + - - Tense + - + - - + - + - + -

2.) Javanese Monopthongs

There are ten vocal phonemes in Javanese language: [i, ɪ, e, ɛ, a, ə, ɔ, o, ʊ, u]. It is divided into three classes according to the height of the tongue while producing the sound. The three classes are high vowels which consists of [i,ɪ, ʊ, u]; madya vowels (mid vowels) which are [e, ɛ,ə, ɔ, o]; and low vowel [a]. According to the part of the tongue that moves these divided into three classes which are front vowels [i, ɪ, e, ɛ, a]; middle vowels [ə]; and back vowels [ɔ, o, ʊ, u].

Table 4. Javanese Vowels Features Table (Marsono, 2008, p. 45)

Features i ɪ e ɛ a ǝ o ɔ ʊ u High + + ------Mid - - + + - + + - - - Low - - - - + - - + + + Back ------+ + + + Central - - - - - + - - - - Round - - - - - + + + + + Tense + - + - - + - + - +

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ii. Diphthongs

A diphthong is a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 172). It is produced with gliding one vowel to another in a brief moment. There are two vowels presents in the diphthong. The main characteristic of the diphthong is that the first part is much longer and stronger than the second part (Roach, 2009, p.17).

1.) English Diphthongs

The total number of diphthongs is eight. These are [iə, ɛə, ʊə, eɪ, aɪ, ɔi, ǝʊ, aʊ]. According to the placement, English diphthongs are divided into two subgroups: centering [iə, ɛə, ʊə] and closing [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, ǝʊ, aʊ]. Closing diphthongs are those that end in /ɪ/ or /ʊ/, where the tongue moves from a low to a high (or close) position in the mouth. Centering diphthongs are those where the tongue moves from a higher or lower position to a central, schwa-like position (Knight,

2012, p. 74). According to the ending, these are divided into three: ended with [ə] which are [iə, eə, ʊə]; ended with [ɪ] which are [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ]; and ended with [ʊ] which are [ǝʊ, aʊ].

2.) Javanese Diphthongs

There are also eight diphthongs in Javanese language which are [ay, ai, au, oi, uɛ, uə, ua, uɔ]. There are 2 classes of diphthongs according to the differentiating aspects above. The first is raising diphthong and the second is falling diphthongs. Rising diphthong are [ay, ai, au, oi] and falling diphthongs are

[uɛ, uǝ, ua, uɔ] (Wedhawati, et al., 2006, p. 30). According to Sudharsono in

Marsono (2008) the usage of the diphthong is indicating affective words or the

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words that contain feelings. The example is in the word ‘uijo’ which means very green in color, or in the word ‘cuilik’ which means very small (p. 54).

2. Phonology

Phonology is the study of the regularities that govern the phonetic realization of sounds in words of a language (Daniel, 2011, p. 1). These regularities or rules differentiate a language from another language because these regularities are different for each language.Each language forms different pattern of sound (phones) and different rule that governs the smallest unit of word that has meaning (morpheme). The example is the phonetic rule of plural noun suffix in English. The final sound of „-s‟ will follow the voicing of the final letter of the noun. The voiced final will make the suffix „-s‟ sounds [z], while the voiceless final will make the suffix sounds [s]. „Cats‟ is read /kæts/, but „dogs‟ is read

/dɒɡz/ rather than /dɒɡs/. It is because /t/ in cats is voiceless and the /g/ in dogs is voiced. Voiced sounds are the sound that is produced with the vibration in the vocal cord, while voiceless sound is the opposite.

Phonology also studies how the certain sound changes. There are rules in phonology in how the sounds form pattern. This explains the processes of how the sound changes occur.

3. Phonological Processes

Phonemic representations become phonetic representation as a result of being acted upon by phonological processes (O'Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, &

Rees-Miller, 2005, p. 92). Phoneme is the mental representation of a sound

(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 273). Thus, phonemic representation is

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the mental representation of the word. Phone is a particular realization

(pronunciation) of a phoneme (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 274). Thus, phonetic representation is the representation of the particular realization of a phoneme. The phonological processes are the rules or processes that turn phonemic representation into phonetic representation. Phonological processes are formalized as the phonological rules. These rules explain the phenomena of sound changes. a. Assimilation

In Phonology, assimilation is when a neighboring segments sounds similar by duplicating a phonetic property (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p.

286). There is a tendency to ease the pronunciation when speaking in a certain language. Therefore the change in sound happens by adjusting to the property of that influencing segment. The examples are the vowel sound before nasal sound will be nasalized, affected by following nasal sound; and the suffix „-s‟ in plural noun will be voiced or voiceless following the voiced or voiceless preceding sound. b. Dissimilation

Dissimilation is when a segment becomes less similar with another segment (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 287). There is a tendency to ease the pronunciation in the way dissimilating it with another segment. This means the pronunciation of a segment is changed, different with what it supposed to sound. For example, people tend to pronoun /fift/ and /sikst/ rather than pronouncing /fɪfθ/ and /sɪksθ/. The final sound is totally changed, dissimilar with

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the original sound. It is the dropping, or changing one of two non-adjacent duplicative or similar sounds within a word. c. Feature Changing Rule

The changes in sound whether it is assimilation or dissimilation lead to the feature changing rules (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 289). Feature changing is a rule which is different from assimilation and dissimilation. It does not focus on the feature changes affected by the neighbour. It is agreed by

Fromkin et al that some of phonological rules are not assimilation and dissimilation (2011, p. 289). One of the examples is aspiration. A voiceless stop sound is aspirated when it is in the initial position of the syllable followed by a stressed vowel. The example of the word is “pit”. It is supposed to be /pɪt/but can be pronounced as [phɪt]. It occurs in order to “support” the following stressed vowel. d. Segment Insertion

Insertion is a phonological rule which is the opposite of deletion. The term for insertion is epenthesis (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 290). It occurs when someone inserting a sound that actually does not exist in the words or syllable. For example, the word “please” sometimes people pronounce it as “p- uh-lease”. It is supposed to be /pliz/ instead of [phəliz]. The insertion segment is

[ə]. e. Segment Deletion

Segment deletion is a phonological rule that focuses on the sound or segment which deleted or omitted. “One such rule occurs in casual or rapid

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speech” (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 291). This rule exists more rather than insertion. It is because sometimes people tend to speak fast. For example, the phrase “you and me” is pronounced [ju ən mi]. The segment /d/ in the word “and” is omitted. The segment /n/ and /m/ have the same feature therefore it will be easier to articulate those words if omitting the different sound. f. Movement/ Metathesis Rule

The last rule is called metathesis. According to Fromkin et al, metathesis is a rule which focuses on the order of the segments (2011, p. 293). It means that the order of segments can be reordered or changed one another. The example is

„ask‟ is supposed to be pronounced as /æsk/ but it can be pronounced as [æks].

Fromkin et al declares that some of the metathesis phenomenon can also be found in children‟s speech and English dialects. g. Fronting

Fronting is a vowel change produced by arching the tongue at the front of the mouth instead of at the back or center (Wise, 1957, p. 157). The feature of

[+back] is changed to [-back]. For example [drɑp] for drop, [ær] for are, [sech] for such and so on. h. Backing

Backing is a change that is produced by arching the tongue at the back of the mouth instead of at the front or center (Wise, 1957, p. 157). The feature [- back] is changed into [+back]. For example the word tassel is pronounced /tɔsl/,

/rɑp/ for wrap, and so on.

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i. Raising

Raising is a vowel change caused by elevation of the tongue that occur because of anticipation of surrounding sound. It is a form of assimilation (Wise,

1957, p. 158). The vowel is raised following the sound preceding or following the vowel. For example the pronunciation of ten is pronounced /tɪn/. j. Lowering

Lowering is a vowel change cause by depressing the tongue (Wise, 1957, p. 158). The feature [+high] becomes [-high]. For example the pronunciation of root [rut] becomes [rʊt]. k. Centralization

Centralization is a sound change resulting from arching the tongue in the center of the mouth instead of front ot back (Wise, 1957, p. 158). The [+front] or

[+back] becomes [±front] or [±back]. For example the Southern pronunciation of the word president that is pronounced /prʌzǝdǝnt/ instead of /ˈprezɪdənt/. l. Unrounding

Unrounding is a sound change when rounded vowels are modified by unrounding (Wise, 1957, p. 158). It usually happens to high back vowels [u, ʊ].

For example the phrase a good book is pronounced /ǝ gɣd bɣk/ rather than /ǝ

ɡʊdbʊk/. m. Monophthongization

Monophthongization is the reducing of a diphthong to a pure vowel. For example the Southern accent of oil. It changes from [ɔɪl] becomes [ɔl]. Another example is the diphthong [aɪ] that changes into [a]. The example is the

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pronunciation of fried in Southern accent that changes from [fraɪd] into [frad]

(Wise, 1957, p. 158).

4. Syllable

A syllable is a unit of speech that minimally consists of one vowel and maximally of one vowel preceded by a consonant or consonant cluster and followed by a consonant or consonant cluster (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 578).

The preceding consonant is called onset, the vowel is called nucleus, and the following consonant is coda. The nucleus and coda is the subsyllable unit called rime (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 297).

Syllable is divided into open syllables and closed syllables. Open syllable is the syllable which end in vowels (Crystal, 2008, p. 576). The examples such as in the word „blue‟ /blu:/ and „say‟ /seɪ/; in the first syllable of the word open

/'ǝʊpǝn/; or in the second syllable of the word ‟into‟ /'intǝ/. Close syllable is the syllable which ends in consonant (Crystal, 2008, p. 576). The example is in the word can /kæn/ and burn /bǝrn/; in the first syllable of the word darling /‟da:rlɪŋ/; or in the second syllable of the word fulfil /fʊl'fɪl/.

There are three types of syllable which are monosyllable, disyllable, and polysyllable. Monosyllable is a term to refer to a word that consists of one syllable (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 374). The examples are the word „sun‟, „you‟,

„one‟, and so on. Disyllable is a term to refer to a unit, typically a word, that consists of two syllables (Crystal, 2008, p. 154). The examples are the word

„observe‟, „window‟, „carpet‟, and so on. Polysyllable is a term to refer to a word that

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consists of more than one syllable (Crystal, 2008, p. 374). The examples are the word „imagination‟, „observation‟, „peculiar‟, and so on.

Syllable is usually featured with stress. Stress is the pronunciation of a syllable or word with more respiratory energy or muscular force than other syllables or words in the same utterance. The stressed syllable can be recognized as it is louder, higher in pitch, and longer than the surrounding words or syllables

(Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 560). It is marked with vertical line [ ' ].

Word stress is the term for the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a word (Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 560). It is used to distinguish between two words with the same lettering. For example the disyllabic word „object‟. As a noun, the word is pronounced as /'ɒbʤɪkt/. The stress is in the first syllable. As a verb, the word is pronounced as /ǝb‟ʤekt/. The stress is put in the second syllable.

C. Theoretical Framework

There are two problem formulations in this research. The first is to find how the object pronounced the diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] and the second is what processes occur in the pronunciation. The first problem is answered with the theory of phonetics. The second question is answered with phonology theory, phonological rules theory, and syllable theory

The theory of phonetics includes the theory of vowels, diphthongs, and the phonetic features of the sound that help to describe the data collected. This includes the English and Javanese phonological theories. The sounds that are

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produced are compared, both of which is produced in English and the other one produced by native Javanese.

The theory of phonology, phonological processes, and syllable is used to answer the processes that occur in pronouncing English diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] by the Javanese Bahasa Inggris 1 class native speaker students. It explains the steps of the pronunciation change of the diphthongs.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts of discussions which are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The object and data used in this study are described in the first part. The second part discusses the approach that is used in this study and its description. The third part discusses the method of collecting data. The third part is divided into two sub-categories which are data collection and analysis. It contains the method of how data is collected and how to analyze it.

A. Object of the Study

This research involved sounds because the main topic is the pronunciation, or how the sound is created, and the phenomenon of sound changes in it. The focus is on the English diphthong sounds that are pronounced by

Javanese native speakers. The participants required in this study were the English learner students with Javanese as the mother tongue.

The researcher chose the Bahasa Inggris 1 class students of Sanata

Dharma University in which English is not the main subject they learn. This selection is to measure the quality of their pronunciation in pronouncing English diphthongs. The researcher wants to reveal the phenomena occurring in the pronunciation of the English diphthong by Javanese native speaker, as well as the factors.

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The words to be tested were taken from Bahasa Inggris English for

General Purposes book that is written by Language Institute of Sanata Dharma

University. There are three words containing the diphthong [ɪə, eə, eɪ]. The words are all monosyllabic, or consisting only of one syllable.

Table 5. Words with Diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]

Diphthong [ɪə] [eə] [eɪ] Words Here Their Make IPA Transcription /hɪə(r)/ /ðeə(r)/ /meɪk/

The first row is the table of [ɪə]. It consists of „here‟ as the word is containing the sound /ɪə/. The second row is the table of [eə]. It consists of „their‟ as the word is containing the sound /eə/. The third row is the table of [eɪ]. It consists of „make‟ as the word is containing the sound /eɪ/.

The data were tested in the form of sentences in consideration of finding the factors that causing sound changes. The final form of the data is listed in the appendices.

B. Approach of the Study

This research concerns in the sound changes and the pronunciation of the speech sound. Therefore, the phonological approach is used to help researcher resolving the problems formulated. Phonology concerns in how the sound form patterns (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 267). It explains how certain sounds form certain patterns. It also explains the pattern changes in sound and explains how the processes happen.

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C. Method of the Study

There are two steps in this research. The first is the data collection that explains the procedures of data collecting. The second is the data analysis which explains the steps of how the data are examined.

1. Data Collection

The researcher applied the purposive sampling method. It means that the researcher selects individuals and places for study because they can purposefully inform an understanding of the research problem and central phenomenon in the study (Creswell, 2007, p. 125). The participant and the place chosen are purposed to answer the problems formulated. In this research, the participants are the students of Bahasa Inggris 1 class while the site or place is Bahasa Inggris 1 class.

To see the changes that occur in these diphthongs in the words that are pronounced by the students, the researcher chose the words that contain the diphthongs from the official textbook of the class entitled Bahasa Inggris English for General Purposes book. These words are „here‟, „their‟, and „make‟. These words chosen are the most frequent words used in the book. The word „here‟ is used 10 times, „their‟ 34 times, and „make‟ 19 times. Thus, the students are expected to be familiar with the words tested.

After choosing the words, the researcher chose the participants to gain the data. The participants are all the students from Bahasa Inggris 1 class for the class is non-English major English class at Sanata Dharma University. There are 38

Javanese speakers from the total of 85 students from Elementary School

Education major and Management major. These majors were chosen as the

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consideration that the researcher is the tutor for both classes so that it eases the permissions for data taking. After sorting, there are only 25 students who are

Native Javanese speakers.

The data were taken on 6 November 2018 for Elementary School

Education major Bahasa Inggris 1 Class and 8 November 2018 for Management major Bahasa Inggris 1 Class. The collection of the data was divided into two parts. In the first part, the participants were required to pronounce the sentences that contain the word with diphthongs. The pronunciation was recorded using a cellphone. In the second part, the participants were required to fill the questionnaire to gain the information of whether they are a native Javanese speaker, a passive or active Javanese speaker, and how high is the frequency of

Javanese language they use per week.

The recorded data is named P1 for the participant number one‟s pronunciation, P2 for participant number two‟s pronunciation, and so on. Each diphthong is given a code. A is the code for the diphthong [ɪə]. B is the code for diphthong [eə]. C is the code for the diphthong [eɪ]. The final data is named from the combination of the recorded data code and diphthong code. For example, the pronunciation of the diphthong [ɪə] from participant number one is named P1A.

The pronunciation of the diphthong [eə] from participant number one is named

P1B. The pronunciation of the diphthong [eɪ] from participant number one is named P1C, and so on. Tables are used to ease the classification of each diphthong pronunciation data pronounced by the participants. The table will be provided in the appendices.

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2. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the researcher applied several steps. To answer the first problem of how the students pronounced the diphthong, the researcher had to collect the pronunciation of the participants. It was done in several steps. The first step was transcribing the data sample into phonetic transcription in IPA alphabet by referring it into general pronunciation in the Oxford Dictionary. The second step was transcribing the recorded data that is collected from the participants into phonetic transcription. The third step was classifying the Participants‟ data transcription according to the diphthong, then the researcher compared the data sample and data collected.

To summarize the data, the researcher uses the table to show the data. It includes the frequency of the pronunciation and the percentage of the sound change. The sample table can be seen below:

Table 6. General Result of Participants’ Diphthong Pronunciation Table Sample Results No Diphthong Changed Not Changed F % F % 1. [ɪə] 2. [eə] 3. [eɪ] Total F= Frequency

The table above provides the frequency of the pronunciation and the percentage of the changed or unchanged pronunciation. The frequency is the number of the participants pronouncing the diphthong. It is divided into two, the changed pronunciation or unchanged pronunciation. The percentage of the

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frequency is calculated with the formulation of The total

percentage of changed and unchanged Participants‟ pronunciations are calculated

with the formulation

In order to clarify how many pronunciation and sound changes that happen in each diphthong, the researcher use another table that providing the detail of the pronunciation. The table used can be seen as below:

Table 7. Participants’ Pronunciation of Diphthong Table Sample

Result No Intended Pronunciation Pronunciation F % 1 2 Total 25 100% F= Frequency

As seen in the table, there is the column of intended pronunciation, pronunciation and the result. The intended pronunciation is the correct English pronunciation of the data samples. The pronunciation column is the Participants‟ pronunciation found in the data. The result is divided into frequency and the percentage. Frequency is the number of Participants‟ pronunciation. Percentage provides the occurrence in percent number. The formulation of the percentage is

To answer the second question of what sound changes occur in the students‟ pronunciation, the researcher used the data collected that answered the first question. The researcher then classified the sound changes that occur in the students‟ pronunciation and put it in the table.

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Table 8. Participants’ Diphthong Sound Changes Table Sample

Phonological No Diphthong Sound Changed Process 1.

The table that is showed above was used to answer the second question.

The next step was that the researcher drew the general notation based on the data that was collected. The pronunciations were then compared into Javanese language‟s pronunciation.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is the explanation how the students of Bahasa Inggris I Class (the participants) pronounce the diphthong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]. It is the analysis to answer the first problem. The second part is the explanation of the sound changes that occur in the student‟s pronunciation. This part is the analysis to answer the second problem.

A. Participants’ Pronunciation of Diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]

This research focuses on the pronunciation of diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ] in

English monosyllabic word. Three words are selected from the Bahasa Inggris

English for General Purposes book as the sample data. This book is the official textbook for Bahasa Inggris 1 class where the participants learn the English language. The words chosen are „here‟ for the diphthong [ɪǝ], „their‟ for the diphthong [eǝ], and „make‟ for the diphthong [eɪ]. These words are selected for these words have the highest frequency usage in the Participants‟ course official textbook.

The total data that were taken from the participants were 75 data in which each participant from the total 25 students pronounced 3 different words with diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], and [eɪ]. Three data samples contained each diphthong selected. The words are put in the sentence that was read by participants. The general result of the pronunciation can be seen in the table below.

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Table 9. General Result of Participants’ Diphthong Pronunciation

Results No Diphthong Changed Not Changed F % F %

1. [ɪə] 8 32% 17 68%

2. [eə] 21 84% 4 16%

3. [eɪ] 20 80% 5 20%

Total 49 65,3% 26 34,7%

F= Frequency

According to the table above, diphthong [ɪǝ] has the highest percentage of correct English pronunciation. Meanwhile, diphthong [eə] and [eɪ] are the opposite. These two vowels have really low percentages of correct English pronunciation compared to the pronunciation of diphthong [ɪǝ]. In the pronunciation of the diphthong [ɪǝ], 68% of the participants pronounced the diphthong in correct English pronunciation while the remaining 32% of the participants changed the diphthong sound. In the pronunciation of the diphthong

[eǝ], only 16% of the participants pronounced the diphthong in correct English pronunciation. 84% other participants changed the sound of the diphthong. In the pronunciation of diphthong [eɪ], only 20% of the participants pronounced the diphthong in correct English pronunciation according to the pronunciation in

Oxford Dictionary 8th Editon. The remaining 80% of the participants changed the diphthong sound.

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The diphthongs pronunciation is changed into vowels or diphthongs by the participants. There are 14 types of sound changes in total. There are 9 diphthong to vowel sound changes and 5 diphthong to diphthong sound changes.

The detail of the participants‟ diphthong pronunciations can be seen below.

1. Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə]

The word „here‟ is chosen as the data sample because the usage frequency in the printed book used in Bahasa Inggris 1 Class, entitled Bahasa

Inggris English for General Purposes book, is the highest compared to other monosyllabic words that contain diphthong [ɪə] that are found in the book. There are variations in how participants pronounce the word. Some of the participants pronounced the diphthong correctly, some others pronounce it incorrectly. There are 5 kinds of diphthong [ɪə] pronunciations produced by the chosen participants.

The summary of their pronunciation can be seen in the table below:

Table 10. Participants’ Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə]

Result No Intended Pronunciation Pronunciation F % 1. /hɪə(r)/ 17 68% 2. /heǝ(r)/ 1 4% 3. /hɪə(r)/ /hə(r)/ 4 16% 4. /hi:(r)/ 1 4% 5. /he(r)/ 2 8% Total 25 100% F= Frequency According to the table above, more than half of the total participants pronounced the diphthong [ɪə] correctly. The rest of the participants changed the

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diphthong into two kinds of speech sound types. The first is from diphthong to pure vowel. The supposed diphthong is switched into three different vowels. The second is from diphthong into another diphthong. The diphthong [ɪə] was switched to only one other diphthong. a. Diphthong to Vowel

1.) [ɪə] to [ə]

In this sound change, the diphthong [ɪǝ] is changed into vowel [ǝ]. This means that the diphthong is reduced into one single vowel. Thus, the sound changes that happen is the change from diphthong into vowel.

The change from diphthong [ɪə] to [ə] was pronounced a few times.

According to the data, there were 4 participants pronouncing the diphthong [ɪə] into vowel [ǝ] from the total of 25 participants. It can be concluded that the percentage of changed diphthong pronunciations from diphthong [ɪə] into vowel

[ǝ] is 16% of the total data that were taken.

2.) [ɪə] to [i:]

The second sound change is the sound change from diphthong [ɪǝ] to vowel [i:]. This also means that the initial two vowels that is originally a diphthong is pronounced into only one vowel. Therefore, the change that happens in the change from diphthong [ɪǝ] to vowel [i:] is included in diphthong to vowel sound change.

The sound change happened once. According to the data, there was only

1 participant pronunciation the change from the total 25 data examples taken from

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25 participants. The percentage of pronouncing is 4% from the total data that were taken.

3.) [ɪə] to [e]

The third sound change is the sound change of diphthong [ɪǝ] that is changed into vowel [e]. In this change, the diphthong was also changed into only one vowel. Thus, it is classified into diphthong to vowel sound change.

The frequency of pronunciation is lower than the first diphthong to vowel change but higher from the second change. The frequency of sound change from the diphthong [ɪə] into vowel [e] is 8% of the total data that was collected. It means that there were only 2 participants pronouncing the diphthong [ɪə] into vowel [e] from the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants. b. Diphthong to Diphthong

1.) [ɪə] to [eǝ]

In this sound change, the change that occurred is the change from diphthong [ɪǝ] to diphthong [eǝ]. One of the vowel in the diphthong is substituted by another vowel. The purposed diphthong was pronounced differently into another diphthong due to the different pronunciation in one of the vowels.

The frequency is low. There was only 1 participant pronouncing the diphthong [ɪə] into diphthong [eǝ] from the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants. The frequency percentage of pronouncing is 4% of the total data that were taken.

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2. Pronunciation of Diphthong [eə]

The word „their‟ is chosen as the data sample because the usage frequency in the printed book used in Bahasa Inggris 1 Class, entitled Bahasa

Inggris English for General Purposes book, is the highest compared to other monosyllabic words that contain diphthong [eə] that are found in the book. The pronunciation of the diphthong is varied too. Only a few of the participants pronounced it correctly. There are 8 kinds of diphthong [eə] pronunciations produced by the chosen participants. The summary of their pronunciation can be seen in the table below:

Table 11. Participants’ Pronunciation of Diphthong [eə]

Result No Intended Pronunciation Pronunciation F % 1. /ðeǝr/ 4 16% 2. /ndeɪrs/ 1 4% 3. /ndear/ 1 4% 4. /ðeǝ(r)/ /dɪǝrs/ 1 4% 5. /ðeɾ/ 5 20% 6. /ðɛ(r)/ 12 48% 7. /de:ɛr/ 1 4% Total 25 100% F= Frequency

The table above shows that almost all participants pronounced the diphthong incorrectly. There are only 4 participants who pronounced the diphthong in correct English pronunciation. The rest of the participants changed it to pure vowels or to diphthongs. There are 3 diphthong to vowel changes and 3 diphthong to diphthong changes.

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a. Diphthong to Vowel

1.) [eǝ] to [e]

The sound change that happened is the change of the sound from diphthong into a vowel. In this change, the diphthong [eǝ] is changed into vowel

[e]. Therefore it is included in diphthong to vowel change.

The frequency of pronunciation change from diphthong [eǝ] to vowel [e] is one per fifth of the total data. From the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants, there were 5 participants pronouncing the diphthong into [e]. The percentage of pronouncing is 20% of the total data that were taken.

2.) [eǝ] to [ɛ] The second is the sound change from diphthong [eǝ] into vowel [ɛ]. The diphthong that initially consisted of two vowels is only pronounced as a single vowel. Therefore, it is classified as diphthong to vowel sound change.

The frequency of pronunciation is quite high. There were 12 participants pronouncing diphthong [eǝ] to vowel [ɛ] from the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants. It is 48% of the total data that were taken.

3.) [eǝ] to [e:’ɛ]

The third diphthong to vowel sound change is the change of diphthong

[eǝ] to vowel [e] and [ɛ]. The change is included in diphthong to vowel sound change because both vowels are separated into two syllables forming [e:‟ɛ] as the substitution of the diphthong. Each vowel is in different syllable.

The phenomenon only happened once. From the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants, there was only 1 participant pronouncing the

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diphthong into [e:‟ɛ]. Thus can be concluded that the frequency percentage of pronouncing is 4% of the total data that were taken. b. Diphthong to Diphthong

1.) [eǝ] to [eɪ]

The first diphthong to diphthong change of dipththong [eǝ] is the change from diphthong [eǝ] into diphthong [eɪ]. One of the vowels in the diphthong is subtituted by another vowel. As the result, the sound of the diphthong changed.

The frequency shows that it occured in one single time. There was only 1 participant changing diphthong [eǝ] into diphthong [eɪ]. Thus, the percentage of pronouncing is 4% of the total data that were taken.

2.) [eǝ] to [ea]

The next sound change that occurs in the pronunciation of diphthong [eǝ] is the change from diphthong [eǝ] into diphthong [ea]. In sound change, one of the vowel in diphthong [eǝ] is substituted by another vowel that resulted in different diphthong pronunciation. It is classified into diphthong to diphthong sound change because the vowels in the original diphthong pronunciation is not reduced but only replaced by a different vowel.

The frequency of pronunciation is low. From the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants, there was only 1 participant pronouncing the diphthong into [ea]. The percentage of pronouncing is 4% of the total data that were taken.

3.) [eǝ] to [ɪǝ] In this sound change process, diphthong [eǝ] is changed into diphthong

[ɪǝ]. One of the vowels in original diphthong pronunciation is subtituted by

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another vowel. It is classified as diphthong to diphthong sound change because there is no vowel reduced and the sound that was produced by the participant is still consists of two vowel combined.

The frequency of this sound change is also low. There was only 1 participant pronouncing the diphthong [eǝ] into diphthong [ɪǝ] from the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants. The percentage of pronouncing is 4% of the total data that were taken.

3. Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ]

The word „make‟ is chosen as the data sample because the usage frequency in the printed book used in Bahasa Inggris 1 Class, entitled Bahasa

Inggris English for General Purposes book, is the highest compared to other monosyllabic words that contain diphthong [eɪ] that are found in the book. The pronunciation variety of the diphthong is also many. Only a few of the participants pronounced it correctly too. There are 2 kinds of diphthong [eə] pronunciation produced by the chosen participants. The summary of their pronunciation can be seen in the table below:

Table 12. Participants’ Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ]

Result No Intended Pronunciation Pronunciation F % 1. /meɪk/ 5 20% 2. /meɪk/ /mek/ 14 56% 3. /mɛk/ 6 24% Total 25 100% F= Frequency

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From the table above, it can be seen that almost all participants changes the diphthong‟s pronunciation. Only 5 participants pronounce the diphthong in correct English pronunciation. Unlike the other diphthongs that are examined, the participants change the diphthong [eɪ] into vowels only. a. Diphthong to Vowel

1.) [eɪ] to [e]

The first sound change that occurs in the pronunciation of diphthong [eɪ] is the change of diphthong [eɪ] to vowel [e]. One of the vowels in the original diphthong pronunciation [eɪ] is not pronounced. The process is classified as diphthong to vowel sound because there was only one vowel that is pronounced.

The frequency of sound change from diphthong [eɪ] to vowel [e] is high.

There were 14 participants pronouncing the diphthong into [e] from the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants. It can be concluded that the frequency percentage of pronouncing is 56% of the total data that were taken.

2.) [eɪ] to [ɛ]

The second sound change process is the change of diphthong [eɪ] to vowel [ɛ]. In this sound change process, the supposed diphthong sound is replaced by only a vowel. Therefore, this process is classified as diphthong to vowel sound change.

The frequency of pronunciation from diphthong [eɪ] to vowel [ɛ] is high.

From the total 25 data examples taken from 25 participants, there were 6 participants pronouncing the diphthong [eɪ] to vowel [ɛ]. The frequency percentage of pronouncing is 24% of the total data that were taken.

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B. Sound Changes Occuring in the Participants’ Pronunciation of

Diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]

This part of the discussion explains the sound changes that occur in participants‟ pronunciation of the diphthong according to their pronunciations that is already summarized in the previous part. There are 12 sound changes that are divided into 2 kinds of change. The first change is from diphthong to vowel. The second is the change from diphthong to diphthong.

There are 8 diphthong to vowel sound changes in all diphthong pronunciations. It distributed in each kind of diphthong with 3 types in diphthong

[ɪə], 3 types in diphthong [eə], and 2 types in diphthong [eɪ]. The frequency of participants is that 7 participants changed diphthong [ɪə], 18 participants changed diphthong [eə], and 20 participants changed diphthong [eɪ] to various vowel sounds.

There are 4 diphthong to diphthong sound changes found in participants‟ pronunciation. One change occurred in the pronunciation of diphthong [ɪə]. Three changes occurred in the pronunciation of diphthong [eə]. There is no diphthong to diphthong sound change occurred in the pronunciation of diphthong [eɪ]. The pronunciation frequency of the participants is 1 participant in the pronunciation of diphthong [ɪə] and 3 participants in the pronunciation of diphthong [eə].

1. Sound Changes in the Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪə]

As in the previous explanation, the participants pronounce the diphthong

[ɪǝ] in various sounds. The sounds are vowels [ǝ], [i:], [e], and diphthong [eǝ].

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The table below summarizes the sound changes that occur in the pronunciation of the diphthong [ɪǝ].

Table 13. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [ɪǝ]

No Sound Changed Phonological Process Vowel Deletion 1. [ɪǝ] [ə] Monophthongization Vowel Deletion Vowel Lowering 2. [ɪǝ]  [i:] Feature Changing Rule Monophthongization Vowel Deletion 3. [ɪǝ]  [e] Vowel Raising Monophthongization 4. [ɪǝ]  [eǝ] Vowel Lowering

As can be seen from the table above, the change from diphthong [ɪǝ] to

[i:] has the highest number of changes with four kind of possible sound changes occur. The second highest is the change from [ɪǝ] to [e] with three possible sound changes occur. The third highest is the change from diphthong [ɪǝ] to [ǝ] with 2 possible sound changes occur. The least is the change from diphthong [ɪǝ] to [eǝ] with only one possible sound change occurs. a. Diphthong to Vowel

1.) [ɪə] to [ə]

The intended pronunciation of the word here is /hɪǝ(r)/ while the pronunciation of the participants is /hǝ(r)/. In this pronunciation, the diphthong [ɪə]

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is reduced to vowel [ə]. The possible sound changes that occur in this pronunciation are vowel deletion or monophthongization.

In the vowel deletion process, the participants do not pronounce one of the vowels of the diphthong and pronounce only one vowel only. The first vowel

[ɪ] in the diphthong [ɪǝ] is omitted, and only vowel [ǝ] is pronounced. One sound segment in the diphthong is deleted.

The possible reason why vowel deletion occurs in this pronunciation is that participants adjust the sound according to their own knowledge of pronouncing which based in Javanese language pronunciation system. They tend to focus on the pronunciation of the letter „e‟. The vowel [ɪ] was omitted because there is no letter that is pronounced as [ɪ] in the spelling of the word „here‟. This is because the pronunciation of the letter „e‟ in the Javanese language is more consistent. For example of the English „e‟ letter pronunciation inconsistency is in the word „beef‟ and „beer‟. The word „beef‟ is pronounced as /bi:f/ while „beer‟ is

/bɪǝ(r)/. In Javanese language pronunciation, letter „e‟ is spelled as /e/, /ɛ/, or /ǝ/.

For example, „ben‟ and „yen‟ is pronounced as /ben/ and /jen/. Khansir in Khansir

(2015) explains that there is a mutual influence between alphabetic writing system and the phonological system of language in which pronunciation is occasionally affected by the way a word is spelled and spelling may gradually be modified in accordance with changes in the phonological system (p. 58- 59). This means that the spelling of a word does affect how someone pronounces a word.

The absence of diphthong [ɪǝ] in Javanese phonetics system also supports the possibility of sound change. Ur in Khansir (2015) states that the learner of a

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language will not form a particular sound that does not exist in his or her mother tongue and tend to substitute the nearest equivalent that he or she knows (p.60). It means that people tend to ease their pronunciation. Thus, they ease it by changing the unknown sound to the sound they are familiar with.

This sound change can also be included as a monophthongization process.

The monophthongization process is a change in vowel quality from a diphthong to a monophthong (Crystal, 2008, p. 311). In this process, the diphthong [ɪǝ] which consists of vowel [ɪ] and [ǝ] is reduced into one single vowel [ǝ].

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiceless glottal sound [h]. The process that can be drawn is that [ɪǝ] changes to [ǝ] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The explanation of the processes and notations can be seen below. a.) Vowel Deletion i.) Processes:

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

Deletion [ǝ] /hɪr/

Result /hɪr/ ii) Notation:

1. [ǝ]  Ø / V ___ C $ b.) Monophthongization i.) Processes:

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

Monophthongization /hɪr/

Result /hɪr/

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ii) Notation:

1. [ɪǝ]  [ɪ] / [-voiced][+glottal] _____ [+voiced][+liquid]$

2.) [ɪə] to [i:]

The diphthong [ɪǝ] is reduced into vowel [i:]. There are two kinds of processes. The first possible sound change process involves three phonological rules at the same time. These are vowel deletion, lowering and/or feature changing rules. The vowel [ǝ] in diphthong [ɪǝ] is omitted to become vowel [ɪ]. The vowel then lowered into [i:]. This means the feature of the vowel [ɪ] is changed from [- tense] to [+tense]. Another possible sound change process is monophthongization.

The deletion, lowering, and feature changing process occur at the same time.

The segment deletion of vowel [ǝ] here might be affected by the Participants‟ knowledge of the spelling of the sample word „here‟. In the basic spelling in

English that is commonly introduced at the beginning of English learning, letter „e‟ is pronounced and read as /i:/. Therefore, the participants adjusts the pronunciation with the basic knowledge they have.

In addition, the deletion of the vowel [ǝ] happens because of vowel [ɪ] features that almost the same with the following consonant [r]. Vowel [ɪ] has the features [+front] and [+high]. It means that the vowel is produced in the front part of the mouth cavity and by raising the tongue high. Consonant [r] that follows the vowel has the features [+alveolar] and [+coronal]. It means that the consonant is produced in the alveolar ridge, the area between teeth and palate, and by raising the tongue blade. The vowel [ǝ] has the feature of [±front] and [±high]. It means that the vowel is produced in the middle of part of the mouth cavity by neither

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raising nor lowering the tongue. It can be seen that vowel [ɪ] has almost familiar features than vowel [ǝ] to consonant [r]. The location and how to pronounce the sound is similar and it is easier to switch between sounds with similar features.

The vowel lowering and feature change process occur in the next step. They tend to lengthen the pronunciation of the remaining vowel [ɪ] so that they pronounce it as [i:]. The possible occurrence is that the participant may recognize it as a long vowel but fail to find how it sounds due to the diphthong [ɪǝ] non- existence in participants‟ basic pronunciation that based in Javanese phonetics system.

This sound change process is also classified as a monophthongization process. The phenomena that happen fit to the description of monophthongization where a diphthong becomes a pure vowel. In this sound change process, the diphthong [ɪǝ]‟s quantity is changed from two vowels into pure vowel [i:].

The change occurs before voiced liquid [r] and after voiceless glottal sound

[h]. The process that can be drawn is that [ɪǝ] changes to [ɪ] and then feature changed into [+tense] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The sound change processes and notations can be seen below. a.) Vowel Deletion and Feature Changing/ Lowering i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

1. Deletion [ǝ] /hɪr/

2a. Feature change [-tense]  [+tense] /hi:r/

2b. Vowel lowering [+high]  [-high] /hi:r/

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Result /hi:r/ ii.) Notation:

1. [ǝ]  Ø / V ___ C $

2a.[-tense]  [+tense] / [-voiced][+glottal] _____ [+voiced][+liquid] $

2b. [+high]  [-high] / [-voiced][+glottal] _____ [+voiced][+liquid] $ b.) Monophthongization i.) Processes:

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

Monophthongization /hi:r/

Result /hi:r/ ii) Notation:

1. [ɪǝ]  [i:] / [-voiced][glottal] ___ [+voiced][+liquid]$

3.) [ɪə] to [e]

The diphthong [ɪə] is reduced to vowel [e] in this sound change process.

There are two possible sound change processes. The first possible sound change involves two phonological rules that occur at the same time in this sound change.

These processes are vowel deletion and vowel raising. The vowel [ɪ] in diphthong

[ɪǝ] is omitted to become vowel [ǝ]. The vowel is then raised so that the vowel changes into [e]. The second sound change process is monophthongization. It happens when a diphthong which consists of two vowels is reduced into one single vowel.

In the vowel deletion, the vowel [ɪ] is omitted due to the spelling of the sample word „here‟ that has no spelling of [ɪ]. In the Javanese phonetic system,

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the spelling of „e‟ is more consistent, unlike English pronunciation. The letter „e‟ in Javanese is pronounced as [e], [ɛ], or [ǝ]. The example is the word „eman’ is pronounced as /eman/, „emas’ is pronounced /ǝmas/, „edi’ is pronounced /ɛdɪ]. In

English pronunciation, the letter „e‟ can be pronounced differently. The example is the word „eagle‟ is pronounced /iːɡl/ or „bee‟ that is pronounced /bi:/. The participants adjust their native pronunciation with the pronunciation knowledge they possess. The reduced vowel [ǝ] is then raised into vowel [e]. The vowel raising occurs because of the Participants‟ choice of how the letter „e‟ sound. It is either pronounced [e], [ɛ], or [ǝ].

This sound change process can also be classified as a monophthongization process. The process involves the change of a diphthong into a pure vowel. In this sound change process, the diphthong [ɪǝ] changes to pure vowel [e].

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiceless glottal sound [h]. The process that can be drawn is that [ɪǝ] changes to [ǝ] and then raised to [e] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The processes and the notations can be seen below. a.) Vowel Deletion and Vowel Raising i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

1. Deletion [ɪ] /hǝr/

2. Vowel Raising /her/

Result /her/

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ii.) Notation:

1. [ɪ]  Ø / V ___ C $

2. [±high] [+high] / [-voiced][+glottal] ___ [+voiced][+liquid] $ b.) Monophthongization i.) Processes:

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

Monophthongization /her/

Result /her/ ii) Notation:

1. [ɪǝ]  [e] / [-voiced][+glottal] ___ [+voiced][+liquid]$ b. Diphthong to Diphthong

1.) [ɪə] to [eǝ]

The diphthong [ɪǝ] is changed into diphthong [eǝ]. In this sound change, the sound change that occurs is the vowel lowering of one of two vowels in diphthong [ɪə]. The first vowel [ɪ] is lowered to vowel [e].

There are similar features of the first vowels in the diphthong of correct

English pronunciation and how the participant pronounces. Both vowels belong to the same classes. The first class is [+front] vowel. [ɪ] and [e] are produced in the front part of the mouth. It means that both of the vowels are also [-round].

The differences between these two vowels are the position and the tense/lax feature. The position of vowel [e] is lower than the vowel [ɪ]. The tongue when producing vowel [e] is lower than when producing vowel [ɪ]. Furthermore,

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vowel [e] has [+tense] feature as the opposite of vowel [ɪ] that has [-tense] feature.

It means that vowel [e] is pronounced longer (tense) than vowel [ɪ].

The possible reason for the vowel raising of the first vowel in diphthong

[ɪǝ] is that the spelling. The participant focuses on the spelling of the word rather than how it really sounds. As the finding that is found in the explanation of diphthong to vowel sound changes, there is no letter that is spelled as [i:] or [ɪ] in the sample word „here‟ according to Javanese phonetics system. The letter „e‟ in

Javanese language pronunciation is pronounced either [e], [ɛ], or [ǝ].

In this case, the participant does not affected by the basic spelling of „e‟ as [i:] as found in the previous discussion, but rather to pronounce it according to

Javanese language pronunciation. Bose in Khansir (2015) states that the most error in the pronunciation is caused by to the interference of the mother tongue in which the learners of the language use the sounds of their mother tongue instead of the sound of the target language (p.60). The pronunciation of the word in

Javanese language pronunciation is easier for them because it is their mother tongue. Thus, the participant adjusts to the native language pronunciation system to ease the pronunciation.

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiceless glottal sound [h]. The process that can be drawn is that [ɪǝ] changes to [eǝ] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The processes and the notation can be seen below.

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a.) Vowel Lowering i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /hɪǝr/

Vowel lowering /heǝr/

Result /heǝr/ ii.) Notation

1. [+high]  [-high] / C __ V $

2. Sound Changes in the Pronunciation of Diphthong [eə]

As in the previous explanation, the participant pronounced the diphthong

[eǝ] in various sounds. The sounds are vowels [e], [ɛ], [e:ɛ] and diphthong [eɪ],

[ɪǝ], [ea]. The table below summarizes the sound changes that occur in the pronunciation of the diphthong [eə].

Table 14. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [eǝ]

No Sound Changed Phonological Process

Vowel Deletion 1. [eə] [e] Monophthongization

Vowel Deletion

Vowel Lowering 2. [eə]  [ɛ] Assimilation

Monophthongization

Vowel Deletion 3. [eə]  [e:ɛ] Vowel Insertion

4. [eə]  [eɪ] Vowel Raising

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No Sound Changed Phonological Process

5. [eə]  [ea] Vowel Lowering

6. [eə]  [ɪǝ] Vowel Raising

As can be seen from the table above, the change from diphthong [eə] to

[ɛ] has the highest number of changes with four kind of possible sound changes occur. The second highest is the change from [eə] to [e] and [eə] to [e:ɛ]with two possible sound changes occur. The third highest is the change from diphthong [eə] to[eɪ], [ɪǝ], and [ea] with one possible sound change process occur. a. Diphthong to Vowel

1.) [eə] to [e]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /ðeǝ(r)/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /ðe(r)/. It can be seen that the diphthong [eǝ] is reduced to vowel [e] in this sound change process. The possible sound change processes that occur are vowel deletion and monophthongization.

The vowel deletion happens when one segment of the pronunciation is not pronounced. In this sound change, the vowel [ǝ] is omitted and only vowel [e] is pronounced. The diphthong [eǝ] in the sample word „their‟ is represented by letter „e‟ and „i‟. It consists of a vowel that follows another vowel. In the Javanese language there is rarely found a word that contains a vowel that follows another vowel. Due to the rarity of the double vowel lettering in Javanese words, the participants adjust their pronunciation by only pronouncing the first vowel. This phenomenon happened because of diphthong [eǝ] non-existence in the Javanese

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language pronunciation system so that the participant failed to pronounce the diphthong in correct pronunciation.

The deletion of the vowel [ǝ] in the diphthong [eǝ] is also influenced by the features of the vowel [e] that is likely more similar to the following consonant

[r]. The similarity of the sounds eases how the word is pronounced. In this pronunciation, the liquid [r] is an alveolar consonant which is produced in the alveolar ridge in the front part of the mouth. [r] has feature [+coronal] which means that it produced by raising the tongue. The vowel [e] is [+front] which means it is pronounced in front of the mouth and it is [+high] which means that it is produced by raising the tongue high. It has a more similar feature to [r] rather than the vowel [ǝ]. In the other side, the vowel [ǝ] is in the [±front] and [±high]. It is produced in the middle part of the mouth. As a result, the diphthong [eǝ] changed into [e] before liquid [r] because the place of articulation is more similar.

This sound change process can be classified into monophthongization process. This sound change process occurs when a diphthong is changed into a pure vowel. In this sound change, the diphthong [eǝ] is changed into pure vowel

[e].

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiced interdental sound [ð]. The process that can be drawn is that vowel [ǝ] in diphthong

[eǝ] is reduced and only pronounced as the vowel [e] in the environment after voiced interdental and before voiced liquid. The processes and the notations are provided below.

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a.) Vowel Deletion i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

Vowel deletion [e] /ðe(r)/

Result /ðe(r)/ ii.) Notation

1. [ǝ]  Ø / V __ C $ b.) Monophthongization i.)Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

Monophthongization /ðe(r)/

Result /ðe(r)/ ii) Notation:

1. [eǝ] [e] / [+voiced][+interdental] ___ [+voiced][+consonant]$

2.) [eə] to [ɛ]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /ðeǝ(r)/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /ðɛ(r)/. The diphthong [eǝ] is reduced to vowel [ɛ] in this sound change process. There are two possible sound change processes that occur. The first process involves three kinds of sound change processes. These are deletion, lowering, and assimilation. In this sound change the vowel [ǝ] is omitted to be pronounced to vowel [e] and then it lowered into [ɛ]. The second process is the monophthongization.

The first process starts with vowel deletion. The deletion might occur because the participant focused more on the lettering again as it is found in the

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previous explanations. The diphthong [eə] in the word „their‟ is represented by the double vowel letter „ei‟. In Javanese language, double vowel lettering within a word is rarely found, especially the letter „ei‟. Due to the condition, the participants adjust the pronunciation to the sound that more familiar by pronouncing the supposed diphthong sound [eǝ] into a pure vowel sound [e] by looking to the first letter of the diphthong letter representation in the monosyllabic word sample „their‟ which is „e‟. The letter „e‟ in Javanese language pronunciation is pronounced either [e], [ɛ], or [ǝ].

The reduction to the vowel [e] rather to [ǝ] occurs because it assimilates with the following consonant [r] feature. Vowel [e] has the features [+front] and

[+high] which means it is produced in the front part of the mouth by raising the tongue. Consonant [r] is [+alveolar] consonant which means that it is produced in the alveolar ridge. It has [+coronal] feature also which means that it is produced by raising the tongue. In comparison, [ǝ] has the features [±front] and [±high] which means it is produced in the middle part of the mouth cavity and the tongue position is neither high nor low.

The next step is the lowering from vowel [e] into vowel [ɛ]. Lowering is vowel change that occurs by depressing the tongue from [+high] to [-high]. Vowel

[e] has the feature [+high] while [ɛ] is [-high].This phenomenon occurs because of

Participants‟ failure to know the right sound so that they chose the sound based on their native language which is Javanese. In Javanese „e‟ is pronounced [e], [ɛ] or

[ǝ]. The easier pronunciation for the participant is [e] and [ɛ] rather than [ǝ] because vowel [e] and [ɛ] are produced in the front part of the mouth, similar with

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following consonant [r] which produced in the alveolar ridge. Thus, the variation of [ɛ] occurs because of this adjustment.

The second possible process is monophthongization. The process is changing the diphthong into a pure vowel. In this sound change [eǝ] is changed into pure vowel [ǝ].

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiced interdental sound [ð]. The process that can be drawn is that vowel [ǝ] in diphthong

[eǝ] is reduced and only pronounced as the vowel [e] in the environment after voiced interdental and before voiced liquid. The processes and notations are explained below. a.) Vowel Deletion and Vowel Lowering i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

1. Vowel deletion [e] /ðe(r)/

2. Vowel lowering /ðɛ(r)/

Result /ðɛ(r)/ ii.) Notation

1. [ǝ]  Ø / V __ C $

2. [±high]  [-high] / [+voiced][+interdental] ___ [+voiced][+liquid]$ b.) Monophthongization i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

Monophthongization /ðɛ(r)/

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Result /ðɛ(r)/ ii) Notation:

1. [eǝ] [ɛ] / [+voiced][+interdental] ___ [+voiced][+liquid]$

3.) [eə] to [e:’ɛ]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /ðeǝ(r)/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /de:e(r)/. There are two processes happen which are vowel deletion and insertion. In this sound change process, the diphthong [eǝ] is reduced into vowel [e] and then one vowel is inserted as the substitution of the deleted vowel. It is not glided as a vowel as it should be but separated forming a new syllable.

The deletion process of vowel [ǝ] is caused because of the double lettering in the sample word „their‟. The letters that represent the diphthong [eǝ] are the vowels „ei‟. In the other side, the Javanese word with double lettering is rarely found especially the combination of „ei‟. Therefore, the speakers adjust their pronunciation with the similar sound that they know.

In addition, Javanese language pronunciation is more consistent rather than English pronunciation. The letter „e‟ in Javanese is pronounced as [e], [ɛ], or

[ǝ] such as in the word rene /rɛnɛ/, kowe /kowe/, and edol /ǝdol/. The letter „i‟ in

Javanese is pronounced as [i] or [ɪ] as in iki /i:ki/ and arit /aɾɪt/.

Another factor is that the pronunciation of diphthong [eǝ] in the word their /ðeǝ(r)/ is reduced into vowel [e] because of vowel [e]‟s similiar feature with following consonant „r‟. Vowel [e] has the features [+front] and [+high] which means that it is produced in the front part of mouth and by raising high the tongue.

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Consonant [r] has the features [+alveolar] and [+coronal] which means it is produced in alveolar ridge by raising the tongue. The vowel [ǝ] has the features

[±front] and [±high] which means it is produced in the middle part of the mouth and by raising the tongue neither high nor low. Therefore the participant can pronounce [e] then [r] easier than [ǝ] to [r].

The second process is insertion. The vowel [ɛ] is inserted between [e] and [r] and separated as another syllable. The participant pronounced the word

„their‟ as „the‟ and „ir‟.The first syllable is pronounced as [de:] and the second is

[ɛr].

As explained in the related theory, a syllable is a unit of speech that minimally consists of one vowel and maximally of one vowel preceded by a consonant or consonant cluster and followed by a consonant or consonant cluster(Richard & Smith, 2011, p. 578). The structure of a syllable consists of onset and rime (nucleus and coda), In this sound change process, the two syllables are divided into /de:/ and /ɛr/ sound.

Figure 1. First Syllable /de:/ Structure in the Sound Change of Diphthong [eǝ] to [e:ɛ] in the word ‘Their’ σ

onset rime

nucleus coda

Participant pronunciation /d/ /e:/ - Letters representation TH E -

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The figure above shows the structure of the first syllable /de:/ in the participants‟ pronunciation of the word „their‟. On the figure above, the syllable only consists of onset and nucleus. There is no coda inside of the first syllable.

Figure 2. Second Syllable /ɛr/ Structure in the Sound Change of Diphthong [eǝ] to [e:ɛ] in the Word ‘Their’ σ

onset rime

nucleus coda

Participant pronunciation - /ɛ/ /r/

Letter representation - I R

The figure above shows the structure of the first syllable /ɛ(r)/ in the participants‟ pronunciation of the word „their‟. On the figure above, the syllable only consists of a nucleus and coda. There is no onset inside of the first syllable.

In many languages, including English, one or more of the syllables in every content word (i.e., every word except for function words like to, the, a, of) are stressed (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011, p. 297). In the word „their‟ pronunciation, the participant also applied stress to mark one syllable from the other one. The stress is placed in the first syllable for it is more prominent than the second syllable.

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can be drawn is that vowel [ǝ] in diphthong [eǝ] is reduced and only pronounced as the vowel [e] in the environment after voiced interdental and before voiced liquid. The processes and notations that summarize the changes can be seen below. The figure above shows the structure of the first syllable /ɛ(r)/ in the participants‟ pronunciation of the word „their‟. On the figure above, the syllable only consists of a nucleus and coda. There is no onset inside of the first syllable.

To summarize there are two processes that occur which are deletion and insertion that comes together with syllable splitting. The processes happen after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiced interdental sound [ð]. The process that can be drawn is that vowel [ǝ] in diphthong [eǝ] is reduced and only pronounced as the vowel [e] in the environment after voiced interdental and before voiced liquid. The processes and notations that summarize the changes can be seen below. a.) Vowel Deletion and Vowel Insertion i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

1. Vowel deletion [ǝ] /ðe(r)/

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2. Vowel insertion /ðe:ɛ(r)/

Result /ðe:’ɛ(r)/ ii.) Notation

1. [ǝ]  Ø / V ___ C $ 2. Ø  [ɛ] / V ___ C $ b. Diphthong to Diphthong

1.) [eə] to [eɪ]

In this sound change process, the diphthong [eǝ] is pronounced [eɪ]. The second vowel is being raised from [ǝ] to [i]. Therefore, the vowel raising is the sound process that occurs in this pronunciation.

The possible reason for the vowel raising of the second vowel in diphthong [eǝ] is that the spelling. The participant focused on the pronunciation of the letter „ei‟ as how it is sound in Javanese language pronunciation. The pronunciation of sounds in the Javanese language is more consistent compared to the pronunciation in the English language. In Javanese language, letter „e‟ is pronounced into [e], [ɛ], or [ǝ] and the letter „i‟ is pronounced into [i] or [ɪ] as in the previous finding. All the letters inside of the word in Javanese language pronunciation are usually pronounced clear. Therefore, the participant adjusts to the native language pronunciation system to ease the pronunciation.

Moreover, the vowel [i] has a similar feature with the consonant [r] that follows the supposed diphthong. Vowel [i] has the features [+front] and [+high] which means that it is produced in the front part of the mouth cavity and by raising the tongue high. The consonant [r] has the features [+alveolar] and

[+coronal] which means that it is produced in alveolar ridge, the area behind the

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teeth, and by raising the tongue. The vowel [ǝ] has the feature of [±front] and

[±high]. It means that it is produced in the middle part of the mouth cavity by neither raising nor lowering the tongue. Thus, it is easier for the participant to pronounce if from [i] to [r] rather from [ǝ] to [r] due to its similarities.

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiceless glottal sound [h]. The process that can be drawn is that [eǝ] changes to [eɪ] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The processes and notations can be seen below. a.) Vowel Raising i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

Vowel raising /ðeɪ(r)/

Result /ðeɪ(r)/ ii.) Notation

1. [-high]  [+high] / V ___ C $

2.) [eə] to [ea]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /ðeǝ(r)/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /ndea(r)/. It can be seen that the diphthong [eǝ] is switched to diphthong [ea] in this sound change process. The process that occurs is the vowel lowering in which a vowel change by lowering the tongue. In this sound change, the vowel [ǝ] is changed into vowel [a].

The possible reason for the sound change is lettering. The representation of the diphthong is the letter „ei‟ in the sample word „their‟. In the basic spelling

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in English that is commonly introduced at the beginning of English learning, letter

„i‟ is pronounced and read as /aɪ/. Therefore, the participants adjust the pronunciation with the basic knowledge they have by pronouncing the letter „ǝ‟ as

/a/ by only adopting the first sound of how the letter „i‟ is spelled in English. This phenomenon occurred because the absent on diphthong [eǝ] itself in Javanese language pronunciation.

The change occurs after before voiced liquid [r] and after voiceless glottal sound [h]. The process that can be drawn is that [eǝ] changes to [ea] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The processes and notations can be seen below. a.) Vowel Lowering i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

Vowel lowering /ðea(r)/

Result /ðea(r)/ ii.) Notation

1. [+high]  [-high] / V __ C $

3.) [eə] to [ɪǝ]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /ðeǝ(r)/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /dɪǝ(r)/. It can be seen that the diphthong [eǝ] is switched to diphthong [ɪǝ] in this sound change process. The process that occurs is the vowel raising in which a vowel change by elevating the tongue. In this sound change, the vowel [e] is changed into vowel [ɪ].

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The possible reason of vowel raising is that the participant focuses on the spelling of „e‟ in the sample word „their‟. The diphthong representation letter inside of the word is represented by the letter „ei‟. In the basic spelling in English that is commonly introduced at the beginning of English learning, letter „e‟ is pronounced and read as /i:/. Therefore, the participants adjust the pronunciation with the basic knowledge they have by pronouncing the letter „e‟ as /ɪ/. This phenomenon happens because of diphthong [eǝ] non-existence in Javanese language pronunciation.

Another reason is that the vowel [ɪ] has a similar phonetic feature of consonant [d] rather than the vowel [e] of the correct diphthong pronunciation [eǝ].

Vowel [ɪ] has the feature of [+high] which means that it is produced by lifting the tongue high; while to vowel [ɪ], vowel [e]‟s features are [-high] that means the tongue is raised but it is lower. Consonant [d] is a [+alveolar] and [+coronal] which means that it is produced in the alveolar ridge, the area behind the teeth, and produced by raising the tongue blade. The feature of [+high] in vowel [ɪ] is similar with the feature of [+coronal] in vowel [r] so that the participant adjust the pronunciation and switching the supposed diphthong sound into [ɪǝ] rather than

[eǝ].

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a.) Vowel Raising i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /ðeǝ(r)/

Vowel raising /ðɪǝ(r)/

Result /ðɪǝ(r)/ ii.) Notation

1. [-high]  {+high} / C ___ V $

3. Sound Changes in the Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ]

As in the previous explanation, the participant pronounced the diphthong

[eɪ] to two vowels. The vowels are [e] and [ɛ]. The table that is provided below is summarizing the sound changes that occur in the pronunciation of the diphthong

[eɪ].

Table 15. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [eɪ]

No Sound Changed Phonological Process

Vowel Deletion 1. [eɪ] [e] Monophthongization

Vowel Deletion

2. [eɪ]  [ɛ] Vowel Lowering

Monophthongization

As can be seen from the table above, the change from diphthong [eɪ] to

[ɛ] has the highest number of changes with three kind of possible sound changes occur. The change from diphthong [eɪ] to [e] has the fewer number of changes with only two possible sound changes process occur.

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a. Diphthong to Vowel

1.) [eɪ] to [e]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /meɪk/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /mek/. The process that happens is vowel deletion.

In this sound change process, the diphthong [eɪ] is reduced into vowel [e].

The deletion might occur due to the word sample spelling. In the word

„make‟. In this sound change process, the deletion occurs to the second vowel of diphthong [eɪ]. The possible reason for the vowel deletion is that the lettering of the sample word „make‟. The diphthong is represented by the letter „a‟ in the word.

One of the ways to introduce English at the very beginning is by introducing the spelling of ABCD etc.

The diphthong is represented by the letter „a‟ in the word. The spelling of the letter a is /ei/. However the participants did not recognize the diphthong there because there is only one vowel presented. In Javanese pronunciation system, the combination of the sound /ei/ is not exist The participants then change the unknown sound into sound that is more familiar with them by choosing only one vowel from the spelling of the letter „a‟ which is the sound [e].

This process can also be included as monophthongization sound change process. This process occurs when a diphthong‟s quality is changed into a pure vowel. In this sound change process, the diphthong [eɪ] changed its quality from a sound that consists of two vowels into a sound that only consists of one vowel which is [e].

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The changes occur after before voiced bilabial nasal sound [m] and after voiceless velar sound [k]. The process that can be drawn is that [eɪ] changes to [e] in the environment after voiceless glottal sound before voiced liquid. The processes and notations can be seen below. a.) Vowel Deletion i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /meɪk/

Vowel deletion [ɪ] /mek/

Result /mek/ ii.) Notation

1. [ɪ]  Ø / V ___ C $ b.) Monophthongization i.)Processes

Correct pronunciation /meɪk/

Monophthongization /mek/

Result /mek/ ii) Notation:

1. [eɪ] [e] / [+bilabial][+nasal][- voiced] ___ [+voiced][+velar]$

2.) [eɪ] to [ɛ]

The intended pronunciation of the sample word is /meɪk/ while the

Participants‟ pronunciation is /mɛk/. There are two possible sound changes. The first process involves two sound change processes which are deletion and lowering. In this sound change process, the diphthong [eɪ] is reduced into vowel

[ɛ]. The second process is the monophthongization.

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In this sound change process, the deletion occurs to the second vowel of diphthong [eɪ]. The possible reason for the vowel deletion is also the same with the previous sound change. One of the ways to introduce English to the learners is by introducing the spelling. The letter „a‟ is spelled as /ei/. However, in the

Javanese pronunciation system the sound /ei/ is not exist. The participants then adjusted the pronunciation with the knowledge to the familiar sound that they know by having the first sound of the spelling as the reference and omitting the second sound because the /ei/ sound combination is not exist in their mother tongue.

The remaining vowel [e] then lowered into [ɛ]. This is the variation of „e‟ pronunciation that is found in Javanese language pronunciation. Vowel [e] and [ɛ] belong to the same class which is [+front]. It means that both vowels are pronounced in the front part of the mouth cavity. Both vowels also share [±high] feature. It means that vowel [e] and vowel [ɛ] are produced by raising the tongue.

The changes occur after before voiced bilabial nasal sound [m] and after voiceless velar sound [k]. The process that can be drawn is that [eɪ] changes to [e] in the environment after voiceless velar sound before voiced liquid. The processes and notations can be seen below.

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a.) Vowel Deletion i.) Processes

Correct pronunciation /meɪk/

1. Vowel deletion [ɪ] /mek/

2. Lowering [e] /mɛk/

Result /mɛk/ ii.) Notation

1. [ɪ]  Ø / V ___ C $

2. [+high]  [-high]  [-voiced][+bilabial][+nasal] ____ [+voiced]

[+velar]$ b.) Monophthongization i.)Processes

Correct pronunciation /meɪk/

Monophthongization /mɛk/

Result /mɛk/ ii) Notation:

1. [eɪ] [ɛ] / [+bilabial][+nasal][-voiced] ___ [+voiced][+velar]$

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The pronunciation of the diphthongs in monosyllabic English words that contain diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ] by the participants from Bahasa Inggris 1

Class has been discussed in chapter IV. The discussion also involves the rules, processes and the possible factors that influence their pronunciations. The diphthongs used in the research are diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ].

There are two findings in the analysis of the previous chapter discussing of how native Javanese students of Bahasa Inggris 1 class or the participants pronounce the diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ]. The first finding is that the pronunciation of English diphthongs [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ] in monosyllabic words spoken by Native Javanese Bahasa Inggris 1 students are changed. The pronunciation changes of the diphthongs are divided into two kinds of change.

The first is the change from diphthong to vowel sounds. The second is the change from diphthong to other diphthongs. Diphthong [ɪǝ] changed into vowels /ə/, /i:/,

/e/, and diphthong /eǝ/. Diphthong [eǝ] changed into vowels [e], [ɛ], [e:ɛ], and diphthongs [eɪ], [ɪǝ], [ea]. Diphthong [eɪ] changed into vowels [e] and [ɛ].

The second finding is that the diphthong [eǝ] has the highest frequency of incorrect pronunciation with 84% participants changing the diphthong sound while the correct pronunciation frequency is 16% from a total of 25 people. The second highest percentage of incorrect pronunciation is Participants‟ pronunciation of diphthong [eɪ]. 80% of participants change the diphthong [eǝ]

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while 20% from 25 participants pronounced the correct pronunciation. The participants‟ diphthong [eɪ] pronunciation has the fewest number of incorrect pronunciations with only 32% of participants changed the sound of diphthong [ɪǝ] while the remaining 68% pronounced the correct pronunciation.

The third finding is that the tendency to change the sound of the diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ] is high. It is shown by the high number of the sound changes found. There are 49 pronunciations with changed diphthongs. It is 65,3% of the total of 75 data.

The fourth finding is that there are 7 phonological processes occur in the sound change process of diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ]. These are vowel deletion, monophthongization, vowel lowering, vowel raising, assimilation, insertion, and feature changing rule. The sound change that often happens in the pronunciation of diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ] in monosyllabic English words is vowel deletion.

Deletion, monophthongization, and vowel lowering appear in the pronunciation of all diphthongs. Vowel raising occurs in the pronunciation of diphthong [ɪǝ] and

[eǝ]. Assimilation and insertion occur in the pronunciation of diphthong [eǝ].

Feature changing rule occurs in the pronunciation of [ɪǝ]. The conclusion is that the tendency to spell, letter spelling difference between English and Javanese language, and diphthong [ɪǝ], [eǝ], and [eɪ] absence in Javanese language pronunciation affect the pronunciation of the diphthongs.

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REFERENCES

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Research Instrument

KUESIONER PENELITIAN LINGUISTIK

Deskripsi: Instrumen penelitian ini merupakan dari penelitian skripsi yang berjudul “The Sound Changes of English Diphthongs [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]In Monosyllabic Words By Native Javanese Bahasa Inggris 1 Students” (Perubahan Bunyi Diftong Bahasa Inggris[ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]dalam Kata-kata Bersilabel Satu oleh Mahasiswa-mahasiswa Penutur Asli Bahasa Jawa di Kelas Bahasa Inggris 1) oleh Ayu Nindya Harwadi / 154214134. Kuesioner ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengucapan beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang terdiri dari satu silabel dan memuat bunyi diftong [ɪə], [eə], [eɪ]oleh partisipan dan mengobservasi latar belakang partisipan tersebut. Hasil kuesioner akan digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan di dalam penelitian yaitu bagaimana partisipan mengucapkan diftong Bahasa Inggris dalam kata bahasa Inggris satu silabel dan perubahan suara apa saja yang terjadi dalam pengucapan tersebut.

Instruksi: A. Ucapkan kalimat di bawah ini sebanyak satu kali yang akan direkam oleh peneliti 1. My mother and father are both teacher here in Italy, and I was always very interested in watching any TV programmes about teaching and education.

2. Since ancient times, people have used public speaking to deliver their ideas and influence others.

3. I found this very enjoyable and rewarding as I often helped groups of less able children with specific tasks and found it very satisfying to see them begin to make progress.

B. Pilihlah opsi di bawah ini dengan memberi tanda silang (X) dan isilah titik titik sesuai dengan pernyataan yang benar. 1. Bahasa pertama yang saya pelajari sewaktu kecil (bahasa ibu) adalah bahasa Jawa a. ya b. tidak

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2. Bahasa keseharian saya adalah bahasa Jawa a. ya b. tidak 3. Saya .... berbicara Bahasa Jawa a. pasif b. aktif selama .... jam/ minggu 4. Menurut saya kemampuan Bahasa Jawa saya ... a. kurang b.cukup c.baik d.sangat baik 5. Saya sedang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris baik dalam lingkup formal maupun non-formal a. ya b. tidak jika ya saya belajar Bahasa Inggris di ...... (boleh sebutkan lebih dari 1) 8. Menurut saya kemampuan Bahasa Inggris saya ... a. kurang b.cukup c.baik d.sangat baik 7. Saya belajar bahasa Inggris ... a. listening (mendengarkan) .... jam/ minggu b. speaking (berbicara) .... jam/ minggu c. reading (membaca) .... jam/ minggu 8. Saya .... berbicara Bahasa Inggris. a. pasif b. aktif 9. Nilai terakhir Bahasa Inggris saya sebelum masuk universitas adalah ... a. 30-50 b.60-80 c.90-100 10. Saya tahu apa itu diftong dan bagaimana diftong berbunyi. a. ya b. tidak

Terimakasih telah berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Silahkan memberikan tanda tangan pada kolom yang disediakan yang menyatakan bahwa Anda setuju berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini.

Partisipan Peneliti

(...... ) (...... )

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Appendix 2. Pronunciation of Diphthong [ɪǝ]

PARTICIPANTS‟ DIPHTHONG [ɪə] PRONUNCIATION IN WORD „HERE‟

No Participants‟ Code Participants‟ Pronunciation 1. P1A /hə(r)/ 2. P2A /hər/ 3. P3A /hɪǝ(r)/ 4. P4A /hɪǝ(r)/ 5. P5A /hə(r)/ 6. P6A /hi:(r)/ 7. P7A /he(r)/ 8. P8A /hɪǝ(r)/ 9. P9A /hɪǝr/ 10. P10A /hɪǝ(r)/ 11. P11A /hɪǝ(r)/ 12. P12A /he(r)/ 13. P13A /hɪǝ(r)/ 14. P14A /heǝ(r)/ 15. P15A /hǝrs/ 16. P16A /he(r)/ 17. P17A /hɪǝɾ/ 18. P18A /hɪǝ(r)/ 19. P19A /hɪǝ(r)/ 20. P20A /hɪǝ(r)/ 21. P21A /hɪǝ(r)/ 22. P22A /hɪǝ(r)/ 23. P23A /hɪǝr/ 24. P24A /hɪǝ(r)/ 25. P25A /hɪǝ(r)/

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Appendix 3. Pronunciation of Diphthong [eǝ]

PARTICIPANTS‟ DIPHTHONG [eə] PRONUNCIATION IN WORD „THEIR‟

No Participants‟ Code Participants‟ Pronunciation 1. P1B /ðeɾ/ 2. P2B /nder/ 3. P3B /ðer/ 4. P4B /ðeǝr/ 5. P5B /ndɛ(r)/ 6. P6B /ðɛ(r)/ 7. P7B /de:er/ 8. P8B /ðeǝ(r)/ 9. P9B /ðɛ(r)/ 10. P10B /ðeǝ(r)/ 11. P11B /ðɛ(r)/ 12. P12B /ndeɑr/ 13. P13B /tɛ(r)/ 14. P14B /dɪǝrs/ 15. P15B /dɛr/ 16. P16B /ðɛ(r)/ 17. P17B /dɛr/ 18. P18B /ndɛr/ 19. P19B /de:/ 20. P20B /nder/ 21. P21B /ndeɪrs/ 22. P22B /ðɛr/ 23. P23B /ðɛr/ 24. P24B /dɛ(r)/ 25. P25B /ndeǝr/

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Appendix 4. Pronunciation of Diphthong [eɪ]

PARTICIPANTS‟ DIPHTHONG [eɪ] PRONUNCIATION IN WORD „MAKE‟

No Participants‟ Code Participants‟ Pronunciation 1. P1C /mɛk/ 2. P2C /mek/ 3. P3C /meɪk/ 4. P4C /mek/ 5. P5C /mɛk/ 6. P6C /mek/ 7. P7C /meɪsk/ 8. P8C /meɪk/ 9. P9C /mɛk/ 10. P10C /mek/ 11. P11C /mek/ 12. P12C /mɛk/ 13. P13C /mek/ 14. P14C /mek/ 15. P15C /meɪk/ 16. P16C /mɛk/ 17. P17C /mek/ 18. P18C /mɛk/ 19. P19C /mek/ 20. P20C /mek/ 21. P21C /meɪk/ 22. P22C /mek/ 23. P23C /mek/ 24. P24C /mek/ 25. P25C /mek/

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Appendix 5. General Result of Participants’ Diphthong Pronunciation

Results No Diphthong Changed Not Changed F % F %

1. [ɪə] 8 32% 17 68%

2. [eə] 21 84% 4 16%

3. [eɪ] 20 80% 5 20%

Total 49 65,3% 26 34,7%

F= Frequency

Appendix 6. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [ɪǝ]

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Appendix 7. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [eǝ]

No Sound Changed Phonological Process

Vowel Deletion 1. [eə] [e] Monophthongization

Vowel Deletion

Vowel Lowering 2. [eə]  [ɛ] Assimilation

Monophthongization

Vowel Deletion 3. [eə]  [e:ɛ] Vowel Insertion

4. [eə]  [eɪ] Vowel Raising

5. [eə]  [ɪǝ] Vowel Raising

6. [eə]  [ea] Vowel Raising

Appendix 8. Summary of Phonological Process of Diphthong [eɪ]

No Sound Changed Phonological Process

Vowel Deletion 1. [eɪ] [e] Monophthongization

Vowel Deletion

2. [eɪ]  [ɛ] Vowel Lowering

Monophthongization

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Appendix 9. The Questionnare Data Summary

Javanese Javanese as Javanese Speaker Frequency English Speaker Frequency (hrs/week) Participants as Mothertongue Daily Language Active Passive (hrs/week) Active Passive Listening Speaking Reading P1 Yes Yes v - 12 - v 3 0,25 3 P2 Yes Yes v - 90 - v 1 1 1 P3 Yes Yes v - 8 - v 6 0 0 P4 Yes Yes v - 6 - v 6 0 0 P5 Yes Yes v - 12 - v 3 1 2 P6 Yes Yes v - 90 - v 1 1 1 P7 Yes Yes v - 24 - v 1 1 1 P8 Yes Yes v - 12 - v 3 1 1 P9 Yes Yes v - 24 - v 3 1 2 P10 Yes Yes v - 168 - v 3 3 3 P11 Yes Yes v - 90 - v 2 0 0 P12 Yes Yes v - 5 - v 0 0 4 P13 Yes Yes v - 90 - v 0 0 0 P14 Yes Yes v - 14 - v 1 0 0 P15 Yes Yes v - 90 - v 4 4 4 P16 Yes Yes v - 150 - v 0 3 0

P17 Yes Yes v - 100 - v 1 1 1

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Participants Javanese Javanese as Javanese Speaker Frequency English Speaker Frequency (hrs/week) as Mothertongue Daily Language Active Passive (hrs/week) Active Passive Listening Speaking Reading

P19 Yes Yes v - 24 - v 2 0 0 P20 Yes Yes v - 68 - v 7 10 3 P21 Yes Yes v - 90 - v 0 0 0 P23 Yes Yes v - 49 - v 0 3 0 P24 Yes Yes v - 84 - v 10 5 3 P25 Yes Yes v - 20 - v 10 5 3

Average hrs/week 57,76 Average hrs/ week 3,52 2,45 2,12

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