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Downloaded340095 from Brill.Com09/30/2021 02:34:03AM Via Free Access Monophthongization of Ay/Ai and Aw/Au 617 Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77 (�0�7) 6�6–636 brill.com/abag Monophthongization of ay/ai and aw/au: A Comparison between Arabic and Germanic Dialects Kariem Philippa Gerrit Rietveld Academie, Amsterdam, Niederlande [email protected] in Zusammenarbeit mit Marlies Philippa Universiteit van Amsterdam, Niederlande [email protected] Annelies Roeleveld Unabhängige Forscherin, Zuidoostbeemster [email protected] Abstract In this paper, the author compares the monophthongization of ai/ay and au/aw in Old Germanic dialects and Arabic dialects. The main question is whether the monoph­ thongizations of ai and au into ē and ō in the Germanic and Arabic dialects are phono­ logically comparable. This turns out to be the case to a large extent. In both linguistic groups there were biphonematic diphthongs in the protophase, followed by a mono­ phonematic period, after which monophthongization could occur. Moreover, in both groups there were dialects without monopthongization and other dialects in which mono phthongization was not finished and intermediate forms like ei and ou occurred. Another question is whether contacts between Germans and Arabs played a part in mutual monophthongization. This turns out to be highly unlikely. Intriguingly, a different monophthongization should be taken into account as well: au and ai into ā and a, which also occurs in both dialect groups. I have conformed to the * I would like to thank Peter Alexander Kerkhof, Thijs Porck and the anonymous reviewer for valuable remarks and suggestions for the content of this paper. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi �0.��63/�87567�9-��Downloaded340095 from Brill.com09/30/2021 02:34:03AM via free access Monophthongization of ay/ai and aw/au 617 Arabist terminology for distinguishing between these monophthongizations: mono­ pthongizations into ē and ō are called contraction monophtongizations, those into ā and a they call elision monophthongizations. Keywords monophthongization – Arabic dialects – Germanic dialects – comparative linguistics – cultural contact – contact linguistics 1 Introduction Between the linguistic phases of Proto­Arabic and the modern Arabic dialects, many phonological changes have taken place. One of these changes is the monophthongization of ay and aw in various dialects. Ay monophthongized to ē or ī and aw to ō or ū. Both ay and aw could also monophthongize to ā (Iványi 2012). Interestingly, a similar monophthongization is found in Germanic languag­ es like Dutch, where the changes ai > ē and aw > ō have taken place. In addition, there are Germanic languages in which ai and au have been monophthongized to ā. Given these similarities between Arabic and older Germanic,1 I decid­ ed to investigate if the underlying phonematic processes of these monoph­ thongizations in different language families were identical or not. I also wanted to examine whether they could have affected each other, which could be pos­ sible since a number of Germanic tribes, such as the Visigoths in Andalusia and the Vikings in Bagdad, had been in contact with Arabic­speaking people over various periods. 1.1 Monophthongs and Diphthongs Monophthongs can be divided into short, half­long and long vowels. In Dutch, there are mainly short and half­long ones. Real long vowels occur only before ­r, compare, e.g., pit—piet—pier [pɩt—pit—pi:r]. Classical Arabic has i, u and a as vowels with short and long versions. Diphthongs generally consist of a full vowel plus a semivowel. The semivow­ els are i/j in the Germanic languages, y in the Arabic languages and w in the 1 I owe this suggestion to dr. Marlies Philippa, who has also been very helpful in finding litera­ ture about Germanic and in translating Scandinavian works. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77Downloaded (2017) from616–636 Brill.com09/30/2021 02:34:03AM via free access 618 Philippa Germanic and Arabic languages. They often form a glide, a transitional sound (Iványi 2012). In Dutch, a glide occurs, e.g., in rooje from rode ‘red’. When the diphthong ends in a semivowel, it is called a falling or closing diphthong; when it starts with one, it is called a rising or opening diphthong. Rising diphthongs occur, e.g., in Frisian, as in sjonge ‘to sing’, and Swedish, as in björk ‘birch’. Languages can also differentiate between between short and long diph­ thongs. In short diphthongs, the full vowel is short; in long ones, it is long or half­long. In present­day Dutch, diphthongs are chiefly short: ei/ij as in leiden /lijden, ‘lead/suffer’ au/ou as in kauw ‘chew’ and kou ‘cold’, and ui as in lui ‘lazy’, and also ai and oi, only occurring in exclamations, like hai and hoi. Long diph­ thongs are aai as in lawaai noise’, ooi as in mooi ‘lovely’, oei as in loeien ‘moo, low’, eeuw as in leeuw ‘lion’, ieuw as in nieuw ‘new’, and uw as in huwelijk ‘mar­ riage’ (Cohen et al. 1972). Modern Standard Arabic knows the short diphthongs ay and aw, as in bayt ‘house’ and law ‘if’, but long diphthongs are common enough in the dialects. 1.2 Biphonematic Diphthongs Diphthongs are usually seen as one phoneme, so monophonemic or monopho- nematic. This applies to diphthongs in Modern Standard Arabic and in Dutch. Yet long diphthongs in Dutch ending in i/j are often interpreted as biphone- matic, i.e. consisting of two phonemes (Cohen et al. 1972). The Arabic diphthongs in this study were in any case biphonematic in Proto­ and Classical Arabic, which means that the semivowels functioned as separate phonemes. The question remains whether they should be interpreted as consonants or vowels. As consonants, they would play a role in the radical structure; as vowels, they would not. The difference between consonants and vowels is also of importance within the syllable structure. In a study of monophthongization, it is also important whether a bi­ phonomatic diphthong can monophthongize at random. Does the process require an intermediate transition into monophonematic diphthong? And would the semivowel in such a monophonematic diphthong function as a con­ sonant or a vowel? 1.3 Monophthongization in Germanic Monophthongization as described above is also found in Germanic, because the diphthongs in Proto­Germanic were also biphonematic: ăĭ and ăŭ (Van Bree 1987, 100, 105). A question that may be raised here is whether there was a monophonematic intermediary phase and in what period the monophthongi­ zation took place. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren GermanistikDownloaded from 77 Brill.com09/30/2021(2017) 616–636 02:34:03AM via free access Monophthongization of ay/ai and aw/au 619 1.4 The Study In part 2, ‘Monophthongization of ai and au in Dutch’, I examine what has been written about this monophthongization in the Germanic languages, in historical grammars and historical­phonological descriptions of the Dutch lan­ guage. I will also examine the changes in other Germanic languages. In part 3, ‘Monophthongization of ay and aw in Arabic’, I explore publica­ tions on Proto­ and Classical Arabic and modern Arabic dialects concerning this subject. Next, I turn to monophthongization in Egyptian Arabic. In doing so, I examine a number of specific dialects of Egyptian Arabic: Cairene and the dialect of Fayyūm. Cairene is the standard of Egyptian Arabic and reflects well how monophthongization has operated in an important modern Arabic dialect. In the dialect of the Egyptian oasis, Fayyūm, this monophthongization has not taken place. 2 Monophthongization of ai and au in Dutch 2.1 Monophthongization in the Germanic Languages The Germanic languages feature a similar monophthongization as found in some varieties of Arabic. In Dutch, for instance, monophthongization took place of ai > ē and of au > ō. These diphthongs were biphonematic in Proto­ Germanic: ăĭ and ăŭ (Van Bree 1987, 100, 105). In order to gain an insight into this monophthongization, it is important to first examine the origin of ăĭ and ăŭ and their evolvement in the different Germanic languages. 2.1.1 Origin and Development of Proto­Germanic ăĭ and ăŭ in Germanic Proto­Germanic (PGM) ăĭ and ăŭ evolved from Proto­Indo­European (PIE) diphthongs. The changes imply that these diphthongs were biphonematic, for the first part of the diphthong changed independent from the second part. In early PIE, the phonemes a and ā did not exist; in late PIE, they do occur (Beekes 1990, 160, 162). From here on, PIE means only late PIE. PIE a > PGM a and PIE o > PGM a are general sound changes. In diph­ thongs the same happens to the first element: PIE ăĭ > PGM ăĭ and PIE ŏĭ > PGM ăĭ; PIE ăŭ > PGM ăŭ and PIE ŏŭ > PGM ăŭ. So the two PGM diphthongs ăĭ and ăŭ originate from four PIE diphthongs (Krahe and Meid 1969, 51, 53–54). In the Old Germanic dialects/languages, these diphthongs evolved in vari­ ous ways. Often monophthongization took place, but not always. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77Downloaded (2017) from616–636 Brill.com09/30/2021 02:34:03AM via free access 620 Philippa 2.1.2 Development in the Various Old Germanic Languages 2.1.2.1 East Germanic The Germanic language of which the oldest records exist is Gothic, now a dead language. The Goths originated in Scandinavia. In the first centuries AD, they had first found their way through Eastern Europe into South­East Europe and, from the end of the 4th century, also into South­West Europe. The Visigoths reached southern France and in the 5th century ended up in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Italy. The Visigothic bishop Wulfila (311–383), who lived on the Balkan Peninsula, made a translation of the New Testament from Greek into Gothic, which has been preserved for the greater part. For the writing, he invented his own personal alphabet, which was based on the Greek alphabet (Van Bree 1987, 15–17).
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