DOCSLIB.ORG

Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

SIDELIGHTS ON TEUTONIC HISTORY DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD M. G. CLARKE ^=00 ICO 'CO GIRTON COLLEGE STUDIES No, III GIRTON COLLEGE STUDIES EDITED BY LILIAN KNOWLES, LITT.D., READER IN ECONOMIC HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP LONDON No. 3 SIDELIGHTS ON TEUTONIC HISTORY DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD CAMBEIDGE UNIVERSITY PEESS Edition: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, MANAGER 100, PRINCES STREET Btrlin : A. ASHER AND CO. leipjifi: F. A. BROCKHAUS #efo 8orh: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bambap. anH Calcutta : MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. All rights reserved SIDELIGHTS ON TEUTONIC HISTORY DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD BEING BY M. G. CLARKE, M.A. Cambridge : SEEN BY at the University F ress 1 PRESERVATION 191 SERVICES \\ PR SI PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNTVEKSITY PRESS PREFACE following chapters are the outcome of two periods THEof stud}7 undertaken during the tenure of research scholarships awarded by Girton College, and form an attempt to discover the amount of historical truth under lying the allusions to persons and events in the Old English heroic poems. The essay deals with an aspect of these poems, which I has not, so far as know, been treated systematically by- anyone who has previously written on the subject. Thus, in the absence of any model, I have had to work on independent lines, especially as regards the grouping and arrangement of different traditions, and the method of discussion followed in the several chapters. The actual arrangement has been adopted for convenience of discus sion, according to the nationality of the persons concerned, except in cases where a particular section forms a complete epic narrative with a personal (as opposed to a national) interest of its own: in these cases the tradition has been discussed under the heading of the poem in which it is contained, or that of the character round whom the narrative centres. vi PREFACE Each chapter is arranged thus : I. An account of the tradition respecting the nation or hero in question, pieced together from the scattered allusions in the poems. II. The evidence of other authorities dealing with the same traditions or with the same characters. III. A comparative view of the evidence of these authorities in its relation to the substance of the Old English poems. IV. A summary of the inferences as to historical truth which may justifiably be deduced from the allusions in the poems. The positive results obtained are often extremely meagre, and in no case do they make any claim to finality. Though much work has been done in this direction, much still remains: and any value which this study may possess lies chiefly in exploring new possibilities and in indicating the paths along which further research may in time lead to more definite conclusions. NOTE. In the first three chapters a certain amount of repetition has been inevitable owing to the close relations existing between Swedes, Gautar and Danes, and the frequent necessity of citing the same facts in connection with each. Some explanation must be added regarding the use of proper names, which may at times appear somewhat inconsistent : each name has, as far as possible, been given in the form in which it occurs in the particular authority under discussion at the moment, e.g. in dealing with English evidence the English form has been given, as 'Beowulf,' 'Offa,' while in citing Scandinavian evidence, ' ' the Scandinavian forms have been employed, as Bgdvar,' Uffo,' PREFACE Vll and so on. (The exceptions to this are well established English forms such as 'Swauhild,' 'Walther.' I have used these wherever possible, usually giving in brackets the particular forms employed by different authorities.) On more neutral ground, viz. sections in and iv of each chapter containing the comparison of evidence and probable historical value of the tradition in question, the most generally accepted form of the name where possible its English equivalent has been adopted. In Scandinavian personal names, it may be added, the final in flexional consonant has been discarded, except in the case of names ending in a vowel. The subject of the study was originally suggested to me by Mr H. M. Chadwick, Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge: I have been under constant obligation to Mr Chadwick for the help he has given me in the course of my work, and many valuable ideas, which I owe to him, are incorporated in the essay. My thanks are equally due to Professor Napier of Oxford University for assist ance especially in the latter stages of the work, including many useful criticisms and suggestions. Many facts regarding Icelandic literature and sociology have been brought to my notice by Miss B. S. Phillpotts, lately Librarian of Girton College. I have also to acknowledge the assistance which I have received from Miss Bentinck Smith, Headmistress of St Leonard's School, St Andrews, formerly Lecturer and Director of Studies in Mediaeval and Modern Languages at Girton College: Mr Eirikr Magniisson, late Assistant Librarian, Cambridge University Library; Sir W. M. Ramsay, Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen; Mr H. J. C. Grierson, Professor of English Literature in the University of Vlll PREFACE Aberdeen Mr John Lecturer in ; my father, Clarke, Education in the University of Aberdeen, and others : as also the facilities for study and the courtesy and kindness extended to me by the Librarian and Assistants of the Cambridge University Library. M. G. CLARKE ST ANDREWS 28 January 1911 CONTENTS HAP. PA.OE LIST OF CHIEF ABBREVIATIONS ..... xi . 1 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER . .... I. THE GEATAS. 25 I. The Geatas in Beowulf and Widsith ... ii. Evidence derived from Scandinavian literature regarding a. The person of Beowulf \r .... 31 b. The Geatas ...'.... 38 Historical references to the Geatas (Gotar) in foreign authorities 42 in, iv. Comparison of evidence, and summary of historical facts underlying the references to the Geatas (Gotar) in Beowulf and Widxith . 44 II. THE DANES. 58 I. The Danes in Beowulf . The Danes in Widsith .60 II. Other references to the Danes . .61 Historical references . s . 62 Hrolfssaga kraJca 63 Landndmabok ....... 68 Ynglingasaga ....... 69 Saxo 72 Skdldskapermdl 74 Arngrim Jonsson's epitome of Skjoldungasaga . 76 I CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE in. Comparison of evidence with regard to the Danes . 80 Yrsa and Hrolf Kraki 82 Heoroweard .90 Hrothgar and Hrothulf 91 The Hall Heorot -.93 Hrethric .95 Hrothgar's Warriors 101 The Heathobeardan in Beowulf . .103 The identity of Froda the Heathobeard . .114 Sigehere and Alevih .116 Heremod . ... 121 Scyld Scefing . .... .122 Healfdene . 130 Beowulf (cf. Beo. 1. 53 ff.) . / .134 The Ring Sviagris 136 iv. Summary of evidence on Danish tradition in the light of its historical value . .138 III. THE SWEDES . I. The Swedes in Beowulf II. References to the Swedes (1) in Latin historians . (2) in Scandinavian authorities .... in. Comparison of evidence with regard to the Swedes . iv. Historical facts underlying the Swedish traditions in Beowulf . 154_ IV. OFPA. I. Oft'a in Beoioulf and Widsith 157 ii. Other authorities for Oflfa 158 Vita Offae I . 159 Vita Offae II . 161 in. Comparison of evidence with regard to Ofta . 165 iv. Historical facts underlying references to Offa in Beowulf and Widsith . .174 CONTENTS XI CHAP. PAGE V. FINN. I and in. Discussion of the epic fragment Finn and of the Finn episode in Beowulf ... .177 iv. Historical background of the Finn saga . .184 VI. DEOR . , . .188 a. HILDE SAGA I. Hilde saga in the Old English poems . 190 II. Other authorities for the Hilde saga Skdldskapermdl 191 Saxo . 192 - Sorla]>dttr . 194 Mhg. epic Gudrun . ... 197 in. Comparison of evidence with regard to the Hilde saga ....... 199 iv. Historical value of the Hilde saga . 201 b. WELAND SAGA. i. Weland saga in Old English poems . 201 II. Other authorities for Weland saga Vqlundarqvida . 202 Thictrekssaga . 203 in and iv. Discussion of evidence regarding the Weland saga, and a consideration of its historical value . '. ... 206 VII. THE BURGUNDIANS AND WALDERE. a. THE BURGDNDIANS ...*... 209 I. References to the Burgundians in Old English poems . 209 II. Foreign authorities containing evidence with regard to the Burgundians .... 210 in, iv. The Burgundians in history . .211 The Burgundians in saga . 213 xil CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE 6. WALDERE. Classification of versions of the saga . .218 I. Alemannic version of Walthari saga A. S. Waldere 21& Waltharius of Ekkehart I . .221 II. Prankish version of Walthari saga Mhg. fragments of Walther und Hildegund . 225 .' . 225 Thiitrehsaga . in. Comparison of authorities dealing with Walthari saga 226 iv. Historical value of Walthari saga . 227 VIII. THE ERMANRIC SAGA a. ERMANRIC. i. Ermanric in Old English literature . II. Foreign references to the Ermanric saga . Ammianus Marcellinus Jordanes Hamdis-mdl Saxo . '..... Vglsuiigasaga in. Comparison of evidence regarding Ermanric . 6. ERMANRIC'S "!NNWEORUD" ... ." . East-Gota, Becca, etc. 241 Theodric 244 Heathoric and Sifecan, Hlithe and Incgen- theow, etc. ....... 246 Wudga and Kama 247 1 c. BROSINGA MENE 250 iv. Historical background of Ermanric saga . 253 Note to Chapter VIII. ". .255 CONCLUSION . ; . 257 APPENDIX I. NATIONS AND KINGS VISITED BY WIDSITH 260 APPENDIX II. LIST OP GENEALOGIES . 270 BIBLIOGRAPHY 275 LIST OF CHIEF ABBREVIATIONS Aarb.f. nord. Oldkynd. Aartyger for nordiske Oldkyndighed. Abh. d. Berl. Akad. Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie. Acad. Academy. A.f.d.A. Anzeiger fur deutsches Altertum. Alp. Alpharfs Tod. Ammian. Ammianus Marcellinus. Angl. Anglia. Ann. Quedl. Annals of Quedlinburg. Archiv Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Litteratur. Ark. f. nord. Fil. Arkiv for nordisk Filologi. A. S. Chr. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. B.B.Z.A. Bonner Beitrage zur Anglistik. Beo. Beowulf. Bit. Biterolf. Bjr. Bjarkarimur. Dfl. Dietrich's Flucht. D.H.D. Danmarks Heltedigtning. D.H.S. Deutsche Heldensage. E.E.T.S.
Recommended publications
  • ABSTRACT Savannah Dehart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF

    ABSTRACT Savannah Dehart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF

    ABSTRACT Savannah DeHart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF NORTHERN PAGAN RELIGIOSITY IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES. (Under the direction of Michael J. Enright) Department of History, May 2012. This thesis investigates the religiosity of some Germanic peoples of the Migration period (approximately AD 300-800) and seeks to overcome some difficulties in the related source material. The written sources which describe pagan elements of this period - such as Tacitus’ Germania, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, and Paul the Deacon’s History of the Lombards - are problematic because they were composed by Roman or Christian authors whose primary goals were not to preserve the traditions of pagans. Literary sources of the High Middle Ages (approximately AD 1000-1400) - such as The Poetic Edda, Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda , and Icelandic Family Sagas - can only offer a clearer picture of Old Norse religiosity alone. The problem is that the beliefs described by these late sources cannot accurately reflect religious conditions of the Early Middle Ages. Too much time has elapsed and too many changes have occurred. If literary sources are unavailing, however, archaeology can offer a way out of the dilemma. Rightly interpreted, archaeological evidence can be used in conjunction with literary sources to demonstrate considerable continuity in precisely this area of religiosity. Some of the most relevant material objects (often overlooked by scholars) are bracteates. These coin-like amulets are stamped with designs that appear to reflect motifs from Old Norse myths, yet their find contexts, including the inhumation graves of women and hoards, demonstrate that they were used during the Migration period of half a millennium earlier.
  • University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

    University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

    71- 12,581 KELLY, John Thomas , 1937- STUDIES IN BEOWULF CRITICISM. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE UNIVERSITY OP OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE STUDIES IN BEOWULF CRITICISM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JOHN THOMAS KELLY Norman, Oklahoma 1970 STUDIES IN BEOWULF CRITICISM APPROVED BY 1 DISSERTATION COMMITTEE .ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks to those who read my dissertation and approved it, to those who typed and proof read it, and to those others who worried over it, about it, and about me. I especially acknowledge the aid of Rudolph C. Bambas, my committee chairman and master; the kindness of the members of my committee: Paul George Euggiers, Jack Lehmer Kendell, Roy Raymond Male, and Roy J. Pearcy; and the endless editorial and secretarial assistance of Gloriana St. Clair. iii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................... Ill Chapter I. THE MANUSCHIPT, EABLY EDITIONS, AND THE BEGINNINGS OP CRITICISM ............ 1 II. THE YEARS BETWEEN THE WA R S ......... 30 III. 1940-19601 THE ERA OP AESTHETICS . 93 IV, 1 9 6 0'S: CONCLUSION................ 157 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.................... 171 STUDIES IN BEOWULF CRITICISM CHAPTER I THE MANUSCRIPT, EARLY EDITIONS, AND THE BEGINNINGS OP CRITICISM The Anglo-Saxon manuscript commonly known as Beowulf probably entered England in oral form with the immigrants, traders, and mercenaries who came to England in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries. In its earliest English form, it prob­ ably consisted of several completely independent lays, at least one of which dealt with a version of the story of the Bear's Son present in several forms in pre-literary Germanic culture.
  • Chapter 3.1 the New Money System

    Chapter 3.1 the New Money System

    Chapter 3.1 The New Money System H.G. Wells became a prophet. He felt his apocalyptic vision for mankind could be turned around if society would adopt his plans for a Utopia run by a benevolent dictatorship. This benevolent dictatorship would largely rule through a public-spirited quasi- religious order of technicians who would "pander to all your worst instincts."1 He refers to them as "an elite of intelligent religious-minded people."2 However,religious in what way? A New Religion based on Eastern mysticism. This "new religion" ... would sweep away old institutions and usher in a new world order that would save the human race. "The conspiracy of modern religion against the established institutions of the world must be an open conspiracy..." H.G. Wells saw the religion of the New Order as a less-secret form of Freemasonry. The video "Things to Come" made from the film based on his book The Shape of Things to Come is available for viewing from larger video stores. In the movie, a reference is made to "the science of Freemasonry." Intelligent, often wealthy men who constituted a scientifically trained functional class with a global view would rule as a service-elite. (Where have you heard we are moving toward a service economy before?) Wells describes this, "In its more developed phases I seem to see the new republic as...a sort of outspoken secret society, with which even the prominent men of the ostensible state may be openly affiliated....The new republicans will constitute an informal and open freemasonry." No wonder the Freemasons hail him as their prophet.
  • The Prose Edda

    The Prose Edda

    THE PROSE EDDA SNORRI STURLUSON (1179–1241) was born in western Iceland, the son of an upstart Icelandic chieftain. In the early thirteenth century, Snorri rose to become Iceland’s richest and, for a time, its most powerful leader. Twice he was elected law-speaker at the Althing, Iceland’s national assembly, and twice he went abroad to visit Norwegian royalty. An ambitious and sometimes ruthless leader, Snorri was also a man of learning, with deep interests in the myth, poetry and history of the Viking Age. He has long been assumed to be the author of some of medieval Iceland’s greatest works, including the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, the latter a saga history of the kings of Norway. JESSE BYOCK is Professor of Old Norse and Medieval Scandinavian Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Professor at UCLA’s Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. A specialist in North Atlantic and Viking Studies, he directs the Mosfell Archaeological Project in Iceland. Prof. Byock received his Ph.D. from Harvard University after studying in Iceland, Sweden and France. His books and translations include Viking Age Iceland, Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power, Feud in the Icelandic Saga, The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki and The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. SNORRI STURLUSON The Prose Edda Norse Mythology Translated with an Introduction and Notes by JESSE L. BYOCK PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN CLASSICS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group (USA) Inc.,
  • Norse Mythology

    Norse Mythology

    ^^^m,'^^^' Section .tP 231922 NORSE OB, THE RELIGION OF OUR FOREFATHERS, CONTAINING ALL THE MYTHS OF THE EDDAS, SYSTEMATIZED AND INTEEPEETED. AN INTRODUCTION, VOCABULARY AND INDEX. By E. B. ANDERSON, A.M., PROFESSOR OF THE SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN, AUTHOR OP "AMERICA NOT DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS," "den NORSKE MAALSAG," ETC. CHICAGO: S. C. GKIGGS AND COMPANY. LONDON. TRUBNER & CO. 1875. COPTKIGHT 1875. By 8. C, GRIGGS AND COMPANY. I KMIGHT St LEONARD I ELECTROTYPED BY A. ZEESE <tl CO. TO HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, THE AMERICAN POET, WHO HAS NOT ONLY REFRESHED HIMSELF AT THE CASTALIAN FOUNTAIN, BUT ALSO COMMUNED WITH BRAGE, AND TAKEN DEEP DRAUGHTS FROM THE WELLS OF URD AND MIMER, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, WITH THE GRATEFUl. REVERENCE OF THE AUTHOR. I think Scandinavian Paganism, to us here, is more interesting than any other. It is, for one thing, the latest ; it continued in these regions of Europe till the eleventh century : eight hundred years ago the Norwegians were still worshipers of Odin. It is interesting also as the creed of our fathers ; the men whose blood still runs in our veins, whom doubtless we still resemble in so many ways. Strange : they did believe that, while we believe so differently. Let us look a little at this poor Norse creed, for many reasons. We have tolerable means to do it ; for there is another point of interest in these Scandinavian mythologies : that they have been preserved so well. Neither is there no use in knowing something about this old Paganism of our fathers. Unconsciously, and combined with higher things, it is in us yet, that old faith withal.
  • A Translation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf

    A Translation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf

    <36609035.8800 18 /\ - <36609035.8800 18 Bayer. Staatsbibliothek A TRANSLATION OF THE ANGLO-SAXON POEM OF B E O W U L F WITH A COPIOUS GLOSSA R Y PREFACE AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES BY JOHN M. KEMBLE ESQ. M. A. of TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE LONDON WILLIAM PICKERING 1837 Bi is LIOTHECA l{FGLA ViONACENSIS. c. whitti Ngh AM, rooks court, CHANCERY i.A.N.E. TO JAMES GRIMM. ABBREVIATIONS, &c. MADE USE OF IN WOLUME II. AElf. Gen. ......... AElfric's Genesis, &c. in Thwaite's Heptateuch. Agricola............. German Proverbs. Alt Platd. Ged. ... Bruns. Alt Platdeutsche Ge— dichte. Anal. ............... Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, by Thorpe. A. S. ............... Anglo-Saxon. B. F. Bat. F. ...... Battle of Finnesburh. Bed. ............... AElfred's Beda, by Smith. Ben. Beyt. ......... Benecke. Beyträge, &c. Bibl. Publ. ......... MS. in the Cambridge University Library. Boet. Boeth. ...... Alfred's Boetius, by Rawlinson. Caed. Caedm. ...... Caedmon, by Thorpe. Cod. Ex............. Codex Exoniensis, from the copy among the Additional MSS. of the Brit. Mus. Cod. Verc. ......... Codex Vercellensis. Poetical frag ments at Vercelli. Cöln. Reimch....... Reimchronik der Stadt Cöln, by van Groot. D. G. ............... Deutsche Grammatik, by Grimm N.B. this work is sometimes re ferred to by the name Grimm. D. H. S. ............ Deutsche Heldensage, by W. Grimm. ABBREVIATIONs, &c. D. M. ............... Deutsche Mythologie, by Grimm. D. R. A............. Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, by Grimm. Diut. ............... Diutiska, by Graff. Ed. Sam. ......... Edda Saemundar hinns Froda. 3 vols. 4to. Ed. Snor............. Edda Snorrii. the prose Edda. Falck ............ ... Staatsbürgerliche Magazin, by Falck. Fornald. Sög. ...... Fornaldar Sögur. edited by Rafn for the Antiquarian Society of Copenhagen. Fornm. Sög.
  • Poetry and Society: Aspects of Shona, Old English and Old Norse Literature

    Poetry and Society: Aspects of Shona, Old English and Old Norse Literature

    The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. Poetry and Society: Aspects of Shona, Old English and Old Norse Literature Hazel Carter School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 4 One of the most interesting and stimulating the themes, and especially in the use made of developments of recent years in African studies certain poetic techniques common to both. has been the discovery and rescue of the tradi- Compare, for instance, the following extracts, tional poetry of the Shona peoples, as reported the first from the clan praises of the Zebra 1 in a previous issue of this journal. In particular, (Tembo), the second from Beowulf, the great to anyone acquainted with Old English (Anglo- Old English epic, composed probably in the Saxon) poetry, the reading of the Shona poetry seventh century. The Zebra praises are com- strikes familiar chords, notably in the case of plimentary and the description of the dragon the nheternbo and madetembedzo praise poetry. from Beowulf quite the reverse, but the expres- The resemblances are not so much in the sion and handling of the imagery is strikingly content of the poetry as in the treatment of similar: Zvaitwa, Chivara, It has been done, Striped One, Njunta yerenje. Hornless beast of the desert. Heko.ni vaTemho, Thanks, honoured Tembo, Mashongera, Adorned One, Chinakira-matondo, Bush-beautifier, yakashonga mikonde Savakadzu decked with bead-girdles like women, Mhuka inoti, kana yomhanya Beast which, when it runs amid the mumalombo, rocks, Kuatsika, unoona mwoto kuti cheru And steps on them, you see fire drawn cfreru.2 forth.
  • GIANTS and GIANTESSES a Study in Norse Mythology and Belief by Lotte Motz - Hunter College, N.Y

    GIANTS and GIANTESSES a Study in Norse Mythology and Belief by Lotte Motz - Hunter College, N.Y

    GIANTS AND GIANTESSES A study in Norse mythology and belief by Lotte Motz - Hunter College, N.Y. The family of giants plays apart of great importance in North­ Germanic mythology, as this is presented in the 'Eddas'. The phy­ sical environment as weIl as the race of gods and men owe their existence ultimately to the giants, for the world was shaped from a giant's body and the gods, who in turn created men, had de­ scended from the mighty creatures. The energy and efforts of the ruling gods center on their battles with trolls and giants; yet even so the world will ultimately perish through the giants' kindling of a deadly blaze. In the narratives which are concerned with human heroes trolls and giants enter, shape, and direct, more than other superhuman forces, the life of the protagonist. The mountains, rivers, or valleys of Iceland and Scandinavia are often designated with a giant's name, and royal houses, famous heroes, as weIl as leading families among the Icelandic settlers trace their origin to a giant or a giantess. The significance of the race of giants further is affirmed by the recor­ ding and the presence of several hundred giant-names in the Ice­ landic texts. It is not surprising that students of Germanic mythology and religion have probed the nature of the superhuman family. Thus giants were considered to be the representatives of untamed na­ ture1, the forces of sterility and death, the destructive powers of 1. Wolfgang Golther, Handbuch der germanischen Mythologie, Leipzig 1895, quoted by R.Broderius, The Giant in Germanic Tradition, Diss.
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
  • Gods, Heroes, & Kings: the Battle for Mythic Britain

    Gods, Heroes, & Kings: the Battle for Mythic Britain

    Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain Christopher R. Fee OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS gods, heroes, & kings This page intentionally left blank Gods, Heroes, & Kings The Battle for Mythic Britain Christopher R. Fee with David A. Leeming 1 2001 3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 First published as an Oxford University Press paperback in 2004 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fee, Christopher R. Gods, heroes, and kings: the battle for mythic Britain / by Christopher R. Fee with David A. Leeming. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0-19-513479-6; 0-19-517403-8 (pbk.) 1. Mythology, British. 2. Christianity and other religions—Great Britain. 3. Literature, Medieval—History and criticism. 4. British literature—History and criticism. I. Leeming, David Adams, 1937– II. Title. BL980.G7 F44 2001 820.9′15—dc21 00-068156 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper for emma and morgan This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due to the Provost’s Office of Gettysburg College, which provided me with paid leave for a semester at a crucial time.
  • The Tale of Beowulf

    The Tale of Beowulf

    The Tale of Beowulf William Morris The Tale of Beowulf Table of Contents The Tale of Beowulf............................................................................................................................................1 William Morris........................................................................................................................................2 ARGUMENT...........................................................................................................................................4 THE STORY OF BEOWULF.................................................................................................................6 I. AND FIRST OF THE KINDRED OF HROTHGAR.........................................................................7 II. CONCERNING HROTHGAR, AND HOW HE BUILT THE HOUSE CALLED HART. ALSO GRENDEL IS TOLD OF........................................................................................................................9 III. HOW GRENDEL FELL UPON HART AND WASTED IT..........................................................11 IV. NOW COMES BEOWULF ECGTHEOW'S SON TO THE LAND OF THE DANES, AND THE WALL−WARDEN SPEAKETH WITH HIM.............................................................................13 V. HERE BEOWULF MAKES ANSWER TO THE LAND−WARDEN, WHO SHOWETH HIM THE WAY TO THE KING'S ABODE................................................................................................15 VI. BEOWULF AND THE GEATS COME INTO HART...................................................................17
  • Kinship Report for Roy Einar Christopherson

    Kinship Report for Roy Einar Christopherson

    Kinship Report for Roy Einar Christopherson Kinship of Roy Einar Christopherson Name: Birth Date: Relationship: (Christopherson,Stephanie) First Cousin (Fearghal,King in Ossory Dunghal mac) 31st Great Grandfather (Hjaldursson,Veðra-Grímur) 31st Great Grandfather (Kjarvalsdóttir,Rafarta) 29th Great Grandmother (MacCRUNNMAIL,Faelain) 35th Great Grandfather (MacFAELAIN,Cu Chercca) 34th Great Grandfather Böðvar "breiðavað" 1230 20th Great Grandfather "barnakarl", Ölvir 30 Great Grandfather "barnakarl", Ölvir Abt. 810 AD Unrelated "barnakarl", Ölvir 840 AD 33rd Great Grandfather "bíldur", Önundur Abt. 900 AD Unrelated "eldri", Runólfur Þorsteinsson Abt. 1460 12th Great Grandfather "elsta", Guðrún Aradóttir Abt. 1772 3rd Great Grandmother "elsti", Vigfús Arason 18 May 1839 Twenty-Sixth Cousin 2x Removed "fullspakur", Þorkell Abt. 850 AD 27th Great Grandfather "GRAABARD", Guttorm Abt. 1090 Unrelated "háleygski", Grímur Abt. 860 AD Unrelated "hersir", Gormur Abt. 740 AD Unrelated "hjálmur", Þóroddur Abt. 890 AD 26th Great Grandfather "Hvamm-Sturla", (Þórðarson,Sturla) Fifteenth Cousin 21x Removed In Law "hvassi", Úlfur Abt. 830 AD 29th Great Grandfather "Jernside", King of Uppsala Sweden Björn Abt. 777 AD Unrelated "kjöllari", Ketill 670 AD 32nd Great Grandfather "lági", Steinólfur Abt. 840 AD 31st Great Grandfather "mjóbeinn", Þrándur Abt. 850 AD 28th Great Grandfather "mjóvi", Atli 820 AD 31st Great Grandfather "mjóvi", Oddur Abt. 910 AD 29th Great Grandparent "rauði", Sighvatur Abt. 845 AD Unrelated "reyðarsíða", Þorgils Abt. 780 AD 32nd Great