sign in sign up
<<
Home , Wild fisheries

hOw dOES AcIdIfIcAtION AffEct ? cASE StUdY IN

The ocean moderate the rate and severity of by absorbing In 2008, hatcheries on the northwest of the were large amounts of CO2 generated primarily from man-made activities. The near collapse and a US$ 270 million industry employing over 3,200 people uptake triggers large-scale changes in chemistry, referred to as ocean was under threat. New-born were dying off with production levels acidification due to the increase in seawater acidity (decrease of pH). In turn, reduced by 80% and the cause of the losses unknown. Research eliminated these chemical changes may alter biological processes. Ocean acidification the bacterial pathogen Vibrio as culprit. Instead, the oyster deaths were ECONOMICS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION negatively affects many organisms that produce a calcium carbonate shell or strongly linked to quality - to ocean acidification. The hatcheries are Impacts on fisheries and aquaculture skeleton, such as shellfish and . Other effects of high CO2 include changes open circulation systems supplied from the coastal ocean and the production in growth rate, reproductive success or behaviour. The magnitude of failure was correlated to deep-ocean, corrosive brought to the surface. Ocean acidification has only recently been recognized as a threat for the environment with potentially severe social and the effect depends on the capacities of to acclimate or adapt. Some Working together, oyster businesses and scientists established actions to economic consequences. The following statements are the major conclusions and recommendations from the second organisms may be influenced by ocean acidification effects on components take. Production levels were restored to 70% of normal by 2010. In response international workshop on “Bridging the Gap between Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation.” The of the marine web. For example, snails (shelled pteropods), which to the crisis, the State of Washington budgeted US$ 3.3 million to regional objective of the workshop was to assess ocean acidification impacts on fisheries and aquaculture resources in different are food for in the North Pacific, are threatened by acidification of high efforts concerning ocean acidification in coordination with national agencies. regions of the world. The regions were artificial aggregations of the areas defined by the Food and Agriculture waters. Effects are expected to be exacerbated when combined with Hatchery managers now monitor coastal waters to identify approaching Organization (FAO). Each region spanned multiple political, economic and ecological units. other stressors, such as increased , depleted oxygen, and . upwelled water and take steps to protect their operations. Ocean change may have major consequences for some keystone species, which may potentially to . INtERNAtIONAL wORkShOp REcOmmENdAtIONS pARtIcIpANtS ANd cONtRIBUtORS: 11-13 November 2012 GENERAL INfORmAtION ABOUt OcEAN AcIdIfIcAtION ANd fIShERIES: This brochure is the result of a joint effort by natural and social scientists from 19 countries, who met in the Oceanographic Museum • Mitigate the effects of ocean of Monaco in November, 2012. acidification by reducing emissions • Knowledge of effects of ocean acidification on is currently inadequate Musée océanographique of atmospheric CO . Denis Allemand, CSM-Monaco; Edward Allison, UEA-UK; Andreas Andersson, EPHE-Moorea; Gretta Pecl, UTAS-; Hans O. Pörtner, AWI-Germany; 2 • Effects of lowered pH on fish eggs and larval development have not been sufficiently studied de Monaco • Coastal of deep ocean water to the surface can produce localised acidification SIO/UCSD-USA; Alexander Arkhipkin, United Kingdom; Bernard Avril, IMBER- Katrin Rehdanz, ifw/U. Kiel-Germany; Stephanie Reynaud, CSM-Monaco; • Establish coastal monitoring • Impacts of ocean acidification on fisheries may include altered food webs Norway; Manuel Barange, PML-UK; John Baxter, SNH-UK; Johann Bell, SPC- Alain Safa, IDRAC-France; Melita Samoilys, CORDIO-Kenya; Didier Sauzade, EcOmOmIcS Of OcEAN AcIdIfIcAtION networks for standardized measu- • Small-scale artisanal fisheries employ 90% of the world capture fishers, and are important to food security and New Caledonia; Richard Bellerby, NIVA-Norway; Gilles Boeuf, MNHN-France; Plan Bleu-France; Juan Carlos Seijo, U. Marista de Merida-Mexico; Francois rement of ocean acidification. Luke Brander, HKUST-Hong Kong; Tony Charles, St Mary’s U.-; William Simard, IUCN-Switzerland; Rashid Sumaila, UBC-Canada; Aurelie Thomassin, Bridging the Gap between poverty alleviation Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation • Nutrition from fish and provides essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins, and is a primary source of Cheung, UBC-Canada; Mine Cinar, Loyola U. Chicago-USA; Joshua Cinner, MEDE-France; Carol Turley, PML-UK; Michel Warnau, IAEA-Monaco; Wendy • Support research on valuable protein for one billion people JCU-Australia; Sarah Cooley, WHOI-USA; Ned Cyr, NOAA-USA; Cassandra Watson-Wright, IOC/UNESCO-France; Patrizia Ziveri, UAB-Spain. finfish, and other shellfish • Fisheries and aquaculture production, distribution and marketing employs 660-800 million people, representing 10- DeYoung, FAO-Italy; Sam Dupont, U. Gothenburg-Sweden; Pierre Failler, CEMARE-UK; Laure Fournier, Total Foundation-France; Jean-Pierre Gattuso, in high CO conditions to enable 12% of the Citation: Hilmi N, Allemand D, Betti M, Gattuso J-P, Kavanagh C, Lacoue- GENERAL cONcLUSIONS 2 CNRS-France; Frederic Gazeau, CNRS-France; Leigh Gurney, EC/JRC-Italy; socio-economic assessment of Labarthe T, Moschella P, Reynaud S, Warnau M (2013) 2nd International • Ocean acidification is a global issue directly caused by increased anthropogenic Jason Hall-Spencer, Plymouth U.-UK; Lina Hansson, IAEA-Monaco; Gunnar impacts on food security. Workshop on the Economics of Ocean Acidification: Bridging the Gap Between CO emissions to the atmosphere. It is happening now and CO absorbed by the Haraldsson, OECD-France; Nathalie Hilmi, CSM/IAEA-Monaco; Courtney 2 2 Ocean Acidification Impacts and Economic Valuation “Ocean Acidification will continue to rise long after emissions are reduced. fILLING thE GApS IN kNOwLEdGE Hough, FEAP-Belgium; Christopher Kavanagh, IAEA-Monaco; Kieran impacts on fisheries and aquaculture.” Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, • Implement best practices and • Some ocean areas such as upwelling waters (deep water drawn upwards as wind Kelleher, Ireland; Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, IAEA-Monaco; Dan Laffoley, 11-13 November 2012 adaptive management of fisheries OcEANOGRAphIc ANd BIOLOGIcAL EffEctS: EcONOmIc vALUAtION ANd IUCN-UK; Vicky Lam, UBC-Canada; Jean-Pierre Lozato-Giotart, Monaco; pushes surface water offshore), polar and sub-polar regions, and some coastal and and aquaculture to increase eco- Fabio Massa, GFCM/FAO-Italy; Paula Moschella, CIESM; Paulo A.L.D. Workshop websites: estuarine waters are natural “hot spots” of special concern for ocean acidification. logical resilience of marine ecosys- • Effective monitoring of ocean acidification can establish cause and effect SOcIAL ImpAct: Nunes, CIESM; Laura Parker, UWS-Australia; Nicolas Pascal, CRIOBE CNRS www.iaea.org/monaco/EconomicsOceanAcidification tems. between changes in fisheries harvests and ocean acidification and provide • Coastal waters are subject to warming, low oxygen, high and pollution Communities need to have a clear www.centrescientifique.mc/csmfr/informations/2012_11_OA.php early warning to fish farmers and fisheries managers. • in addition to ocean acidification, exposing aquatic species and communities to understanding of how ocean acidification Acknowledgement: • Increase the adaptive capa- may alter local economies and the multiple stressors. • models need to be developed to project future acidification possible scale of potential economic The workshop organizers extend sincere thanks to all contributors to the production of this brochure, with special acknowledgement to city of fishing communities through conditions in vulnerable and sensitive productive . • World capture fisheries and aquaculture generated about US$ 218 billion in 2010. impacts based on assessment of exposure, Gretta Pecl, Eric Beraud, David Tarbath, Bruce Miller, Courtney Hough, Melita Samoilys and George Waweru Maina for photographs and to education about ocean acidifica- sensitivity and adaptive capacity. This provides an estimated 4.3 billion people with at least 15% of their animal protein. • Reducing uncertainty through research of the effects of ocean acidification Elsa Gärtner for the map. tion, and by training and support to Over the last 30 years world food production by aquaculture has expanded twelve- on seafood is necessary to evaluate direct economic impacts to society. • The biological effects of ocean diversify livelihoods where needed. acidification are still poorly understood, fold; representing nearly half of seafood consumption. Dependence on Priority areas of research include, finfish, high-value (shrimp, therefore assessing the impact on jobs and marine protein is expected to continue to rise with increasing human population. , ), and early life stages of seafood species. the economy is challenging. Case studies wIth thE fINANcIAL ANd ScIENtIfIc SUppORt Of: • Improve multi-stakeholder ex- need to be undertaken on the economic • Major fisheries and aquaculture often occur in areas sensitive to ocean acidification. change of information and com- • More research is needed on combined effects of environmental factors on and social impact of ocean acidification on fisheries for the species most vulnerable This puts economies and livelihoods at risk, and requires consideration and action by munication among parties (coastal target organisms to gain better understanding of the conditions that challenge to ocean acidification, including cultured policy makers. communities, businesses, resear- natural communities. species and species important for marine chers, resource managers, inter- leisure activities. • Research on valuable seafood species is limited. Studies indicate that some shellfish • Little is known about how ocean acidification effects will alter marine food national organizations and policy used in aquaculture may be vulnerable to ocean acidification. Much uncertainty webs. Also, little is known about how ocean acidification will impact species in • Comprehensive risk assessments should makers). be designed and implemented to prioritize remains concerning finfish. high value coastal such as , and reefs. adaptive responses. Stratege Communi C ation Création graphique : Stratege North and Central Pacific North Atlantic and

• In many countries of this region, finfish and shellfish make significant • The North Atlantic has the highest proportion of the anthropogenic carbon distributed contributions to government revenue, food security and employment. For throughout the whole and the Arctic may experience corrosive surface example, the ‘’ is one of the world’s richest marine ecosystems waters in the near future. (containing 75% of -building species) and helps support over 120 million people with food, protection and income. • Ocean acidification may have pronounced interactive effects with strong background warming and expanding . • Ocean acidification is already observable in this region; an open-ocean time-series station near Hawaii shows a decline in pH during the past 20 years. • While ocean warming may increase general in the North Atlantic, which may lead to an increase in fish catch, ocean acidification could constrain this increase in • Upwelling regions along the west coast of the United States are particu- catch potential. larly sensitive to increasing levels of CO2 . Pacific deep waters are becoming cu- mulatively corrosive. Washington State oyster aquaculture is the first example • Bivalves are likely to be impacted by ocean acidification, whereas effects on adult of ocean acidification affecting businesses. may be small and indirect. The long-term resilience of cold water coral reefs to Mediterranean and ocean acidification is a concern and their continued role as a nursery for fishes is Central and South Atlantic • Carpet shell clams, cupped oysters, , unknown. Black Sea shrimp, sea cucumbers, fish, and aquatic • This region includes sub-regions with special features such as the plants are all important marine harvest species in • Fisheries and aquaculture in and coastal European countries are of eastern Atlantic high-productivity coastal upwelling areas (Guinea and • The coast is subject to strong human the region. Major capture fisheries include small major regional political, social and cultural importance and are a large fraction of the Benguela Currents) and the Sea. pressures with an estimated population (, , and scads) and large economies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe . of 132 million and intensive farming and () . • Large upwelling areas are associated with high-CO 2 waters. These industrial activities. • North America and are substantial import markets for seafood, and thus are conditions may become more extreme in the future as the ocean takes • The majority of laboratory studies indicate a dependent on ocean acidification impacts in other areas of the world. up more atmospheric CO2. • Capture fisheries total 1.4 million tons negative impact of ocean acidification on bivalves; landed each year, primarily small pelagic fish; therefore, highly valuable aquaculture food en- • Ocean change due to warming and acidification has implications for production and • Large drain into this region, which are able to strongly alter the marine and brackish aquaculture produces terprises producing clams and oysters in East and trade patterns of natural wild (and invasive) and aquaculture. Issues of industry seawater pH near shore beyond what may occur due to atmospheric CO2 . 180,000 tons of shellfish and more than one South and scallops in and may be adaptation, relocation and employment can be anticipated. The complex biogeochemical controls on seawater CO2 chemistry make it million tons of fish annually. particularly sensitive. difficult to detect trends of ocean acidification in coastal areas. • In the Mediterranean Sea, fisheries • Despite the high economic value of pearl oysters in the tropical region, • Small scale fisheries of small pelagics (sardines, and and aquaculture provide 380,000 direct and there is little work to date on the effects of ocean acidification on the production, ) and some large scale fisheries for demersal (hake), large pelagic 210,000 indirect jobs. quality and value of pearls from the black-lipped oyster. Data from a related (tuna) and small pelagic fish are found in all sub-regions of the Central species of pearl oyster suggest that shells are weakened by lower pH. and South Atlantic. • Synergistic effects of warming and ocean acidification may increase the - nega • The western Atlantic has major shellfish aquaculture activities, large- tive impacts on shellfish, especially early life scale in the United States and artisanal in Brazil, which may be sensitive stages, and other calcifiers such as red corals to ocean acidification. in this region. For aquaculture, recruitment and seed production are likely to be the • The sensitivity of open ocean finfish fisheries to ocean acidification main bottleneck for shellfish farming in the South Pacific and via physiological or food-web effects is not yet known, but is of concern Mediterranean Sea. for coastal western and southern . • This region consists of three main sub-regional fisheries: coastal South American pelagic fisheries • Impacts of ocean acidification on fish including the world’s largest (Peruvian anchoveta); Antarctic which has major development • The Caribbean has important but degraded coral reef areas, which are not well-studied, but may occur through potential ( estimated at 500 million tons); and several demersal and pelagic species of the can be negatively impacted by ocean acidification. Alteration of the reefs changes in essential fish habitats or on other Southwest Pacific including blue grenadier, mackerel and . will change the fish populations and regional productivity. parts of the food web. • The highly productive Southern Ocean and the large upwelling zone off the coast of and • Impacts that decrease harvests by small scale fisheries have • Northern Mediterranean countries have a naturally high-CO system and may be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification. the potential to reduce food security and worsen food distribution have more diversified fisheries-related 2 inequalities that already exist in the region. economic activity with higher production, • Potentially deleterious effects from ocean acidification may impact key trophic links such as -shel consumption and export than southern led pteropods which have already shown sensitivity to current CO levels in the Southern Ocean. Mediterranean countries, where production 2 is largely intended for local consumption and • Sensitivity of molluscs to high CO has been shown with effects of reduced growth, calcification, export to the north. and hatching and larvae recruitment success.2 Some aquaculture species or strains may be susceptible; however, others may have potential to acclimate or adapt. • The socio-economic impacts of ocean and acidification will reflect the differences in • Aquaculture is prevalent in both Southwest and Southeast Pacific. Key species are Atlantic and economy and livelihood dependence on fish , rainbow , New-Zealand and Chilean , cupped oysters, calico scallops and • More information is needed on carbon chemistry and fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Much of the catch is unreported or unidentified. characterizing Mediterranean and Black Sea Gracilaria . Ocean acidification could constrain future harvest of some species. countries. • Monsoon-induced upwelling along East Africa, the and the Andaman Sea makes these coastal waters seasonally high in primary productivity. This supports • Fisheries and aquaculture sectors are composed of a few large productive fisheries, but the upwelled high-CO water also make these areas particularly sensitive to ocean acidification. industrial fisheries, consolidated aquaculture and aqua-feeds industry, 2 and a large number of small-scale fishers in America. • The commercial fish catch of the Indian Ocean region consists of tuna, sardines, mackerel, jacks, scads, pomfrets, kawakawa, and squid. Primary shellfish harvests include clams, scallops, , oysters and pearl oyster farms. Tropical coral reefs are found throughout the region. Ocean acidification impacts are likely to have negative effects • The limited number of key actors facilitates the possibility of dialogue on coral reefs, which may lead to altered reef fish habitat. and action to develop engagement strategies to target key fisheries, strengthen regional governance, foster collaboration among Regional • The Indian Ocean region consists of mainland eastern and southern Africa, the Indian Ocean States, , and western and southern Australia. An estimated 800 Organisations, integrate actions with UN agendas, million people live within 100 km of the surrounding the Indian Ocean. Many members of coastal communities are undernourished, impoverished and highly dependent upon undertake selective breeding for increased resilience, and to explore risk fishing for sustenance. Changes to harvest could therefore be a threat to food security. analysis with insurance industry. • Most of the seafood harvests are small-scale artisanal fisheries. Negative effects of ocean acidification are anticipated for mollusc fisheries and . Aquaculture insub- Saharan Africa and South Asia is increasing with large future potential. Shifts toward new production methods and cultured species may provide benefit to household livelihoods and small and medium enterprise development. hhOOww ddOESOES OOccEANEAN AAccIIddIIffIIccAAttIONION AAffEffEctct ffISIShhERIESERIES?? OOccEANEAN AAccIIddIIffIIccAAttIONION ccASEASE SSttUUddYY ININ AQUAAQUAccULULttUREURE

TheThe ocean ocean moderate moderate the the rate rate and and severity severity of of climate climate change change by by absorbing absorbing InIn 2008, 2008, oyster oyster hatcheries hatcheries on on the the northwest northwest coast coast of of the the United United States States were were

largelarge amounts amounts of of CO CO2 2 generated generated primarily primarily from from man-made man-made activities. activities. The The nearnear collapse collapse and and a a US$ US$ 270 270 million million industry industry employing employing over over 3,200 3,200 people people uptakeuptake triggers triggers large-scale large-scale changes changes in in seawater seawater chemistry, chemistry, referred referred to to as as ocean ocean waswas under under threat. threat. New-born New-born oysters oysters were were dying dying off off with with production production levels levels acidificationacidification duedue to to the the increase increase in in seawaterseawater acidityacidity (decrease(decrease ofof pH).pH). In In turn, turn, reducedreduced byby 80%80% andand thethe causecause ofof thethe losseslosses unknown.unknown. ResearchResearch eliminatedeliminated thesethese chemicalchemical changeschanges maymay alteralter biologicalbiological processes.processes. OceanOcean acidificationacidification thethe bacterial bacterial pathogen pathogen Vibrio Vibrio as as culprit. culprit. Instead, Instead, the the oyster oyster deaths deaths were were ECONOMICSECONOMICS OFOF OCEANOCEAN ACIDIFICATIONACIDIFICATION negativelynegatively affectsaffects manymany organismsorganisms thatthat produceproduce aa calciumcalcium carbonatecarbonate shellshell oror stronglystrongly linked linked to to water water quality quality - - to to ocean ocean acidification. acidification. TheThe hatcheries hatcheries are are ImpactsImpacts onon fisheriesfisheries andand aquacultureaquaculture skeleton,skeleton, such such as as shellfish shellfish andand corals.corals. OtherOther effectseffects ofof highhigh COCO2 2include include changes changes openopen circulation circulation systems systems supplied supplied from from the the coastal coastal ocean ocean and and the the production production inin growth growth rate, rate, reproductive reproductive success success or or animal animal behaviour. behaviour. The The magnitude magnitude of of failurefailure was was correlated correlated to to deep-ocean, deep-ocean, corrosive corrosive waters waters brought brought to to the the surface. surface. OceanOcean acidification acidification hashas onlyonly recently recently beenbeen recognized recognized asas a athreat threat for for the the environmentenvironment withwith potentiallypotentially severesevere socialsocial andand thethe effecteffect dependsdepends onon thethe capacitiescapacities ofof speciesspecies toto acclimateacclimate oror adapt.adapt. SomeSome WorkingWorking together, together, oyster oyster businesses businesses and and scientists scientists established established actions actions to to economiceconomic consequences.consequences. TheThe followingfollowing statementsstatements areare thethe majormajor conclusionsconclusions andand recommendationsrecommendations fromfrom thethe secondsecond organismsorganisms may may be be influenced influenced byby oceanocean acidificationacidification effects effects onon componentscomponents take.take. ProductionProduction levelslevels werewere restoredrestored toto 70%70% ofof normalnormal byby 2010.2010. InIn responseresponse internationalinternational workshop workshop on on “Bridging “Bridging the the Gap Gap between between Ocean Ocean Acidification Acidification ImpactsImpacts andand EconomicEconomic Valuation.”Valuation.” The The ofof the the marine marine food food web. web. For For example, example, sea sea snails snails (shelled (shelled pteropods), pteropods), which which toto the the crisis, crisis, the the State State of of Washington Washington budgeted budgeted US$ US$ 3.3 3.3 million million to to regional regional objectiveobjective of of the the workshop workshop was was to to assess assess ocean ocean acidification acidification impacts impacts onon fisheriesfisheries andand aquacultureaquaculture resourcesresources inin different different areare food food for for salmon salmon in in the the North North Pacific, Pacific, areare threatened threatened byby acidificationacidification of of high high effortsefforts concerning concerning ocean ocean acidification acidification in in coordinationcoordination withwith nationalnational agencies.agencies. regionsregions ofof thethe world.world. TheThe regionsregions werewere artificialartificial aggregationsaggregations ofof the the fishingfishing areas areas defineddefined byby thethe FoodFood andand Agriculture Agriculture latitudelatitude waters.waters. EffectsEffects areare expectedexpected toto bebe exacerbatedexacerbated whenwhen combinedcombined withwith HatcheryHatchery managers managers now now monitor monitor coastal coastal waters waters to to identify identify approaching approaching OrganizationOrganization (FAO). (FAO). Each Each region region spanned spanned multiple multiple political, political, eco economicnomic and and ecological ecological units. units. otherother stressors, stressors, such such as as increased increased temperature, temperature, depleted depleted oxygen, oxygen, and and pollution. pollution. upwelledupwelled water water and and take take steps steps to to protect protect their their operations. operations. OceanOcean change change may may have have major major consequences consequences for for some some keystone keystone species, species, whichwhich may may potentially potentially lead lead to to extinctions. extinctions. ININttERNAERNAttIONALIONAL wwORORkkSShhOOpp REREccOOmmmmENENddAAttIONSIONS ppARARttIIccIIppANANttSS ANANdd ccONONttRIBURIBUttORS:ORS: 11-1311-13 NovemberNovember 20122012 GENERALGENERAL ININffORORmmAAttIONION ABOUABOUtt OOccEANEAN AAccIdIdIfIfIcIcAAttIONION ANANdd ffISIShhERIESERIES:: ThisThis brochure brochure is is the the result result of of a a joint joint effort effort by by natural natural and and social social scientists scientists from from 19 19 countries, countries, who who met met in in the the Oceanographic Oceanographic Museum Museum •• MitigateMitigate the the effects effects of of ocean ocean ofof Monaco Monaco in in November, November, 2012. 2012. acidificationacidification byby reducingreducing emissionsemissions •• Knowledge Knowledge of of effects effects of of ocean ocean acidification acidification onon fishfish isis currentlcurrentlyy inadequate inadequate MuséeMusée océanographiqocéanographiqueue ofof atmospheric atmospheric CO CO.. DenisDenis Allemand, Allemand, CSM-Monaco; CSM-Monaco; Edward Edward Allison, Allison, UEA-UK; UEA-UK; Andreas Andreas Andersson, Andersson, EPHE-Moorea;EPHE-Moorea; Gretta Gretta Pecl, Pecl, UTAS-Australia; UTAS-Australia; Hans Hans O. O. Pörtner, Pörtner, AWI-Germany; AWI-Germany; 22 •• Effects Effects of of lowered lowered pH pH on on fish fish eggseggs andand larval larval developmentdevelopment havehave not not been been sufficiently sufficiently studiedstudied dede MonacoMonaco •• Coastal Coastal upwelling upwelling of of deep deep ocean ocean water water to to the the surface surface can can prod produceuce localised localised acidification acidification SIO/UCSD-USA;SIO/UCSD-USA; Alexander Alexander Arkhipkin, Arkhipkin; United Bernard Kingdom; Avril, IMBER-Norway; Bernard Avril, IMBER- Manuel KatrinKatrin Rehdanz, Rehdanz, ifw/U. ifw/U. Kiel-Germany; Kiel-Germany; Stephanie Stephanie Reynaud, Reynaud, CSM-Monaco; CSM-Monaco; •• Establish Establish coastal coastal monitoring monitoring •• Impacts Impacts of of ocean ocean acidification acidification onon fisheriesfisheries maymay includeinclude altered altered food food webs webs Norway;Barange, Manuel PML-UK; Barange, John Baxter, PML-UK; SNH-UK; John Baxter, Johann SNH-UK; Bell, SPC-New Johann Caledonia; Bell, SPC- AlainAlain Safa, Safa, IDRAC-France; IDRAC-France; Melita Melita Samoilys, Samoilys, CORDIO-Kenya; CORDIO-Kenya; Didier Didier Sauzade, Sauzade, EcEcOOmmOOmmIcIcSS OOff OcOcEANEAN AcAcIdIdIfIfIcIcAAttIONION networksnetworks for for standardized standardized measu measu-- •• Small-scaleSmall-scale artisanal artisanal fisheries fisheries employemploy 90%90% of of thethe worldworld capturecapture fishers,fishers, andand are are importantimportant to to foodfood securitysecurity and and NewRichard Caledonia; Bellerby, Richard NIVA-Norway; Bellerby, GillesNIVA-Norway; Boeuf, MNHN-France; Gilles Boeuf, MNHN-France; Luke Brander, PlanPlan Bleu-France; Bleu-France; Juan Juan Carlos Carlos Seijo, Seijo, U. U. Marista Marista de de Merida-Mexico; Merida-Mexico; Francois Francois rementrement of of ocean ocean acidification. acidification. LukeHKUST-Hong Brander, Kong;HKUST-Hong Tony Kong; Charles, Tony St Charles, Mary’s U.-Canada;St Mary’s U.-Canada; William Cheung,William Simard,Simard, IUCN-Switzerland; IUCN-Switzerland; Rashid Rashid Sumaila, Sumaila, UBC-Canada; UBC-Canada; Aurelie Aurelie Thomassin, Thomassin, BridgingBridging thethe GapGap betweenbetween povertypoverty alleviation alleviation OceanOcean AcidificationAcidification ImpactsImpacts andand EconomicEconomic ValuationValuation •• NutritionNutrition fromfrom fishfish andand seafoodseafood providesprovides essentialessential fatty fatty acids,acids, mineralsminerals andand vitamins,vitamins, andand is is aa primaryprimary sourcesource ofof Cheung,UBC-Canada; UBC-Canada; Mine Cinar, Mine LoyolaCinar, Loyola U. Chicago-USA; U. Chicago-USA; Joshua Joshua Cinner, Cinner, JCU- MEDE-France;MEDE-France; Carol Carol Turley, Turley, PML-UK; PML-UK; Michel Michel Warnau, Warnau, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Wendy Wendy •• SupportSupport research research on on valuable valuable proteinprotein for for one one billion billion people people JCU-Australia;Australia; Sarah Sarah Cooley, Cooley, WHOI-USA; WHOI-USA; Ned Ned Cyr, Cyr, NOAA-USA; Cassandra Cassandra Watson-Wright,Watson-Wright, IOC/UNESCO-France; IOC/UNESCO-France; Patrizia Patrizia Ziveri, Ziveri, UAB-Spain. UAB-Spain. finfish,finfish, shrimpshrimp andand otherother shellfishshellfish •• Fisheries Fisheries and and aquaculture aquaculture production, production, distribution distribution and and marketing marketing employs employs 660-800 660-800 million million people, people, representing representing 10- 10- DeYoung,DeYoung, FAO-Italy; FAO-Italy; Sam Sam Dupont, Dupont, U. U. Gothenburg-Sweden; Gothenburg-Sweden; Pierre Pierre Failler, Failler, CEMARE-UK;CEMARE-UK; Laure Laure Fournier, Fournier, Total Total Foundation-France; Foundation-France; Jean-Pierre Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Gattuso, inin high high CO CO conditions conditions to to enable enable 12%12% of of the the world world population population Citation:Citation: Hilmi Hilmi N, N, Allemand Allemand D, D, Betti Betti M, M, Gattuso Gattuso J-P, J-P, Kavanagh Kavanagh C, C, Lacoue- Lacoue- GENERALGENERAL cONcONccLUSIONSLUSIONS 22 CNRS-France;CNRS-France; Frederic Frederic Gazeau, Gazeau, CNRS-France; CNRS-France; Leigh Leigh Gurney, Gurney, EC/JRC-Italy; EC/JRC-Italy; socio-economicsocio-economic assessment assessment of of LabartheLabarthe T, T, Moschella Moschella P, P, Reynaud Reynaud S, S, Warnau Warnau M M (2013) (2013) 2nd 2nd International International •• Ocean Ocean acidification acidification is is a a globalglobal issue issue directlydirectly causedcaused byby increased increased anthropogenicanthropogenic JasonJason Hall-Spencer, Hall-Spencer, Plymouth Plymouth U.-UK; U.-UK; Lina Lina Hansson, Hansson, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Gunnar Gunnar impactsimpacts on on food food security. security. WorkshopWorkshop on on the the Economics Economics of of Ocean Ocean Acidification: Acidification: BridgingBridging the the GapGap BetweenBetween COCO emissions emissions to to the the atmosphere. atmosphere. It It is is happening happening now now and and CO CO absorbed absorbed by by the the Haraldsson,Haraldsson, OECD-France; OECD-France; Nathalie Nathalie Hilmi, Hilmi, CSM/IAEA-Monaco; CSM/IAEA-Monaco; Courtney Courtney 22 22 OceanOcean Acidification Acidification Impacts Impacts andand EconomicEconomic ValuationValuation “Ocean“Ocean AcidificationAcidification oceansoceans will will continue continue to to rise rise long long after after emissions emissions are are reduced. reduced. ffILLINGILLING ththEE GAGAppSS ININ kkNONOwwLELEddGEGE Hough,Hough, FEAP-Belgium; FEAP-Belgium; Christopher Christopher Kavanagh, Kavanagh, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Kieran Kieran impactsimpacts on on fisheries fisheries andand aquaculture.”aquaculture.” OceanographicOceanographic MuseumMuseum ofof Monaco,Monaco, •• ImplementImplement best best practices practices and and •• Some Some ocean ocean areas areas such such as as upwelling upwelling waters waters (deep (deep water water drawn drawn upwards upwards as as wind wind Kelleher,Kelleher, Ireland; Ireland; Thomas Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Lacoue-Labarthe, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Dan Dan Laffoley, Laffoley, 11-1311-13 November November 2012 2012 adaptiveadaptive management management ofof fisheriesfisheries OcOcEANOGRAEANOGRAphphIcIc ANANdd BIOLOGIBIOLOGIccALAL EEffffEEctctSS:: EcEcONOONOmmIcIc vvALUAALUAttIONION ANANdd IUCN-UK;IUCN-UK; Vicky Vicky Lam, Lam, UBC-Canada; UBC-Canada; Jean-Pierre Jean-Pierre Lozato-Giotart, Lozato-Giotart, Monaco; Monaco; pushespushes surface surface water water offshore), offshore), polar polar and and sub-polar sub-polar regions, regions, and and some some coastal coastal and and andand aquaculture aquaculture to to increase increase eco eco-- FabioFabio Massa, Massa, GFCM/FAO-Italy; GFCM/FAO-Italy; Paula Paula Moschella, Moschella, CIESM; CIESM; Paulo Paulo A.L.D. A.L.D. WorkshopWorkshop websites:websites: estuarineestuarine waters waters are are natural natural “hot “hot spots” spots” of of special special concern concern for for ocean ocean acidification. acidification. logicallogical resilience resilience of of marine marine ecosys ecosys-- •• EffectiveEffective monitoringmonitoring ofof oceanocean acidificationacidification cancan establishestablish causecause andand effecteffect SOSOccIALIAL ImpImpAAct:ct: Nunes,Nunes, CIESM; CIESM; Laura Laura Parker, Parker, UWS-Australia; UWS-Australia; Nicolas Nicolas Pascal, Pascal, CRIOBE CRIOBE CNRS CNRS www.iaea.org/monaco/EconomicsOceanAcidificationwww.iaea.org/monaco/EconomicsOceanAcidification tems.tems. betweenbetween changeschanges inin fisheriesfisheries harvestsharvests andand oceanocean acidificationacidification andand provide provide •• CoastalCoastal waterswaters areare subjectsubject toto warming,warming, lowlow oxygen,oxygen, highhigh nutrientsnutrients andand pollutiopollutionn Communities Communities need need to to have have a a clear clear www.centrescientifique.mc/csmfr/informations/2012_11_OA.phpwww.centrescientifique.mc/csmfr/informations/2012_11_OA.php earlyearly warning warning to to fish fish farmers farmers andand fisheriesfisheries managers.managers. •• inin addition addition to to ocean ocean acidification, acidification, exposingexposing aquaticaquatic speciesspecies and and communitiescommunities to to understandingunderstanding of of how how ocean ocean acidification acidification Acknowledgement:Acknowledgement: •• IncreaseIncrease the the adaptive adaptive capa capa-- maymay alter alter local local economies economies and and the the multiplemultiple stressors. stressors. •• EcosystemEcosystem models models need need to to be be developed developed to to project project future future acidification acidification possiblepossible scale scale of of potential potential economic economic TheThe workshopworkshop organizersorganizers extendextend sinceresincere thanksthanks toto allall contributorscontributors toto thethe productionproduction ofof thisthis brochure,brochure, withwith specialspecial acknowledgementacknowledgement toto citycity ofof fishingfishing communitiescommunities through through conditionsconditions in in vulnerable vulnerable and and sensitive sensitive productive productive ecosystems. ecosystems. •• WorldWorld capturecapture fifisheriessheries andand aquacultureaquaculture generatedgenerated aboutabout US$US$ 218218 billionbillion inin 2010.2010. impactsimpacts based based on on assessment assessment of of exposure, exposure, GrettaGretta Pecl, Pecl, Eric Eric Beraud, Beraud, David David Tarbath, Tarbath, Bruce Bruce Miller, Miller, Courtney Courtney Hough, Hough, Melita Melita Samoilys Samoilys and and George George Waweru Waweru Maina Maina for for photographs photographs and and to to educationeducation about about ocean ocean acidifica acidifica-- sensitivitysensitivity and and adaptive adaptive capacity. capacity. ThisThis provides provides an an estimated estimated 4.3 4.3 billion billion people people with with at at least least 15% 15% of of their their animal animal protein. protein. •• Reducing Reducing uncertainty uncertainty through through research research of of the the effects effects of of ocean ocean acidification acidification ElsaElsa Gärtner Gärtner for for the the map. map. tion,tion, and and by by training training and and support support to to OverOver the the last last 30 30 years years world world food food production production by by aquaculture aquaculture has has expanded expanded twelve- twelve- onon seafood seafood is is necessary necessary to to evaluate evaluate direct direct economic economic impacts impacts to to society. society. • • The The biological biological effects effects of of ocean ocean diversifydiversify livelihoods livelihoods where where needed. needed. acidificationacidification areare still still poorlypoorly understood,understood, fold;fold; representing representing nearly nearly half half of of human human seafood seafood consumption. consumption. Dependence Dependence on on PriorityPriority areas areas of of research research include, include, finfish, finfish, high-valuehigh-value crustaceanscrustaceans (shrimp, (shrimp, thereforetherefore assessing assessing the the impact impact on on jobs jobs and and marinemarine protein protein is is expected expected to to continue continue to to rise rise with with increasing increasing human human population. population. crab,crab, lobster), lobster), and and early early life life stages stages of of seafood seafood species. species. thethe economy economy is is challenging. challenging. Case Case studies studies wIwIthth ththEE ffINANINANccIALIAL ANANdd SSccIENIENttIIffIIcc SUSUppppORORtt OOf:f: •• ImproveImprove multi-stakeholder multi-stakeholder ex ex-- needneed toto bebe undertakenundertaken onon thethe economiceconomic •• Major Major fisheries fisheries andand aquacultureaquaculture oftenoften occur occur in in areas areas sensitive sensitive to to ocean ocean acidification. acidification. changechange of of information information and and com com-- •• More More research research is is needed needed on on combined combined effects effects of of environmental environmental factors factors on on andand socialsocial impactimpact ofof oceanocean acidificationacidification onon fisheries fisheries for for the the speciesspecies mostmost vulnerablevulnerable ThisThis puts puts economies economies and and livelihoods livelihoods at at risk, risk, and and requires requires consideration consideration and and action action by by municationmunication among among parties parties (coastal (coastal targettarget organisms organisms to to gain gain better better understanding understanding of of the the conditions conditions that that challenge challenge toto oceanocean acidification,acidification, including including culturedcultured policypolicy makers. makers. communities,communities, businesses, businesses, resear resear-- naturalnatural communities. communities. speciesspecies andand speciesspecies importantimportant forfor marinemarine chers,chers, resource resource managers, managers, inter inter-- leisureleisure activities. activities. •• Research Research on on va valuableluable seafood seafood species species is is limited. limited. Studies Studies indicate indicate that that some some shellfish shellfish •• LittleLittle isis knownknown aboutabout hohoww oceanocean acidificationacidification effectseffects willwill alteralter marinemarine food food nationalnational organizations organizations and and policy policy usedused in in aquaculture aquaculture may may be be vulnerable vulnerable to to ocean ocean acidification. acidification. MuchMuch uncertaintyuncertainty webs.webs. Also, Also, little little is is known known about about how how ocean ocean acidification acidification willwill impact impact speciesspecies in in • • Comprehensive Comprehensive risk risk assessments assessments should should makers).makers). bebe designed designed and and implemented implemented to to prioritize prioritize remainsremains concerning concerning finfish. finfish. highhigh value value coastal coastal habitats habitats such such as as seagrass, seagrass, mangroves mangroves and and cor coralal reefs. reefs. adaptiveadaptive responses. responses. Stratege Communi C ation Création graphique : Stratege Stratege Communi C ation Création graphique : Stratege hhOOww ddOESOES OOccEANEAN AAccIIddIIffIIccAAttIONION AAffEffEctct ffISIShhERIESERIES?? OOccEANEAN AAccIIddIIffIIccAAttIONION ccASEASE SSttUUddYY ININ AQUAAQUAccULULttUREURE

TheThe ocean ocean moderate moderate the the rate rate and and severity severity of of climate climate change change by by absorbing absorbing InIn 2008, 2008, oyster oyster hatcheries hatcheries on on the the northwest northwest coast coast of of the the United United States States were were largelarge amounts amounts of of CO CO2 2 generated generated primarily primarily from from man-made man-made activities. activities. The The nearnear collapse collapse and and a a US$ US$ 270 270 million million industry industry employing employing over over 3,200 3,200 people people uptakeuptake triggers triggers large-scale large-scale changes changes in in seawater seawater chemistry, chemistry, referred referred to to as as ocean ocean waswas under under threat. threat. New-born New-born oysters oysters were were dying dying off off with with production production levels levels acidificationacidification duedue to to the the increase increase in in seawaterseawater acidityacidity (decrease(decrease ofof pH).pH). In In turn, turn, reducedreduced byby 80%80% andand thethe causecause ofof thethe losseslosses unknown.unknown. ResearchResearch eliminatedeliminated thesethese chemicalchemical changeschanges maymay alteralter biologicalbiological processes.processes. OceanOcean acidificationacidification thethe bacterial bacterial pathogen pathogen Vibrio Vibrio as as culprit. culprit. Instead, Instead, the the oyster oyster deaths deaths were were ECONOMICSECONOMICS OFOF OCEANOCEAN ACIDIFICATIONACIDIFICATION negativelynegatively affectsaffects manymany organismsorganisms thatthat produceproduce aa calciumcalcium carbonatecarbonate shellshell oror stronglystrongly linked linked to to water water quality quality - - to to ocean ocean acidification. acidification. TheThe hatcheries hatcheries are are ImpactsImpacts onon fisheriesfisheries andand aquacultureaquaculture skeleton,skeleton, such such as as shellfish shellfish andand corals.corals. OtherOther effectseffects ofof highhigh COCO2 2include include changes changes openopen circulation circulation systems systems supplied supplied from from the the coastal coastal ocean ocean and and the the production production inin growth growth rate, rate, reproductive reproductive success success or or animal animal behaviour. behaviour. The The magnitude magnitude of of failurefailure was was correlated correlated to to deep-ocean, deep-ocean, corrosive corrosive waters waters brought brought to to the the surface. surface. OceanOcean acidification acidification hashas onlyonly recently recently beenbeen recognized recognized asas a athreat threat for for the the environmentenvironment withwith potentiallypotentially severesevere socialsocial andand thethe effecteffect dependsdepends onon thethe capacitiescapacities ofof speciesspecies toto acclimateacclimate oror adapt.adapt. SomeSome WorkingWorking together, together, oyster oyster businesses businesses and and scientists scientists established established actions actions to to economiceconomic consequences.consequences. TheThe followingfollowing statementsstatements areare thethe majormajor conclusionsconclusions andand recommendationsrecommendations fromfrom thethe secondsecond organismsorganisms may may be be influenced influenced byby oceanocean acidificationacidification effects effects onon componentscomponents take.take. ProductionProduction levelslevels werewere restoredrestored toto 70%70% ofof normalnormal byby 2010.2010. InIn responseresponse internationalinternational workshop workshop on on “Bridging “Bridging the the Gap Gap between between Ocean Ocean Acidification Acidification ImpactsImpacts andand EconomicEconomic Valuation.”Valuation.” The The ofof the the marine marine food food web. web. For For example, example, sea sea snails snails (shelled (shelled pteropods), pteropods), which which toto the the crisis, crisis, the the State State of of Washington Washington budgeted budgeted US$ US$ 3.3 3.3 million million to to regional regional objectiveobjective of of the the workshop workshop was was to to assess assess ocean ocean acidification acidification impacts impacts onon fisheriesfisheries andand aquacultureaquaculture resourcesresources inin different different areare food food for for salmon salmon in in the the North North Pacific, Pacific, areare threatened threatened byby acidificationacidification of of high high effortsefforts concerning concerning ocean ocean acidification acidification in in coordinationcoordination withwith nationalnational agencies.agencies. regionsregions ofof thethe world.world. TheThe regionsregions werewere artificialartificial aggregationsaggregations ofof the the fishingfishing areas areas defineddefined byby thethe FoodFood andand Agriculture Agriculture latitudelatitude waters.waters. EffectsEffects areare expectedexpected toto bebe exacerbatedexacerbated whenwhen combinedcombined withwith HatcheryHatchery managers managers now now monitor monitor coastal coastal waters waters to to identify identify approaching approaching OrganizationOrganization (FAO). (FAO). Each Each region region spanned spanned multiple multiple political, political, eco economicnomic and and ecological ecological units. units. otherother stressors, stressors, such such as as increased increased temperature, temperature, depleted depleted oxygen, oxygen, and and pollution. pollution. upwelledupwelled water water and and take take steps steps to to protect protect their their operations. operations. OceanOcean change change may may have have major major consequences consequences for for some some keystone keystone species, species, whichwhich may may potentially potentially lead lead to to extinctions. extinctions. ININttERNAERNAttIONALIONAL wwORORkkSShhOOpp REREccOOmmmmENENddAAttIONSIONS ppARARttIIccIIppANANttSS ANANdd ccONONttRIBURIBUttORS:ORS: 11-1311-13 NovemberNovember 20122012 GENERALGENERAL ININffORORmmAAttIONION ABOUABOUtt OOccEANEAN AAccIdIdIfIfIcIcAAttIONION ANANdd ffISIShhERIESERIES:: ThisThis brochure brochure is is the the result result of of a a joint joint effort effort by by natural natural and and social social scientists scientists from from 19 19 countries, countries, who who met met in in the the Oceanographic Oceanographic Museum Museum •• MitigateMitigate the the effects effects of of ocean ocean ofof Monaco Monaco in in November, November, 2012. 2012. acidificationacidification byby reducingreducing emissionsemissions •• Knowledge Knowledge of of effects effects of of ocean ocean acidification acidification onon fishfish isis currentlcurrentlyy inadequate inadequate MuséeMusée océanographiqocéanographiqueue ofof atmospheric atmospheric CO CO.. DenisDenis Allemand, Allemand, CSM-Monaco; CSM-Monaco; Edward Edward Allison, Allison, UEA-UK; UEA-UK; Andreas Andreas Andersson, Andersson, EPHE-Moorea;EPHE-Moorea; Gretta Gretta Pecl, Pecl, UTAS-Australia; UTAS-Australia; Hans Hans O. O. Pörtner, Pörtner, AWI-Germany; AWI-Germany; 22 •• Effects Effects of of lowered lowered pH pH on on fish fish eggseggs andand larval larval developmentdevelopment havehave not not been been sufficiently sufficiently studiedstudied dede MonacoMonaco •• Coastal Coastal upwelling upwelling of of deep deep ocean ocean water water to to the the surface surface can can prod produceuce localised localised acidification acidification SIO/UCSD-USA;SIO/UCSD-USA; Alexander Alexander Arkhipkin, Arkhipkin; United Bernard Kingdom; Avril, IMBER-Norway; Bernard Avril, IMBER- Manuel KatrinKatrin Rehdanz, Rehdanz, ifw/U. ifw/U. Kiel-Germany; Kiel-Germany; Stephanie Stephanie Reynaud, Reynaud, CSM-Monaco; CSM-Monaco; •• Establish Establish coastal coastal monitoring monitoring •• Impacts Impacts of of ocean ocean acidification acidification onon fisheriesfisheries maymay includeinclude altered altered food food webs webs Norway;Barange, Manuel PML-UK; Barange, John Baxter, PML-UK; SNH-UK; John Baxter, Johann SNH-UK; Bell, SPC-New Johann Caledonia; Bell, SPC- AlainAlain Safa, Safa, IDRAC-France; IDRAC-France; Melita Melita Samoilys, Samoilys, CORDIO-Kenya; CORDIO-Kenya; Didier Didier Sauzade, Sauzade, EcEcOOmmOOmmIcIcSS OOff OcOcEANEAN AcAcIdIdIfIfIcIcAAttIONION networksnetworks for for standardized standardized measu measu-- •• Small-scaleSmall-scale artisanal artisanal fisheries fisheries employemploy 90%90% of of thethe worldworld capturecapture fishers,fishers, andand are are importantimportant to to foodfood securitysecurity and and NewRichard Caledonia; Bellerby, Richard NIVA-Norway; Bellerby, GillesNIVA-Norway; Boeuf, MNHN-France; Gilles Boeuf, MNHN-France; Luke Brander, PlanPlan Bleu-France; Bleu-France; Juan Juan Carlos Carlos Seijo, Seijo, U. U. Marista Marista de de Merida-Mexico; Merida-Mexico; Francois Francois rementrement of of ocean ocean acidification. acidification. LukeHKUST-Hong Brander, Kong;HKUST-Hong Tony Kong; Charles, Tony St Charles, Mary’s U.-Canada;St Mary’s U.-Canada; William Cheung,William Simard,Simard, IUCN-Switzerland; IUCN-Switzerland; Rashid Rashid Sumaila, Sumaila, UBC-Canada; UBC-Canada; Aurelie Aurelie Thomassin, Thomassin, BridgingBridging thethe GapGap betweenbetween povertypoverty alleviation alleviation OceanOcean AcidificationAcidification ImpactsImpacts andand EconomicEconomic ValuationValuation •• NutritionNutrition fromfrom fishfish andand seafoodseafood providesprovides essentialessential fatty fatty acids,acids, mineralsminerals andand vitamins,vitamins, andand is is aa primaryprimary sourcesource ofof Cheung,UBC-Canada; UBC-Canada; Mine Cinar, Mine LoyolaCinar, Loyola U. Chicago-USA; U. Chicago-USA; Joshua Joshua Cinner, Cinner, JCU- MEDE-France;MEDE-France; Carol Carol Turley, Turley, PML-UK; PML-UK; Michel Michel Warnau, Warnau, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Wendy Wendy •• SupportSupport research research on on valuable valuable proteinprotein for for one one billion billion people people JCU-Australia;Australia; Sarah Sarah Cooley, Cooley, WHOI-USA; WHOI-USA; Ned Ned Cyr, Cyr, NOAA-USA; Cassandra Cassandra Watson-Wright,Watson-Wright, IOC/UNESCO-France; IOC/UNESCO-France; Patrizia Patrizia Ziveri, Ziveri, UAB-Spain. UAB-Spain. finfish,finfish, shrimpshrimp andand otherother shellfishshellfish •• Fisheries Fisheries and and aquaculture aquaculture production, production, distribution distribution and and marketing marketing employs employs 660-800 660-800 million million people, people, representing representing 10- 10- DeYoung,DeYoung, FAO-Italy; FAO-Italy; Sam Sam Dupont, Dupont, U. U. Gothenburg-Sweden; Gothenburg-Sweden; Pierre Pierre Failler, Failler, CEMARE-UK;CEMARE-UK; Laure Laure Fournier, Fournier, Total Total Foundation-France; Foundation-France; Jean-Pierre Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Gattuso, inin high high CO CO conditions conditions to to enable enable 12%12% of of the the world world population population Citation:Citation: Hilmi Hilmi N, N, Allemand Allemand D, D, Betti Betti M, M, Gattuso Gattuso J-P, J-P, Kavanagh Kavanagh C, C, Lacoue- Lacoue- GENERALGENERAL cONcONccLUSIONSLUSIONS 22 CNRS-France;CNRS-France; Frederic Frederic Gazeau, Gazeau, CNRS-France; CNRS-France; Leigh Leigh Gurney, Gurney, EC/JRC-Italy; EC/JRC-Italy; socio-economicsocio-economic assessment assessment of of LabartheLabarthe T, T, Moschella Moschella P, P, Reynaud Reynaud S, S, Warnau Warnau M M (2013) (2013) 2nd 2nd International International •• Ocean Ocean acidification acidification is is a a globalglobal issue issue directlydirectly causedcaused byby increased increased anthropogenicanthropogenic JasonJason Hall-Spencer, Hall-Spencer, Plymouth Plymouth U.-UK; U.-UK; Lina Lina Hansson, Hansson, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Gunnar Gunnar impactsimpacts on on food food security. security. WorkshopWorkshop on on the the Economics Economics of of Ocean Ocean Acidification: Acidification: BridgingBridging the the GapGap BetweenBetween COCO emissions emissions to to the the atmosphere. atmosphere. It It is is happening happening now now and and CO CO absorbed absorbed by by the the Haraldsson,Haraldsson, OECD-France; OECD-France; Nathalie Nathalie Hilmi, Hilmi, CSM/IAEA-Monaco; CSM/IAEA-Monaco; Courtney Courtney 22 22 OceanOcean Acidification Acidification Impacts Impacts andand EconomicEconomic ValuationValuation “Ocean“Ocean AcidificationAcidification oceansoceans will will continue continue to to rise rise long long after after emissions emissions are are reduced. reduced. ffILLINGILLING ththEE GAGAppSS ININ kkNONOwwLELEddGEGE Hough,Hough, FEAP-Belgium; FEAP-Belgium; Christopher Christopher Kavanagh, Kavanagh, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Kieran Kieran impactsimpacts on on fisheries fisheries andand aquaculture.”aquaculture.” OceanographicOceanographic MuseumMuseum ofof Monaco,Monaco, •• ImplementImplement best best practices practices and and •• Some Some ocean ocean areas areas such such as as upwelling upwelling waters waters (deep (deep water water drawn drawn upwards upwards as as wind wind Kelleher,Kelleher, Ireland; Ireland; Thomas Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Lacoue-Labarthe, IAEA-Monaco; IAEA-Monaco; Dan Dan Laffoley, Laffoley, 11-1311-13 November November 2012 2012 adaptiveadaptive management management ofof fisheriesfisheries OcOcEANOGRAEANOGRAphphIcIc ANANdd BIOLOGIBIOLOGIccALAL EEffffEEctctSS:: EcEcONOONOmmIcIc vvALUAALUAttIONION ANANdd IUCN-UK;IUCN-UK; Vicky Vicky Lam, Lam, UBC-Canada; UBC-Canada; Jean-Pierre Jean-Pierre Lozato-Giotart, Lozato-Giotart, Monaco; Monaco; pushespushes surface surface water water offshore), offshore), polar polar and and sub-polar sub-polar regions, regions, and and some some coastal coastal and and andand aquaculture aquaculture to to increase increase eco eco-- FabioFabio Massa, Massa, GFCM/FAO-Italy; GFCM/FAO-Italy; Paula Paula Moschella, Moschella, CIESM; CIESM; Paulo Paulo A.L.D. A.L.D. WorkshopWorkshop websites:websites: estuarineestuarine waters waters are are natural natural “hot “hot spots” spots” of of special special concern concern for for ocean ocean acidification. acidification. logicallogical resilience resilience of of marine marine ecosys ecosys-- •• EffectiveEffective monitoringmonitoring ofof oceanocean acidificationacidification cancan establishestablish causecause andand effecteffect SOSOccIALIAL ImpImpAAct:ct: Nunes,Nunes, CIESM; CIESM; Laura Laura Parker, Parker, UWS-Australia; UWS-Australia; Nicolas Nicolas Pascal, Pascal, CRIOBE CRIOBE CNRS CNRS www.iaea.org/monaco/EconomicsOceanAcidificationwww.iaea.org/monaco/EconomicsOceanAcidification tems.tems. betweenbetween changeschanges inin fisheriesfisheries harvestsharvests andand oceanocean acidificationacidification andand provide provide •• CoastalCoastal waterswaters areare subjectsubject toto warming,warming, lowlow oxygen,oxygen, highhigh nutrientsnutrients andand pollutiopollutionn Communities Communities need need to to have have a a clear clear www.centrescientifique.mc/csmfr/informations/2012_11_OA.phpwww.centrescientifique.mc/csmfr/informations/2012_11_OA.php earlyearly warning warning to to fish fish farmers farmers andand fisheriesfisheries managers.managers. •• inin addition addition to to ocean ocean acidification, acidification, exposingexposing aquaticaquatic speciesspecies and and communitiescommunities to to understandingunderstanding of of how how ocean ocean acidification acidification Acknowledgement:Acknowledgement: •• IncreaseIncrease the the adaptive adaptive capa capa-- maymay alter alter local local economies economies and and the the multiplemultiple stressors. stressors. •• EcosystemEcosystem models models need need to to be be developed developed to to project project future future acidification acidification possiblepossible scale scale of of potential potential economic economic TheThe workshopworkshop organizersorganizers extendextend sinceresincere thanksthanks toto allall contributorscontributors toto thethe productionproduction ofof thisthis brochure,brochure, withwith specialspecial acknowledgementacknowledgement toto citycity ofof fishingfishing communitiescommunities through through conditionsconditions in in vulnerable vulnerable and and sensitive sensitive productive productive ecosystems. ecosystems. •• WorldWorld capturecapture fifisheriessheries andand aquacultureaquaculture generatedgenerated aboutabout US$US$ 218218 billionbillion inin 2010.2010. impactsimpacts based based on on assessment assessment of of exposure, exposure, GrettaGretta Pecl, Pecl, Eric Eric Beraud, Beraud, David David Tarbath, Tarbath, Bruce Bruce Miller, Miller, Courtney Courtney Hough, Hough, Melita Melita Samoilys Samoilys and and George George Waweru Waweru Maina Maina for for photographs photographs and and to to educationeducation about about ocean ocean acidifica acidifica-- sensitivitysensitivity and and adaptive adaptive capacity. capacity. ThisThis provides provides an an estimated estimated 4.3 4.3 billion billion people people with with at at least least 15% 15% of of their their animal animal protein. protein. •• Reducing Reducing uncertainty uncertainty through through research research of of the the effects effects of of ocean ocean acidification acidification ElsaElsa Gärtner Gärtner for for the the map. map. tion,tion, and and by by training training and and support support to to OverOver the the last last 30 30 years years world world food food production production by by aquaculture aquaculture has has expanded expanded twelve- twelve- onon seafood seafood is is necessary necessary to to evaluate evaluate direct direct economic economic impacts impacts to to society. society. • • The The biological biological effects effects of of ocean ocean diversifydiversify livelihoods livelihoods where where needed. needed. acidificationacidification areare still still poorlypoorly understood,understood, fold;fold; representing representing nearly nearly half half of of human human seafood seafood consumption. consumption. Dependence Dependence on on PriorityPriority areas areas of of research research include, include, finfish, finfish, high-valuehigh-value crustaceanscrustaceans (shrimp, (shrimp, thereforetherefore assessing assessing the the impact impact on on jobs jobs and and marinemarine protein protein is is expected expected to to continue continue to to rise rise with with increasing increasing human human population. population. crab,crab, lobster), lobster), and and early early life life stages stages of of seafood seafood species. species. thethe economy economy is is challenging. challenging. Case Case studies studies wIwIthth ththEE ffINANINANccIALIAL ANANdd SSccIENIENttIIffIIcc SUSUppppORORtt OOf:f: •• ImproveImprove multi-stakeholder multi-stakeholder ex ex-- needneed toto bebe undertakenundertaken onon thethe economiceconomic •• Major Major fisheries fisheries andand aquacultureaquaculture oftenoften occur occur in in areas areas sensitive sensitive to to ocean ocean acidification. acidification. changechange of of information information and and com com-- •• More More research research is is needed needed on on combined combined effects effects of of environmental environmental factors factors on on andand socialsocial impactimpact ofof oceanocean acidificationacidification onon fisheries fisheries for for the the speciesspecies mostmost vulnerablevulnerable ThisThis puts puts economies economies and and livelihoods livelihoods at at risk, risk, and and requires requires consideration consideration and and action action by by municationmunication among among parties parties (coastal (coastal targettarget organisms organisms to to gain gain better better understanding understanding of of the the conditions conditions that that challenge challenge toto oceanocean acidification,acidification, including including culturedcultured policypolicy makers. makers. communities,communities, businesses, businesses, resear resear-- naturalnatural communities. communities. speciesspecies andand speciesspecies importantimportant forfor marinemarine chers,chers, resource resource managers, managers, inter inter-- leisureleisure activities. activities. •• Research Research on on va valuableluable seafood seafood species species is is limited. limited. Studies Studies indicate indicate that that some some shellfish shellfish •• LittleLittle isis knownknown aboutabout hohoww oceanocean acidificationacidification effectseffects willwill alteralter marinemarine food food nationalnational organizations organizations and and policy policy usedused in in aquaculture aquaculture may may be be vulnerable vulnerable to to ocean ocean acidification. acidification. MuchMuch uncertaintyuncertainty webs.webs. Also, Also, little little is is known known about about how how ocean ocean acidification acidification willwill impact impact speciesspecies in in • • Comprehensive Comprehensive risk risk assessments assessments should should makers).makers). bebe designed designed and and implemented implemented to to prioritize prioritize remainsremains concerning concerning finfish. finfish. highhigh value value coastal coastal habitats habitats such such as as seagrass, seagrass, mangroves mangroves and and cor coralal reefs. reefs. adaptiveadaptive responses. responses. Stratege Communi C ation Création graphique : Stratege Stratege Communi C ation Création graphique : Stratege