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Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes

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Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes Annex 1 GFCR Theory of Change Outcomes and potential outputs ...................................................... 1 Annex 2 Coral Reefs, Climate Change and Communities: Prioritising Action to Save the World’s Most Vulnerable Global Ecosystem ..................................................................................................................... 2 Annex 3 Countries included in the GCF Proposal ................................................................................ 16 Annex 4 Request for Information Results ........................................................................................... 17 Annex 5 Potential Focal Areas ............................................................................................................. 34 Annex 6 RFI Questions ........................................................................................................................ 36 Annex 7 Country Profiles..................................................................................................................... 57 Annex 8 GFCR Country Data Table Description ................................................................................. 140 Annex 9 GFCRs Partnerships ............................................................................................................. 145 Annex 10 Key Financial Intermediaries and Platforms ........................................................................ 157 Annex 11 GFCR – Pipeline Scoping Analysis ........................................................................................ 166 Annex 1 GFCR Theory of Change Outcomes and potential outputs Outcome Potential outputs Potential revenue streams Outcome 1: Protect priority coral reef sites and climate change-affected ‘refugia’ Strategic coral reefs are protected • Increase in well managed and enforced • Ecotourism user fees (i.e. reefs with high biodiversity or MPAs and LMMAs that protect and • Debt-for-nature/adaptation produce ecosystem services; promote healthy reefs swaps climate refugia and natural ‘seed • Entrepreneurial MPAs • Eco-resorts banks’ with assigned value to • Increase in scientific studies on • Special use permits protect intellectual property and identifying climate refugia • Visitor centers patents1) and ecosystem resilience • Water quality/land-ocean interface • Biodiversity offsets is increased in the face of climate projects roll-out to protect coral reefs • Blue carbon credits change. • Elimination of destructive fishing • Impact bonds practices and harmful gear from • Patents Degradation drivers of coral reefs protection sites • are mitigated or eliminated. • Establishment of ‘no-take’ zones and Provision of legal advice and expertise nurseries within protected areas • Legal advice on intellectual property, • Sale of seeds and fragments, potential uses and patents related to storage of seeds and fragments, climate-resilient corals located in and coral farming refugia Outcome 2: Transforming the livelihoods of coral reef-dependent communities Reduced reliance and unsustainable • Community-based projects for • Sustainable fisheries (e.g. export practices in coral reef ecosystems sustainable fisheries, seaweed farms, sales from high value fish as people are made aware of the aquaculture, tourism, etc. products including premiums for crisis and motivated to make and • Sustainable value chain development sustainability) support pledges to take positive and educational programmes to build • Sale of seaweed or other marine action at scale. skills for alternative careers and based products livelihoods • Eco-tourism SMEs Transition to sustainable fisheries • Women empowered through capacity • Waste management systems and tourism. Private sector-led building and safety nets • Bioprospecting investments funneled into • Reef-first businesses alternative livelihoods and reef-first • Economic valuation of coral reefs and businesses. ecosystem services • Communication and educational campaigns to drive and sustain behavioral change Outcome 3: Restoration and adaptation technologies Coral reef restoration and • Restoration technologies developed and • Fees for workshops and training adaptation technologies are made piloted for reef restoration and on new scalable, cost-efficient, and • Strategies for high-impact restoration technologies applicable to a variety of regional • Strengthened national policy • Sale of new technologies frameworks based on robust business 1 See https://qz.com/1305587/basf-owns-the-majority-of-the-worlds-patents-on-the-genes-of-sea-creatures. 1 contexts; with proven outcomes for cases for coral reef restoration and • Green-grey solutions for coastal ecological resilience. maintenance and beach protection • Restoration guidelines and training on • Fee for services to apply and coral reef restoration provide technology training • ‘In situ’ water restoration projects • Insurance schemes • Identification of priority restoration • Reef restoration ecotourism sites within targeted MPAs • Biodiversity offsets • Debt-for-nature/adaptation swaps • Payments for ecosystem services Outcome 4: Recovery of coral reef-dependent communities to major shocks Reef-dependent community livelihoods • Mechanisms in place for rapid financial • Grants are more resilient to shocks, avoiding a support to reef-first SMEs and MPAs impacted • Parametric reef insurance resurgence of drivers of degradation for by shocks. This includes the use of parametric • Impact bonds coral reef ecosystems. MPA management reef insurance. • Government assistance for recovery and enforcement operations are • Crisis plans in place to mitigate impacts from efforts equipped to continue functioning during supply chain disruptions, bleaching events, periods of crisis. health crises, etc. • “Blue” stimulus packages to help recovery after shocks. • Alternative temporary employment during periods of crisis to aid recovery efforts and provide sources of income for those that have lost their livelihoods. • Rapid material deployment to deal with crisis Annex 2 Coral Reefs, Climate Change and Communities: Prioritising Action to Save the World’s Most Vulnerable Global Ecosystem Report prepared by Peter Smith (UNDP Consultant), Penny Stock (UNDP), Gabriel Grimsditch (UNEP), Maxime Philip (GFCR Global Team) and David Meyers (CFA). 2021 2 2.1 Coral reefs and climate change The consequences of climate change are already significant and will intensify into the future with average global temperature expected to increase by 1.5–4.8 C by 2100 and precipitation patterns predicted to undergo spatial and temporal alterations among other major impacts (IPCC 2014). For the global marine environment, the average sea surface temperatures (SST) of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific oceans have already increased by 0.65, 0.41, and 0.31°C from 1950–20092 (figure 1). Average global sea levels are increasing by an average of 3.2 mm year−1 (over 1993– 2010) because of thermal expansion from warming seas and the melting of land ice (IPCC, 2013). Under current climate trajectories (RCP 8.5), the sea surface temperate (SST) across six major coral reef ocean provinces (figure 2) is expected to rise an additional 0.67 to 0.83°C by 2040 and 2.66 and 3.14 °C by 2100. Even under moderate emissions scenarios (RCP 4.5), the SST in the major coral regions is expected to rise between 1.18 and 1.44°C by the end of the century. This rapid climate change poses a significant threat to biodiversity at all levels of biological organisation3. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) ranks the existing level of climate change as the third most significant current driver of global biodiversity loss after changes in land and sea use and direct exploitation of organisms. Detrimental climate change effects have already been observed, including shifts in species’ ranges, altered timing of key seasonal Figure 1. Sea Surface Temperature Projections events destabilizing marine food-webs and other ecological relationships, and extinction of populations and species. However, the significance of climate change as a driver of biodiversity loss is expected to accelerate over the coming decades. A synthesis conducted by the IPBES estimates that 5% of species around the world are at risk of climate-related extinction at 2°C warming, and 16% of species are at risk at 4.3°C warming. Coral reef ecosystems are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems across the globe and although there are many local factors influencing the health and longer-term resilience of coral reefs, climate change has emerged as a dominant and rapidly growing threat (IPCC 2014; figure 2).4 Warming oceans are linked to increase risk of widespread regional mass coral bleaching. Corals can recover from single bleaching events over several years, but only if temperatures return to normal and there are limited local stressors. Unfortunately, recent global studies have shown that the median time between pairs of 2 Hoegh-Guldberg, O., R. Cai, E.S. Poloczanska, P.G. Brewer, S. Sundby, K. Hilmi, V.J. Fabry, and S. Jung, 2014: The Ocean. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy,
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