DOCSLIB.ORG

REPORT on REGIONAL SEAS BIODIVERSITY UNDER the POST-2020 GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK Note by the Executive Secretary 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
REPORT on REGIONAL SEAS BIODIVERSITY UNDER the POST-2020 GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK Note by the Executive Secretary 1 CBD Distr. GENERAL CBD/SBSTTA/24/INF/24 23 February 2021 ENGLISH ONLY SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE Twenty-fourth meeting Venue and dates to be determined Item 3 of the provisional agenda* REPORT ON REGIONAL SEAS BIODIVERSITY UNDER THE POST-2020 GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK Note by the Executive Secretary 1. The Executive Secretary is pleased to circulate herewith, for the information of participants in the twenty-fourth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, an information document on regional seas biodiversity under the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. 2. The document identifies ways to enhance compatibility between the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and the Regional Seas Programme under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It was prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme and the document authors, together with the project coordination team, with funding support from the European Commission 3. The document has not been formally edited or formatted and is being circulated in the form in which it was received. * CBD/SBSTTA/24/1. UNEP Regional Seas Working Paper February 2021 Regional Seas Biodiversity under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework David E. Johnson, Maria Adelaide Ferreira and Christopher Barrio Froján © 2021 United Nations Citation: United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Regional Seas Biodiversity under the post- 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Nairobi. Authors: David E. Johnson, Maria Adelaide Ferreira and Christopher Barrio Froján Project Coordination Team: Joseph Appiott (CBD) Marijana Mance (European Commission) Juan-Pablo Pertierra (European Commission) Takehiro Nakamura (UNEP) Nancy Soi (UNEP) Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Project Coordination team for their guidance and comments to draft versions of this study, in particular to Takehiro Nakamura (UNEP) for his comprehensive review of this document. The information presented here could not have been brought together without the contributions of Regional Sea Conventions and Action Plans’ Secretariats, through their responses to questionnaires, virtual interviews and contributions during online sessions (webinar and workshop). Thanks are also due to external experts, interviewed in their own personal capacity, for their considered views and input. Cover image: Maria Adelaide Ferreira. Atlantic Ocean, Lagos, Portugal (OSPAR Maritime Area). This study has been funded by the European Commission - UN Environment Programme Cooperation Agreement, signed under the European Commission Strategic Programme for Global Public Goods and Challenges. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this document are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect UNEP or European Union’s positions. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. 1 Regional Seas Biodiversity under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework February 2021 1 Contents Executive summary .................................................................................................................................. 4 Summary of recommendations................................................................................................................. 8 List of acronyms .....................................................................................................................................10 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................13 1.1 Aim and objectives ....................................................................................................................13 1.2 Structure of the report ...............................................................................................................14 1.3 Methods ....................................................................................................................................15 2. The CBD Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework .....................................................................16 2.1 Genesis .....................................................................................................................................16 2.2 Development .............................................................................................................................16 2.3 Need to galvanise urgent and transformative action across society ........................................20 2.4 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic ....................................................................................28 2.5 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................................28 3. The Regional Seas Programme ....................................................................................................29 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................29 3.2 Implementing an Ecosystem Approach ....................................................................................37 3.3 Uptake of MEAs by the Regional Seas ....................................................................................44 3.4 Monitoring and reporting: Selection and application of a coordinated set of indicators for the RSP ..................................................................................................................................................47 3.5 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................................51 4. Implementation challenges and potential implications of the GBF for RSCAPs ...........................52 4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................52 4.2 Integrating the GBF into the programmes of work of the RSCAPs ..........................................52 4.3 Institutional frameworks of the RSCAPs to support GBF delivery ............................................59 4.4 Follow-up and review of RSCAPs regional targets and objectives associated with GBF Goals and Targets and associated monitoring .............................................................................................68 4.5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................72 5. RSCAP monitoring and reporting relevant to the GBF ..................................................................74 5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................74 5.2 RSCAPs monitoring and indicator systems ..............................................................................75 5.3 Key RSP indicators in relation to the GBF ................................................................................87 5.4 Strengthening the reporting of marine aspects in the GBF ......................................................92 5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................105 6. Potential future role for the RSP in the GBF: capacity needs and gaps .....................................107 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................107 2 6.2 Capacity needs: tiers and implementation thresholds for RSCAPs .......................................107 6.3 Levelling the playing field: RSCAPs implementation toolbox to address the GBF .................113 6.4 Gaps and challenges limiting the potential contribution of the RSP to the GBF ....................126 6.5 A role for each level of the hierarchy ......................................................................................128 6.6 Reinforcing the role of the RSP ..............................................................................................130 6.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................131 References ...........................................................................................................................................133 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................140 Annex 1: Questionnaire ....................................................................................................................141 Annex 2: List of interviewees ...........................................................................................................143 Annex 3: Summary of Workshop Conclusions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 7 Day Gbr Itinerary
    7 DAY & 7 NIGHT GREAT BARRIER REEF ITINERARY PORT DOUGLAS | GREAT BARRIER REEF | COOKTOWN | LIZARD ISLAND PORT DOUGLAS Port Douglas is a town on the Coral Sea in the tropical far north of Queensland, Australia. Located a scenic 50 minute drive north of Cairns International airport, It's known for its luxury beach resorts and as a base for visits to both the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest reef system, and Daintree National Park, home to biodiverse rainforest. In town, Macrossan Street is lined with boutique shops and restaurants. Curving south is popular Four Mile Beach. THE RIBBON REEFS - GREAT BARRIER REEF - Characteristically no wider than 450m, the Ribbon Reefs are part of the Great Barrier Reef Marina Park and are covered in colorful corals that attract a plethora of reef life big and small, with sandy gullies separating them, themselves containing interesting critters. The Ribbons reef host several of Australia’s most spectacular dive sites, as well as arguably the most prolific Black Marlin fishing in the world at certain times of year -with general fishing topping the list also. LIZARD ISLAND Lizard Island hosts Australia’s northernmost island resort. It is located 150 miles north of Cairns and 57 miles north east off the coast from Cooktown. Lizard Island is an absolute tropical paradise, a haven of isolation, gratification and relaxation. Accessible by boat and small aircraft, this tropical haven is a bucket list destination. Prominent dives spots on the Ribbon Reefs are generally quite shallow, with bommies coming up to as high as 5 metres below the surface from a sandy bottom that is between 15-20 metres below the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Information Exchange for Marine Educators Archive of Educational Programs, Activ
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Information Exchange for Marine Educators Archive of Educational Programs, Activities, and Websites A to G Environmental and Ocean Literacy Environmental literacy is key to preserving the nation's natural resources for current and future use and enjoyment. An environmentally literate public results in increased stewardship of the natural environment. Many organizations are working to increase the understanding of students, teachers, and the general public about the environment in general, and the oceans and coasts in particular. The following are just some of the large-scale and regional initiatives which seek to provide standards and guidance for our educational efforts and form partnerships to reach broader audiences. (In the interest of brevity, please forgive the abbreviations, the abbreviated lists of collaborators, and the lack of mention of funding institutions). The lists are far from inclusive. Please send additional entries for inclusion in future newsletters. Background Documents Developing a Framework for Assessing Environmental Literacy NAAEE has released Developing a Framework for Assessing Environmental Literacy, developed by researchers, educators, and assessment specialists in social studies, science, environmental education, and others. A presentation about the framework and accompanying documents are available on this website. http://www.naaee.net/framework Executive Order for the Stewardship of Our Oceans, Coasts, and Great Lakes President Barak Obama signed an Executive Order establishing the National Ocean Council. The Executive Order established for the first time a comprehensive, integrated national policy for the stewardship of the ocean, our coasts, and Great Lakes, which sets our nation on a path toward comprehensive planning for the preservation and sustainable uses of these bodies of water.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Island Developing States
    United Nations Environment Programme September 2014 Small Island Developing States Emanuel Mori Freundel Stuart Restoring a Safe From Potential Climate to Realization John Ashe Wu Hongbo Seizing the Island Voices, Moment Global Choices Photo: David Kirkland United Nations Environment Programme United NationsEnvironment Address: OurPlanet, PO Box 30552 the magazine of the Nairobi, Kenya United Nations Environment Programme E-mail: (UNEP) [email protected] Telephone: Director of Publication: Naysán Sahba +254.20.762.1234 Editor: Geoffrey Lean Assistant Editor: Deborah Kirby Coordinator: Naomi Poulton For past issues visit: Design and Layout: www.unep.org/ourplanet Hybrid Design (San Francisco) William Orlale (DCPI) ISSN: Produced by: 1013–7394 United Nations Environment Programme The contents of this magazine do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or the editors, nor are they an official record. The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * All dollar ($) amounts refer to US dollars. UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This report is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled fibre. The paper is chlorine free and the inks vegetable-based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This report is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled fibre. The paper is chlorine free, and the inks vegetable based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint.
    [Show full text]
  • Motivation-Based Segmentation of Scuba Divers at Ponta Do Ouro M
    Motivation-based segmentation of scuba divers at Ponta do Ouro M Herbst orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-3495 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Tourism Management at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof P van der Merwe Graduation: May 2019 Student number: 24499528 Declaration of personal work I, Marna Herbst, identity number 9409060141086 and student number 24499528 hereby declare that this thesis registered as “Motivation-based segmentation of scuba divers at Ponta do Ouro” as part of the completion of my Masters in Tourism Management at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North West University, is being submitted as my own work, and complies with the Code of Academic Integrity, as well as other relevant policies, procedure, rules and regulations of the North-West University and has not been submitted before to any institution by myself or any other person in fulfilment (or partial fulfilment) of the requirements for the attainment of any qualification. I understand and accept that this dissertation which I am submitting, forms part of the university’s property. Marna Herbst Prof P van der Merwe i Financial assistance Financial assistance from the North West University and the NRF for funding the fieldwork, are gratefully acknowledged. Statement and suggestions made in this study are those of the author. ii Acknowledgements Undertaking this MA has been a journey in so much more than just academic ways. I challenged myself on a level I never thought I would go, and not only did I learn more about my field of study, I also learned more about myself.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 2017-18 Report Here
    THE REEF-WORLD FOUNDATION ANNUAL REPORT EMPOWERING EVEN MORE LOCAL COMMUNITIES TO SAVE OUR REEFS JUNE 2017 - MAY 2018 FROM OUR FOUNDER THE CORAL REEF IS A GOOD ANALOGY FOR HOW The coral reef is a good analogy for how we on this planet might work together. Many disparate parts, working to nature’s WE ON THIS PLANET MIGHT WORK TOGETHER. plan. There is a balance in how things work together. Reef-World as a Foundation was set up to recognise the different ways that individuals in different countries, from different communities, are already working to help preserve and live in harmony with their local natural resources. And how global initiatives could be adapted to enable local communities to MANY DISPARATE PARTS, really take ownership of programmes designed to preserve and protect our planet’s natural resources. To take ownership, communities need the education, resources and autonomy to do things the way that fits their lives and to create their own WORKING TO NATURE’S PLAN. balance. As a charity, Reef-World began looking for global initiatives that would really make a difference to people living with coral Anne Paranjoti, Trustee and Founder reefs and their coasts; and it looked for local people that would benefit from being part of those initiatives, but wouldn’t ordinarily have the opportunity or knowledge of how to fit in or benefit themselves or their communities. That spirit has continued throughout the 19 years that Reef-World has operated in Thailand and now throughout South East Asia and beyond. Helping to create the Green Fins initiative for the UN Environment, and delivering this to local communities in a way that enables them to take ownership, benefit from their involvement and recognise their active and ongoing role in protecting and conserving their reefs and coasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Tourism on Herbivore Community Composition in Coral Reefs in the Gulf of Thailand Diplomarbeit
    Effects of Tourism on herbivore community composition in Coral Reefs in the Gulf of Thailand Diplomarbeit vorgelegt von Susanne Pusch Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wilfried Gabriel Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian Wild Fakultät für Biologie, Department Biologie II Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München München, den 16.09.2011 Für meinen Vater, meine Mutter und Lukas 1 Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Ort, Datum:____________________ Unterschrift:____________________ Kontaktdaten der Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Wilfried Gabriel Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München / Institute of Ecology / Großhaderner Str. 2 / D-82152 Munich / Email: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Christian Wild Universität Bremen / Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology / Fahrenheitstr.6 / D-28359 Bremen / Email: [email protected] 2 Danksagung Zunächst möchte ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Christian Wild bedanken, ohne den diese für mich sehr interessante Diplomarbeit nicht zustande gekommen wäre. Vor allem die anfängliche Betreuung bei der Datenaufnahme in Thailand hat mir bei der Erstellung meiner Arbeit sehr geholfen. Auch für die spontane Hilfe von Dr. Anna Fricke, sowie für die Hilfe der Mitarbeiter im Labor des ZMT Bremen möchte ich mich herzlich bedanken. Eine große Hilfe war für mich die Zusammenarbeit mit Hauke Schwieder, Swaantje Bennecke und Kristina Börder bei der Datenaufnahme in Thailand. Durch das freundschaftliche Verhältnis und ihre Hilfsbereitschaft wurde die Arbeit sehr erleichtert, und auch unvorhergesehene Probleme konnten wir gemeinsam bewältigen. Auch durch diese besondere Zusammenarbeit wurde der Aufenthalt für mich zu einem unvergesslichen Erlebnis, wofür ich mich herzlich bedanken will. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Hauke, der nicht nur in Thailand, sondern auch bei der weiteren Arbeit in Bremen eine große Hilfe war.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Impacts and Management Strategies for Recreational Diving: a Review
    Journal of Environmental Management 256 (2020) 109949 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Environmental Management journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman Review Ecological impacts and management strategies for recreational diving: A review Vinicius J. Giglio a,b,c,*, Osmar J. Luiz d, Carlos E.L. Ferreira b a Programa de Pos-Graduaç� ao~ em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil b Reef System Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, RJ, Brazil c Marine Ecology and Conservation Lab, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de Sao~ Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil d Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Recreational diving is an expanding branch of ecotourism that when poorly managed, may cause considerable Anthropogenic impacts impacts to benthic organisms. Such impacts become a matter of concern in popular diving destinations. A sys­ Benthic assemblages tematic literature review was used to verify the characteristics of divers who cause damage to reefs, the effects on Scuba diving benthic organisms, and the range of management interventions available. We describe the knowledge gaps, Snorkeling addressed challenges and propose solutions hoping to reach successful management of diving tourism industry. Tourism management We identified three main challenges on recreational diving management frameworks and discussed actions to overcome such challenges. The challenges are related to (1) the lack of baseline data and long-term monitoring; (2) integration of scientificresearch and management; and (3) adaptive management strategies and stakeholder involvement. 1. Introduction bryozoans and gorgonians (Barker and Roberts, 2004; Chung et al., 2013; Nuez-Hernandez� et al., 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 1 June 2019 - 31 May 2020
    ANNUAL REPORT 1 JUNE 2019 - 31 MAY 2020 © Aoibheann Gillespie-Mules 04 FROM OUR FOUNDER 06 ABOUT US 10 OUR CONSERVATION IMPACT 26 COMMUNICATIONS 35 CONFERENCES, MEETINGS AND INTERNATIONAL EVENTS 36 HIGHLIGHTS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS 42 VOICES FROM OUR NETWORK CONTENTS 46 OUR PARTNERS 52 THANK YOU TO OUR DIVE GUIDE E-COURSE DONORS 56 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 58 FINANCES 60 LOOKING AHEAD 61 THE REEF-WORLD FOUNDATION 63 CONTACT INFORMATION Over the past year, Reef-World has been driving FROM OUR FOUNDER sustainability across the diving industry by: When UNEP asked me to create a framework for Green Fins back in the 1990s, I wanted to create something that would be open to all and provide a role for anyone that wanted to do something to protect the natural world around us. Today, the Green Fins tools and resources are still free for all wishing to join and provide a framework for anyone that would like TRAINING to contribute and be part of a wider active community of conservators. The model underpinning Green Fins is one that dive staff in person and allows us all to have a role – no matter how small – in protecting the natural environment and demonstrate actions that 1,870+ truly promote core values and reach beyond a limited view of sustainability. The outcome is, thus, enriched lives for all dive professionals online and sustainability of our beautiful natural resources. 1,100+ to empower them to conduct more In the past few months of a pandemic world, a steep reduction in human activity in many places has allowed the planet’s natural resources and ecosystems an opportunity to thrive.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Briefings
    GUIDELINES FOR BOAT, DIVE AND SNORKEL BRIEFINGS The Chamber of Diving and Water Sports, Egypt April 2020 1 Outline: 1. Environmental boat briefing 2. Environmental dive briefing 3. Environmental snorkel briefing (applicable for free diving) These instructions are to be added to your regular safety and dive briefings. Up next: The Red Sea marine environment 2 What do you need to tell the guests for their first day on a boat? Up next: waste disposal 3 1. Waste disposal The guide must inform the guests: To dispose of their waste in the bins. To dispose of their cigarette filters in the ashtray. To make sure that non of their personal items can fly into the sea. To not litter in the sea. SHOW THE GUESTS WHERE ARE THE BINS AND ASHTRAYS Up next: Single-use plastic pollution 4 Plastic pollution is harming marine life • Cigarette filters • Plastic bags & wraps • Plastic cups & straws • Fishing lines • & more Plastic takes anywhere from 5 to 450 years to decompose naturally. MORE THAN 8 MILLION TONS Inform guests that they OVER 90% OF can help by reducing SEABIRDS HAVE OF PLASTIC ARE their plastic PLASTIC PIECES DUMPED IN THE consumption & waste. IN THEIR STOMACHS OCEAN EACH YEAR! Up next: reusable cups & bottles on board 5 2. Reusable cups & bottles The guide must inform guests: Use the reusable cups for coffee & tea. Refill their water bottle at the dispenser. Single-use plastic cups and straws are banned from boats in the Red Sea. Use biodegradable items when possible. ** Note: to apply once the COVID-19 pandemic is over.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes
    Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes Annex 1 GFCR Theory of Change Outcomes and potential outputs ...................................................... 1 Annex 2 Coral Reefs, Climate Change and Communities: Prioritising Action to Save the World’s Most Vulnerable Global Ecosystem ..................................................................................................................... 2 Annex 3 Countries included in the GCF Proposal ................................................................................ 16 Annex 4 Request for Information Results ........................................................................................... 17 Annex 5 Potential Focal Areas ............................................................................................................. 34 Annex 6 RFI Questions ........................................................................................................................ 36 Annex 7 Country Profiles..................................................................................................................... 57 Annex 8 GFCR Country Data Table Description ................................................................................. 140 Annex 9 GFCRs Partnerships ............................................................................................................. 145 Annex 10 Key Financial Intermediaries and Platforms ........................................................................ 157 Annex 11 GFCR – Pipeline Scoping Analysis
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Sustainable Local Environmental Projects: a Case Study for New Funding Methods of Coral Reef Restoration and Research Projects
    CREATING SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY FOR NEW FUNDING METHODS OF CORAL REEF RESTORATION AND RESEARCH PROJECTS By Chad Scott University of Colorado at Boulder A thesis submitted to the University of Colorado at Boulder in partial fulfillment of the requirements to receive Honors designation in Environmental Studies December 2007 Thesis Advisors: Mel Cundiff, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dr. William Lewis, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dale Miller, Environmental Studies, Committee Chair © 2007 by Chad Scott All rights reserved i Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE PROBLEM Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 A History of Koh Tao, Thailand ....................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2: CORAL REEFS AND HUMANS Value of Coral Reefs ......................................................................................................6 Requirements for a Healthy Reef ...................................................................................7 Anthropogenic Impacts on Coral Reefs .........................................................................9 Specific Impacts on the Reefs of Koh Tao and Suggestions for Change.............................................................................11 CHAPTER 3: ECOTOURISM Definition
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of SCUBA Diving Impacts and Implication for Coral Reefs Conservation and Tourism Management
    SHS Web of Conferences 12, 01093 (2014) DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20141201093 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2014 A Review of SCUBA Diving Impacts and Implication for Coral Reefs Conservation and Tourism Management Siti Zulaiha Zainal Abidin1 , Badaruddin Mohamed2 1Sustainable Tourism Research Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia 1,2School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia Abstract. Dive tourism has become important in term of magnitude and significantly contributes to regional economies. Nevertheless, in the absence of proper controls and enforcement, unplanned tourism growth has caused environmental degradation which undermines the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore factors that contribute to the SCUBA diving impacts on coral and fish communities. This paper explains the causes of a certain event, validating the problem of impacts, defining the core issues and identifies possible causes leading to an effect. The phenomenon of diving impacts on coral reefs is a result of intensive use of dive site over the long-term. The divers can reduce their impacts towards coral reefs through responsible diving behaviors. The causes of cumulative diver’s contacts are more complicated than it seems. In response, this paper proposes the best mitigation strategies that need to be considered for future dive tourism management. 1 Introduction Marine tourism or tourism based on ocean and coral reefs is an important component of the global tourism industry and is rapidly growing than any other tourism sector particularly in many tropical countries [1]. The increasing interest in marine tourism can be considered at two levels.
    [Show full text]