______Coral Protection in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Intercoast #34 ______

Bezaury, Juan and Jennifer McCann

1999

Citation: Narragansett, Rhode Island USA: Coastal Resources Center.InterCoast Network Newsletter, Spring 1999

For more information contact: Pamela Rubinoff, Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882 Telephone: 401.874.6224 Fax: 401.789.4670 Email: [email protected]

This five year project aims to conserve critical coastal resources in Mexico by building capacity of NGOs, Universities, communities and other key public and private stakeholders to promote an integrated approach to participatory coastal management and enhanced decision-making. This publication was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development’s Office of Environment and Natural Resources Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade under the terms of Cooperative Agreement No. PCE-A-00-95-0030-05. INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Narragansett, Rhode Island, U.S.A. • #31 • Spring, 1998

Protecting the Maya Reef Intercoast Through Multi-National Survey Results Cooperation Show Diverse manage their coastal resources region- Readership By Juan Bezaury and ally. The overall goal is to take advan- Jennifer McCann tage of growing opportunities for sus- ore than 200 people tainable development, through the Mworldwide responded n Earth Day, June 5, 1997, rational use and conservation of reef to Intercoast‘srecent readership Oheads of state from , resources. Involvement and support by survey, and the results reveal , and Mexico, coastal communities, private compa- a truly global audience with Highlights united in Tulum, Mexico to show their nies, national and international non- diverse areas of interests in commitment towards the protection profit organizations and government coastal resource management. 3 officials is crucial Readers from more than 50 Managing to the success of countries, representing an array Tourism in this regional and of cultures, knowledge and inter- East Africa integrated initia- ests, provided personal and pro- tive. Some of the fessional profile information, 4 objectives include fields of interests, and sugges- South Africa the establishment tions to improve the look and Launches of protected usefulness of Intercoast. Coastal areas; strengthen- Although the majority of those Program ing regulations; who responded hold a Ph. D., ecotourism plan- Intercoastappealed to many who 8 ning; securing did not. Readers are employed as international environmental consultants, uni- Resource Fisher in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Conservation funding; and encouraging coastal man- versity professors and lecturers, in Malaysia and wise use of their shared coastal agement to address the need for the government employees, research , especially the reef, sustainable use and conservation of this scientists and employees of non- 16 by signing onto the Mesoamerican area. Providing opportunities for train- governmental organizations. Urbanization Caribbean Systems ing, scientific research and monitoring Those surveyed indicated that in Denmark Initiative. All four countries under- are also encouraged. Intercoastis a valuable tool that stand that this rich and diverse ecosys- Other agreements have been can be used by some to develop 22 tem, second in size only to the Great signed by these four nations, includ- national policies, create research Reports From Barrier Reef in Australia, is the bases ing the Tuxtla I and II Agreements; projects, compare coastal man- The Field for many of their industries including Agreements of the Central American agement strategies and interna- tourism and fisheries. Currently, land- Commission on Environmental and tional trends, network, and pre- based activities, including coastal Development that encourage conserva- pare seminars and workshops; development, have placed increased tion actions on the Mesoamerican while for others Intercoastserves pressures causing, in many cases, Biological Corridor; and the Cartagena as a source for general insight. destruction or irreversible damage. Agreement on the protection and use The more than 200 readers The Mesoamerican Caribbean Coral of marine life in the Greater Reef Systems Initiative provides a (continued page 2) forum for all four nations to act and (continued page 24) Intercoast to Begin Subscription Fee in 1999

In the past two years, Intercoasthas expanded both its size and its global readership. Due to the costs associated with printing and mailing, the expense of getting Intercoastto our increasing readership has risen. One purpose of the recent Intercoastsurvey was to determine the willingness of our readers to pay a nominal annual subscription fee to offset these growing costs.

The response we received was that, on average, Intercoastreaders would be willing to pay a subscription price of US$ 10 for three annual issues with a featured topic of interest; and periodically a special edition which would be devoted to a single topic, such as last year’s very popular IntercoastSpecial Edition #1 on . Based upon the survey response, beginning with the January 1999 issue, subscribers to Intercoast will be asked to pay an annual fee of $10.

Some respondents raised concerns about charging a subscription price. These included the issue of costly international exchange rates, the desire to use credit cards rather than money orders and, most significantly, the inability of some individuals and organizations to pay a $10 annual fee. In regard to the first two concerns, we will develop systems for payment which minimize extraneous costs and complications. As for the last con- cern, we will provide the opportunity for individuals and organizations from developing countries who wish to continue to receive Intercoastfor free if the subscription rate is a financial hardship.

Instructions for submitting payment or requesting a waiver will be published in the Fall edition of Intercoast. We greatly value our audience and would not like to lose even one reader. We will try to accom- modate you and make the transition easy and equitable. Thank you for your continuing interest in and support of Intercoast.

— The Editors

Survey (GIS) and remote sensing; effects of newsletter to what readers want to see (continued from page 1) ; aquaculture and fish- and what is most relevant and benefi- eries; water pollution; environmental cial to their work. Intercoaststrives to that replied indicated that, on average, law and policy; integrated coastal man- keep the articles and networking infor- four other people read each issue. agement case studies; among others. mation topical and up-to-date. Intercoast’saudience is even wider as Whether the readers of Intercoastare Readers’ suggestions on how to a result of readers contributing their from Algeria, Germany, or Tokyo, they improve Intercoastare useful and copies to libraries, after making the all shared the common desire to learn appreciated, and the editors urge you rounds among coastal managers. This about and understand coastal issues. to continue giving feedback, even in is in addition to those sent directly to Survey respondents rated the fea- addition to the survey. Those who libraries. ture articles the most valued element responded to the survey have already Intercoastreaders suggested many of the newsletter, with “Reports from taken the first step to help shape the topics for future issues, including the Field,” “Intercoast Insider publication. We welcome your future marine environment restoration; envi- Information” and the editorials follow- involvement with Intercoastthrough ronmental techniques and methodolo- ing close behind. Intercoast’seditors the contribution of articles and by gies; geographic information systems will use the survey results to tailor the offering your valued opinions.

2 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 Small-Scale Tourism in Eastern Africa: Helpful or Harmful to Local Communities? By Friederike Ziegler lected from each tourist entering the benefit from the project. So far, four park. To date, about US$ 10,000 has Misali fishers have been trained as tour anaged tourism can often con- been collected, representing some guides. A tour operator in Zanzibar Mtribute to the survival of local 2,000 visitors. The money has been Stone Town takes tourists by high-speed communities. This was discussed during used to build schools, a health clinic the workshop “Experiences in Local and provide other community services. and Community Integrated Coastal Also, this money funds two full-time Management (ICM) Projects – Lessons educators who patrol the beaches, to Date” held in Zanzibar, Tanzania, answer tourists’ questions, burn litter, March 4-6, 1998. The workshop was and monitor for illegal fishing and organized by the Secretariat for Eastern destructive fishing methods. African Coastal Area Management Tourism still cannot be called sustain- (SEACAM, see Intercoast Network able. A big problem is that cruise ships #30) and the Western Indian Ocean carrying 200-400 passengers visit the Marine Science Association (WIOM- island, debark for shopping, snorkeling SA). Fifteen local, community-based and diving (often creating environmen- ICM projects from the East African tal problems) without contributing to region presented their results achieved the tourist fund. The number of ships and lessonslearned. Some 70 partici- has increased dramatically over the last pants agreed that tourism, if contribut- year. Another problem is that neither ing to community development and the tour operators or the project em- respectful of local traditions, is a rea- ploys many local people, mainly because sonable means of supporting long- locals lack higher education. term development and increasing com- To benefit the local community it is ferry to Pemba Island, where they stay Coral reef in munity awareness ofthe coastal area. necessary for the tourism industry to and make day trips to Misali. Tourists Zanzibar. Two experiences, one good and one contribute to the island community; to give a voluntary US$ 10 donation that bad, are described here. consult with the community before is spent on the local fishers and their granting tourism concessions (to avoid families. Bazaruto Archipelago – conflicts of interests); and to market the Conflicts between the fishers and Learning From Mistakes marine park and its ecological diversity. conservation interests have not arisen Bazaruto is located 20 km off the on Misali, since the guides are also south coast of Mozambique, about 800 Misali Island in the fishers and the conservation efforts km north of Maputo. The archipelago Zanzibar Archipelago, have led to increased fish catches. has 2,700 inhabitants of which most Tanzania – A Successful Rather, the fishers are very enthusias- are dependent on fisheries. Three of Venture tic about the project and want to the islands constitute Mozambique’s A tourism project started on Misali establish a nongovernmental conserva- only marine national park established Island, Zanzibar, as part of the already tion organization. in 1971. existing Misali Island Conservation Misali, because of its small size, The Bazaruto Project was established Project, begun in 1996. Misali is a represents a manageable and realistic in 1989to implement ICM. One initia- small island with an area of 0.9 sq km. model for development of an ICM tive is to establish sustainable tourism It is covered with forest and surround- strategy which includes conservation, that also benefits the local community. ed by relatively undisturbed mangroves community development and tourism. From the start, a major problem has and coral reefs. The World Tourism However, larger efforts are required been the lack of a legal mechanism Organization recommended that Misali to conserve marine resources on a to ensure that tourism revenues were become a nature conservation area, and regional level. returned to the local community. the introduction of low-impact tourism For further information contact: However, last year an informal agree- be evaluated. A small-scale pilot pro- SEACAM, 874 Av. Amlcar Cabral, ment was reached between island tour ject was started in December 1997. Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 258-1- operators, the national park and the The project emphasizes that the local 300641/2. FAX: 258-1-300638. E- Bazaruto project; now US$ 5 is col- community should participate in and mail: [email protected].

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 3 South Africa Launches Coastal Management Program South Africa’s Coast and implemented. The South African coast is diverse. The program was born out of the he South African coast stretches The biophysical features range from need to redress the imbalances of past Tfor some 3,200 km between desert conditions in the northwest to apartheid policies, and to address the Namibia and Mozambique. It is the tropical conditions in the northeast. problems inherent in an uncoordinated meeting place of the Atlantic, Southern Compared with many other coastal approach to coastal management. Ex- and Indian oceans. People are attracted countries, South Africa has few large tensive negotiations with a broad spec- to this coast because of the many dif- rivers, due to relatively low seasonal trum of national interest groups led to ferent opportunities it offers through rainfall, and few sheltered bays. For agreement on a process for formulat- its rich natural resources, beauty and much of the year, strong winds and ing the coastal management policy and stormy seas are experienced along the structures that should guide it. this high-energy coastline, moving Policy Committee: The Minister large amounts of sediment northward of Environmental Affairs and Tourism along the west and east coasts. appointed a policy committee to make Socioeconomic conditions also vary recommendations about a draft policy greatly, from isolated and poor subsis- for managing the coast. The policy tence farming to the urbane and sophis- committee is a partnership between ticated activities associated with mod- government and civil society, and rep- ern cities, notably in Cape Town, Port resents the interests of national gov- Elizabeth, East London andDurban. ernment, provincial government, This diversity is reflected in the range business, labor, community-based of activities that take place at the coast, organizations, environmental non- including commercial farming activi- governmental organizations, and the ties; residential, recreational and resort sport and recreational sector. Each pol- developments; port activities;marina icy committee member has equal sta- developments; mining; fishing; nature tus, and decisions are made by consen- reserves; and transport infrastructure, sus. The policy committee has been among others. There are a variety of constituted as a not-for-profit compa- cultures and languages, with four of the ny to administer the program. country’s eleven official languages Project Management Team: being spoken along the coast, namely A project management team has Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu. been appointed by the policy commit- Institutional characteristics and capaci- tee to implement and manage the tyalso vary along the coast. While a program. It is made up of individuals single national constitution applies along from the consulting firms of Common Langebaan economic potential. The history of the coast, there is a marked variation in Ground Consulting and Watermeyer, , part of racially exclusive political and economic local and regional government struc- Prestedge, Retief. It also includes the West Coast development has meant that indigenous tures, with the incorporation of tradi- individuals with skills and expertise National Park populations have had limited access to tional leadership structures being a sig- in coastal management, general project the coast and its resources. nificant feature of administration in and process management, facilitation The growing demands ofmore and some regions. and public participation, and commu- more people concentrated in coastal nications. towns and cities have resulted in History and Structure Regional Managers: A group overuse, damage and destruction of The election of South Africa’s first of five regional managers has been some coastal resources. The Ministry democratic government in April 1994 appointed to facilitate the involvement of Environmental Affairs and Tourism has provided a fundamentally different of interested and affected parties has initiated a Coastal Management context for public policy making. around the coast, and to consolidate Policy Programme to prepare a policy Now all South Africans can engage in a information relevant to their regions. that will guide the management of meaningful dialogue to address issues Funding: The British Department the coast for the benefit of current of common concern. It is in this con- for International Development has and future generations of all South text that the Coastal Management generously provided the financial Africans. Policy Programme has been developed support for this program.

4 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 Program Aims measures to ensure that the desired allel program of interaction with gov- The coastal management program outcome is achieved. The process of ernmental actors has been implemented aims to achieve the following: policy formulation must therefore to ensure that national and provincial Meaningful public participa- include opportunities to learn from levels of government are fully informed tion: The program wants to ensure that and adapt to direct experience and to and involved in the process. all interested and affected parties will that gained by others. The policy for- Specialist studies: Four specialized have the opportunity to participate in mulation process must also strive to investigations to inform the policy for- all stages of the policy formulation pro- promote partnerships that will help mulation process have been initiated. cess. Participation is necessary to make the policy to be implemented. Only They include: sure that the policy addresses real issues in this way will an effective policy be •Related initiatives currently underway of concern, is based on a common developed. •Characterization and assessment of vision for the future of the coast, leads coastal regions and resources to broad ownership of and commitment Program Components •Lessons learned from past experience to the policy, and results in its effective Integration and analysis of in- •Legal and institutional context and implementation. Government support formation: The project management capacity and active participation is therefore team is integrating and analyzing vital, as is broad public participation. information from a range of Scientific integrity: The policy sources including information must build on the knowledge and generated in the courseof the understanding of coastal systems and public participation process, resources. Scientific research also needs related initiatives currently to be integrated with sources of tradi- underway in South Africa and tional and common knowledge, and past research, among others. with the information generated through Capacity building: This the public participation process of the aspect of the program seeks to program. Once the policy has been address the unequal access to formulated, there will be a need for resources, education, knowledge ongoing, integrated scientific research. and power experienced by dif- Integrated coastal manage- ferent groups within South ment: Coastal management is a process Africa. The focus of this activity that ultimately requires creative part- is to enhance the capacity of nerships to be established between people to participate in the poli- government, civil society and the pri- cy formulation process. Approx- vate sector. Such partnerships should imately 30 percent of the project aim to promote a scientifically rigorous, budget is devoted to this end. It but inclusive management approach should be noted that it is not that will improve the quality of life of only disadvantaged groups who need coastal communities, and those who capacity building. A recurrent theme Conclusion depend on, use and enjoy the coast. The in processes with a strong emphasis The Coastal Management Policy Pro- approach should also maintain the bio- on public participation is the relative gramme marks a fundamentally new logical diversity, productivity and eco- distance between specialist profession- approach to coastal management in logical integrity of coastal ecosystems. als and lay people. South Africa. Central to this approach is Practical policy: This policy will Communications: The communi- building new partnerships within and only be effective if it results in better cations program includes activities at between government, civil society and management of the coast. The policy the national and regional level to pro- the private sector. Through these part- must therefore be practical and address vide information about the program and nerships the program hopes to develop priority and strategic coastal issues. encourage the involvement of interested an integrated approach to coastal man- Coastal management is best thought and affected parties. It includes media agement based on a practical policy that of as a process – it is not a one-time coverage, the preparation of pamphlets, addresses key coastal issues and realizes activity. This process involves policy posters and booklets written in plain a common vision for the South African formulation, implementation, monitor- language, as well as the production of a coast. ing and evaluating the results, and, website dedicated to the program and For further information on this pro- where appropriate, making revisions an introductory video. gram, please refer to the following to both the policy and implementation Governmental relations: A par- website: http://www.cmpp.co.za.

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 5 Using ICM and Economics to Conserve Coastal Tourism Resources in Sri Lanka

By Alan T. White, States Agency for International Virginia Barker and here, if carried out for more that five Development. A cost-benefit analysis Gunatilake Tantrigama years with any level of tourism growth of the tourist industry and key coastal equal to or exceeding 3 percent, is resources was done to justifying man- ikkaduwa and its marine sanctu- financially beneficial. aging the coastal resources which sup- Hary are representative of the is- port tourism. Economic scenarios that sues facing many coastal areas in tropical Coastal Management assume different levels of tourism Asia where tourism and coastal devel- in Sri Lanka were used to portray the potential opment have nearly ruined valuable Sri Lanka's national coastal zone future economic benefits from coastal resources. For Sri Lanka, the management program, established in improved environmental management. Hikkaduwa Marine Sanctuary is the 1990, allows development within a coastal strip Management Issues and 300 meters SAM Plan Objectives wide on land Tourism in Hikkaduwa has declined and 2 km out in recent years. The reason is unplanned to sea, while and uncoordinated development causing preventing degradation of the coral reef, declining unnecessary water quality, sedimentation, inade- environmental quate solid waste disposal and coastal degradation, erosion, among others. In addition, pollution and coral mining, a socioeconomic and erosion. environmental problem, continues In 1992 near the Hikkaduwa Marine Sanctuary. Hikkaduwa The overall goal of the SAM plan was selected is to protect and manage coastal as one of two resources so the community can bene- Special Area fit from a healthy environment, and Figure 1: Number of tourist guest nights for high, medium and low Management the local tourism and fishing econo- growth in Hikkaduwa with and without plan implementation. (SAM) sites my can remain sustainable. Benefits only accessible coral reef on the south under the Coast Conservation from resource management include coast. The 4-km coastal strip(about Department and the Coastal Resources protection of the coral reef and regula- 100 hectares) is known for its coral Management Project of the University tion of activities within the marine reef, clean water and beaches. Tourists of Rhode Island’s (USA) Coastal sanctuary; maintenance of water qual- continue to come despite increasing Resources Center and the United ity and control of waste disposal; environmental degradation, primarily because the damage is not obvious to new visitors. However, tourists are beginning to recognize the problems and threaten to go elsewhere. Integrated coastal management (ICM) and the investment in environ- mental management to prevent degra- dation and loss of are the key issue in Hikkaduwa. The question is whether or not the tourism industry, the town and the national government can economically justify the rehabilita- tion and conservation of the coastal environment of Hikkaduwa. The con- Figure 2: Cumulative socio economic NPV for 9, 6 and 3 percent clusion is that the program proposed tourism growth.

6 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 control of shoreline development; the plan for and more nature-based tourism the local Table 1. NPV of Benefits (US$ millions) From SAM Plan development. tourism indus- Implementation Derived From Various Economic Analyses try. Unlike the Growth Financial Socioeconomic EnvironmentalEnvironmental Economic Evaluation of fixed nature Scenario Economic Economics Hikkaduwa’s SAM Plan of the man- (net profit (with For the SAM plan to merit imple- agement plan less SAM cost) consumer surplus) mentation, it must be competitive with implementa- High (9%) 13.2 27.8 24.5 27.1 other development and conservation tion costs, Medium (6%) 8.1 17.2 15.2 10.0 projects and contribute to the economic tourism Low (3%) 4.6 9.8 8.7 2.2 benefits of Hikkaduwa’s tourism econ- industry prof- omy. Management costs reflect past its are depen- poor planning, infrastructure and en- dent on visita- forcement. These threaten the marine tion levels. solid waste management, sewage habitats crucial to the tourism indus- To account for the uncertainty of collection and treatment, improved try. The SAM plan resolves competing growth projections, three different roads and other public infrastructure, demands on area resources by planning rates of annual growth are used: an environmental education programs, for optimal and sustainable resource optimistic 9 percent increase, a mod- vocational training and heightened law use. It addresses resource degradation erate 6 percent, and a conservative 3 enforcement. The net present value as well as the social and economic percent increase. Hikkaduwa guest (NPV) of quantifiable socioeconomic impacts of tourism. night projections for 1995 to 2014, costs and benefits of implementing the To determine the project lifetime, considering with and without plan SAM plan are estimated for the three an appraisal should consider all years implementation, are shown in Figure visitation rates (Table 1). Calculation for which the project produces bene- 1. Without plan implementation, the of cumulative net benefits indicates fits or costs. For Hikkaduwa, since the resources of interest to Hikkaduwa that for any project lifetime exceeding project has been designed to prevent tourists are irreversible environmental degrada- assumed to Table 2. Absolute and Percentage Share tion, project benefits are expected to continue to of SAM Project Beneficiaries/Cost Burdens accrue into perpetuity. In the interest degrade. of predictable analysis results, benefits Financial Project Beneficiary/ NPV of Benefits Percentage and costs of the project are only esti- net present Burden Holder (US$ millions) Share mated over the first 20 years. value The economic analysis is based on (FNPV) is Local tourism industry 8.86 72.5 four field surveys: 1) a survey of 168 the sum of International community 5.64 21.7 Hikkaduwa business establishments the present Local community 0.52 2.0 and their revenues, costs and employ- values of National economic welfare 0.98 3.8 ment; 2) a survey of 122 randomly annual net selected foreign visitors to Hikkaduwa cash flow SAM plan costs 3.47 72.6 in 1993; 3) a survey of 96 foreign balances Coral miners 1.31 27.4 tourists’ willingness to pay for protec- plus any tion of the beach and coral reef discounted resources 1995; and 4) a survey to “scrap values.” A positive FNPV indi- four years, with any level of tourism count reef users in 1995. cates that the project is at least as prof- growth equal to or exceeding 3 per- itable to the owners or stakeholders as cent, the cumulative benefits exceed Financial Analysis and the next best investment alternative. cumulative costs and the project pays SAM Plan Costs FNPV calculated over the 20-year life for itself (Figure 2). The simplest form of economic of the project reveals that the plan is The financial analyses considered evaluation for the SAM plan is the cash financially viable. only the costs and benefits to the tour- flow impacts of management options to ism industry within the Hikkaduwa direct project beneficiaries and contrib- Social and Environmental SAM site, whereas the socioeconomic utors.If the management plan is fully Analyses of SAM Plan analysis included impacts on the entire implemented by the direct beneficiaries Implementation economy of the management area and of Hikkaduwa tourism, then this analy- Social benefits to area residents due some aspects of the national economy. sis evaluates the financial profitability of to SAM plan implementation include (continued page 28)

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 7 Balancing Tourism and Resource Conservation in Malaysia’s Pulau Payar Marine Park

By Donna J. Nickerson, wider audience. The second phase was that while catch near the park had been George Chong and to characterize the geographic area consistently higher during 1986-1994 Kevin Hiew under the SAMP to help identify and than catch outside the park, catch understand the issues and problems, taken near the park decreased during n Malaysia, the Department of their probable causes and the possible 1995-1996 relative to catch outside IFisheries (DOFM) established a sys- solutions. The third phase is developing the park. tem of marine parks to protect impor- solutions with input from a wider Findings of the coral reef tant marine resources including coral audience of local decisionmakers. analysis indicated a similar decline in reefs, which contribute to biodiversity 1996. Live coral coverage between and fisheries production. Tourism has The Alor Star Workshop 1982 and 1994 at five sites were ana- been a natural development of the The project held a workshop in Alor lyzed; the same sites were again moni- marine parks and also one of the rea- Star, Malaysia, in October 1997, that tored in 1996. While coverage increased sons for expanding the scope of marine marked the transition between the sec- after the establishment of the marine park management. ond and third phase. The results of the park, coverage at the sites most heavily DOFM is establishing a Special Area scientific characterization activities used by tourists (i.e., Jetty and Float) Management Plan (SAMP) for Pulau under the second phase were presented declined after 1994; declines were less Payar Marine Park and the surrounding to the SAMP participants. The work- at those sites less used by tourists and area. The SAMP project is being shop enabled interactions between the only visited by divers (i.e., Kaca). imple-mented by DOFM in collabo- state agencies, universities and non- A study of tourism trends and im- ration with the Bay of Bengal governmental organizations that will pacts revealed that divers caused little Programme of the Food and participate in the SAMP. damage to the reef. However, snorkel- Agriculture Organization(FAO). The Participants were invited from ers and swimmers caused significant goal of the SAMP is to promote the 17 agencies and organizations. Topics damage by trampling of . Park conservation and sustained production included: 1) progress in the SAMP visitor numbers have increased from and use of the area’sreef resources. activities at the national level to pre- 1,373 in 1988 to over 91,000 in 1997. Building on existing marine park man- pare for the interagency state level The number of visitors is monitored agement, the SAMP will be used as a SAMP development and implementa- daily by the DOFM park rangers. model for other marine park islands tion work; 2) early results of the scien- Demographic trends analysis of in Peninsular Malaysia and to develop tific characterization findings; and Kedah State indicated that the coastal a national integrated coastal manage- 3) participants’ recommendations on population in the study area has expe- ment (ICM) framework. issues for management, probable caus- rienced a 38 percent growth from Pulau Payar Marine Park, established es of the issues and possible solutions. 1970-1991. However, Kedah’s coastal originally as a Fisheries Protected Area districts have experienced a negative in 1987, was the first marine park in Scientific growth rate in the three sub-districts. Malaysia. Since then, marine waters Characterization This may reflect the high out-migra- surrounding 34 additional islands were Results tion rate of young family members gazetted as marine parks by DOFM. The study indicated that reef fish from fishing as an occupation. Prior to the SAMP, park management catch increased between 1986 to 1996 Thirty-one percent of fishers inter- focused mainly on the environment in the vicinity of the Pulau Payar Marine viewed reported improvements in fish within two nautical miles and on activ- Park. This included landings of 10 stocks, while 20 percent felt that fish ities directly associated with tourism. coastal districts of Kedah State and 18 stocks are worse off than 10 years ago. The SAMP expands on the progress coastal districts of Langkawi Island. However, the majority agreed that made under the park management to Fish catch of non-reef fish had declined government has taken adequate steps now begin to address a wider scope during this same period. Further, the to conserve the fishery resources, but of issues (and stakeholders) that affect status and trends analysis compared that stricter enforcement was needed, the of the park. catch of fishers that fished outside the particularly on the number of boats in The SAMP approach is incremental. vicinity of the marine park (i.e., greater the fishery. The majority also were not The first phase was to form a working than 25 nautical miles) to catch taken satisfied with the current environmen- group to complete the groundwork in the vicinity of the park (i.e., less than tal conditions along the coastal areas needed to take the SAMP process to a 25 nautical miles). Results indicated of Kedah.

8 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 At the workshop, smaller working of reef fish, diverse coral life, peace as indicative of probable effects of the groups discussed SAMP issues: decline and quiet, friendly and helpful park identified problems. Results strength- in the fishery resources (); staff, adequate facilities and adequate ened the fact that the local economy impacts from tourism development; information on the marine environ- was dependent on the health of the impacts from changes in land and sea- ment. More than half indicated that marine park’s ecosystem. based development; and protection the opportunity to dive and snorkel Discussions at the workshop clearly of marine biodiversity and ecosystem was an important factor. The survey concluded that both federal and state health. revealed dissatisfaction with the high level participation would be equally A second workshop is being planned number of visitors and lack of both important in achieving a balance that will ensure greater participation guided activities and information on between development and conserva- from stakeholders who are direct users the marine environment. A large per- tion. The next step in the SAMP is to of the resources, such as fishers and centage indicated that an increase in work out a formal mechanism for the tour/dive operators. The workshop will visitor numbers would affect their long term where the federal and state be geared towards exchanging views enjoyment of the park. levels of multiple agencies can contin- with the wider public on the SAMP Results presented at the workshop ue to understand the interlinkages of objectives and potential actions, and identifying and committing to the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders.

Tourism in Pulau Payar Marine Park Economic revenue for the local area and for Malaysia as a whole is generated from the use of both land and marine resources. However, sustainable use and sustainable economic revenue re- quires a healthy ecosystem. For exam- ple, much of the land development in the coastal districts of Kedah and in Langkawi, including the Port of Langkawi and along the mainland, has been for tourism. Tourism, like fisheries, while a large revenue generator for the state, is dependent over the long term on a biologically diverse marine and coastal ecosystem. Demographic trends indicated that Tourism is expanding the scope of marine parks in Malaysia. the population in the Langkawi Islands is more stable than in the Kedah coastal also indicated that unbalanced use of their activities and coordinate solutions districts. The stability of Langkawi’s the area’s resources may also have an to ensure sustainability of the park’s population was explicitly linked to the impact on fisheries resources and coral resources. development of Langkawi as a tourist reef habitats. As stated earlier, while For further information contact: area. The population has not needed live coral coverage increased after the George Chong, Head, Marine to migrate outside the districts for em- establishment of the marine park, live Resources Branch, Department of ployment because of the economic coverage at the sites most used by Fisheries Malaysia, Wisma Tani, Kuala opportunities offered by the tourism- tourists declined after 1994 during Lumpur 50628, Malaysia. Tel: 603- associated industries. However, results years of heavy tourism. However, 298-2011. FAX: 603-291-0305. also showed that maintaining the tour- declines were less at sites more infre- E-mail: [email protected]; or ism industry also means maintaining quently used by tourists and only visit- Donna J. Nickerson, Coastal the health of the marine park ecosys- ed by divers. Management Officer, FAO Regional tem. Pulau Payar is a main item in the Results of the studies are not con- Office for Asia and the Pacific, tour itinerary to Langkawi. A survey clusive, given the limited number of Maliwan Mansion, Bangkok 10200, indicated that tourists want a marine sampling periods and gaps in informa- Thailand. FAX: 662-280-0445. park with clean beaches, an abundance tion. Rather, the results were viewed E-mail:[email protected].

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 9 Mapping Tourism in the Coastal Zone with Digital Aerial Photography

By Paul Geerders, Christiane which introduces uncertainties. computer and processed in two ways: Klöditz and Orhan Uslu Applications include updating maps 1) they were merged into mosaics using quickly, surveying remote areas, and Photostyler and 2) they were converted ccurate and up-to-date knowl- doing frequent surveys, for instance, to a GIS format using IDRISI (IDRISI is Aedge of land use and land cover to identify illegal building and dumping computer software with professional- in the coastal area is a basic and essential activities. level GIS, image processing and spatial element for planning and management During 1997, the Institute of Marine statistics analytical capability).Piecing activities. The term “land use” in this Sciences and Technology (IMST) of together the individual digital pho- context relates to human activities or Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir, Turkey, tographs into one image (mosaic) the economic function associated with in cooperation with its Dutch partners resulted in a overview of the area. The an area (e.g., urban, industrial, agricul- first started to use digital images in GIS format allowed comparison to the tural, or recreational), while “land coastal zone management. A survey 1978 map of the area and showed the cover” specifies the type of feature pre- was done in January 1997 in Turkey, up-to-date planned construction. sent on the earth’s surface (e.g., forest, using similar means as used in 1996 on The advantages of using digital pho- lake, or highway). a Dutch test site. The first application tograph images were numerous: Rapid urbanization and industrializa- was during the planning of a marina in ■ The existing maps of the area did not tion of the world’s coasts, and resulting southwestern Turkey. Encouraged by the show land use changes that resulted from conflicts and problems, underline the good results, IMST carried out many rapid development of the area during global importance and vulnerability of more flights using digital photography the last 20 years. Changes relevant to coastal areas. There are many requests over several areas along the Aegean planning the marina could be detected for the application of integrated coastal coast. Parallel to this work, IMST fur- without new mapping efforts, with zone management (ICM) for improved ther developed the technology and minimal cost and time expenditures. planning and management of these areas. started to use digital video cameras to ■ The images that contained both land ICM implies managing coastal zones as obtain continuous images from coastal and sea areas were an ideal basis for the complete systems, including the com- areas. The use of video necessitated the computer-aided design (CAD) of the plex relations and interactions between development of software to snap indi- marina and for visualization of the different constituents and local com- vidual frames out of the series of images; entire project for demonstration and munities. Sustainable development can this complicated the processing as presentation purposes. only be achieved in this way. compared to digital photography. On ■ The digital images contained a wealth The successful application of conven- the other hand, shooting images from of information able to be used as base- tional aerial photographs to map land the airplane became fully automated. line data for the first steps of the envi- use and land cover has been recognized ronmental impact assessment for the for decades. But recently digital photo- Marine Construction marina. cameras have become a new and rapid- in Fethiye ■ For coastal engineering studies (e.g., ly developing technology for aerial Digital aerial photographs were design of wave breakers) the images photography with several advantages taken from a locally hired plane along were more reliable than existing maps. over conventional photography. First, the southwestern coast of Turkey near ■ The coast delineation was accurately the images are immediately available in Fethiye. This survey was conducted in depicted in the images which, combined a computer-compatible format for quick conjunction with planned coastal con- with the bathymetric information, made inspection during the flight as well as struction related to the development it possible to determine dredge and fill for further digital processing immedi- of a marina. The images were taken quantities for the marina construction ately afterwards. Digital images can be from about 3-km altitude at predeter- to the utmost satisfaction of the client. directly displayed, manipulated and mined positions. A small hand-held These quantities constituted one of the processed using digital image processing global positioning system (GPS) was most important items in the overall cost techniques, including image enhance- used to check the position and course estimates of the planned construction. ment, geographic information systems of the plane. Each position was marked (GIS) and classification techniques. in the GPS memory for later reference The Çesme Region Furthermore, the output quality of during processing. Çesme Peninsula is a rapidly devel- digital photocameras is more reliable Immediately after the flight, the dig- oping tourist resort area on the west since there is no “developing” process ital pictures were downloaded to a coast of Turkey. Besides tourist develop-

10 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 ment, many second (summer) houses Detection of Coastal small plane is generally not too expen- are being built. The local administra- Erosion in the Altynova sive. Digital images require no special tors have been overwhelmed by this Region hardware to process, and good, inexpen- development and are finding manage- The Altynova region is famous for its sive photo-processing software packages ment difficult. To promote and dem- sandy beaches south of Ayvalik on the exist. In addition, packages such as onstrate the potential of digital aerial northern Aegean coastline of Turkey. IDRISI present additional options for photography/video, IMST proposed to Construction of an irrigation dam up- processing, including precise rectifica- the municipality of Çesme to prepare a stream of the Madra Creek resulted in tion and classification. GIS, based on Landsat images and aeri- sediment input to the beach region be- Digital aerial photography as al photography. Landsat images and ing cut off. Consequently the sediment described, forms a cost effective and existing regional maps constituted the balance at the coast has been disturbed flexible alternative to the traditional baseline of the planned system. Aerial resulting in heavy erosion. Over seven methods of monitoring and mapping digital images have been indexed to this years, 50,000 sq meters of beach has coastal areas. The method is simple and baseline at subregions where additional been lost, and the coastline has receded straightforward, and can be implement- detail was desired. Work started in late by 200-250 m. The region’s harbour ed successfully with minimal investment. 1997 and numerous applications of the authority asked IMST whether the Digital aerial photography is a valuable GIS have already been substantiated: extent of beach erosion could accurate- tool in the development and imple- ■ Areas that need a sewage system ly be determined by digital imagery and mentation of ICM models, especially and water supply could be delineated whetherbeach protection measures with great accuracy. Population densi- could be proposed. IMST concluded ties (variable between summer and that this could be achieved with high winter) could easily be assigned to these resolution digital images together with regions. The total wastewater collection exiting maps and Landsat images. and disposal system could be divided into self-sustained subregions that opti- Digital Images in mise the construction and operation of Environmental Impact the whole system. The priorities and Assessment Studies construction sequence of system com- Environmental impact assessments ponents could be developed based on (EIA) require detailed information on information extracted from the GIS. the present environmental conditions ■ In the semi-arid Mediterranean re- of the development area. Digital images/ gion, treated wastewater can be used videos have proven to be a very quick for irrigation purposes. In Çesme, dig- and inexpensive way to provide the ital imagery could define possible irri- geographic information at a scale that gation areas. is appropriate for an EIA. Moreover, ■ Aquaculture areas that cause environ- the images provide more information mental problems could be delineated on recent land cover and land use than by digital imagery. Illegal operations conventional maps. Specifically, it is could be detected. For legally operating possible to detect the extent and varia- fish farms, remediation measures can tion of flora from the images that previ- be undertaken. ously required extensive reconnaissance ■ A new drinking water reservoir has surveys. Also, recent development of been completed to supply the region. housing, roads, amoung others, can The digital images were invaluable easily be determined. The digital to plan and manage the land use and imagery/video has become an integral Coastal construction west of Izmir, Turkey to define protection measures in the part of almost every impact assessment since digital land use maps can be catchment area of the reservoir. undertaken at the IMST. manipulated by computer to allows the ■ The mayor of Çesme was very happy presentation of numerous alternative to show the new facilities to his colleag- Cost Effective and management options. ues from neighbouring municipalities. Flexible For further information contact: He could boast that his town was the The use of digital aerial photography Paul Geerders, P. Geerders Consult- most up-to-date among the municipal- for monitoring and surveying is very ancy, Kobaltpad 16, 3402 JL IJsselstein ities on the western coast of Turkey. cost effective. Digital cameras are rela- The Netherlands. Tel/FAX: 31 30 tively cheap and the ad hochire of a 6884942. E-mail: [email protected].

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 11 Development on Majuro , Marshall Islands By Riyad Mistry ning and regulations. Geosciences Commission (SOPAC), In Majuro, erosion problems are a was based on recommendations of the he Republic of Marshall Islands result of the construction of causeways South Pacific Regional Environment Tconsists of 29 and five large and coastal structures and dredging Programme and SOPAC, and proposes islands in the central Pacific Ocean. activities. The causeway along the to integrate public education, scientific There are 1,225 small islands and islets southeastern coast has also restricted studies, government policies and proce- with a total area of 181 sq km. Bikini water circulation in Majuro Lagoon, dures and local participation to form a and Enewetak atolls were used for lowering the water quality. A 1988 coastal management program. atomic weapons testing by the United report declared seven areas of the During the design phase in 1996, the States during the 1940-50s. Copra pro- lagoon unsafe for swimming or fishing, Environment Protection Authority, the duction, licensing agreements for fish- primarily due to high coliform. Marine Resources Authority, MALGOV, eries, aid through the Compact of Free Dredging activities are minimally the Division of Lands and Surveys, and Association with the United States and regulated. Land reclamation and beach- a few private organizations formulated external assistance are the primary front stabilization are often done using goals and activities. Since project sources of revenue to the economy. poorly designed concrete seawalls or resources were limited, only four com- Tourist attractions include underwater coral rubble enclosed in wire mesh. ponents were targeted. The first is to remains of World War II ships, Japanese Armor rock blasted from reef flats is look at sand mining and dredging activi- war relics, coral reefs and sportfishing. used for revetments to protect the air- ties. Sand is needed for construction; port runway and several stretches of however its supply is limited. Sand coastline in Majuro. transport is affected by coastal mor- A recent influx of Asian-based live phology and circulation, and nearshore reef fish export operations and the dredging aggravates erosion problems rapid increase in commercial fishing and reduces reef habitat. Sand mining is are causing concerns about the sustain- governed by law, but regulations are not ability of the coastal fisheries. enforced. The importance of sand usage A strong legislative framework deemed it the starting point for the exists to support coastal management management program. Technical activi- efforts. The Coast Conservation Act of ties include coastal mapping (using a 1988, the Marshall Islands Marine geographic information system) and the Resources Act, the National development of shoreline erosion con- Environment Protection Act of 1984 trol strategies. Coastal develop- Aquaculture of black pearl oysters and and subsequent regulations modeled on Two other components being ments, Marshall giant clams, and recovery of sand from U.S. law provide a solid framework for addressed are governance and public Islands. offshore areas hold promise for eco- coastal management. Yet the existence awareness. A fourth activity is to inte- nomic development. of a traditional land-tenure system and grate the first three to formulate a In 1988 the total population was negligible enforcement are obstacles coastal management plan. To ensure the 43,380, with an annual growth rate of to coastal programs. information from this program is avail- 3.8 percent. Almost half the population Recently, the Majuro Atoll Local able, report summaries and publications lives on Majuro Atoll, the capital (five Government (MALGOV) has taken describing coastal problems and solu- sq km), and 19 percent live on Ebeye an active role in coastal management. tions were translated to Marshallese. Island in Kwajelein Atoll. Although the Erosion control efforts and fisheries In a country with relatively meager population may be low compared to management are the areas of focus. natural resources and dwindling rev- other developing countries, the litany of MALGOV’s activities and effectiveness enues, it was important to highlight symptoms associated with rapid urban- have increased as a result of a two-year the economic importance of its natural ization are evident on Majuro Atoll. pilot project titled “Formulation of a resources. Working group members The greatest coastal impacts occur in Coastal Management Plan for Majuro participated in resource economics the urban center of Majuro, while Atoll,” and the creation of an intera- workshops. An economic valuation Ebeye is less affected. Impacts are due gency Coastal Management Project study of Majuro Atoll's coastal resources to shoreline changes related to con- Working Group. This project, support- indicated that its resources were valued struction over the past 50 years, ed by the United Nations Development at $6.4 million per year and approxi- increasing population pressure, the Programme with technical assistance mately $115 million total present value growing economy, and inadequate plan- from the South Pacific Applied (only the direct and indirect resource

12 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 values were considered). point of sale. It also designates protect- the Majuro Atoll project demonstrates Legislation is being introduced to ed areas in the lagoon and encourages that the Marshall Islands is ready to regulate coastal fisheries. This occurred wiser anchoring practices by installing participate in a strong coastal manage- only after local council members were five mooring buoys. ment program. convinced that planning and manage- Rapid, unmanaged urbanization of For further information contact: ment were essential to prevent stock Majuro is occurring. In order to ensure Coastal Management Project, MAL- depletion. Rather than restricting fish- the sustainability of Majuro's coastal GOV, P.O. Box 796, Majuro, ing itself, the ordinance provides for resources, a management program Marshall Islands MH 96960. FAX: regulation and enforcement at the must be implemented. The progress of 692-625-3757. E-mail: coastal@nta- mar.com.

The Economic Benefits of Tourism in the Marine Reserve of Apo Island, Philippines By H.P.Vogt fishers of transporting tourists to the Scientists and Environmental island in outrigger boats is substantial. Groups- Neither group directly benefits po Island is located in Negros Selling souvenirs is less profitable, financially. However, the Apo reserve AOriental in the central Philippines. though. The net increase in income to provides a study site for both groups. It is a volcanic island covering 72 fishers is less than other groups. There are no documented negative hectares (ha), with a population of 460. The core area of the marine reserve of effects of tourism on the environment Fishing is the main source of income. Apo is a no fishing zone. Thus when the of Apo Island. In 1979 Silliman University, in the reserve was established, the fishers had provincial capital of Dumaguete, focus- to stop fishing at a site where fishing may ed its coral reef conservation program have been profitable before. However, on the fishing community of Apo. The this potential loss may be compensated underlying principle was that only the by fish migrating from the reserve to primary reef users could provide effec- adjacent areas, thus allowing increased tive protection for small-sized reserves. fish catches in thesealternate areas. Since 1985, when the marine reserve Resort Owner- Accommodations of Apo was formally established, it has on Apo Island are very limited. The developed into a model site, attracting owner of the only resort took a serious scientists, reef managers and an increas- risk and made a substantial investment ing number of tourists. Tourism in when building the facility. Income gener- Negros Oriental is still in its infancy; ated by the resort is considerable. Its however, it has a real potential to future is strongly dependent on the Can This Model be Fishers will benefit flourish. health of the coral reefs and the reputa- Duplicated in Other from tourism on tion of the Apo reserve. Reserves in Negros Apo Islands. Financial Benefits of the Dive-Tour Owner- The Apo coral Oriental? Marine Reserve reefs are regarded as one of the top In a province where native and foreign Besides the scenic setting of Apo Is- dive spots in the Visayas, thus divers travelers are welcome, ecotourismmay land, a major attraction for tourists is frequently visit Apo as part of an ex- be considered an additional economic the marine reserve. Income generated tended dive tour. Dive-tour operators benefit of marine reserves. As of March by tourists visiting Apo was estimated potentially benefit the most without 1997, Negros Oriental had 19 active based on data obtained during site visits. having to invest in the site. Economic coral reef reserves covering a total These data were grouped into categor- risks are limited because success/in- area of 177 ha. Thus, almost 7 percent ies covering economic advantages and come is not dependent on one dive of the reefs are protected by law and disadvantages for fishers, resort owners, site alone. However, in the long term managed by the local fishing communi- dive-tour operators, scientists and envi- it benefits the dive operators to support ties. Designation of these reserves does ronmental groups. Results were as fol- the sustainable use of the reserves result in a loss of fishing grounds. lows: because the number of alternative sites As a means to compensate for the loss Fishers- The financial benefits to is limited. (continued page 14)

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 13 Of those that claimed to know some- Beach Marketing Schemes– thing about the awards, most did not A Welsh Perspective have an accurate understanding of the awards’ specific criteria. Just over 20 By Cliff Nelson criteria that guide these schemes are percent could identify which beach based on safety, management, cleanli- flags indicated safety versus danger. A n the United Kingdom (UK) a day ness, public information and water higher percentage were aware of the Iat the beach was once perceived a quality. The most prominent system Blue Flag designation compared to any healthy pursuit. However, over the past operating in Europe is the European other award. However, when shown a few years media headlines concerning Blue Flag, introduced in 1987 by the photograph of the Blue Flag, only 26 quality of bathing waters and beach Foundation for Environmental Edu- percent recognized it. Further, only 15 cleanliness has put strain on the British cation in Europe. In the UK, the Blue percent ranked attainment of a beach seaside, with potential to damage tour- Flag is coordinated by the Tidy Britain award to be important when asked to ism. In particular South Wales, heavily Group (TBG), the national indepen- compare with other beach attributes reliant upon coastal tourism, has come dent litter abatement agency. The TBG such as views, landscape and distance under intense pressure over the past also own their own beach flag, under travelled from home. two years due to a large oil spill in the title of Seaside Award. In order to The Green Sea Initiative and the February 1996 off the Pembrokeshire display the beach flag, resorts and rural future of cleaner bathing waters is very Coast, where the Sea Empressoil beaches must have bathing waters that promising and will surely benefit coastal tanker went aground spilling over meet the European Bathing Water tourism in Wales. The only caveat is 70,000 tons of crude oil, affecting 30 Directive standards. In addition, the the lack of recognition and knowledge miles of coastline. Marine Conservation Society publishes regarding beach award schemes, on To preserve and improve coastal an annual Good Beach Guide, grading whichthe Green Sea Initiative is tourism in Wales, the Wales Tourist British beaches. reliant. Results of this study indicate Board, in conjunction with Welsh Although the aims of the beach award that the existence of many different Water, have set up a relatively new schemes are commendable, their pro- beach award schemes is only serving program, the Green Sea Initiative, fusion has created confusion leading to to confuse the beach user. For the designed to improve coastal waters continued debate over their effective- Green Sea Initiative to be fully effec- and promote sustainable tourism. ness in marketing beaches. As part of a tive, an intensive education program The intent is to bring bathing-beach doctoral research program, the author needs to be implemented to create waters up to European Bathing Water investigated the knowledge and under- a greater awareness of beach awards. Directive standards through the use standing of beach awards at three It is suggested that more emphasis be of high technology ultra-violet light beaches along the South Wales coast. placed on developing and marketing disinfection sewerage systems around Beaches of both resort and rural a unified beach award scheme, such the coast. The Welsh coast is to be pro- nature with a gradation of water quali- as the European Blue Flag. moted and marketed through its goal ty were examined. The research was For further information contact: of achieving the European Blue Flag conducted during the summer of 1996. Cliff Nelson, University of Wales, beach award by the millennium. In general, results indicated that beach Faculty of Business, Leisure and Food, Beach award systems come under a users were only marginally aware of Colchester Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, variety of formats, designed for use by beach award schemes, with only 53 United Kingdom. Tel: 01446-741976. local authorities and coastal managers percent claiming to have heard of them. E-mail: [email protected]. to encourage tourism. In general, the

Apo Island (continued from page 13) tions. Also, fees must be collected by accommodate about 10 people and are in fishing ground, it has been suggested the municipality and not by the local rarely fully booked. However, more that a fee for entering the reserve be fishers, thus much of the money is up-market hotels and resorts have charged. The fee should be made avail- not spent on maintaining the reserve. opened in the vicinity of Dumaguete able to the local Bantay Dagat (fishers Recently, small-scale ecotourism and appear to be doing well. This may volunteer watch organization). This is (e.g., huts made of bamboo) has devel- be due to the its rapid growth and the not done regularly because the small oped rapidly. However, these struggle increasing number of businesspeople. number of tourists makes it uneconom- to survive because the visitor numbers Given the unspoiled conditions of ical to hire a person to collect dona- are still small. Most of these places can (continued page 28)

14 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 remainder are newer than 1979 Urbanization of the North Coast (Figure 2 – 1962). of Zealand, Denmark The need for building regulations became apparent, and laws were passed By Henrik Suadicani of the century the first hotels and to protect the coastal zone in Denmark. summer homes were built in the area The Nature Conservation Act of 1937 enmark has a 7,300 km coastline, at Gilleleje (Figure 1 – 1898). provided a coastal protection zone of Da population of five million and Starting in the late 1800s, Copen- 100 meters. The Danish Planning Act an area of 43,000 sq km, entirely with- hagen’s upper classes spent summers in of 1974 divided the country into three in 50 km of the coast. In Denmark the country, often building villas and zones that were regulated differently: an there are 170,000 summer cottages in cottages on the nearby coast. The rail- urban,a rural and a summer cottage road, and later zone. A Summer Cottage and Camping the car, made it Act was passed, mandating that summer possible to trav- cottagesonly be used as secondary el further from houses; no one was allowed permanent Copenhagen and residence in a cottage. The 1990 modi- some families fication to the Summer Cottage and built cottages Camping Act made it possible for a first at Hornbaek municipality to permit owners who (10 km east of owned their house for longer than Gilleleje) and eight years to make it their permanent later in Gilleleje. residence. Often the family The planning act was supplemented stayed there for in 1994 (Nature Protection Act) by the summer increasing the coastal protection zone Figure 1: 1898. Remaining area: farmland Map coverage: 7 km x 3.5 km Loss of natural habitats, mostly heath, while the hus- to 300 meters and imposed stricter Heath area: 68.5 hectares (ha) with 2 build- replaced by houses (both cottages and city bands commuted regulations addressing altering of the ings houses) and forest. Forest area increases as to Copenhagen. natural habitat, erecting fences, park- Forest area: 36 ha with no buildings summer cottages owners plant trees and By 1940 the ing caravans and subdividing proper- Total number of buildings: 172 convert farmlands to forest area. heath, dunes and ties. The aim was to protect the coastal 455 sq km. Surrounding Copenhagen grazed lands were completely develop- zone from further development, and there are 36,100 summer cottages. ed. At that time there were only 3,000 at the same time allow the needed Frederiksborg County alone has 32,000 cottages in the county. development of citiesand their infra- cottages of which 26 percent are locat- The late 1950s marked the start of a structure, and tourism. It prohibited ed in Graested-Gilleleje municipality. general building boom in Denmark. In the designation of new summer cot- the Graested-Gilleleje municipality, ap- tage zones and required existing areas History of the Area proximately 64 percent of the cottages be reserved for holiday and leisure Gilleleje is a fishing village dating were built between 1960-79. Only 23 purposes. Existing summer cottage back to before the Middle Ages. In early percent were built before 1960; the zones must not be used for urban times, villagers transported goods to and from Copenhagen and other cities around Kattegatt. Trade increased and the first harbor was built in 1873. In 1896 the first railroad was constructed, thus beginning the expansion of the small isolated village to a major fishing community. Tourism in the coastal villages began in the 1890s. Artists came to paint the primitive people living an exotic life- style; with the painters came curious

tourists. The first tourists rented rooms Figure 2: 1962 Forest area: 76.6 ha with 106 buildings in the local fishers’ houses. By the turn Heath area: 6.8 ha with 4 buildings Total number of buildings: 1084

16 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 have built fences to protect their prop- erties (Figure 4). There is a national initiative to secure public access; how- ever, this can only be done by buying sites and establishing public facilities for amenities such as parking areas and toilets. This is expensive and funding would be from the local government. Another issue is coastal erosion. Since the 1930s, groins have been built to stop coastal erosion and protect the cottages and houses. Not only has this impacted the scenic quality of the area, but it has caused continued loss of the Figure 3: 1985 Forest area: 108.1 ha with 235 buildings Heath area: 9.4 ha with 3 houses Total number of buildings: 6134 sandy beaches resulting in continued building of new groins and breakwaters. development, even if these areas are Energy and Environment vetoed this Until recently, coastal protection was close to cities and towns. effort. This is the result of the political done by the individual landowners with Nevertheless, in the newest regional differences between the liberal county no county regulations; now the county plan of 1997, Frederiksborg County and the municipality on the one side, must approve new projects. Also, the allowed the municipalities to convert and the new government which is understanding of coastal dune dynamics nine areas from cottage zones to urban Social Democratic on the other. The has improved, and the management zones, a change from vacation to per- more liberal tend to disregard the strategy is slowly changing from con- manent settlements. This violates the restrictions in the 3-km coastal pro- structing breakwaters and still bigger coastal planning zone of the planning tection zone while the Minister for groins to letting nature take its course. act. County officials justify their deci- Environment wants to follow the plan- There is an urgent need to address sion by claiming that the areas already ning act. This attempt, if nothing else, problems of continued urbanization have many houses built for permanent residence. These houses were given permanent resident status as a result of the 1990 modification to the Summer Cottage and Camping Act. These own- Figure 4: Restricted ers have rebuilt the small cottages to public access to the meet the demands for higher living and beach. building standards, thus many areas have changed from cottage areas to perma- nent home areas. Also, since regulations do not exist for the construction of summer cottages, cottages will contin- ue to be upgraded to permanent struc- tures. As this occurs, and as demand for urban zones increases, these summer demonstrates that the intention of the along the Danish coast. Despite the cottage zones will be transformed to national planning act is not very strict planning act’s coastal planning zone of urban zones. This sort of development and will be interpreted according to 3 km, and the attempts to move the is happening throughout Denmark political considerations. urbanization inland behind the 3-km (Figure 3 – 1985, present stage). Urbanization of the North Zealand zone, urbanization can still takes place The municipality and the county of coast of Denmark has resulted in loss of along the coast and especially in the the North Zealand coastal area attempt- coastal habitat, as well as loss of pub- summer cottage areas. ed to allow the conversion of areas from lic access to the shore. Although there For further information contact: cottage to urban zones; in essence from is to be public access to all beaches, it Henrik Suadicani, Roskilde University, vacation to permanent housing. This is often difficult to get there.Several Building 10.2, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 effectively violated the countries plan- roads do end at the beach; however, Roskilde. Denmark. ning act. However, the Ministry for most landowners directly on the coast E-mail: [email protected].

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 17 Development of a Coastal Industrial Zone in Tokyo Bay: A Less Successful Project

By Kenji Hotta Unfortunately, increases in shipping coastal industrial zone not flourished? did not increase the area’s employment fter World War II, by making full opportunities, nor did it improve the Depressed Economy Ause of the coastal zone, Japan’s standard of living. On the contrary, the The primary reason for the industrial economy has achieved tremendous local economy and living standards have zone’s depressed economy is that the growth. This paper examines the Keiyo been adversely effected. region is a mere production space coastal industrial zone (located in east- for large corporations that have their ern Tokyo Bay) and its surrounding Regional Industrial headquarters outside Chiba (mostly in inland area as an example of coastal Structure Tokyo). Trade (sales) and account trans- development. The fishing industry declined dramati- actions are not conducted in Chiba, cally as the land reclamation project was they are carried out at the corporate Changes of the reclaimed area. undertaken and the industrial zone was headquarters. (Tokyo Bay) developed. Agriculture also declined; Second, products manufactured in farming households decreased from the coastal industrial zone have nothing 104,094 in 1960 to 21,898 in 1981 due to do with the local industries. For to increased imported agricultural prod- example, Chiba is the largest producer ucts, conversion of farmlands and the of steel and ethylene; however, there redirection of the agricultural labor force. are few factories which process and use Furthermore, local industries were con- these materials in Chiba. The Keihin sidered the low-productivity sector of the industrial zone, located in western economy and given secondary administra- Tokyo Bay, purchases the raw steel and tive treatment. ethylene and produces value-added In the coastal area, 60 percent of the products with high economic values, industries were heavy and material-pro- thus enhancing Keihin’s economy. ducing (iron, steel, petroleum and chemi- Third, the coastal industries in Chiba cal). This is far greater than the national are not labor-intensive industries; the average (26 percent), and has caused an manufacturing systems are largely auto- imbalance in the industrial structure. mated to save labor costs. Therefore, Industries in this area make only a minor these factories do not create large contribution to the local economy. This employment opportunities. appears to be because the economy is As a result, neither the people nor based on the taxes paid by individuals, economy benefit from the industrial rather than those paid by large corpora- zone because the flow of money and tions, despite the coastal area having one resources is primarily out of the region. The coastal industrial region of Chiba of the largest industrial zones. is 12,035 hectares (ha) of reclaimed Coastal industries make up 69 percent Environmental land with a 76 km shoreline. Industries of the total industrial area, use 74 percent Degradation include iron, steel, aluminum, glass and of industrial water and consume 70 per- and Increased petrochemical production, oil refiner- cent of the fuel. The same industries pro- Financial Burden ies, electric and gas powerplants, and duce 90 percent of the sulfuric com- The residents have lost valuable ship manufacturing. The Keiyo coastal pounds discharged and are the largest pol- coastal recreational area. The industrial industrial zone has become one of the luter. Nevertheless, the coastal industrial zone created a barrier restricting beach largest energy suppliers in Japan. region employs only 24 percent of the access. Residents see this as the loss of Prior to development, Chiba’s pri- entire work force. cultural, historical and spiritual bene- mary industries were fishing and agri- Positive impacts of the coastal indus- fits. In addition, tidal lands have culture. After development, Chiba tries are less than the inland industries. decreased from 7,757 ha in 1945 to became one of the leading industrial Small- and medium-sized industries are about 985 ha at present. Water quality regions in Japan. The shipbuilding larger contributors to the local economy has deteriorated due to increased ship- industry earned US$ 7.95 million in than the huge coastal industries. The ques- ping traffic and oil discharges. Industrial 1981, ranking sixth in Japan. tion is, why has the economy of the (continued page 21)

18 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 there is a business benefit to a certifica- Ecotourism in Virginia, USA: tion program. A network of certified How can we Ensure its Success? Virginia ecotour guides and businesses would present a tremendous opportu- By Virginia G. Witmer Virginia’s Eastern Shore. nity to build a sustainable ecotourism Participants in the ecotourism industry in Virginia. In March, these ocal ecotour businesses in Virginia, meetings agreed that an ecotour guide operators joined state and local gov- LUSA, introduce the state’s natural certification program could help: 1) ernment representatives and people resources to thousands of visitors each protect natural resource capital from interested in protection of Virginia’s year. The Virginia Coastal Resources misuse caused by a simple lack of natural resources to form the Virginia Management Program, a network of knowledge; 2) provide a valuable mar- EcoTourism Association (VETA). The Virginia state agencies and local govern- keting edge to guides who earn an of- association will represent those with a ments that links state laws and policies ficial “seal of approval;” and 3) foster vested interest in ecotourism in the to protect and enhance coastal resources, the sustainable growth of Virginia’s state, including scientists, conserva- is working to ensure that responsible, ecotourism industry. Certified busi- tionists, resource managers and educa- educated ecotour guides and ecotourists, nesses could operate as members of tors, as well as ecotourism businesses, and an ecotourism code of ethics, play an ecotourism association and agree and will provide a new forum for com- a vital role in the future protection to certain operating standards. To munication, networking and marketing. and health of Virginia’s unique eco- earn certification, ecotour businesses Members of the association plan to systems. This includes promoting sus- or guides would be tainable development of a successful required to partici- ecotourism industry. pate in regional Experts agree that ecotourism must workshops or train- be a carefully planned industry that is ing to ensure that sensitive to and respectful of natural they acquire knowl- resources, and benefits the local stew- edge specific to ards of the resources. “By not compro- Virginia’s ecological mising unique and fragile resources, distinct bio-regions. ecotour businesses are protecting their The number of own assets,” says Sarah Mabey, author visitors an area of a draft voluntary ecotour guide cer- can accommodate, tification program and curriculum for without harming the Virginia’s Eastern Shore. The curricu- natural resources lum was contracted by the Virginia would also need to Coastal Program. The concept behind be considered for the certification program is that natur- each bio-region. al resources constitute shared capital. Once training was To ensure the resources are protected, completed, the busi- private businesses, citizens, organiza- ness could use an official certification continue development of a voluntary Birdwatching on tions and public agencies all must rec- logo in their marketing. ecotour guide certification program forthe Eastern Shore, ognize their collective responsibility for Peter Hangen, Virginia Beach’s rec- Virginia’s coastal areas. The Virginia Virginia. guarding their assets. reation supervisor, agreed that certifi- Coastal Program and VETA hope that In August 1997 the Virginia Coastal cation could give local operators a this pilot certification program will Program initiated meetings with the marketing edge and help keep tourist serve as a model statewide. state’s coastal ecotourism business com- dollars invested in the local economy. For further information contact: munity, local and state natural resource “A strong association of local ecotour LauraMcKay, Program Manager, managers, and others interested in businesses could be a great marketing Virginia Coastal Program, Virginia ecotourism to discuss the future of tool for local communities and the Department of Environmental Quality, 629 East Main Street, 6th ecotourism and outline the elements ecotour businesses, and the minimum Floor, Richmond, Virginia 23219, and steps necessary to develop a suc- standards required for certification USA. Tel: 804-698-4323. FAX: 804- cessful initiative. The Virginia Coastal would help us ensure quality experi- 698-4319. E-mail: Program introduced the voluntary ences and a return of visitors to these [email protected]. ecotour guide certification concept areas,” stated Mr. Hangen. Website:http://www.deq.state.va.us and the draft curriculum prepared for Many local operators agreed that /envprog/coastal.html.

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 19 of coral reefs worldwide. Coral Reef Ecosystems Suffer Geological, evolutionary and eco- as a Result of Global Change logical evidence was assembled to show that while corals and reefs can resist or he United States’ National Corals there thrive as long as tempera- recover from localized stresses such as TOceanic and Atmospheric tures remain at or below 27°C – the storms, predation or disease, they do Administration (NOAA) has confirmed normal maximum sea surface temper- not survive in isolation; the survival that during the 1997-98 El Niño, coral ature at this site. An increase of one or of any one reef depends on the nature, bleaching has occurred in the Western two degrees can be deadly to the coral. health and history of neighboring com- Hemisphere at sites in the Florida Keys, This news comes within days of a munities. Current practices of coral Baja California, the Pacific coast of report by an international working reef conservation and resource man- Panama, the Yucatan coast, the Cayman group of scientific experts that met in agement in developing countries focus Islands, and the Netherlands Antilles. Boston, Massachusetts, USA, January on immediate local threats, but does In the Eastern Hemisphere, reefs in 3-11, 1998, to discuss growing con- not consider the climatic forcing at the and the Seychelles have cernsabout the survival of coral reef longer, larger scales. Of these, increas- experienced some bleaching. ecosystems facing global change and ing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, frequency and intensity of tropical Coral reefs may storms, and runoff of terrestrial sedi- suffer from global ments and nutrients are predicted to change. be the major contributors to negative changes in some reefs. When com- pounded by the chronic, local distur- bances such as destructive harvesting and pollution, the relatively slow changes in global climate caused by man can markedly decrease coral reef growth. The effects of global change, be they

increasing CO2concentrations, El Niño or runoff of terrestrial sediments and nutrients, make it apparent that major revisions are urgently needed to con- This February, NOAA reported that local stresses. The group, sponsored by cepts of how corals and reef eco-sys- El Niño-related increases in ocean the Scientific Committee on Oceanic tems will respond to global change, temperatures in the Pacific Ocean are Research (SCOR) and the Land- and that more effective research, con- causing coral reef bleaching around the Ocean Interactions in the Coastal servation and resource management , Australia. Coral Zone (LOICZ) core project of the strategies need to be developed. bleaching results when increased water International Geosphere-Biosphere For NOAA information contact: temperatures cause the coral tissue to Programme(IGBP), and with the sup- Joyce Gross, Tel: 202-482-8360. expel , a type of algae port of the NOAA Coastal Ocean E-mail: [email protected]. that lives in the coral structure and Program, produced an interdisciplinary Video animation of coral reef hot is essential to the coral’s survival. synthesis withimportant implications spots and sea surface temperatures are Bleaching has been observed on for research, assessment and manage- available on the World Wide Web at: many inshore reefs of central Great ment. The reportstated that coral reefs http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad– Barrier Reef, particularly off Townsville, may be threatenedby rising concentra- click “Experimental Products,” from after temperatures in the water reached tions of carbon dioxide in the atmos- there, click “ Hotspots.” 29-30°C (84-86°F). Corals there usual- phere and associated changes in the For a still image of the area of coral ly thrive in temperatures no higher than intensity of storms and rainfall. The bleaching off Australia, go to: 28°C (82°F). These “hot spots” have ability of reef plants and animals to http://manati.wwb.noaa.gov/orad been identified by NOAA satellite data make the skeletonsthat and click on “What's New.” and confirmed by field data. build reefs is being reduced by rising For SCOR, contact: Bruce G. NOAA also reported El Niño-related atmospheric carbon dioxide concen- Hatcher, Dalhousie University, coral bleaching of the Galapagos Islands trations. In 30 to 100 years this may Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H off the coast of Ecuador. Surface tem- interfere with coral growth, which 4J1. Tel: 902 477 8093. FAX: 902 494 peratures there are about 30°C (86°F). could threaten the sustainability 3736. E-mail: [email protected].

20 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 A View on the Developing Tourism Industry By Timothy Tyrrell greater emphasis on social and environ- tourism while others lose, even though mental issues. It is not yet clear how there may be positive economic growth ourism has been the fashionable these will change the industry. at the state level. Specific economic, Tindustry of the 1980s and 1990s; One of the major lessons is that social and environmental costs and ben- it has been the beneficiary of national regardless of the political system, efits from tourism development, or any and international attention. It is poised tourism is a heavily community-based other industry, need to be evaluated to claim the title of the largest industry industry. Regardless of the ambitious where impacts are immediate. At in the world. As a result, considerable goals for state and regional tourism regional and state levels, the relation- research has been devoted to the study development, it is the community that ships between costs and benefits and the of tourism. The findings are not sur- hosts the visiting population. Attractions needs and desires of individual groups prising. and services are packaged at the com- and constituencies are easily forgotten. Study results reinforce the idea munity level and tourists choose desti- Tourism development needs to be that resources should not be wasted, nations where travel time between is at considered as one among many compo- whether they are natural or cultural a minimum in order optimize use of nents of community development. As resources. We have also learned that valuable leisure time. As a consequence, Philip Kotler says in his book, residents, businesses, governments and local businesses, town councils and Marketing Places (1996): “The basic visitors can be the recipients of differ- chambers of commerce are found to be idea behind community development is ent types of impacts from tourism the greatest promoters of the industry. to create a quality environment for peo- development. These are wide and var- In addition, town council members, ple currently living and working in the ied and include all manners of econom- planners, fire and police department community. This concept supports good ic, social and environmental impacts. chiefs, and social organizations all direct schools, strong neighborhoods, We are still learning about the links the daily operations of the industry. increased public safety, and adequate between natural and cultural resources Together these groups influence zoning health facilities and emphasizes the role and their importance to residents and restrictions, taxes, fees and other regu- of strong community-based institutions visitors. We are also still learning sim- lations. Control extends to ownership in affecting the quality of a place. Like ple lessons about how the actions of of a large share of attractions and facili- any other component of community one individual or group can influence ties (such as parks and beaches). development, if tourism is found to the well-being of others. Although the primary purpose of these support these ideals, it should be pro- The industry is also learning. The public attractions is to serve residential moted. If not, it should be resisted.” economic downturn of 1990 and early recreational needs, in tourist communi- For further information contact: 1991 forced the tourism industry to ties they provide a major component of Timothy Tyrrell, Resource Economics, take a good look at itself. One result the product mix offered to the tourist. University of Rhode Island, Lippitt was a new focus on sustainability and Costs and benefits of tourism have Hall, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, the potential importance of eco- the strongest impact at the community USA. Tel: 401-874-4580. E-mail: tourism. Both are concepts that put level. Some localities may gain from [email protected].

Tokyo Bay supply facilities; roads; housing; and to Tokyo. As a result, the region’s popu- (continued from page 18) educational needs. In addition, the local lation increased and tertiary industries government has had to pay for pollu- developed that contributed to sustaining pollution (air, noise and odor) is a seri- tion controls and disaster prevention the increasing financial burden, thus for- ous local health concern. required by the industries. tunately offsetting the negative effects of Another problem is the increased Development of the Keiyo industrial the development of the coastal industri- financial burden on local government. zone did not produce the desired al zone. Expanded development increased tax results. Not only were there adverse For further information contact: revenues and financial resources; how- environmental impacts, but the devel- Kenji Hotta, Nihon University College ever, the local administration needed to opment resulted in an increased finan- of Science and Technology, Department spend large sums of public money on cial burden for the local government. of Oceanic Architecture and Engin- projects related to the industrial zone Fortunately, these negative effects were eering. 7-24-1 Narashinodai Funabashi- development, such as land reclamation; offset by the fact that towns in the Shi Chiba 274, Japan. Tel: 81 0474 69 improvements for plants, and factories, Chiba region have become bedroom 5484. FAX: 81 0474 67 9446. E-mail: ports and harbors; industrial water- communities for workers commuting [email protected].

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 21 facilities and jobs has placed tainable management and use of the increasing pressure on the local natural resources. REPORTS environment, thus requiring This project is completing its first planning and management stage: to analyze the available scientific programs that consider both information, identify deficiencies, and FROM population demands and define research projects needed to gen- environmental protection. erate the information necessary to be This region is one of the used as a solid basis for the preparation THE richest in the Mexican Gulf of the MIPTCR. The resulting database of Mexico, as it generates includes 233 references addressing the FIELD large revenues from the natural resources of the TCR. petrochemical, port and A significant concern is the quality of fishing industries. the scientific information in the database. Other areas of concern The LCE has proposed the creation of CENTRAL AMERICA in the TCR are: an Information System of the Tamaulipas MEXICO • The San Andrés Lagoon, where Coastal Region which, in addition to extensive cattle breeding is com- compiling the information about the Scientific Research in binedwith agriculture, aquaculture TCR, could identify the direction edu- the Tamaulipas Coast and some local fisheries. These activ- cational institutions and research cen- The State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, ities lack adequate regulation and ters should take to ensure proper re- is a highly diversified region with over have caused serious environmental source management in the region. The 400km of Gulf of Mexico coastline. damage. ultimate goal is to establish the best Its coastal zone is over 231,000 •The Soto la Marina River, which possible sustainable development prac- hectares(ha) and has 14.7 percent has become important for sport fish- tices for the TCR. of Mexico’s estuarine area. Important ing. This activity alone is responsible For further information contact: water bodies are Madre Lagoon for the accelerated tourism develop- Leonardo Ortiz-Lozano, Laboratorio de (200,000 ha), San Andrés Lagoon ment along its shores. This has occurred Ecología Costera, Instituto de Ciencias (8,500 ha) and Morales Lagoon without policies to regulate growth del Mar y Limnología, U.N.A.M., Ap. (6,500 ha), in addition to the Pánuco and development. Postal 70-305, México. Tel: 5-622 58 River delta. •The Madre Lagoon, the largest 33. FAX: 5-676 19 93. E-mail: leonar- The diverse climatic conditions coastal lagoon in Mexico, which hosts [email protected]. prevailing in the Tamaulipas Coastal important fishing and aquaculture Region (TCR) result in varying activities, but is affected by serious soil EUROPE vegetation. There are 126 species problems. GREECE of birds, 19 species of reptiles, 15 The main problem facing the entire species of mammals, 75 species of fish Mexican coastal region is the lack of Sustainable Growth in and 155 species of invertebrates. This knowledge at the government level the Cyclades biodiversity, in addition to the large about local resources. The importance Cyclades represent a unique and natural oil reserves,make this region of the scientific information has been diverse group of islands in Greece of significant importance to Mexico’s overlooked, and in most cases the avail- where the problem of unsustained economic development. Management able information is incomplete and/or growth is particularly evident. of the area resources poses a signifi- questionable. Cooperation between the local commu- cant challenge for the government. In response to this, the Laboratory nities of the islands is essential to of Coastal Ecology (LCE) of the ensure sustainable development in the Urban Growth Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y future without irreversibly damaging and the Economy Limnología from the Universidad the environment and the social fabric of The population and economic Nacional Autónoma de México devel- the islands. activities are concentrated in three oped a program for aManagement The Programme for Integrated counties in southern Tamaulipas: Integral Program for the Tamaulipas Coastal Area Management: The Case Altamira, Tampico and Ciudad Coastal Region (MIPTCR). Its main of Cyclades (P.I.C.A.M.CY) is carried Madero. These areas are economic objective is to determine and develop out within the context of the European magnets for the central Mexican the necessary tools to implement Commission’s (EU) Demonstration Gulf of Mexico. policies to promote economic Project on integrated coastal zone man- The increasing demand for urban growth that are compatible with sus- agement (ICM). The program is funded

22 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 authority (e.g., Sifnos, Milos, Kimolos AFRICA REPORTS and Serifos); a case for regional coop- GULF OF GUINEA eration. 4) Very small islands characterized Gulf of Guinea Large CONTINUED by rural economies, developing tourism industries and inadequate Project by the EU, the University of Aegean infrastructures (e.g., Koufonissia, Sixty senior scientists and resource and the Ministry of Aegean. Donoussa and Anafi). managers from Benin, Cameroon, the It is a three-year project that started 5) A one-island focused analysis Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo in January 1997. (e.g., two local authorities in Sifnos); met in Abidjan, Ivory Coast in early The objective of the project is to a case of island-level cooperation. January to plan the second phase of develop a pilot model of communi- an initiative to improve the health ties’ cooperation for ICM in the The project will proceed in the fol- of the Gulf of Guinea Large Marine island complex of Cyclades, introduc- lowing way: Ecosystems. ing the necessary structures and Phase 1: Organization of the net- Actions include increasing the eco- implementing examples for sustain- work workshop: Defining the nomic benefits from gas, oil, mining, ability. Principles of Integrated Coastal Area recreational and fisheries resources of A network will include representa- Management (held May 27-28, 1997, the ecosystem, while assuring improved tives from all levels of administration on the island of Syros). health and long-term sustainability. (national, regional and local), non- Phase 2: Assessment of environ- The Gulf of Guinea ecosystem provides governmental organizations, socioe- mental developmental issues work- about US$ 3.8 billion annually to the conomic actors and other experts. shop: Developing Strategies for ICM economies of the adjacent West African Representatives from selected island (to be held May 29-30, 1998, on the countries. With more sustainable communities will form the core of island of Syros). resource-use practices, experts the network. The communities are Phase 3: Assessment of strategies estimate the annual contribution to selected to give a broad picture of the for integrated coastal management the region’s economies could increase various socioeconomic, cultural and workshop: Initiating an Action Plan to US$ 9 billion. natural environments of the Cycladic for Coastal Area Management (pro- The first phase was initiated in 1995 Islands. The network will be divided posed date: November 1998). with the financial assistance of the into working subgroups, each based Phase 4: Specific measures for Global Environment Facility, the World on common characteristics, develop- coastal area management conference: Bank, and technical assistance from the ment restrictions and environmental Integrated Coastal Management in United Nations Development Pro- pressures of the islands, such as geo- Cyclades. gramme, the United Nations Industrial graphic characteristics (e.g., small The direct results of the project Development Organization (UNIDO), size), socioeconomic characteristics will be to establish a network of part- the United States National Oceanic (e.g., development of common eco- ners, increase overall awareness, assess and Atmospheric Administration, the nomic activities, thus common prob- the national and EU-related policies United Nations Environment Pro- lems/impacts on the natural and concerning environmental protection gramme and several other donor coun- human environment) and administra- and regional development in the tries. This effort is the largest single tive/organizational characteristics Cyclades, and adopt integrated mod- project presently underway in Africa (e.g., common administrative author- els for sustainable coastal manage- aimed at increasing the socioeconomic ity). The five subgroups include: ment. benefits of a large marine ecosystem. 1) A dominant economic activity For further information contact: Accomplishments of the first two developing in accordance, or in con- Alexandra Mexa, Senior Project years included initiation of community- flict with, other economic activities Manager, or Harry Coccossis, Project based restoration projects, (e.g., extractive and tourism activity Manager, University of Aegean, and the agreement by environmental in Milos-Kimolos); a case for con- Laboratory of Environmental protection agencies of several partici- flict/problem cooperation. Planning, 30 Voulgaroktonou str., pating countries to initiate nonhaz- 2) A developed and intense 11472 Athens Greece. Tel: 30-1- ardous waste exchange programs with tourism industry (e.g., Thira, Paros 680051-3. FAX: 30-1-6800053. E- industries. These will include gas, oil, and Ios); a case for common pres- mail: [email protected]. mining, steel, agricultural and food sure/problem cooperation. production, and will both control pol- 3) A group of islands belonging to lution and use new technologies for the same sub-regional administrative profitable recycling.

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 23 http://www.africaonline.co.ci/Africa sources users and local nongovernmental Online/societes/goglme/goglme.htm. organizations. The committee will pre- REPORTS pare a zoning and management planfor the . CONTINUED SOUTH AMERICA BRAZIL The program, to be carried out by the Fundaçao Mamíferos Marinhos, Three hundred and fifty specialists Inter-American along with other partners including from the six countries have been re- Development Bank the Federal University of Pernambuco cruited from all sectors of society. Approves Local Coastal and Brazil’s National Coastal Manage- They have access to the latest tech- Zone Management ment Program, will also include com- nologies, including satellite imagery, Initiative in Brazil munity-based demonstration projects in advanced electronic environmental sen- The Inter-American Development reef restoration, municipal reserve sors to measure ecosystem productivity, Bank announced the approval of US management and maintaining coastal new techniques to detect changesin $1.75 million in non-reimbursable fi- water quality. A management strategy coastal pollution, and vessels to conduct nancing to help establish a coastal zone for sustainable artisanal fisheries in both fisheries and ecosystem surveys. management program in Brazil. This coastal reefs and mangroves will be pre- All participants agreed to promote program is to manage 120 km of coast- pared. Community-based organi-zations large-scale integrated management and line between Tamandaré, in the state dependent on coastal resources will be sustainable development of coastal re- of Pernambuco, and Paripueira, in the strengthened, and conflict resolution sources throughout the ecosystem. state of Alagoas. techniques will be applied to resolve For further information contact: Chidi The funds will help launch Brazil’s issues of municipal land development. Ibe, UNIDO Regional Coordinator, The first locally administered coastal man- For further information contact: Regional Coordination Centre, c/o agement program, designed to recon- Michele LeMay, Inter-American Centre de Recherches Oceanolo-giques, cile and integrate land development Development Bank, 1300 New York 29, rue des pecheurs, BP V 18 Abidjan, processes with marine conservation Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. Ivory Coast, Tel: 225 25 73 69/ 35 50 priorities. A local coastal management USA. 20577. Tel: 202-623-1868. 14/35-58-80. FAX: 225 25 73 69. E- committee will be established, bringing FAX: 202-623-1796. E-mail: mail: [email protected]. Website: together municipal governments, re- [email protected].

Maya Reef to coordinate these activities and pro- where Belize, (continued from page 1) mote opportunities to learn different Guatemala and Honduras are address- management techniques, as well as ing common problems with an empha- Caribbean. However, this new initia- securing funding to promote and sis on managing shared fisheries tive will focus the needed attention on expand the initiative. resources. The second is the Bacalar this special reef system. An action plan is being designed Chico-Xcalak region, located on the Presently there are coastal manage- jointly to promote scientific research border of Belize and Mexico, where ment initiatives occurring in all four and information exchange, create a managing tourism while protecting countries which support this effort. constituency, reduce pollution from valuable natural resources is a shared Governments are developing land-use land-based sources and establish a sus- issue. zoning (Mexico) and ecotourism tainable financing mechanisms. A The Mesoamerican Caribbean Coral development strategies (Belize) to meeting was held in Belize City in Reef Systems Initiative offers the manage growth. In all four countries, November 1997 to design this action framework for one of the most viable communities, universities, nongovern- plan. Over 100 people from govern- and unparalleled opportunities to carry mental organizations (NGOs) and the ment agencies, the private and social out a multi-national conservation private sector are implementing efforts sector, research institutions, funding effort, over a globally important to conserve the areas natural resources agencies and NGOs contributed. The ecosystem. by promoting conservation and sus- action plan will constitute the frame- For further information contact: tainable development, through the work for the many actors to unite Amigos de Sian Ka'an A.C., Plaza establishment of marine protected their individual efforts towards a com- America Loc 48, Apdo Post. 770, areas, strategies mon goal. Two specific geographic Cancun, Quintana Roo, 77500, Mexi- and incorporating low-impact develop- areas have been chosen for this inter- co. Tel: 98 84 95 83. FAX: 98 87 30 ment techniques. Efforts are underway national cooperation. The first is the 80. E-mail: [email protected].

24 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 Sources TERCOAST Environmental Website. This is a solu- Coastnet and SIDER tions-based environ- mental site. Links to NetCoast Merger FORMATION ecotourism materials IN and conferences can be As of May, the coastal management list- found here. Address: serve, Coastnet, merged with the Dutch http://www2.planeta.com/. Coastal Zone Management Centre’s Sustainable Tourism Research (CZMC) European counterpart of Electronic Coastnet, NetCoast. Readers of Intercoast Interest Group. This site provides links Resources to organizations specializing in sustainable Network newsletter will know that CZMC tourism as well as links to articles, confer- and the Coastal Resources Center Earth Systems Inc. Includes archives of ences and codes of ethics dealing with (CRC), which was maintaining Coastnet, environmental mailing lists and links to tourism. Address: have had a very good and productive environmental resources and organizations. http://www.dkglobal.org/string/rohr. Address: working relationship in the past, and we http://www.earthsystems.org/2nd.html. Tourfor. This is an environmental man- hope that this transfer will enhance the agement system for forest based tourism. exchange of information and ideas on Environmental Working Groups. This Links to topics on tourism and forestry are coastal management that Coastnet and site offers a searchable database and publi- provided within this website. Address: NetCoast have provided. cations that focuses on protecting the envi- http://www.buckscol.ac.uk/leisure/tour- ronment. Address: http://www.ewg.org. for/tourfor.shtml. CRC believes that NetCoast can pro- vide a valuable forum for those interested European Community for U.S. Environmental Protection in coastal management, from practitioners Environmental Travel and Tourism. Agency Office of Water. This division of to members of the general public. We This site was designed to promote environ- EPA focuses on wetlands, oceans and urge new users to subscribe and further mental awareness and good practice in the watersheds. Address: improve the exchange of information travel and tourism industry. Address: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/wq http://www.wttc.org. ual/introweb.html. among the coastal community. To do so, simply choose one of two options: Global Seafloor Topography. National U.S. National Oceanographic and ■ Oceanographic and Atmospheric Atmospheric Administration E-mail to: Administration’s National Geophysical Data Geophysical Fluid Dynamics [email protected] Center and World Data Center have pro- Laboratory. This site contains informa- venw.nl duced satellite maps of the world’s oceans, tion about climate change research. •Subject: (optional) available in TIFF, GIF, and JPEG formats. Address: •Message body: Subscribe Address: http://www.gfdl.gov/gfdl_research.html. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/s netcoast user-name eafloor.html. U.S. National Oceanographic and OR Atmospheric Administration ■ Access NetCoast WWW site at: Inter-American Strategy for Public International Year of the Ocean. Participation in Sustainable Information regarding all aspects of the http://www.minvenw.nl/pro- Development. The primary goal is to year of the ocean. Address: jects/netcoast/maillist.htm promote transparent, effective and respon- http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/. •You will be able to sible public participation in decisionmaking subscribe or unsubscribe and in the formulation, adoption and Virginia Department of yourself from the list implementation of policies for sustainable Environmental Quality: Coastal development in Latin America and the Resources Management Program. CZMC is also interested in finding out Caribbean. Address: This sites discusses state programs for more about its new NetCoast sub- http://www.ispnet.org. coastal zone management, including goals and areas of concern. Address: scribers, with hopes of possibly develop- International Development http://www.deq.state.va.us/envprog/coas ing more issue-specific discussion plat- Network. This site provides information tal.html. forms within NetCoast in the future. resources to those involved in and interest- Information such as that included in your ed in issues of international economic Wetlands International. Information on signature, as well as your fields of interest development. Address: the conservation of wetlands within Africa, and your profession can contribute to http://www.idn.org/. Europe and the Middle East can be found. Address: http://www.wetlands.agro.nl. future improvements of the network and Island Resources Foundation. This site create new forums for subscribers. provides information regarding the devel- opment and management of small tropical —The Editors islands. Address: http://irf.org/.

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 25 O’Grady, Publications Officer, Centre for 60517, USA. Tel: 630-910–1551. FAX: Advanced Engineering, University of 630-910–1561. Website: Publications Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, http://www2.msstate.edu/~krreddy/glo Christchurch, New Zealand. Tel: 64 3 364 war/glowar.html. Coastal Zone Management—A Draft 2474. FAX: 64 3 364 2069. E-mail: Policy for Ireland. 1997. This is a dis- [email protected]. The pro- June 8-12. GCIP Mississippi River cussion document concerning the formula- ceedings can also be viewed and ordered Hydrometerology Conference: tion of national policy on coastal zone online at: Predicting Climate Variability and Its management. Contact: Government http://www.cae.canterbury.ac.nz/coastal/ Implications for Water Resource Publications, 4-5 Harcourt Road, Dublin pacific.htm. Management. St. Louis, Missouri. 2, Ireland. Tel: 353 1 6613111. FAX: 353 1 Contact: Adrienne Calhoun, GCP Project 4752760. Strategic Plan for Fisheries Research. Office, NOAA, Office of Global Programs, The ongoing research conducted by 1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1210, Silver Criteria for the Selection of Marine NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service Spring, MD 20910, USA. E-mail: cal- Protected Areas. 1998. An analysis of is profiled in this five year plan. Contact: [email protected]. Website: marine protected areas in Sweden. The sys- Mark Chandler, Office of Science and http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/gcip/miss/mis tem of protection used in Sweden is com- Technology, National Marine Fisheries sceleb.html. pared to those of international systems. Service, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Contact: Cathy Hill, Swedish Spring, MD 20910. Tel: 301-713-2363. The June 8-12. Second Annual Environmental Protection Agency, plan is also available at: International Water Seminar—Water Customer Services, SE-106 48 Stockholm. http://kingfish.ssp.nmfs.gov/sfa. `98: Legal and Regulatory Issues. Tel: 46 8 698 12 00. FAX: 46 8 698 15 15. Dundee, Scotland. Contact: Moira E-mail: [email protected]. Website: The Built Environment of Coast McKinlay. Tel: 44 1382 344 303. FAX: 44 http://www.environ.se. Areas During the Stone Age. This 1382 322 578. E-mail: focuses on the protection of the cultural [email protected]. Website: ECOPRO-Environmentally Friendly environment along the coastal zones. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/petroleum- Coastal Protection. A guidebook on Contact: Magdalena Jezierska, Hel Marine law/. how to assess and monitor coastal erosion Station, ul. Morska 2, 84-150 hel, Poland. problems. Contact: Government Tel: +48 58 6570-836. FAX: +48 58 June 8-13. 3rd International Publications, 4-5 Harcourt Road, Dublin 6570-420. Workshop on Participatory 2, Ireland. Tel: 353 1 6613111. FAX: 353 1 Development. Ottawa, Canada. Contact: 4752760. Year of the Ocean Discussion Papers. Mosaic.net International, Inc., 705 1998. This volume discusses the conserva- Roosevelt Avenue, Ottowa, Canada K2A Green Volunteers, A World Guide to tion, exploration, sustainable use and 2A8. Tel: 613-728-1439 ext. 1. FAX: 613- Voluntary Work in Nature national security interests of the ocean. The 728-1154. E-mail: workshop@mosaic-net- Conservation. 1998. Worldwide volun- present state of the oceans and plans for intl-ca. Website: http://www.mosaic-net- teer opportunities and research projects the future are also discussed. Contact: intl.ca. can be found within this guide. Website: Office of the Chief Scientist, NOAA, U.S. http://www.greenvol.com. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and June 10-14. Crossing Boundaries: The Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, Seventh Common Property Live Reef Fish Information. This bul- D.C. 20230, USA. Tel: 202-484-3385. Conference of the International letin is issued twice a year by the South FAX: 202-482-5231. Association for the Study of Pacific Commission. It contains informa- Common Property. Vancouver, British tion about the environmental problems Columbia. Contact: Evelyn Pinkerton, associated with the live reef food fish trade. School of Resource and Environmental Contact: Aymeric Desurmont. E-mail: Conferences Management, Simon Fraser University, [email protected]. Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6 June 3-6. Who Owns America? II: Canada. FAX: 604-291-4968. E-mail: Marine Protected Areas and Ocean How Land and Natural Resources [email protected]. Website: Conservation. 1997. This book deals are Owned and Controlled. Madison, http://www.sfu.ca/iascp98/. with the role that marine protected areas Wisconsin. Contact: Gene Summers, play in the conservation of the world’s North American Program, Land Tenure June 26-July 1. Disaster Forum `98: coastal environment. Contact: Academic Center, 1357 University Avenue, Madison, Global Partnerships–Creating Press. Tel: 800-321-5068. US$69.95. WI 53715, USA. FAX: 608-262-2141. E- Solutions. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. mail: [email protected]. Website: Contact: Disaster Forum–98, 11215 Jasper Proceedings from the 13th http://ltcweb.ltc.wisc.edu/nap. Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K Australasian Coastal and Ocean 0L5. Tel: 403-496–3804. FAX: 403- Engineering Conference and the 6th June 8-11. 9th Global Warming 422–1549. E–mail: Australasian Ports and Harbors International Conference and Expo [email protected]. Conference. These conferences were (GW9). Hong Kong, China. Contact: Prof. held in Christchurch, New Zealand, Sinyan Shen, Chair, International Program July 7-10. 4th International September 1997. The proceedings can be Committee, Global Warming International Interdisciplinary Conference on the purchased for US$125. Contact: Una Center, PO Box 5275, Woodridge, IL, Environment. Washington, D.C..

26 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 Contact: Demitri Kantarelis or Kevin (North Campus, Rm E–114), One Hickey, Assumption College, 500 Salisbury University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA. Street, Worcester, MA 01615, USA. Tel: Tel: 508-934–3185. FAX: 508-934–4014. Training 508-767-7557 (Kantarelis), 508-767-7296 E–mail: [email protected]. (Hickey). FAX: 508-767-7382. E-mail: USDA–NRCS Training Workshop on [email protected], August 10-13. 8th Stockholm Water Water Quality Monitoring. [email protected]. Website: Symposium. Stockholm, Sweden. http://www.assumption.edu/html/acade- Contact: Symposium Secretariat, Four workshops on water quality monitor- mic/conf/iicecall.html. Stockholm Water Symposium, SE-106 36 ing are being offered by the United States Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: 46 8 736 20 21. Department of Agriculture’s Natural July 12-15. Minding the Coast: It's FAX: 46 8 736 20 22. E-mail: Resources Conservation Service. The Everybody's Business. Williamsburg, [email protected]. Website: workshops are open to the public and are Virginia. Contact: Maurice P. Lynch, http://www.siwi.org. free of charge. The focus is how to design a Conference Chair. Tel: 804-684-7151. monitoring system that will produce cost- Website: http://www.vims.edu/TCS16. August 27-30. IGU Study Group on effective results. the Geography of Sustainable July 13-August 14. Duke University Tourism as Part of the International Workshop dates and locations: May 11-15. Integrated Marine Conservation Geographical Union Regional Fort Worth, Texas. June 1-5. Fort Collins, Program. Contact: Helen Nearing. Tel: Conference 1998. Estoril, Portugal. Colorado. July 13-17. Corvallis, Oregon. 919-504-7502. E-mail: Contact: Fred Helleiner, Dept. of September 14-18. Harrisburg [email protected]. Website: Geography, Trent University, Pennsylvania. For registration and further http://www.env.duke.edu/marinelab/mlt Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8. information contact: Bruce Newton, erm2.html. FAX: 705-748-1205. E-mail: FHELLEIN- National Water and Climate Center, USDA [email protected]. Natural Resources Conservation Service, July 24-30. Coastal Zone 99 (CZ99). 101 SW Maine Street, Suite 1600, SanDiego, California, USA. The 11th September 7-10. International Portland, OR 97204-3224, USA. Tel: 503- biennial international symposium on Conference on Sustainable Tourism 414-3055. FAX: 503-414-3101. E-mail: coastal and ocean management. Abstracts in the Next Millennium. Kathmandu, [email protected]. are due August 1, 1998. Nepal. Contact: Head Central Department E-mail: [email protected]. of Geography, Trighuvan University, FAX: 617-287-5575. Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: 977 1 Nature Guide Training Program Website: omega.cc.umb.edu/~cz99. 330329. FAX: 977 1 331319. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: RARE Center’s approach to Nature Guide July 29-31. Ecosystem Restoration: http://www.icimod.org. Training was developed in 1994 to pro- National Symposium to Bring mote conservation through nature-based Together Ecosystem Restoration September 8-12. International tourism. During an intensive, three-month Practitioners and Researchers. Conference on Coastal Ocean and training course, under-educated rural Baltimore, Maryland. Contact: Sue Schock Semi-Enclosed Seas Circulation and adults learn the conversational English or Dan Murray, EPA’s Center for Ecology Modeling and Monitoring. skills and natural history knowledge neces- Environment Research Information. Tel: Moscow, Russia. Contact: Vladimir V. sary to become successful nature guides. 513-569-7551 (Schock), 513-569-7522 Zhmur, P.P. Shirshov Institute of RARE has conducted courses in Costa Rica (Murray). Website: Oceanology and Institute of Numerical and Baja California, and was invited to http://www.epa.gov/ttbnrmr/ceri.htm. Mathematics of Russian Academy of launch a pilot course in the Yucatán, Sciences. Tel: 095-129-1963. FAX: 095- Mexico. RARE continues to empower local August 7-11. Order for the Oceans at 124-5983. E-mail: [email protected]. residents to be informed advocates for the the Turn of the Century. Oslo, Norway. protection of the natural resources in their Contact: The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, September 22-26. Coastal Dunes of the communities. Fridtjof Nansen vei 17, P.O. Box 326, Atlantic Biogeographical Region. N-1324 Lysaker, Norway. Tel: 47 67 11 19 Southport, Northwest England. Contact: For more information contact: Brett Jenks, 00. FAX: 47 67 11 19 10. John Houston, Sefton Coastlife Project, Director, Nature Guide Training Program, E-mail: [email protected]. Website: Formby Council Offices, Freshfield Road, RARE Center for Tropical Conservation, http://www.tjener.uninett.no/~fni/los98 Formby L37 3PG. Tel: 0151 934 2960. 1616 Walnut Street, Suite 1010, .htm. FAX: 44 151 934 2955. E-mail: Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: [email protected]. August 9-12. 4th International http://www.merseyworld.com/sclife. Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology and Global September 30-October 3. Ecosystem Sustainable Development. Boston, Considerations in Fisheries Massachusetts. Contact: Vincent Ogunro, Management. Anchorage, Alaska. 4th International Geoenvironmental Contact: Brenda Baxter, Alaska Sea Grant Symposium, Center for Environmental College Program. Tel: 907-474-6701. E- Engineering Science and Technology mail: [email protected]. Website: (CEEST), University of Massachusetts http://www.uaf.alaska.edu/seagrant/Con ferences/symposia.html.

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 27 Sri Lanka Implementation costs and coral min- activities taking place today, solutions (continued from page 7) ing opportunity costs are the two major to the environmental problems can be SAM plan costs. Thus, if coral mining in addressed only by involving all resource The Hikkaduwa management pro- the area is stopped, this community sec- users and abusers. The SAM plan devel- ject will produce environmental bene- tor will bear a significant portion of oped for Hikkaduwa is providing a fits and costs for which markets do not SAM plan costs unless proactive steps dynamic tool for resource management to exist. These are called “environmental are taken to provide them with alterna- maximize benefits while minimizing externalities” and are not reflected in tive employment. The costs of training adverse impacts. The SAM planning either the financial or socioeconomic and developing livelihoods are included approach identifies key issues, formulates analyses. The environmental analysis in both the socioeconomic and environ- strategies, and implements and monitors considers the costs and benefits to mental economic analyses. actions through local participation. all areas or people who are likely to The question remains as to how will Stakeholder participation is essential be affected by the flow of inputs and project benefits be captured to pay for throughout the process. outputs associated with the project. plan implementation. Possible options The cost-benefit economic analyses Beneficial environmental externali- are a growing economy, profit or envi- conducted for the Hikkaduwa SAM plan ties generated by implementation of ronmental taxes, consumer surplus col- and its positive environmental impacts the SAM plan include increased land lection, a national budget and foreign represent a powerful tool in developing values and quality of life; protection loans, and utility fees for tourism estab- policies for effective ICM. For of the coral reef biodiversity and water lishments. Hikkaduwa, wise planning and action quality; protection of beaches and combined with community, national and shoreline structures; continued envi- Conclusions and Policy international support can lead to sustain- ronmental integrity; superior tourist Implications able win-win outcomes. Lessons learned experiences; and heightened local The cost-benefit analysis for the in Hikkaduwa indicate that the SAM environmental awareness. Hikkaduwa SAM plan indicates that no process has potential for wider application matter how it is calculated and using for ICM in the country and elsewhere. Recovery of whatever discount rate and with any (An extended version of this article can SAM Plan Costs level of tourism growth equal to or be found in Ambio, Vol. 26, No. 6, Sept. Distribution analysis of the SAM exceeding 3 percent, it is beneficial to 1997.) project shows that the local tourism invest in the protection and manage- For further information contact: Alan industry would be the primary benefi- ment of the coastal resources – espe- T. White, Coastal Resource Management ciary. Table 2 shows the breakdown of cially the reef and water quality. Project, Tetra Tech EM Inc., 5th Floor, the NPV of benefits by beneficiary for Without SAM plan implementation, the CIFC Tower, North Reclamation Area, the 6 percent tourism growth scenario resources that fuel Hikkaduwa’s tourist Cebu, Philippines. Tel: 6332-232-1821. of the environmental economic analy- industry would continue to degrade. FAX: 6332-232-1825. E-mail: sis above. With the many different economic [email protected].

Apo Island minded people may take over this role, of whether two- to five-star facilities or (continued from page 14) thus reducing the benefit to the fishers. small-scale ecotourism prevail, either some areas, conflict may arise between Both small-scale ecotourism and form of tourism is dependent on a the small-scale ecotourism industry and hotels seem to be developing without healthy environment, including the ex- the proposed large two- to five-star major competition. However, this may isting coral reef reserve. Preservation of hotels. Larger developments will un- change rapidly once the area is target- the marine life is thus mandatory. doubtedly create new jobs that will ed by national and international travel This study was carried out as part require specially trained personnel, organizations. It can be expected that of the project Establishment of Marine probably brought in from other areas. within one to two generations, tourism Reserves in Negros Oriental (EMRI- The local fishing community may ben- will have changed the area beyond rec- NO) funded by the European Union. efit by providing transportation to the ognition. The possibility exists that this For further information contact: reserve, or if they are entitled to charge change will have irreversible effects for H.P. Vogt, ZMT, University of admission fees. However, this would the artisanal fishing community that Bremen, 24 Doddington Grove, require a united group dedicated to exists now. Whether this change will Kennington, London SE17 3TT, England. Tel/FAX: + 44 171 587 use the reserve as a source of income. be for the economic benefit of these 3556. E-mail: HP_Vogt@com- The danger exists that more business- people is difficult to predict. Regardless puserve.com.

28 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 CRC Books Now Available

A number of books on various aspects of coastal management are now available via the Coastal Resources Center (CRC) at the University of Rhode Island. The only charge for these books is a nominal fee for shipping and handling. CRC will accept checks, money orders and international money orders ONLY for purchases. All orders will be shipped immediately upon check clearance. Any inquiries should be addressed to: Chip Young, Communications Director, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA 02882. Phone: (401) 874-6630; FAX: (401) 789-4670; E-mail: [email protected]. Available Titles

A Bibliography for the Anthropological Emergy Analysis of Shrimp Mariculture Study of Fishing Industries and in Ecuador, Odum, H. T. and J. Arding, Maritime Communities, Supplement 1991, Coastal Resources Center, University of 1973-1977, Landberg, L. C. W., 1979, Rhode Island. International Center for Marine Resource Development, University of Rhode Island. Evaluating the Potential of Fishermen’s Organizations in Developing Countries, A National Coral Reef Strategy for Pollnac, R. B., 1988, International Center for Thailand Vol. 2: Policies and Action Marine Resource Development, University of Plan, Project, T. C. R. M., 1993, Thailand Rhode Island. Coastal Resources Management Project. Fish Aggregating Devices in Developing Aspects of Small-Scale Fisheries Countries: Problems & Perspectives, Development, Pollnac, R. B. and M. T. Pollnac, R. B. and J. J. Poggie, 1997, Morrissey, 1989, International Center for International Center for Marine Resource Marine Resource Development, University of Development, University of Rhode Island. Rhode Island. Guia Para La Administracion De La Atacames Special Area Management Pesca En Pequena Escala: Informacion Plan, Olsen, S., D. Robadue, Jr. and L. del Sector Pesquero, Stevenson, D., R. B. Arriaga, 1994, Technical Report 2077. Pollnac and P. Logan, 1986, International Center for Marine Resource Development, Coastal Aquaculture in Developing University of Rhode Island. Countries: Problems and Perspectives, Pollnac, R. B. and P. Weeks, 1992, Implementing A Coastal Resources International Center for Marine Resource Management Policy: The Case of Development, University of Rhode Island. Prohibiting Coral Mining in Sri Lanka, with Appendices, Hale, L. Z. and E. Kumin, Eight Years in Ecuador: The Road to 1992, Coastal Resources Center, University Integrated Coastal Management, of Rhode Island. Robadue, D., Jr., 1995, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and U.S. Agency for International Development. (continued on next page)

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 29 ural resources. But the law was vetoed by Ecuador's Tourism “Eggs” are the then president of Ecuador, Sixto Mostly Found in One Basket Durán, who gave in to the pressure from the people of the archipelago By Mario Gonzalez tries. Of the 1,900 species exclusive to who thought the limits too strict. the islands, 74 are endangered and 19 However, on March 6, 1998, he Galápagos Islands are the have already disappeared. According Ecuadorian President Fabian Alarcón Tundisputed jewel in Ecuador's to this study, if the Ecuadorian govern- signed into law the Galápagos tourism crown. Some 60 percent of ment does not take immediate steps Conservation Law. The new law expands the income the Ecuadorian govern- to mitigate these problems, the islands’ the protected waters around the ment derives from tourism comes ecology will be significantly altered. Galápagos Islands from 15 to 40 miles from the Galápagos. Unfortunately, In 1959 the Ecuadorian government and bans industrial-scale fishing in the the sparkle given off by this jewel is Yet unspoiled attracting more attention than the beach in the islands can stand. Galápagos Islands. Drawn by the tourist revenues, thousands of families have settled in the Galápagos in search of a better standard of living. This situation has caused the islands to have the greatest population growth in the country, con- fronting the government with the need to find a balance between economic development and the preservation of natural resources. Even though all interested parties agree that the only solution is to find a model for sustain- able development, in real life this seems unattainable. Galápagos is located about 1,000 km away from continental Ecuador. The fact that basic services and prod- created the Galápagos National Park, area. The law also established an inspec- ucts are rather costly does not discour- that encompasses 97 percent of the tion and quarantine system to combat the age these new settlers, because salaries surface of the islands, and a special introduction of non-native species. Now, on the islands are 75 percent higher commission was appointed to oversee half of every tourism dollar will go than elsewhere in Ecuador. the park. In 1974 the park's authorities towards supporting island conservation. Tourism is the sole source of established a yearly limit of 12,000 Permanent resident status will be income for about 68 percent of the tourists. But in 1978 that number was restricted to Ecuadorians who hove been islanders. Nevertheless, most visitors increased to 25,000, with the caveat on the islands for five years or more. come to the islands in the summer that all activities on the islands should Regardless of all the goodwill, the months (July and August), so in slow be performed under strict control. future of the Galápagos islands seems months the locals fish, grow crops Twenty years after the creation of plagued by trouble, even though or raise animals. This has caused the park, the United Nations declared experts have identified a good place the introduction of many non-native the islands part of the Natural to start solving its problems. Without species. Pigs, goats, cows and rats now Patrimony of Humanity. Since then, addressing these problems, there will threaten the native fauna and flora. the objective has been to find a model be a new reality for the place that Charles Aside from preying on the native of sustainable economic development Darwin referred to as “the enchanted species, these immigrants also transmit that includes tourism as the main islands.” diseases to which resident birds and activity, but whose underlying purpose For further information contact: mammals have little resistance. would be to preserve the unique nat- Mario Gonzalez. E-mail: Illegal fishing of endangered species ural resources of the islands. [email protected]. Portions of this arti- (lobster, shark and sea cucumbers) has Two years ago, the Ecuadorian cle appeared in the September 1997 issue increased in the past 10 years, due to Parliament passed a special law for the of ©The WorldPaper (US), Website: http://www.worldpaper.com. the great demand from Asian coun- Galápagos aimed at protecting the nat-

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 15 Monitoring and Evaluating the Impacts Small-Scale Fishery Development: of Small-Scale Fishery Projects, Pollnac, Sociocultural Perspectives, Poggie, J. J. R. B., 1989, International Center for Marine and R. B. Pollnac, 1991, International Center Resource Development, University of Rhode for Marine Resource Development, University Island. of Rhode Island.

Postharvest Fishery Losses, Morrissey, Vegetated Buffers in the Coastal Zone: M. T., 1988, Proceedings of an International A Summary Review and Bibliography, Workshop Held in April 1987 at The Desbonnet, A., P. Pogue, V. Lee and N. Wolff, University of Rhode Island, U. S. Agency 1994, Coastal Resources Center, University for International Development, International of Rhode Island. Center for Marine Resource Development, University of Rhode Island.

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30 Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 ECoNETT - The European Community Network for Environmental Travel & Tourism was developed in December 1995 as a joint project by the World Travel & Tourism Council and DGXXIII of the European Commission, with the goal to increase overall awareness of sustainable travel and tourism.

ECoNETT has established valuable relationships with organizations involved in coastal zone man- agement and small islands, such as the European Union for Coastal Conservation and the NetCoast Network, becoming an important point of reference for tourism issues in coastal areas.

ECoNETT is continually searching to include new documents in the database and would like to expand its content on coastal zones and small islands in the field of sustainable development.

Contact: ECoNETT Project Office, 20 Grosvenor Place, London SW1X 7TT Tel: 44 171 235 2135. FAX: 44 171 235 2445. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.wttc.org.

http://www.wttc.org

Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies Provides Global Overview of the Coast “Our coastal areas are suffering from gigantism,” a tive de facto coastal managers have long recognized the civil servant from Bombay tells author Don Hinrichsen. value of the resources that surround them, and suc- “They are becoming like Frankenstein monsters: They ceeded in working to sustain their use. This stewardship are too big and out of control for us to manage.” This effort has been accomplished in the face of substantial fear of the current plight of the planet’s coasts as the outside pressures, including direct confrontation with global population migrates to where water meets land is the government of Panama itself. the thread running through Hinrichsen’s book, Coastal Hinrichsen emphasizes the need for such local own- Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies, ership of coastal management efforts—hopefully in just released by Island Press. combination with top-level policy guidance—the Don Hinrichsen is not a scientist or economist. But necessity of an informed process of governance, and he is a first-rate working journalist. In that role he the benchmarking and evaluation of coastal projects as explores the state of our coasts today, how they came to key strategies to effective management. He also calls be in that condition, and the future challenges and com- upon his colleagues in the media to take responsibility plexities of managing their resources. Hinrichsen deliv- to help disseminate knowledge about coastal issues, ers a call for attention to the pressures being inflicted on and facilitate the sharing of lessons learned through coastal resources that is clear and compelling to any firsthand experience. reader. By breaking down the main body of the book into an The author bolsters his presentation with demo- evaluation of the coasts along the world’s regional seas, graphics and statistics that make the case for the need Hinrichsen provides a logical and concise way to com- for immediate action to sustain coastal resources. He pare and contrast past and ongoing efforts in coastal does this without overwhelming the reader or neglect- management. Combined with the tightly-focused case ing the need to substantiate the anecdotal claims of his studies, this body of information allows the author to many sources and interviewees. Case studies are sprin- lay out the bigger picture—one which drives his sum- kled informatively throughout Coastal Waters of the mary recommendations. These identify the need for World, epitomized by his prologue on the island- global alliances that weave together current manage- dwelling Kuna Indians of San Blas, Panama. These effec- ment initiatives worldwide.

Intercoast Network • Spring 1998 31 In the Next Issue of Intercoast Editor: Stephen Olsen Managing Editor: Noëlle F. Lewis While most of the world’s econo- The Fall issue—Intercoast #32—will Assistant Editor: Andrea Ethier mists may be oblivious to the depen- explore the intertwined relationship dence of the global economy on the between the economy and coastal issues. Intercoast Network, an international Earth’s coastal ecosystem, resource In addition to articles focused on newsletter of coastal management, is economists, coastal managers and coastal economic issues, Intercoast published quarterly by the Coastal Resources Management Project of the environmental scientists are not. includes stories on other University of Rhode Island’s Coastal For them, the mounting stresses aspects of coastal manage- Resources Center and the U.S. Agency are evident on every ment and “Reports from for International Development (USAID). front as more and the Field,” which give Funding is provided by USAID’s Global more sustain- updates on current pro- Environment Center, and by the Coastal able yield jects around the world. Zone Management Centre, which is located within the National Institute As always, “Intercoast for Coastal and Marine Management Insider Information” (RIKZ), a division of the Netherlands will update you on Ministry of Transport, Public Works, new publications, and Water Management. upcoming confer- The objective of Intercoast Network is ences, new to facilitate the exchange of informa- Worldwide Web tion, experience, and ideas on coastal sites and other management. Readers are encouraged to write to the Coastal Resources thresh- resources. Center with comments on the newslet- olds are If you would ter and its effectiveness as a source of crossed.With like to contribute information for coastal managers. the world’s to Intercoast #32, contact economy having Managing Editor Noëlle F. Lewis, Intercoast Network expanded sixfold since the Intercoast Network, Coastal Resources Coastal Resources Center University of Rhode Island 1950s, it has begun to outrun the Center, Graduate School of Narragansett Bay Campus Earth’s capacity to supply goods and Oceanography, University of Rhode Narragansett, RI 02882 USA services, and the coastal zone is no Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882 USA. Tel: 401-874-6870 exception, with approximately 37 Tel: 401-874-6870; FAX: 401-789-4670 percent of the world’s population liv- FAX: 401-789-4670; E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] ing within 100 km of the coast. [email protected] you. Website: http://crc.uri.edu

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