List of Bird Species Seen in and Around Maharshi Parshuram College of Engineering, Velneshwar, Guhagar, Maharashtra

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

List of Bird Species Seen in and Around Maharshi Parshuram College of Engineering, Velneshwar, Guhagar, Maharashtra List of bird species seen in and around Maharshi Parshuram College of Engineering, Velneshwar, Guhagar, Maharashtra. 1. Ashy prinia (Prinia socialis) 2. Ashy drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus) 3. Barn owl (Tyto alba) (Personal Communications). 4. Baya weaver (Ploceus philippinus) (Sugaran) 5. Black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) with brown coloured wing tips. 6. Black kite (Milvus migrans). 7. Black shouldered Kite (Elanus axillaris) 8. Brahminy kite (Hailiaster indus) 9. Brown headed barbet ( heard its call) (Megalaima zeylanica) 10. Cattle egret (Bulbucus ibis) 11. Changeable hawk eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) 12. Common babbler (Turdoides caudatus) 13. Common hoopoe (Upupa epops) 14. Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) (Subhag) 15. Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) 16. Common lesser white-throat (Sylvia curruca) 17. Common myna (Acridotheres tristis) 18. Common sandpiper (Tringa hypoleucus) 19. Common tailor bird (Orthotomus sutorius) 20. Coppersmith barbet (Megalaima haemacephala) 21. Cotton pygmy goose (??) (Nettapus coromandelianus) 22. Crested lark (Galerida cristata). 23. Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula) 24. Greater coucal (Centropus sinensis) 25. Greater spotted eagle (??) (Aquila clanga) 26. Grey francolin (?? Seen young ones of this species) (Francolinus pondicerianus). 27. House crow (Corvus Splendenus). 28. House sparrow (??) (Passer domessticus) 29. Indian koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus). 30. Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) 31. Indian robin (Saxicoloides fulicata). 32. Jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). 33. Jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus) 34. Jungle prinia (Prinia sylvatica) 35. Little cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis) 36. Lesser golden-backed woodpecker (Dinopium benghalense) 37. Little brown dove or Laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis) 38. Orange headed thrush (Geokichla citrina) 39. Oriental bay-owl (??) (heard once its call) (Phodilus badius) 40. Oriental magpie robin (OMR) (Copsychus saularis). 41. Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) (Kakaner) 42. Paddy-field pipit (Anthus rufulus) 43. Pale billed flower-pecker (Dicaeum erythrorhynchos) 44. Pied bush chat (Saxicola caprata) 45. Pied myna (Sturnus contra). 46. Plum headed parakeet (??) (Psittacula cyanocephala) 47. Pond heron (Ardeola grayii) (Vanchak) 48. Purple rumped sunbird (Leptocoma zeylonica) 49. Red vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) 50. Red wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) (Titavi) 51. Red whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) 52. Rock pigeon (Columbia Livia) 53. Shikra (heard its call) (Accipiter badius) 54. Small blue king fisher (Alcedo atthis) (Personal Communications) 55. Small green bee-eater (Merops orientalis) 56. Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) 57. Streak-throated swallow (Petrochelidon fluvicola) 58. Sykes’s crested lark (Galerida deva) 59. Vernal hanging parrot (Loriculus vernalis). 60. White bellied fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) 61. White breasted kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) (Khandya). 62. White rumped munia (Lonchura striata) 63. Wire tailed swallow (Hirundo smithii) 64. Yellow footed Green pigeon (Treron phoenicoptera) 65. White browed Bulbul (??) (Pycnonotus luteolus) 66. Yellow-throated sparrow or Chestnut shouldered Petronia (Petronia xanthocollis). 67. Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) 68. Western reef egret (Egretta gularis). 69. Golden oriole (Oriolus kundoo) 70. Dusky Craig Martin (Hirundo concolor) 71. Wagtail spp (??) Abbreviations used in above list of birds. Heard its call …….are those birds mentioned here in the list which was identified by the call and not seen by authors. ?? This denotes that the bird identification done by authors is not perfect/incomplete/partial/seen once (not up to the mark/satisfaction of the authors). May be the bird was far away when observed in the field. Or identification of birds was incomplete due to various reasons like insufficient light, saw the bird from backside (this position does not reveal most of the field characters for identifications of a particular species). The correct identifications may be done or would be corrected in the (coming/future) visits or further observations of the same bird in this area. Personal communications are those birds seen (in this area) by other people (rather than the author). This was mentioned to authors during the power point presentations given by authors and discussion done in our college campus. This list will be updated soon………… The authors are [email protected] [email protected] and [email protected] . You can contact us for your suggestions and comments. And if you have come across a new bird (other than this list), request you to please send us the photos for confirmation of species. This project is completed by MPCOE, Velneshwar, MH and the PAVO, Mumbai. .
Recommended publications
  • Sri Lanka Ceylon Sojourn
    Sri Lanka Ceylon Sojourn A Tropical Birding Set Departure January 20 – February 2, 2019 Guides: Ken Behrens & Saman Kumara Report and photos by Ken Behrens TOUR SUMMARY The Indian Subcontinent is rich, both in human culture and history and in biological treasures. Sri Lanka is a large island at the southern tip of this region, lying a short distance from the Indian mainland. It contains a rich selection of the birds, mammals, and other wildlife of the subcontinent, which thrive in a selection of delightful protected areas; enough to thoroughly recommend it as a destination for a travelling birder. But even more alluringly, Sri Lanka is home to dozens of endemic birds – 33 given current Clements taxonomy, though this number is sure to continue to climb as distinctive subspecies are split as full species. Sri Lanka has decent infrastructure, excellent food, good lodges, and wonderfully kind and hospitable people. This short and sweet tour is equally attractive to those eager for their first taste of the Indian subcontinent, or to those who have travelled it extensively, and want to see the island’s endemic birds. As on all of our tours in recent years, we “cleaned up” on the endemics, enjoying great views of all 33 of them. This set of endemics includes a bunch of delightful birds, such as Sri Lanka Junglefowl, Sri Lanka Spurfowl, Serendib Scops-Owl, Chestnut-backed Owlet, Sri Lanka Hanging-Parrot, Red-faced Malkoha, Crimson-backed Woodpecker, Green-billed Coucal, Sri Sri Lanka: Ceylon Sojourn January 20-February 2, 2019 Lanka Blue Magpie, Sri Lanka (Scaly) and Spot-winged Thrushes, Yellow-eared Bulbul, and White-throated (Legge’s) Flowerpecker.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird List Column A: Number of Tours (Out of 21) on Which This Species Has Been Seen
    Sri Lanka Cumulative Bird List Column A: Number of tours (out of 21) on which this species has been seen. Column B: Number of days this species was seen on the 2018 tour. Column C: Maximum daily count for this species on the 2018 tour. Column D: H = Heard only E = Endemic; Essp = Endemic subspecies A B C D 21 Little Grebe 2 2 Tachybaptus ruficollis 21 Little Cormorant 10 200 Phalacrocorax niger 21 Indian Cormorant 3 100 Phalacrocorax fuscicollis 21 Great Cormorant 1 5 Phalacrocorax carbo 21 Oriental Darter 3 30 Anhinga melanogaster 21 Spot-billed Pelican 3 20 Pelecanus philippensis 21 Lesser Whistling Duck 4 20 Dendrocygna javanica 10 Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus 3 Common Teal Anas crecca 17 Northern Pintail Anas acuta 20 Gargeney 2 30 Anas querquedula 4 Shoveler Anas clypeata 7 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 21 Little Egret 8 25 Egretta garzetta 2 Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis 20 Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia 21 Grey Heron 4 6 Ardea cinerea 21 Purple Heron 4 10 Ardea purpurea 21 Great Egret 6 30 Casmerodius alba 21 Cattle Egret 11 300 Bubulcus ibis 21 Indian Pond Heron 12 30 Ardeola grayii 13 Striated Heron 1 3 Butorides striatus 20 Black-crowned Night Heron 2 1 Nycticorax nycticorax 21 Yellow Bittern 2 4 Ixobrychus sinensis 8 Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus 19 Black Bittern 3 2 Ixobrychus flavicollis 4 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 21 Black-headed Ibis 7 20 Threskiornis melanocephalus 20 Eurasian Spoonbill 2 25 Platalea leucorodia 20 Painted Stork 3 15 Mycteria leucocephala 20 Asian Openbill 7 20 Anastomus oscitans __________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ WINGS ● 1643 N.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes
    Global Fund for Coral Reefs Investment Plan 2021 – Annexes Annex 1 GFCR Theory of Change Outcomes and potential outputs ...................................................... 1 Annex 2 Coral Reefs, Climate Change and Communities: Prioritising Action to Save the World’s Most Vulnerable Global Ecosystem ..................................................................................................................... 2 Annex 3 Countries included in the GCF Proposal ................................................................................ 16 Annex 4 Request for Information Results ........................................................................................... 17 Annex 5 Potential Focal Areas ............................................................................................................. 34 Annex 6 RFI Questions ........................................................................................................................ 36 Annex 7 Country Profiles..................................................................................................................... 57 Annex 8 GFCR Country Data Table Description ................................................................................. 140 Annex 9 GFCRs Partnerships ............................................................................................................. 145 Annex 10 Key Financial Intermediaries and Platforms ........................................................................ 157 Annex 11 GFCR – Pipeline Scoping Analysis
    [Show full text]
  • Bellbird Birding Tours
    Bellbird Tours Pty Ltd PO Box 2008 BERRI SA 5343 AUSTRALIA Ph. 1800-BIRDING Ph. +61409 763172 www.bellbirdtours.com [email protected] ABN 40 159 352 002 Sabah-Borneo 2017 tour report Go to our Tour Programs page Go to next years’ tour Go to photo gallery of this tour Dates of tour: 1 – 10 June 2017 Leaders: Peter Waanders & Lee Kok Chung Tour overview This 10-day tour took us through the highlights of Sabah, including the montane forests of Mt Kinabalu, across to the lowland forests at the Sepilok Rainforest Centre, up the mighty Kinabatangan River and the huge Gomantong Caves and finally to the spectacular rainforests in the world-renowned Danum Valley Conservation Area, one of the world’s top birding destinations. Total number of birds seen during the tour was a staggering 234 with another 6 heard-only. We also encountered some great mammals, including multiple sightings of Orang-utans, Proboscis Monkeys and various other species of primates as well as various species of Squirrel. The beautiful landscape, great food, friendly locals and excellent infrastructure greatly contributed to the success of the tour. Read on for a daily account and checklist. Daily account Day 1: The tour commenced with a short boat ride to an island just off Kota Kinabalu where the main target, the elusive Tabon Scrubfowl, showed well. Other highlights here included Mangrove Flycatcher, Mangrove Whistler and Malaysian Pied Flycatcher. After lunch we took a flight to Lahad Datu, on the eastern side of Sabah, from where we travelled in 4WD’s to the rainforests of the Danum Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird List January 2015
    BIRD LIST JANUARY 2015 Babler Black-headed Babler Black-and-orange Flycatcher Dark Fronted Babler Brown-breasted Flycatcher Indian Scimitar Babler Grey-headed Canary Fly-catcher Jungle Babler Nilgiri Flycatcher Puff-throated Babbler Tickles blue flycatcher Rufous Babbler Verditer Flycatcher Tawny-bellied Babbler White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Barbet Crimson-fronted Barbet Fulveta Brown-cheeked Fulveta White-cheeked Barbet White cheeked Barbet Heron Night Heron Pond Heron Bee-eater Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Purple Heron Green Bee-eater Hoopoe Common Hoopoe Bluebird Asian Fairy Bluebird Hornbill Malabar Grey Hornbill Bulbul Square-tailed Black Bulbul Flame-throated Bulbul Iora Common Iora Grey-headed Bulbul Red whiskered Bulbul Junglefowl Grey Junglefowl Yellow Browed Bulbul Flame Kingfisher Blue-eared Kingfisher Throated Cormorant Lesser Indian Cormorant Bulbul Common Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Coucal Greater Coucal Crow Large-billed Crow House crow Cuckooshrike Black-headed Cuckooshrike Dove Emerald Dove Greater racket-tailed Drongo Sleeping Kingfisher Spotted Dove Koel Asian Koel Drongos Ashy Drongo Lark Malabar Lark Black Drongo Greater racket-tailed Drongo Leafbird Blue-winged Leafbird Spangled Drongo Golden Fronted Leafbird Egret Cattle Egret Minivet Orange Minivet Little Egret Small Minivet Large Egret Munia Black-throated Munia Fantail White-throated Fantail Myna Common Myna Flowerpecker Plain Flowerpecker Southern Hill Myna Jungle Myna Flycatcher Asian Brown Flycatcher Asian Paradise Flycatcher Needletail Black-backed
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Sri Lanka Herps & Birds-Species List
    Species List SRI LANKA - SEPTEMBER 2018 Leader: James Adams BIRDS Common Name Species Name Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica GALLIFORMES Phasianidae Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Sri Lanka Junglefowl Gallus lafayettii Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus CICONIIFORMES Ciconiidae Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus PELECANIFORMES Threskiornithidae Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia PELECANIFORMES Ardeidae Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Striated Heron Butorides striata Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Great Egret Ardea alba Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia Little Egret Egretta garzetta PELECANIFORMES Pelecanidae Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis SULIFORMES Phalacrocoracidae Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo SULIFORMES Anhingidae Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster ACCIPITRIFORMES Accipitridae Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela Changeable Hawk-Eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis Shikra Accipiter badius Besra Accipiter virgatus Black Kite Milvus migrans Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster Grey-headed Fish Eagle Haliaeetus ichthyaetus GRUIFORMES Rallidae White-breasted
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore Avifauna Volume 22 No 6 ______
    SSIINNGGAAPPOORREE AAVVIIFFAAUUNNAA A monthly bulletin of the Nature Society (Singapore) Bird Group Volume 22 Published by Nature Society (Singapore) Bird Group, 510 Geylang Road, #02-05, The Sunflower, Singapore 389466. Number 6 Tel : 67412036, Fax : 67410871, Email : [email protected] , Website : http://www.nss.org.sg MICA(P) 239/11/2005 CONTENTS NSS Bird Group 1 Bird Report: Jun 2008 Compiled by Albert Low Chairman Lim Kim Keang 15 The Status of the Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (Charadriidae) ([email protected] ) in Singapore by Yong Ding Li Vice-Chairman 21 Nesting of Coppersmith Barbet by Lim Kim Chuah / Lee Tiah Khee Ho Hua Chew ([email protected] ) SINAV Secretary Editorial Committee Willie Foo ([email protected] ) Lim Kim Chuah, Lim Kim Seng, Yong Ding Li, Andrew Chow, Albert Low Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo on 26 June 2008, Photo © Frankie Nature Society (Singapore) is the national partner of Singapore Avifauna Volume 22 No 6 _____________________________________________________________________________ Bird Report June 2008 By Albert Low Highlights Singapore Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo at Marina East on 8 June 2008 Photo © Mike Hooper June 2008 was the month of the Cuckoo. With the exception of the Rusty-breasted Cuckoo, virtually all the resident cuckoos were seen and reported. In addition to that, the rare Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo made another appearance in the same general area of Marina South/East after a 2-year hiatus, with the last reported sighting being in 2005. However, despite the follow-up trips made by some observers, the birds could not be relocated. Elsewhere around the island, all the resident cuckoos showed well with Chestnut-bellied Malkoha & Asian Drongo Cuckoo in the forests of the Central Catchment, Banded Bay & Violet Cuckoos in Hindhede Park & both Little Bronze & Plaintive Cuckoos in Marina East as well, rounding off the whole merry band.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercontinental Spread of Asian-Origin H7 Avian Influenza
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution 73 (2019) 146–150 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infection, Genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/meegid Research paper Intercontinental spread of Asian-origin H7 avian influenza viruses by captive bird trade in 1990's T Dong-Hun Leea,b, Mary Lea Killianc, Mia K. Torchettic, Ian Brownd, Nicola Lewisd, ⁎ Yohannes Berhanee, David E. Swayneb, a Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA b U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA c National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA d Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, UK e Canadian Food Inspection Agency, NCFAD, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ABSTRACT Wild bird migration and illegal trade of infected poultry, eggs, and poultry products have been associated with the spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV). During 1992–1996, H7N1 and H7N8 low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) were identified from captive wild birds; such as Pekin robin (Leiothrix lutea), magpie robin (Copsychus saularis), flycatcher sp. (genus Empidonax), a species of softbill and parakeet, sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis), painted conure (Pyrrhura picta), fairy bluebird (Irena puella), and common iora (Aegithina tiphia), kept in aviaries or quarantine stations in England, The Netherlands, Singapore and the United States (U.S.). In this study, we sequenced these H7 viruses isolated from quarantine facilities and aviaries using next-generation sequencing and conducted a comparative phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to elucidate spread patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Market for Extinction: an Inventory of Jakarta's Bird Markets
    TRAFFIC IN THE MARKET FOR EXTINCTION REPORT An inventory of Jakarta’s bird markets Serene C.L. Chng, James A. Eaton, Kanitha Krishnasamy, Chris R. Shepherd SEPTEMBER 2015 and Vincent Nijman TRAFFIC Report: In the Market i for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta’s bird markets i TRAFFIC REPORT TRAFFIC, the wild life trade monitoring net work, which is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. TRAFFIC is a strategic alliance of WWF and IUCN . Reprod uction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations con cern ing the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views of the authors expressed in this publication are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect those of TRAFFIC, WWF or IUCN. Published by TRAFFIC. Southeast Asia Regional Office Unit 3-2, 1st Floor, Jalan SS23/11 Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia Telephone : (603) 7880 3940 Fax : (603) 7882 0171 Copyright of material published in this report is vested in TRAFFIC © TRAFFIC 2015. ISBN 978-983-3393 UK Registered Charity No. 1076722. Suggested citation: Chng, S.C.L., Eaton, J.A., Krishnasamy, K., Shepherd, C.R. and Nijman, V. (2015) In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta’s bird markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Checklists of the World Country Or Region: Malaysia
    Avibase Page 1of 23 Col Location Date Start time Duration Distance Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World 1 Country or region: Malaysia 2 Number of species: 799 3 Number of endemics: 14 4 Number of breeding endemics: 0 5 Number of introduced species: 17 6 Date last reviewed: 2020-03-19 7 8 9 10 Recommended citation: Lepage, D. 2021. Checklist of the birds of Malaysia. Avibase, the world bird database. Retrieved from .https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN&region=my [23/09/2021]. Make your observations count! Submit your data to ebird.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Checklist of Birds of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India
    Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2013 | 5(13): 4791–4804 An updated checklist of birds of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India ISSN Aisha Sultana Communication Short Online 0974–7907 Print 0974–7893 Aravalli Biodiversity Park, Biodiversity Parks Programme, Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India OPEN ACCESS [email protected] Abstract: Surveys were carried out at 10 sites in the buffer and core grow on rocky forested patches. Some valleys zones of Sariska Tiger Reserve during 2007–2011. MacKinnon’s support Acacia catechu, Butea monosperma, Zizyphus species listing method was used to compile a checklist of birds. A total of 224 bird species was recorded including 36 new records. Ashy mauritiana, Z. nummularia, Capparis separia and C. Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus, Marshall’s Iora Aegithina nigrolutea, decidua. Besides these, some noteworthy tree species Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo, Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica, Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus, Long-legged Buzzard are Terminalia arjuna, Commiphora wightii, Sterculia Buteo rufinus, Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, Red-necked Falcon urens, Emblica officinalis and Terminalia bellerica. Falco chicquera, Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Sariska Tiger Reserve is rich in avifaunal diversity Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus, White-capped Water Redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephalus were some new records. Some (Sankar et al. 1993; Shahabuddin et al. 2004, 2006). Owing important observations are given in detail. to this high diversity, Sariska has been considered as an Important Bird Area (IBA code: IN-RJ-18) as recognised Keywords: Abundance, Aravalli Hills, birds, disturbance, habitats, new records, Sariska Tiger Reserve, threatened.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationships of the Vireos (Vireoninae) As Indicated by Dna-Dna Hybridization
    Wilson Bull., 94(2), 1982, pp. 114-128 THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE VIREOS (VIREONINAE) AS INDICATED BY DNA-DNA HYBRIDIZATION CHARLES G. SIBLEY AND JON E. AHLQUIST The New World passerine subfamily Vireoninae contains 43 species in four genera. Vireo, the largest genus, is primarily North American but several of its 25 species occur on Caribbean islands, one species has a subspecies in Bermuda, and two species occur as far south as Argentina. The 13 species of Neotropical greenlets (Hylophilus) are primarily South American; three occur in Central America of which one reaches southern Mexico. Vireo and Hylophilus are the “typical” vireos, being relatively small passerines with green, yellow and gray plumage colors. The other two genera, Vireolaniw and Cyclarhis, are larger, brighter in color, and with heavy, shrike-like bills. The three species of shrike-vireos (Vireolan- ius) occur from southern Mexico to Bolivia, and the two species of pep- pershrikes (Cyclarhis) range from southern Mexico to Uruguay (Thomson 1964, Blake 1968). Opinions about the relationships of the vireos to other oscine passerines (Passeres) have focused primarily upon two groups, namely: the shrikes (Laniidae), and the New World nine-primaried oscines, particularly the wood warblers (Parulini of Sibley 1970; Sibley and Ahlquist 1982b). The vireos have been thought to be related to the shrikes because they have a shrike-like bill with a hooked tip and a subterminal notch in the maxillary tomium (e.g., Coues 1892). The principal basis for placing the vireos near the nine-primaried oscines has been the size and coloration of the typical vireos and their tendency toward the reduction of the outer (10th) primary (e.g., Mayr and Amadon 1951:27).
    [Show full text]