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The Importance of Climate Change and Other Drivers Planning for Aquaculture

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The Importance of Climate Change and Other Drivers Planning for Aquaculture FAO ISSN 2070-6103 47 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS 47 47 Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers Planning for aquaculture FAO Technical Workshop diversification: the importance of Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers Planning for aquaculture 23–25 June 2016 FAO Rome, Italy climate change and other drivers Aquaculture is the world’s most diverse farming system in terms of number of species, methods and the environments where the FAO Technical Workshop farms are located. These proceedings report the results of a 23–25 June 2016 workshop convened by FAO and World Fisheries Trust (Canada) to FAO Rome, Italy summarize diversification successes and opportunities in North America, South America, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Africa, and to identify general principles that can help guide diversification in aquaculture.The document includes an assessment of main strategies and future steps for aquaculture diversification, not only in terms of purely economic costs but also in development costs, including evaluation and mitigation of environmental and social impacts and establishment of species-specific biosecurity frameworks. ISBN 978-92-5-109788-5 ISSN 2070-6103 COMING SOON FAO 9 789251 097885 I7358EN/1/06.17 Cover design: José Luis Castilla Civit FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS 47 Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers FAO Technical Workshop 23–25 June 2016 FAO Rome, Italy Edited by Brian Harvey President Fugu Fisheries Ltd. Nanaimo, Canada Doris Soto Senior Scientist, INCAR, the Republic of Chile Former Senior Aquaculture Officer, FAO, Rome Puerto Montt, the Republic of Chile Joachim Carolsfeld Executive Director World Fisheries Trust Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Malcolm Beveridge Acting Branch Head, FIAA FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy and Devin M. Bartley Senior Research Associate World Fisheries Trust Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2017 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109788-5 © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. This publication has been printed using selected products and processes so as to ensure minimal environmental impact and to promote sustainable forest management. iii Preparation of this document This publication is the proceedings of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations expert technical workshop on Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers, which was held in Rome, Italy, 23–25 June, 2016 and organized by the Aquaculture Branch of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and World Fisheries Trust (Canada). The workshop was attended by 16 internationally renowned experts from nine countries representing the private sector, industry, academia, government and research organizations, and five staff members from FAO. The workshop was financed by the Government of the Kingdom of Norway whose support is gratefully acknowledged. iv Abstract Aquaculture is the world’s most diverse farming system in terms of number of species, methods and the environments where the farms are located. Member countries are increasingly requesting guidance from FAO regarding diversification of aquaculture as wild fisheries reach their limits, human population grows and the demand for aquatic plants and animals for food and other uses increases. In response to these requests, FAO and World Fisheries Trust (Canada) convened the workshop Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers. Although there is an ever-increasing number of species being farmed in aquaculture and diversification is high in some cases, further diversification is constrained by limitations in technology, profitability, regulations, sustainability and enabling environments that include community acceptance. However, the natural diversity and diminishing stocks of capture fisheries provide an ongoing incentive to diversify and farm new animals and plants. The workshop identified three main strategies for aquaculture diversification: 1) increase the number of species being farmed; 2) increase the evenness of farmed species; and 3) increase the diversity within currently farmed species by developing new strains. The workshop identified some primary drivers of diversification: market demand (including export opportunities), funding opportunities, competition and climate change, as well as other environmental and social factors. Diversification of species and culture systems and a more even distribution of production could provide resilience in the face of a changing climate and other external drivers and add economic, social and ecological insurance to aquaculture systems. However, diversification is not without risks and may not always be a viable means to increase fish production. In addition to purely economic costs there will be associated development costs, including evaluation and mitigation of environmental and social impacts and establishment of species-specific biosecurity frameworks. The workshop identified general principles that can help guide diversification in aquaculture. Harvey, B., Soto, D., Carolsfeld, J., Beveridge, M. & Bartley, D.M. eds. 2017. Planning for aquaculture diversification: the importance of climate change and other drivers. FAO Technical Workshop, 23–25 June 2016, FAO Rome. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 47. Rome, FAO. 166 pp. v Contents Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations and acronyms vii Genesis of the workshop 1 Background 1 Objectives 2 Deliberations of the workshop 2 Aquaculture data 2 Concept of diversification in aquaculture 2 Drivers of diversification 4 Constraints to diversification 5 Regional patterns of diversification 5 Key issues 6 Advice to member countries 8 Principles for aquaculture diversification 8 APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1: Agenda of the workshop on Aquaculture diversification as an adaptation approach to climate change and other external forcing factors 11 APPENDIX 2: List of Participants 13 APPENDIX 3: Technical presentations 15 Paper 1: Diversification in aquaculture: species, farmed types and culture systems 15 Paper 2: Aquaculture diversification in europe: The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Norway 37 Paper 3: Aquaculture diversification in South America: general views and facts and case studies of the Republic of Chile and the federative republic of brazil 51 Paper 4: Diversification of aquaculture in North America 93 Paper 5: Aquaculture diversification in Asia 111 Paper 6: Adaptation of aquaculture to climate and external forcing in Africa 123 Paper 7: Pathways for aquaculture diversification 135 vi Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum broodstock in Tocantins state, northern Brazil PHOTO CREDIT: JEFFERSON CHRISTOFOLETTI vii Abbreviations and acronyms AAC Aquaculture Association of Canada ABCC Brazilian Association of Shrimp Farmers AGIFISH An Giang Fisheries Import-Export Join Stock Company APFIC Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission ASC Aquaculture Stewardship Council ASFA Aquatic Sciences And Fisheries Abstracts ASFIS Aquatic Sciences And Fisheries Information System BAP Best Aquaculture Practices BCSGA British Columbia Shellfish Growers’ Association BMLP Brazilian Mariculture Linkages Project BMP best management practice BNDES Brazilian National Development and Social Bank CAPES Coordination for the improvement of Higher Level Personnel of the Ministry of Education, the Federative Republic of Brazil CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries CEPTA Aquaculture Research and Training Center CERLA Latin American Regional Aquaculture Centre CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered
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