National Science Foundation Twenty-Fourth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1974

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ED 115 473 SE 019 183 TITLE National Science Foundation Twenty-Fourth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1974. INSTITUTION National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NSF-75-1

PUB DATE Jan 75 . NOTE 133p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 3800-00198, $2.35)

BIDES PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$6.97 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Educational Research; *Foundation Programs; International Programs; National Programs; *Research; *Science Education; *Sciences IDENTIFIERS National Science Foundation; NSF

ABSTRACT This twenty-fourth annual report of the National Science Foundation (NSF) describes the research project support activities, national and international programs, research applications, and science education studies for the fiscal year 1974. It also includes appendices and a statement by H. Guyford Stever, the director of NSF. Scientific research project support supports and strengthens fundamental research in all fields of science. Approximately 13,000 proposals were acted on in 1974. One of the activities under the direction of the National and International Programs Directorate was the establishment of an Office for Climate Dynamics. In 1974 the Research Applications Directorate completed the third year of operations of its RANN--Research Applied to National Needs--program. During this time RANN was pointed sharply toward national problems in energy, environment and productivity. The report lists the major objectives of the Foundation's fiscal year 1974 science education improvement activities. (LS)

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A National Science Foundation

Twenty-Fourth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1974

2 LL Letter of Transmittal

S1'ashington, D.C:.

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT:

I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual Report for Fiscal Year 197 of the National Science Foundation for submission to the Congress as required by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950.

Respectfully,

ORD STEVER Di eclor, National Science Foundation,

The Honorable The President of the United Slates. Contents

Pogo Director's Statement vii

Research Project Support Activities 1 Mathematical. and Physical Sciences 5 Biological and Medical Sciences 13 Environmental Sciences 20 Engineering 96 Social Sciences 30 Materials Research 33 Computer Research 37

National and International Programs 41 National and Special Research Programs 43 National Research Centers 55 Science Information Activities 60 International Cooperative.Scientific Activities 62

Research Applications 65 Energy 68 Environment 73 Productivity 77 Exploratory Research and Problem Assessment 81. Research Utilization 82

Science Education 85 Improvement of Education for Careers in Science 88 Development of Science Literacy 93 Public Understanding of Science 96. Increasing Effectiveness of Educational Processes 97 Problem Assessment and Experimental Projects 99 Science Resources Studies 100 Science Policy Studies 101

Appendices A.National Science Board, NSF Staff, Advisory Committees and Panels 103 B. Organilation Changes and Staff Appointments 124 C.Financial Report for Fiscal Year 1974 126 D.Patents Resulting from Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation 127 E. Publications of the National Science Foundation, Fiscal Year 1974 128 F. National Research Centers Contractors '129 G.Criteria for the Selection of Research Projects 130 DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT Vii

Director's Statement

As our Nation approaches its third century and world that supports it. Initially this app1;aisEd as Western Society approaches its third mil- has generated much speculation concerning the lenium, we enter an era that may be recognized as future of human growth, raising a host of ques- a turning point in human history. It is not diffi- tions not only over the possibility of feeding pro- cult to realize-why we have arrived at this point. jected populations but over the environmental, The predominant reason isthat through the economic, and social consequences of the con- marriage of science and technology we have tinued industrial development of the world along created an industrially based society that up to present lines. now has been able to sustain and advance a If this speculation, gig, en impetus by some new rapidly growing world population. scarcitiesnow appearing,hasledtoand The shift from an economy based on agri- intensified the debate over matters of growth, it cultural subsistence to one based on modern has also brought forth more penetrating thought industry has been responsible for explosive over the future role of science and technotOgy. growth, not only in population size but in a While there are some who fear that further ad- spectacularriseinmankind'sactivities in vances in science and technology will only fire mobility,speed of communication, range of the engine of indiscriminate growth, there are knowledge, production of goods and services, others who feel there is a necessity for better and and inthe number of interfaces within his more wisely applied science and technology to natural and social systems. Although much of enable better control and direction of growth and this process is based on human innovation and to allow us to continue to expand our physical industriousness, it is based also on humanity's frontiers. exploitation of the natural world.It draws This latter group also shares the belief that we heavily on_nature's capital, particularly on the can expand our physicalfrontiers only by store of nonrenewable resources, and it impacts expanding our knowledge frontiers, and that heavily on her environment and living resources. knowledge is a form of capital capable of allow- While many have long warned that such ing us to replace, in effect, the capital we have growth could not continue indefinitely,. their withdrawn from the Earth's supply of finite admonitions have usually been taken with a resources. Perhaps a good example of this effect theoretical grain of salt. A combination of human lies in our potential ability to develop the means ingenuityandnature'sbounty has always touse solar energy, directly and inallits seemed to disprove the Malthusians, or at least manifestations, as a form of energy income to Move the day of reckoning into the distant future. replace the energy capital depleted through our In the past whenever scarcities conjured up the use of the nonrenewable fossil and fission fuels. ghost of Malthus to predict impending doom, the Increased knowledge capital, particularly that ghost of Ivlicawber seemed to appear beside him gained from a sound program of basic research, telling us that "Something will turn up." And can have other very beneficial effects. Environ- fortunately, up t% now it has. As we depleted one mentally speaking, it can help us to understand resource we were able to find a replacement. As better the physical and social limits within we overtaxed one region of the Earth environ- which we must operate in order to keep our mentally, we found the means to move on. And.as natural and manmade systems individually we reachedthelimitsof one technological viable and symbiotically compatible. In terms of achievement, we were able to find another to economics, it can help to increase the efficiency excee?d_its performance. with which we use limited resources, thus But in recent years we have been forced to moderating their cost as we draw down on them view the increasing problems of growth with a and giving us the time to search out and develop new degree of sophistication. That sophistica- alternatives. And related to social change, in- tion, also a product of science and technology, creased knowledge can help us to use both our has urged us to make a more realistic appraisal of physical and human resources more effectively, the human condition in relation to the physical improving our institutions and their distribution DIRECTOR'S STATENIEN of goods and services, perhaps moving us toward area decidedly is energy.- Projects bearing on all alife characterized by more quality for less aspects of our energy situation can be seen quantity. This may be the major thrust of science throughout the Foundation's programs, in Scion- and technology in the years ahead, even though tificResearch Project Support,in Research we can still expect considerable quantitative Applications, in Science Education, in National growth as much of the world seeks further and International Programs, and in policy and development. planning activities. Another important thrust in science and tech- We know that fundamental research in all nologyone characterized for some time now by fieldsof science can make amultitude of the growth of interdisciplinary research in the contributions related to energy. By way of better physical, social, and managerial sciencesItMilf"Lnanizing and coordinating the Foundation's interestin systems. Humanity's pervasive in- basic research support toward this end, the Re- fluence and impact on both nature and our own searchDirectorate established an Officeof global society has led us to a stronger recogni- Energy-Related General Research. An initial tion that we operate within systems wherein we effort of this office was the identification of 45 must take note of and deal with a myriad of inter- areas of energy-related research which might re- related factors. Never has this been brought ceive priority support from the Foundation. A home more forcefully than during the past year seriesof workshops that included experts from when, following the Mid-East War and its result- the universities, industry,and government was ingoilembargo,disturbanceswithinthe organizedtoexaminethechallengesand 'relationshipsbetweenenergy,economics, opportunities inherentintheseareas.Itis environment, food, materials, and international interesting to note that these areas run the gamut politics seemed to ricochet around the world. of research interest, including the physical and All this is bound to have an effect on the state biological sciences, the earth and environmental of science and technology, emphasizing that we sciences, the social sciences, and engineering. must intensify our search for new knowledge, for Reviewing these, one sees that solutions to our ways to organize and apply it more effectively for energy problems can be found through a better man's benefit.. This 1974 Annual Report of the understanding of such diverse research subjects National Science Foundation reviews a program as combustion, corrosion, and catalysis; electro- that illustrates in effect how one agency of the magnetism, ecology, and economics; radiation Government is moving in that direction, and effects, reaction mechanisms, and remote sens- attempting to contribute to the amelioration and ing, to name only a few. Increased knowledge of solution of some of the problems we face as a basic phenomena can help us to develop better Nation. energy technologies, discover alternative energy In line with this major effort, the Foundation sources, and learn to live better with what will be continued to emphasize its support of basic re- available to us. search in order to expand the frontiers of knowl- Much of that basic knowledge acts as under- edge in all scientific areas. The principal instru- pinnirig for the energy programs being sup- ment of such support is the Foundation's Scien- ported bytheFoundation's RANN pro- tific Research Project Support Program, which gramResearch Appliedto National Needs. funds research in the physical, environmental, RANN energyresearchfocusesonenergy biological, engineering, computing, and social systems, technologies, and resources while also sciences. The vitality and growth of all these dealing with the environmental and economic fields must be maintained if we are to have the aspects of energy. The studies on systems inscientific and technological wherewithallthe volve both technological and social systems, for knowledge capitalto deal intelligently with the both the operations of machines and the attitudes increasingly complex relationships within our and activities of people have a great bearing on society and with the natural world. our conservation and effective use of energy. In reviewing the Foundation's programs, one From the standpoint of technologies and re- will discover that the varied research projects sources, the RANN programs continue heavy em- fallinto certain broad areas, relatedto our phasis on solar and geothermal energy with physical and human resource needs. One such significant accomplishments toward proving the DIRECTOR'S STATENIENTix feasibility of the solar heating and cooling of terest is not only in a better understanding rif the buildings. causes and nature of these hazards butin The Nation's energy situation has brought into developing measures to protect ourselves from sharper focus the interface between energy and them. Studies we support show that much can be. the environment. Many programs throughout the done to mitigate 'disasters to save human lives Foundation are supporting projects that will pro- and reduce the economic impact of these hazards. vide a' better basis for resolving the energy- Progress along these lines has been made part ic- environment conflicts. In initiating its new pro- ularly in understanding earthquakes and their gram on Environmental Effects of Energy, RANN effects and engineering for earthquake-resistant has begun a concerted effort to examine the structures. NSF-supported scientists have also environmental impact of old and new energy learned a great deal about hailstorms and have technologies with the intention of finding ways had some success in determining the feasibility to minimize the economic and social, as well as of suppressing their disastrous damage to crops. environmental, problems that may occur as we Tornadosareanotherdevastatingmeteor- seek to improve Our energy position. ological phenomenon under study, The Foundation's interests in the environment In addition to energy and environment the go far beyond its relationships to energy. The Foundation'sprogramsareconcernedwith work of NSF's directorates involves such far- another broad area related to our immediate and ranging environmental interests as the biological future well-beingthat is,ti-lematter of re- effects of environmental changes on mankind sources. As President Ford has stated, One of and throughout the entire ecosystem, and the the essential lessons of the recent energy crisis is effects of our industry and technologies on our that if we are to prevent shortages of natural re- natural systems'our lakes, rivers., oceans, and sources in the future, we must plan for the future atmosphere. Their programs are exploring more today. Our resources, however abundant, are not broadly how all aspects of the total environment inexhaustible, They must be conserved and re- operate. They seek a better understanding of the plenished." In our NSF programs aimed at up- basis of our climate and weather. Through such grading our understanding and use of natural re- an understanding, perhaps we will be able to ad- sources, as in our energy programs, there is no dress the all-important question, "Is our climate one repository of research support: Rather, our changing, and if so, how?" Through large-scale ,relationships to resources, both renewable and internationalresearchprojects, such asthe nonrenewable, are reflected throughout many Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), and diverse programs. Examples of this are the Mid-Ocean Dynamics (MODE) field experi- striking.Take,forinstance,thematter of ment,theClimate: Long-term Investigation, foodone of our most important renewable re- -Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) program,. and. sources. Among the programs supported by our other programs on land, in the seas, and in the air, Research Directorate is a large one being con- we are pursuing basic information that will help ducted in cooperation with the Environmental us answer this question and others about climate Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of and weather. Answers to these questions could Agriculture investigating the possibilities Hof the prove vitalto human survival. If large-scale biological regulation of pests--pests which take weather and climate changes lie ahead, any ad- a huge annual toll of our food and forest crops. vance warnings on them might buy us some time Success in this field might not .only reduce the to cope with them, to act in anticipation of their large losses of food and forest products incurred possible effects on world food production and annually but might do so without the need for other essential areas. chemical pesticides with their sometimes un- We are, of course, confronted daily with im- desirableenvironmental and healtheffects. mediate as well as long-range environmental Another biological research program related to challenges. The Foundation's programs have be- food, the program on nitrogen fixation, is con- come increasingly involved in the study of some cerned with both the possibility of improving of nature's constant threats to manin the form food production and allowing us to cut clown on of earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, hailstorms, the huge demand for synthetic fertilizer. If scien- and extreme meteorological events. Our intists were able to develop more plants that are ' X DIRECTOR'S STATEN! ENT

capable of biologicallyfixing their nitrogen physics, chemistry, engineering, and the earth needs in the soil, we could eliminate some of the and materials sciences are telling us more about large energy demand involved in chemical fertili- the propertiesof, and prospects for using a zer production and at the same time reduce some greater number of the substances that comprise of the environmental and health problems asso- the planet's crust, waters, and atmosphere. We ciated with excessive runoff of nitrates into our have to understand these better and become more water systems. versatile in our use of them as our demands grow, Food-relatedresearchisalsoconducted both in terms of dealing with relatively shrink- through our programs investigating the living re- ing supplies, and meeting the challenges of more sources in our oceans and coastal zones. By demanding technologies. We must understand studying the upwelling phenomena that bring also the consequences of using such resources nutrients up from the depths of the sea and sus- and technologies. The relationship between them tain its food chain, and by investigating the im- can be seen most obviously in the demandssuch pact of human activities on sea and shore life, energy systems ascoal gasificationplants, NSF-supported scientists are learning much that nuclear power stations, and solar energy sys- can help us improve our management of these tems make on our materials needs, calling for im- valuable resources. proved resistance to corrosion, stress and heat, Studies supported by the Foundation's pro-. increased conductivity and reflectivity,and grams are involved with many renewable re- other, more exotic properties. sources other than those which can serve as food. An important aspect of achieving a greater use Among these are sources of energy and building and control over the world's physical resources is materials.Interestisgrowinginthebio- gaining a better understanding of our human re- conversion of animal and plant materials into sources. For this reason, an important part of the solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. As a result, we Foundation's work is concerned with education, are funding research into the potential of a the social sciences, economics, productivity, and' marine energy farm that can grow many square programs of international scientific cooperation miles of kelp to be converted to burnable methane and technology transfer. gas, the use of land farms capable of growing Our Science Education Improvement Pro- plants for fuel, as well as for food and industrial grams are centered around three major thrusts: chemical byproducts, and the economics of using the improvement of science education for those agricultural waste as a major source of energy. who seek careers in science; its improvement for One of our most useful renewable resources scientific literacyfor those who will need a bet- has always been wood, which has served man for ter understanding of science even though they centuries as a source of fuel, paper, and building arenot entering scientificcareers; and the materials. In spite of all our experience with this improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness great resource, there is the belief that we have of the educational process itself. These efforts vastly underrated its value and potential. We are should help to supply the well-trained scientific therefore pursuing a program of wood engin- and technical manpower the Nation needs, while eering that is revealing many new and better at the same time giving us leaders, managers, and ways we can use wood, ways that will improve citizens better able to conduct the affairs of a both the engineering and economic aspects of its society increasingly dependent on wisely used use. science and technology. Concern over current and projected material UpgradingtheNation'sscienceanden- shortages is also focusing our attention more gineering education to achieve these ends is a strongly on research involving nonrenewable re- long process' in which new goals are met by -sources. Here again the Foundation's programs developing new materials and methodsfor run a gamut of interests and are showing 'a instruction,trainingteachersandadminis- variety of results. The Seabed Assessment pro- tratorsintheiruse, and implementing the gram has sponsored research that is indicating improvements within the educational system. potential sites for new oil production as well as We are making progress in this direction, and are revealing potential sources of heavy metals in also initiating programs to help deal with asso- sediments onthe oceanfloor.Programsin. ciated problems such as the disproportionately

8 DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT XI low number of women and members of ethnic drain on resources and improve the quality of minorities in the Nation's scientific and tech- life. In this report you will see the Foundation's nological community. increasing interest in productivity in both the To make better use of our human resources we privateandpublicsectors.Privatesector need a better understanding of the human being, productivity programs are focusing on such his social behavior and institutions. We are areas as enzyme technology, extractive metal- trying to achieve this through support of the lurgy, instrumentation, and automation. Re- social sciences. Characteristically, our knowl- search in these areas could allow us to reap vast edge of why we act the way we do, both as new benefits from nature at less cost and with individuals and in our institutions, and what we less impact. can do to improve ourselves, has always lagged Public sector productivity research is helping our understanding and control of physical forces. tospread thefruits of scientific and tech"- Italso lags our political action. As Marc J. nological knowledge throughout the Nation, Roberts of Harvard recently pointed out, "Be- particularly as related to improving services in cause social science is a camp-follower to public State and local governments. It operates as a controversy, social and economic policy is often form of science and technology revenue sharing, made at a time when only the slimmest scientific transferring many benefits developed at theFed- results are available," One can see this partic- eralleveltoStates and municipalities and ularly today in the Nation's and the world's dif- helping the States and cities nurture and use. ficulty in trying to understand and deal with available resources in the universities and in- rapidly changing economic conditions. Much of dustry. There is a growing recognition that we the emphasis of the Foundation's programs in the need this type of cooperative effort, that in fact social sciences is directed toward strengthening we must become a more totally cooperative their scientific base. Historians of science tell us society to live with and manage the complexities that the skepticism sometimes directed today of today's and tomorrow's life. against the social sciences resembles closely the Such complexities and the degree of coopera- crfrieirn directed against chemistry and physics tion they call for extend globally and demand an intheearly days oftheir development as increasing amount of international cooperation. sciences.By oureffortstodevelop sound As a result the Foundation now finds itself in- methods and reliable data through social science volved in a number of growing international pro- we may someday have a better handle, so to grams. These programs fall into two broad cate- speak, on our social systems and prevent some of gories, though administratively they come under the human hardships and dislocations that take many arrangements. There are those programs in place with unpredicted, uncontrolled, and often which our scientists and those of other nations traumatic economic and social change. work side by side, share facilities, and seek Inadditionto developinga better under- common objectives. These are characterized by standing of our human resources and how they such "big science" projects as the Global Atmos- operate, we are interested in improving their pheric Research Program (GARP), whose first operations. One important aspect of "applied major effort GATEthe GARP Atlantic Tropical human resources" is productivity, that relation- Experimenttook place last summer, and the ship between the output of goods and services latest work of the Glomar Challenger in the Deep and the input of labor, capital, land, energy, and SeaDrillingProject. There arealsothose other resourcesthat produced them. Today cooperative scientific activities in which scien- productivity has taken on added importance be- tists of many nations exchange visits, work in cause of such factors as increased competition in each other's laboratories, and share scientific international trade and the soaring cost of energy information. An extension of this latter activity, and materials. Therefore, we are highly con- which had its roots far back in the history of cerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of science,isthetransfer of technology. The producing goods and services, with the ability to Foundation is now involved in a growing num- do more with lessless material, energy, and ber of bilateral agreements and agreements for environmental impact. If we can substantially cooperation through which we are not only improve our productivity we can reduce the sharing information but exchanging technology Xi i DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT

that could have a profound bearing on the Assistance in developing guidelines for economic and social development of other areas transmission to the Chairman of the Atomic of the world. Energy Commission for use in developing a 5- As the Foundation's role and responsibilities year, $10-billion energy R&D agenda. grew infiscal year 1974 so did those of its Director. This year saw the Director of the Assistance to the Office of ManaF,,Nnent Foundation assume the additional role of Science and Budget in analyzing agency submissions in Adviser to the President. This resulted from the the energy R&D area for the fiscal year 197,5 bud- Presidentialannouncement,throughthe get. Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973, that he was re- Development Of-a Critical Path Analysis ducing the size of his Executive Office and re- of Project Independence. turning more responsibilities to operating agencies. In the Reorganization Plan, the Office of Support to the Director as Chairman of the Science and Technology was abolished and its White House R&D Advisory Council. functions were assigned to the Director of NSF. ToissisttheDirectorincarrying outhis In addition to his role as Science Adviser, the broadened responsibilities, he established two Director was designated to serve as Chairman of advisory groups, a Science and Technology the Federal Council on Science and Technology Policy Office (STPO) and an Office of Energy Re- (FCST). One of the initial activities of the FCST search and Development Policy (OEP). Both of- was a review of the committee structure to im- fices, after building highly qualified staffs, have proveitsrelevance and effectiveness. New been providing-valuable input to the Science Ad- committees have been established on materials, viser in his effort to strengthen Federal science the International Geoclynamics Program, and programs. domestic technology transfer. Committees which The STPO has focused its analytical capa- have completed their objectives and have been bility on the assessment of emerging science and terminated are the Committee on International technology issues, reviewed R&D budgets of the Technology Transfer and the Committee on R&D-performingFederalagencies,and Ecological Research. developed science and technology policy options. Some of the major areas of interest which Throughout the pages of this annual report the STPO staff is addressing include: a world there is evidence that our relationship with the food and population study, materials, social re- world of nature and the world of man is rapidly search and development, industrial research and changing, and that the shrinking of space, the development, international science and tech- collapse of time, and the growing use and abuse nology issues, environmental and health re- of our physical worldall accredited in large search, facilitiesfor high energy physics re- measure to the growth and use of science and search, space programactivities,and tech- technologyare inevitably making greater de- nology transfer. STPO conducts a program of mands on science and technology. More than that outside grant and contract support in addition to they are making demands on the men and women drawing upon in-house NSF staff expertise. who have inherited this legacy of human knowl- The OEP has been providing technical sup- edge which has become a dominating forCe of port to Executive Office of the President entities civilization. They are challenging the scientist such as the Office of Management and Budget and the citizen both to adapt to change and and the Federal Energy Administration. In addi- master change, to understand growth and con- tion,it provides coordination of R&D policy trol growth, and to do this within the fraineworl; among all energy R&D-performing agencies. of a better knowledge of what we are and what Some specific activities of the OEP include: we migTit become. Ultimately, science and technology are but means to these ends, and it is to Technicalandstaffsupporttothe these ends that the National Science Foundation Director as Chairman of the R&D Committee of continues to dedicate all its efforts as it helps to the Federal Power Commission National Power" support and guide the Nation's scientific enter- Survey. prise. Ft ES EA R(31 PROJECT Sl' PO R T Acri v Ks 3

Research Project Support Activities

A major responsibility of the Na-lion` for action by a Foundation pro-plan and coordinate the work sup- tional Science Foundation is to sup-gram officer.In some ported through the Scientific Re- port and strengthen fundamental re-proposals may also be reviewed bysearchProjectSupportprogram. search inallfieldsofscience. assembled panels, *and certain pro-Forty-four areas of energy-related re- Scientific Research Project Support,posals are reviewed by the National_search have been tentatively identif- managed by the Research Director-Science Board. ied as having a close relationship to ate through more than 80 program In selecting proposals for support,presently perceived solutions to the offices, is the Foundation's principal the Foundation seeks those of highestenergy problem. To sharpen under- program for this purpose. Approxi-merit, evaluating such factors as thestanding of the research opportuni- mately '13,000 proposals were actedrelationship of the proposed work totiesinenergy-relatedbasicre- on in fiscal year 1974, representingthe state of knowledge in the field,search, the Foundation is sponsor- essentially all fields of the environ-the probability that the research willing a series of workshops to bring to- mental, physical, life, computer, en-contribute significantly to the field,gether experts from colleges and u- gineering, and social sciences, as wellthe soundness of the research plan,niversities,industry, and govern- asmathematics. Of this --numberand the qualifications of the investi-ment to identify key problems. The 6,400,or 49 percent,resultedin gator to successfully carry it out.Theworkshops are outlining energy re- awards totaling $281 million, as com-final recommendation for support de-search opportunities that will con- pared with 44 percent in fiscal yearpends upon the availability of fundstribute to orderly but imaginative de- 1973. The distribution, number, andallocated to that particular field.In velopment of priority research pro- amount of grants according to field ofmakingitsdistributionby fieldsgrams. science for fiscal years 1972, 1973,within the project support program, Foundationinvolvementinthe CooperativeAgree- and 1974 are shown in Table1. the Foundation considers the dy-U.S.-U.S.S.R. Grants were awarded to 456 institu-namics and trends in support by ment on Science and Technology was tions,including 321 colleges andother funding sources of each field,substantially increased in 1974 with the obligation of 53.4 million from the universities,inall 50 States, thethe relative readiness of the differ- Districtof Columbia, and Puertoent areas of research to move ahead,Scientific Research Project Support Rico; 93 percent of the funds went toand national priorities for scientificprogram to support U.S. scientists academic institutions. Table 2 showsresources. engagedincooperativescientific the average distribution in fiscal year In response to the world crisis inactivities jointly approved by the 1974 for approved cost items on theenergy resources, a major Federal of-two countries. Principal emphasis in research grants. fort was launched in 1974 to enhanoe 1974 was on microbial synthesis, -Essentially all proposals to the Re-energy resource availability. An im-computer applici.tionsto manage,- search Directorate are unsolicited,portant component of this effort is re-anent, chemical catalysis, and science and most are submitted by academicsearch to broaden our base of scien-'policy studies. A number of working group meetings have been held in institutionsinthe United States.tific understanding of many aspects Support at those institutions affordsof the problem. A significant part ofboth countries, resulting in agree- graduate students an opportunity forthe research responsibility has beenmentsforfurtherexpansionof research experienceunder theassignedto the National Sciencecooperative activity. direction of research scientists as aFoundation, with the Research Di- The following chapter discusses byproduct of the quest for new sci-rectorate focusing particularly onsome highlights of recent research entific knowledge. Proposals are re-those problems in basic research thatsupportedbytheResearch viewed and evaluated by active re-relatein some important way toDirectorate. Also included are scien- searchers in the field represented, asproblems of energy. Much of the on-tific highlights of activities of the Na- well as by Foundation staff. On thegoing research supported in 1974 andtional Research Centers. Activities average, 3 to 5 reviewers are asked toprior years is related to energy re-under the two national programs ad- comment on a particular proposal; insearch needs, and this effort will beministeredbytheResearch the course of a year between 18,000expanded. To provide managementDirectoratethe International and 20,000 different reviewers, ser-emphasis to this urgent national pro-Biological Program and the Global ResearchPro- vingwithoutcompensation,aregram, an Office of Energy-RelatedAtmospheric called upon to assist in this process,General Research has been estab-gramare covered in a later chaptpr which culminates in a recotnmenda-lished in the Research Directorate towith other national programs. RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

Table 1 Scientific Research Project Support Fiscal Years 1972, 1973, and 1974 - -!Dollars in millions! Fiscal year 1972 Fiscal year 1973 Fiscal year 1974 Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount

Astronomy ... . 135 $ 8.01 170 5 8.80 161 8 9.30 Atmospheric Sciences 218 11.71 232 11.93 242 7 12.24 Biological Sciences 1,644 54.00 1.584 56.22 1.641 58.93 Chemistry . 633 24.52 675 25.08 730 26.65 Earth Sciences . 257 9.48 296 9.76 284 11.01 Engineering . 665 25.43 663 26.16 711 28.09 Physics .. 271 33.28 298 34.88 315 36.73 Social Sciences .. 619 22.45 635 23.63 617 24.92 Materials Research 392 33.39 409 34.97 469 35.56 Oceant.Eianhy . 273 12.55 287 12.66 299 13.34 Mathematical Sciences 693 13.75 758 14.06 766 14.50 Computer Research . 155 12.54 131 9.90 165 ...9.7$

TOTAL . . 5,955 $261.11 6,138 8268.05 6,400 8281.03

Table 2 Scientific Research Projects, Average Distribution of Funds by Type of Expenditures for Fiscal Years 1972, 1973, and 1974

Fiscal year 1972 Fiscal year 1973 Fiscal year 1974 Percent Percent Percent Amount of total Amount of total Amount of total Professional Personnel Faculty .. 86,458 14.7 86,332 14.5 56,543 14 9 Research Associates . 3.295 7.5 3,232 7.4 3.337 7.6 Research Assistants . 5.096 11.6 5.022 11.5 4,830 11.0

Other Professional . . 1,977 4.5 1.878 4.3 1.844 4.2 Total - Professional Personnel 16,826 38.3 16,464 37.7 16,554 37.7 Other Personnel 3,471 7.9 3.275 7.5 3,161 7.2 Fringe Benefits 1.801 4.1 1.922 4.4 2,064 4.7 TotA-Salaries and Wages . 22,098 50.3 21.661 49.6 21.779 49.6 Permanent Equipment ... 2.460 5.6 2,402 5.5 2.371 5.4 Expendable Equipment and Supplies 3,119 7.1 3,144 7.2 2,986 6.8 Travel .. . 1.318 3 0 1,310 3.0 1.361 3.1 Publication and Printing 659 1.5 655 1.5 615 1.4 Computing Costs . 1,142 2.6 1,092 2.5 1.098 2 5 Other Costs . . 2.592 5.9 2,926 6 7 2,898 6.6 Total Direct Costs 33,388 76.0 33,190 76.0 33,108 75.4 Indirect Costs 10.544 24.0 10,481 24.0 10,802 24.6

. Total Average Grant $43,932 100.0 843.671 100.0 $43,910 100,0 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES5

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

During .the past y.ear tiOas of some-of oUT 8171-11tieeS-toS(Tia energy. transduction,. conservation, cern has increasingly focused the lion of energy problems, a large frac- and storage devicesis alack of Federal Government's attention on tionof the division's existing re- fundamentalknowledgeinthese research and development efforts re- searchprojects,whicharesup- areas.) lated to the Nation's energy prob- ported for their basic research in- Therefore, our focusing on those lem. The Mathematical and Physical terest,also have energy implica- areas of basic research possessing Sciences Division has participated in tions. Of course, the bulk of the pro- strong energy implications will not activities supporting such efforts. gram continues to be dedicated to appreciably distort the character of NSF grantees, non-NSF-supportedhigh-priority basic research and not the research we already support. In scientists, NSF staff,industrydirectly related to energy, as typi- point of fact, no attempt, beyond the spokesmen, and other Federal of- fied by research results reported on obvious step of requiring that ficials have, within recent months, the following pages. However, thisenergy-relatedness be feasible conducted workshops on cnergy- report could just as easily have cited within the foreseeable future, has related topics and prepared reports, examples that are energy related. For been made to narrow the list of re- suitable for publication, defining the instance, research in physics couldsearch areas that would be eligible dimensions of theproblem areas. have been represented by a descrip- forany energy-relatedresearch Some of the research areas in which tion of a calculation of the dynamics funds that might be specially pro- workshops have been held or are of pellet compression, which allows vided in future years. Consequently, planned are:electrochemistry, optimization of energy production in thelistof energy-related research catalysis,atomicandmolecular laser fusion. In chemistry, any one of areas spans a wide spectrum (cataly- physics: chemistry of coal, and col- a number of electrochemistry proj-sis, thermodynamics, physical and loid science and oil recovery. These ects relevanttothekineticschemicalseparation,radiation workshops are part of a continuing mechanism, thermodynamics, and effects,optimization,systems effort to inform the scientific com- transportpropertiesofionsand theory,plasmadynamics, munity of the scientific needs of in-electrons through liquid, solid, and instrumentation, etc.) with a wide dustry and government and to in- gaseous media might have been men- range of potential application (pollu- form industry and government tioned, (Our electrochemistry work- tion monitors, energy storage, fusion decisionmakers of the options that shop has determined that the prin- devices, improved industrial proc- research might make available. cipal impediment limiting the rate ofesses, more efficient energy utiliza- In addition to the direct contribu- progressinthedevelopmentof tion, etc.).

PHYSICS

Doppler-Free Spectroscopy The theory of two-photon transi- Phys. Rev. Letters carried articles by tions was first discussed in 1929. But several groupsHarvard, MIT, and In one of those events so typical ofexperimentalobservationsinthe one in Francewhich almost simul- research,fourgroupshavein- visible region have only become pos- taneously have succeededinob- dependently and almost simul-sible over the past 10 or 12 years as serving two-photon absorption. Still taneously demonstrated two-photonstrong laser sources became avail- more recently the Stanford group re- absorption in sodium vapor,withoutable. In 1970 .a Soviet group pointed ported that they had observed the blurring from Doppler broadening. outthepossibilityof using two-absorption with a low-power cw The technique appears to open up a photon transitions for high-resolu-laser and obtained much narrower new, way of achieving high-resolu-tion spectroscopy without Doppler lines than the other groups: tion spectroscopywithtunable broadening. A recent visit by V. S. The experiments involve directing lasers.Italsocanbeused,forLetokhov of the Institute of Spectro- a beam from a tunable Inset' through example, to induce photochemical re- scopy it Moscow to Cambridge and the gas under study, and then reactions selectivilly, to separate iso-to Stanford, in which he discussed flecting it back along the same path. topes, orto provide more precisethis idea, seems to have stimulated The optical transitions to be studied values for the Rydberg constant and groups at Harvard and Stanford to are those which cannot be seen in Lamb shifts. attemptthe experiment. Recently ordinary spectroscopy: They con-

555,182 0 - 75 - 2 6RESEARCH PROJEcr SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

nett states of the same Parity and soconsequent emission of light of a dif-molecule, the light frequency of one _can_only occur by the simultaneousferent wavelength from the excitedlaser beam will appear shifted up- absorption\ of two photons, whoseatoms. ward. But the frequency of the light frequencies or quantum energies add The new method has several un-in the oppositely directed beam will up _to the required amount. Thus,,usual .properties. The energy ab-be shifted downward by exactly the absorption can occur when an atomsorbed is the sum of the energies ofsame amouni,and so the sum of the or molecule absorbs one photon fromthe two photons, so that visible light frequenciesisnot a'f.e-til by the the original laser beam and anothercan produce the effects of ultra- molecular motion. CC.I. . Huently, as from the reflected beam propagatingviolet. Moreover, the troublesomethe laser is tuned, extecinely sharp in the opposite direction. As the laserDoppler broadening from the ran-resonances are observed and fine de- is tuned, there is a sharp absorptiondom thermal motions of the mole-tailsare revealed. The individual resonance, which is detected by theculesiseliminated. To a movingcomponents are observed to have fractional line widths of about two parts in a hundred million, or less than 1 percentoftheDoppler- iqw.,P1r4 broadened line width. Morever, the new technique has an PHOTO TO RECORDER importantadvantageoverother MULTIPLIER methodsofavoidingDoppler UV FILTER broadening, such. as atomic beams Al LIGHT PIPE and saturation spectroscopy. The earlier methods select a small frac- tion of the molecules which happen to AR+ CW LASER DYE be traveling in a particular direction LASER transverse to the light beam. In the V LENS M t RROR two-photon method, all of the atoms F=I0cm R =10cm TO MONITOR can be excited, as the effects of their OVEN random velocitiesare'eliminated.

.1'.2,-irdt Thus,thismethod seems partic- 44% !?'?frrS! 41;1.A', ularly attractive for selective laser photochemistry,suchasisotope separation.

Unification of Elementary Particle Interactions

Theinteractionsof elementary particles appear to be confined to four broad categories. Gravity and electromagnetismarelong-range forces experienced in the everyday world. Strong interactions, which hold protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus, have a range of abou'l 10-'3 centimeter. Weal; interactions, which are manifested only in certain kinds of collisions or decay preicesses, have a range of less than 10-'5 centimeter. The apparent- dis- parityispartiallyalleviatedby In an peritneinal arrangement for 11vo-pholon spectroscopy ol.soclitlin vapor knowledge that relativity and quan- think a hP,lni From a Itinable laser is directed through a cell or sodium gas hi a tum mechanics lead us to a mathe- iiiiruhr ;mil then relleided bock alimg the sane! path. Ole cell, an alum of matical formalism, quantum- field sodium absorbs one phulon !rum Ille original laser beam and another From the theory, in which elementary-particle ref lei:linghP,llll.Ihus imparting I lie mini energies of Illy I %vo pi-1(0(ms to the interactions can all be explained by atoll). As the laser is lulled. extreniely sharp resonances are ObSertql 0)01111111i and line details are revealed in the shin:Wye of a single line ill aloinicsmlitim. the exchange of elementary particles

14 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 7 themselves.Thedifferentinter- action ranges then become a consequence of the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, which can only be -satisfied 11-the'range of a force is inversely proportional to the mass of theexchangedparticle.Thus, electromagnetism and gravity, which seem to be of infinite range, are due to the exchange of particles of zero mass (the familiar. photon and the hypo- thetical graviton), and the strong interactions are generally believed to arise from the exchange of a large variety of strongly interacting particles (protons, neutrons, mesons, and hyperonsofvarious "kinds). Since the weak interactions have a much shorter range than the strong interactions, they must be produced by the exchange of much heavier particles, presumably particles too heavy tb have yet been created with existing accelerators. A quantum field theory tells us how to calculate the rate for any process in terms of a sum of individual processes (involving particle exchanges), each symbolized by a Feyn- man diagram.Inthelate1940's several investigators independently found a limited class of field theories in which the infinities arisingin Feynman diagrams with loops occur only as corrections of thefuncla-- mental parametersofthe theory 44\lg. (such as masses and charges). These infinities could be eliminated if one identified the corrected parameters with the measured values listed ih tables of the fundamental constants. But problems remained. For the strong interactions there is no lack of possible renormalizable theories; rather, the trouble is that the strength of the interaction invali- datesanysimpleapproximation scheme,andothercalculational schemes have not yet achieved satis- factoryagreementwithexperi- lividence has recently been found for neutral currents in interactions or elemen- mental values. Gravitational effects lary particles. Such evidence supports theories or a connection between Iwo of the four farces in oat rointignel it; forces and weak interactions. This are so weak that one can get no help drawing, based on experimental the Argonne National Laboratory, shows an from experimental measurements, at example of neutral-current process distinguished by the absence of outgoing their current level of precision, in negative nation or proton tracks. Tracks are left only hy charged particlesthe finding the correct theory. However, positive pion (71 _yhtt.,11 has split from the inco4rning neutrinKb.yo) and decays into a positive in lium decays in,o a positive electron (e,) visibleaas the weak interactionsarestrong el lightly wound spiral. (After Scientific /1 inericanl enough so that there is good experi- 8 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

mental data, and yet weak enough so electron. Therefore, a theory uni- intermediate vector bosons can be that approximate calculations arefying the weak and electromagnetic produced directly, the best way to practicable. Therefore, itis not Stir-forces would have to find a family test the theory is to look for effects prising that the most significant re-relationship between the massless attributable to the newly predicted cent ef fort s of-theorist s seeking aoni p h otoo,-whichin ter me-di ate he nentral -intermediate vfictar- boson. fled field theory have focused on the electromagnetic force, and theMC1S- The best such test is provided by the weakandelectromagneticinter-sive intermediate vector boson. factthatonlytheneutralinter- actions. In 1967-it was suggested that there mediate vector boson can contribute It has been known for many years existed a so- caned "broken gauge- to processes such as the elastic scat- that the Maxwell field equations ofsymmetry group" thatforcesthe tering of neutrinos by protons or neu- electromagnetism obey a gauge sym- photon and the intermediate vector trons. metry, based on the group of rota-boson into such a single family. The Within the past year evidence for tions in two, rather than in three,proposed group contains within it the neutral-current(neutralinter- dimensions. And, for many years itunbroken gauge-symmetry group of mediate vector boson) processes has had been speculated that the dif-electromagnetism and therefore re- at last begun to appear. Experiments ference in the apparent strengths ofquires the photon to have zero mass, atvarious laboratories (including the weak and electromagnetic inter-but thebther members of the photon's one by an NSF grantee, Wonyong Lee actions was due simply to the largefamily are associated with broken of Columbia University, using the mass of the particle exchanged in thesymmetries and therefore pick up a Brookhaven AGS), have detected a weak interactions. Because this ex-largemass fromthesymmetry- number of events in which muon- change involves transfer of one unit breaking. In the simplest version of type antineutrinos are inelastically of angular momentum, the hypo-this theory both charged (39.8 proton scattered by protons or neutrons, thetical particle exchanged is calledmasses) and neutral(79.6 proton without the production of a muon. the intermediate vector boson. Since masses) intermediate vector bosons Such scattering events can appa- at low energies the apparent strengthare relatives of the photon. rently only be explained by the ex- of the weak force is roughly 1,000 In 1967 there was no experimental change of a neutral intermediate times weakerthan theelectro-evidence for or against this theory. vector boson (a neutral current) and magnetic. force, its participation in However, it subsequently did pass an Etre. therefore direct evidence for-a nuclear beta decay means thatit internal test that could be made with- new kind of weak interaction. More- must carry a positive or negativeout help from experiment, in that its over,theinferredcollisionrates charge equal. in magnitude to therenormalizabilitywasdemon- agree well with rates predicted by the chargeoftheprotonorofthe strated in 1971. Until such time as clew theory.

CHEMISTRY

Advances in Chromatography components can be identified and in solute migration times through the measured. A very powerful group of packed bed, the migration time being The importance of the tools ofseparation methods are those using related to distribution equilibrium. chemical analysis is reflected in the the process of chromatography, With BarryKarger at. Northeastern diverse activities using them, Tech- thesemethodschemicalconstit- Universityhasbeenstudying niquesdevisedforfundamental uents with very small differences in various aspects of gas and liquid scientific research soon find theirproperties (e.g., vapor pressure, solu- chromatography withtheoverall way into everyday use in clinical bility) can be separated, measured,goal of 'improving the methods in medicine,food production, publicand often identified. terms of speed, convenience, preci- health operations, pollution control, Chromatographic separations are sion, and applicability. He has been and a hostof other routine en- based on differences in distribution examining the determination of op- deavors contributing to our health behavior of substances between two timum separationconditions in and well-being. insoluble phases, one of which istemperature-programming gas One of the major problems thatusually mobile. The mobile phasechromatography.Inthispro- chemists facein developing these may be a gas (gas chromatography) gramming method, the temperature . analytical tools is that samples to be or a liquid (liquid chromatography), of the packed bed or column is varied analyzed are often too complex for while the stationary phase is either Fl at a controlled rate. Since migration direct measurement. Consequent, packed bed (adsorbent) or a liquidtime in gas chromatography is pre- chemical separa Hon techniques are,coated on El poroussolid(partition). dominately'a function of vapor pres- needed to simplify mixtures so theirSeparation results from differences sure, temperature programming RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 9

one" time columnliquid chromatography was characterized as a slow and inefficient process, but recent work has made this method fast, with ,performancecomparable to as chromatography. This relates to the factthat column conditions(e.g., temperature, liquid mobile phase) correspond most closelytothose neededfor -pharmaceuticals,bio- chemicals, and drugs of abuse. Dr. Karger has also been active in the developments of modern liquid chromatography. Under NSF support hebuilta computer-controlled liquid chromatographic unit. that is useful as a powerful separation unit, as well as a precise analytical inEtrument. He has indentifiecl IND many of the factors that determine precisioninmigrationtimeand quantitation, and by careful control of conditions he is able to reproduce In studies of gas and liquid chromatography, Barry Kargeriit Northeastern lini- migration time to 0.1 percent rela- versity .corks In find optimum methods or sepdrating chemical components lo be identified and nciasured. (Photo by JET) tive standard deviation and quantitation to 0.2 percent relative standard deviation. These results are important when one wishes to identify substances (e.g., drugs of abuse) allows one to separate a much widerthe chromatographic properties of a by their migration times or wishes to boiling point range of solutes than series of phases in which the alkyl determine the amount of substances simple constant temperature opera- structure of the primary alcohols was (e.g., analysis of body fluids to deter- tion. He has developed a method by varied while the straight chain lengt'h mine disease stages) by their finger- which optimum temperature pro- remained constant at eight carbons, prints. In this work Dr. Karger has gramming conditions can be rapidly he showed the bonded phases to be also producedliquidchromato- determined for unknown complexuniquefortheseparationof graphic columns with very high effi- mixtures through the use of a mini- relativelysmallpolarmolecules. ciencies (70,000 to 90,000 plates per computer. Temperature is only one ofColumn efficiencies were remark- meter) using very small adsorbent a number of chromatographic para-ably high, revealing these phases to particles (about 3 microns in dia- meters that need to be optimized, and be quite suited to a variety of com- meter). These are currently used in Dr. Karger is applying the same prin- plex separation problems. Finally, the separation of complex mixtures. ciplestospecifyother optimumhis work revealedtheclear im- A striking example of the applica- conditions. portance of adsorption over partition of chromatography has resulted Dr. Karger has also been investi- tionintheequilibriumprocess. from the research of Harry Svec and gating the use of chemically bonded These results are important in the James Fritz at. Iowa State Univer- phases for chromatography. An ad-understanding of the relationship of sity. Although the potable water sup- sorbent, such as silica, has a surface these phasestoother stationary plies of cities and towns are com- that is quite heterogeneous and re- phases in gas chromatography. monly :analyzed for hardness, other active, leading to poor separation and Liquid chromatography has under- inorganic constituents, and biolog- precision. The surface is commonly.gone the greatest development of any icalorganisms, relativelylittleis deactivated by the addition of small separation method over the past 5 known about the soluble organic amounts of water or modified by the years. While gas chromatography compounds thatarepresent attachment of a different substance. works best for volatile compounds, naturally or result from some He selected the latter approach forliquid chromatography is well suited contamination. The pressing need for study, and studied the phases formed to the separation of higher molecular such information has been widely from reaction of primary alcohols weight substances, ionic species, and recognized. This lack of information with the silica surface. In examining thermally unstable compounds. At about the organic content of water 10 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

exists primarily because,until'University procedure. Analysis' ofthese cases, even the specific isomer recently, there was no general analy- raw and treated water samples from has been identified), many of which tical method for identifying solublemunicipal drinking water supplies of are common in water supplies. In organic compounds that may be pres- 15citiesinIowa and Nebraskamany cases the raw water is less _ern in concentrations substantiallyshowed neutral organic impurities contaminated than the treated water.

less than I part per million (ppm). ranging from 0.019 to 79 ()ph. The Presumably the additional organic contaminationresultsfrom the In 1972 and 1973 Drs. Svec and most common neutral materials found in the drinking water treatingequipmentoreventhe Fritz,working mainly under the supplies are: organic coatings (ta. or asphalt) used sponsorship of the NSF (with addi- to prevent corrosion of the iron con- tional support from the Iowa State Plasticizerscommonconstit- duits used to transport the water to Water Resources Research Institute uents of tubes, hoses, and pipes consumers. and the City of Ames), developed a method for identifying and meas- Alkyl benzenescommon in sol- Extensive analyses of water from uring the concentration of organicvents for paints, insecticides, anti- ten wells supplying water to the city impurities present in drinking water septics, etc. of Ames, Iowa, were also clone, be- at concentration levels as low as a cause it was known that some ofthe Alkyl polyarorrfatic and heter-wells were contaminated with few parts per trillion(ppt). Their ocycliccompoundsactiveingre- organic compounds that had entered continuing research has resulted in a d len t sof insecticides, wood simple,fastanalyticalprocedure. preservatives, sanitizing mixtures,the aquifer by leaching of residues from a coal gas plant that operated in The required amount of water for an etc. analysishasbeenreduced from the city until about 1920. The total approximately 100 gallons to about 1 Common industrialsol-impurity concentration was deter- gallon, and studies on a large num- ventsalcohols, ketones,phenols, mined for each well, with values ber of model compounds added tohalogenated hydrocarbons, etc. ranging from 0.56 ppb to 287 ppb. As water in the 10 to 50 ppb concentra- a result of these studies, Ames offi- Pre-emergent herbicidesatra- cials have abandoned some wells and tion range show that the procedure iszinc and related soluble compounds. quantitatively efficient. revised pumping schedules of other Many water samples have been More than 150 compounds have al- wells, drasticallyreducing the analyzed usingtheIowaState ready been identified (in about half of organic contaminants.

ASTRONOMY

Recent Solar Observations Jack W. Harvey of the Kitt Peaksource of solar wind enhancements National Observatory (KPNO)in which produce important disturb- Neutral helium atoms in the atmos- Arizona has now shown that the re-ances in the Earth's immediate space phere in the Sun can be ionized by the gions of the Sun which do not showenvironment. Thus, it is important to extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray the 10,830-angstrom helium absorp-be able to continue observation of lines emitted by the solar corona, a tion line coincide with regions belowthis newly found solar phenomenon low-density but very high-tempera- a so-called"coronalhole."The fo,r better physical understanding. ture region which forms the Sun's corona)holesareregions of the The discovery of the relationship outer atmosphere. The singly ionized corona with anomalously low bright- between coronal holes and the pres- helium is then able to recombine with ness, first discovered through space enceor absenceof heliumlines free electrons to produce highly ex- observations made withtheOr- strengthens our understanding of the cited neutral helium. This, in turn, is biting Solar Observatory IV, andformation of the helium lines and has capable of absorbing photospheric further observed by the SKYLABallowed observations of the coronal lightatcertain specific wave- teams. They are of great interest to holes to be made from the ground as lengths, one of which is at 10,830 ang- solar astronomers sincethe lowwell as from space. The new Kitt stroms in the near infrared region ofcoronal brightness is found to occur Peak vacuum solar telescope used by the spectrum. If the ,neutral helium over sizable areas of the solar sur-Dr. Harvey employs silicon diode were not first ionized by radiation face and to be persistent over periods detectors which have a high quan- from the hot corona, this line wouldof many days.Furthermore,the tum efficiency in the red to near-in- he very weak, coronal holes also appear to he the frared spectral range (7,000 to 11,000

.1 RESEARCII PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 11

trum ofthe center of the Orion Nebula a previously unknown strong emissionlinewithapeculiarly shaped profile. After establishing the wt frequency of this new line at 36.2 S GHz, they contacted the microwave spectroscopy group at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Hank Lovas and Donald Johnson of NBS suggested several possible molecular states that might be responsible for the observed emission line. Among these was a very highly excited state of silicon monoxide (Si0). This molecule has been known tobepresentintheinterstellar medium as well as in certain types of stars. The excitation of the line re- `1. 11; quireda temperature of atleast ct 1,800° K., which seemed rather extra- 4t 4, 11,%?' ordinary considering that up to that r111.. time the largest excitation observed was 600° K. for the water (H10) maser. A subsequent survey by Dr. Snyder, Dr. Buhl, and Norio Kaifu ors (NRAO/Univeristy ofTokyo) showed that the peculiar line appeared even more stronglyina number of well known red giant variable stars. At about this time This spectroheliogram of the Sun %vas taken funW8, 1974, in the infrared portion Patrick Thaddeus and John Mather of of the spectrum in a very limited wavelength range. In certain dark areas, light the National Aeronautics and Space originating from the bright solar surface at this wavelength is absorbed helium atoms in the overlying atmosphere! \vhich are in condition to absorb lig 11 Administration, and a group from the ill this infrarcul wavelength. In other lar!_e areas, where fewer helium atoms are in University of Texas (Davis, Blain, condition to absewl) light al this wavelength, bright light shines through the at- Van Till, and Vanden Bout) used the mosphere. Such bright areas are seen tm the spectroheliogram al 8 o'clock and 1 16-foot telescope at the Millimeter o'clock (indicated b,v arrows). These brighter areas coincide with the (tortilla! holes where the hot corona is nearly absent above that part of the solar surface. Wave Observatory in Texas to de- [Photo by Kill Nag tect two other lines of excited silicon monoxide at 43 GHz, thus confirm- ing the rather unusual high-temperature excitation for the original line discovered in Orion. angstroms). The \outputof the The New Naturally The situation became even more spectroheliograph and the magneto- Occurring Maser startling when Drs. Buhl and Snyder, graph with which the telescope is along with Drs. Lovas and Johnson, equipped takes the form of measures In December 1973 Lewis E. Snyderdiscovered during a June 1974 of the intensity, velocity, and mag-of the University of Virginia andobserving run that the second vibra- netic field of the Sun to a resolution ofDavid Buhl of the National Radio tionallyexcitedstate was some- one second of arc. First results indi-Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)times just as strong as the first (this catethatsurfacemagneticfield were using the NRAO 36-foot milli-staterequiresatemperatureof configurations appear to be basical-meter wave telescope located at Kitt3,600°K. to excite it). To add to the ly responsible for the coronal holes,Peak in Arizona to search the radiodilemma, emissionfrom the and studies of KPNO magnetogramsspectrumof certainastronomicalunexcited (or ground) state and from to elucidate this relation are undersources. During the course of thisan even more highly excited, or hot- way. search they discovered in the spec-ter, state was not detectable. 12 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

The most reasonable explanation of the enhanced intensity of the inter- mediately excited lines, and the complete absence of the unexcited and more highly exciteciline-s; is that the observedlinesare due tomaser., action within a shell of dust and gas around a red giant star. The star, at a surface temperature of 2,000°K., is pumping energyintothe system which, in turn, is radiating, in a maser mode, Thus SiO joins three other molecules, H2O, CH, and OH, as known naturalmasers. The 'mechanismbywhichthestar's energyisconvertedbytheSiO molecules tothese particular frequencies is not yet understood, but with two lines available for study and within energy source that is well understoodLsuch as the giant starsthis puzzle has a good chance of being solved in the next year or two, The spiral Seyferl galaxy NC(..: 1068 is unusual in that most elf its radiation is being ornilted in I he inirared Amvelenglhs from a nucleus I hat is smell compared lo Ihe Iola] size of Ihe gillnxy. This photograph was taken P,01-1 visible light. I Photo The Amazing Seyfert hy Hale Obsen.nioriet3I Galaxy NGC 1068

The infrared study of astronomicallengths from a nucleus that is smallA small core would imply a single objects has been a small but increas-compared tothe total size of thevery hot source, or perhaps several ingly important part of astronomygalaxy, small sources,arising from self - for the past several years. The field is absorbed synchrotron radiation. ThisSeyfertgalaxyisbeing The current observations of NGC a difficult one technically, but offersstudied intensively, and scientists at great promise for future observa- 1068 show some very interesting the Universities of Arizona, Cali-properties. The size of the core, using tions.Itis now known that manyfornia, Minnesota, and Texas, and ordinary and unusual objects in the observations at 10 microns, has been theCaliforniaInstituteof Tech- sky emit strongly in the infrared, and measured to be about 1 second of arc. nologyhavemadesignificantAt the assumed distance of NGC only by understanding the origin ofobservations. The facilities used for the infrared radiation can we know 1068, the core would be about 200 the infrared observations were thelight years in size, which is in agree- the physical nature of such objects. designedforinfrared The characteristic black body radia-telescope ment with the size of the core meas- observations at Mount Lemmon, nearured in visible light. The radiation tion of the Moon, the planets, coolTucson, Ariz., and the Hale Observa- from suchalargecoreisthus stellarand galacticobjects,and tory telescopes, including the 200 many galaxies and quasars is in the probably thermal and from heated inch telescOpe on Palomar Mountain infrared region. dust grains, Spectral analysis of the An example of a galaxy emittingin California. radiation from the core fails to reveal infraredradiationistheSeyfert Oneofthemostimportantany strong special features in the galaxy NGC 1068. This is a spiralobservationsistomeasuretheregion from 2 to '18 microns, and there galaxy with a bright inner region andangular size of the emitting region, isarapidcutoffintheenergy a less luminous outer region. Dustand therefore deduce the linear size.distributionbeyond20microns, lanes (clerk areas) and spiral areasThe linear size is needed to decidewhich also implies thermal emission can be seen easily, and faint externalwhether the emission arises from afrom dust particles. The measure- spiral arms can also be traced. Thethermal or nontherrnal mechanism ofments do not rule out a small amount amazing feature of this galaxy is thatenergygeneration, A largecoreof nonthermal emission, perhaps a it is now known to be emitting most implymply that the emission isquarter of the radiation, from an un- of its radiation in the infrared wave-thermal radiation from heated dust.resolved core. 2t) RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 13

MATHEMATICS

Hydrodynamic Stability is determined by an externally con- inthe proof of thiscriterionis trollableqoantity,the Reynoldsviolated if the flow has infinite ex- The need to understand the mo- number, R (for example, if a liquid is,tent, and the proof fails. Further- tions of fluids has been the motiva-stirred, R is some measure of the more, when the flow is time depend- tionfor a great deal of scientificstirring rate). The general problem is ent, this method requires that the dis- research over the ages and is one ofto find a critical value, Rc, of theturbances decay at every instant. the cornerstones of applied mathe-Reynolds number such that when R is matics. One of the important ques- less than Rc, the flow is stable, and Supported by an NSF grant at tionsisthatof hydrodynamic when R is greater than Rc, the systemJohnsHopkinsUniversity,S.H. stability.Ifasmall disturbanceis unstable. Since the Navier-StokesDavis and C. Von Kerczek have leaves the motions of a fluid system eqirationsarequitecomplicated,developed a technique to extract an essentially unchanged, the system isexact solutions to the equations are improved stability theorem without called stable. If, on the other hand,unknown inphysically realizable using the Poincare inequality. Hence, small disturbances cause a change in cases. The objective of the theory,asymptotic stability in the mean can the state of a system, the system is then, is to obtain a lower bound, Re,be provedlor R less than Re, even for called unstable. on the critical Reynolds number, Rc,infinite dor4ains. More important, Consider the motions of a fluid offor disturbances of arbitrary size;the criterion gives a larger value of Re constant density, which may be des-that is, the existence of a number Refor time-dependent states, since dis- cribed by nonlinear equations (thegives a sufficient condition for theturbances may grow at any instant Navier-Stokes equations) and thestability (such that R is less than Re)but must decay "on the average" equation of conservation of mass. Ifof the given flow. when R is lesslhan Re. This 1,neans a the exact solution of the system and less conservative sufficient condi- appropriate boundary conditionare Previously, a criterion was estab-tion for stability is obtained. This given, one may ask if the system islished for steady flows that can betheorem has already been used by stable or unstable. To answer that,contained in a strip of finite width.G.M. Homsly in the case of modu- one must determine the conditionsHowever, o certain mathematical lated Benard convection and found to for stability. The state of the systemcondition (Poincare inequality) usedlead to significant improvement.

BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

Support of basic research in thetive measurement and for protocolsmay seriously threaten the renew- biologicalscienceshas continuedframedinclearlytestable hypo-able resource base of the biosphere. across a broad spectrum, enlargingtheses. Man'sabilitytomanipulatehis our knowledge of the molecular and Although the increasing rigor of environmenthasoutstrippedhis atomicbasisofbiological mech-biological research augers well fordevelopment of the knowledge anisms and the more complex rela-continued progress, it also makes theneeded to manage these manipulations which appear in the intricateinadequacy of present knowledge tionswisely. Although improved assemblies of cell organelles such asmore evident. The extent to which technology may provide tentative membranes and chromosomes, andproblems of food and health haveanswers for present shortages, the enlarging our knowledge of cellsbeen partially resolved for parts oftechnologies to be used in the long themselves or collections of cells. Atthe world population has made the runwilldepend upon biological the other end of the spectrum, pro-need to solve them for all the world consequences which cannot now be gress is being made in describingseem both more possible and more predicted with any precision. A great complexmentalprocessesbyurgent. These same successes have, deal more attention will have to be di- examining ways in which sensoryhowever, helped to create new prob- rected to applied research in biology, stimuli are processed and responses lems.Rapidly increasing popula-which seeks to find the best answer generatedinthecentral nervoustions and aspirations which may out- withinthelimitationsof current system. At all levels, research in biol-run available supplies of energy andknowledge. At least equally import- ogy continues to be characterized bynonrenewable resources, and which ant is a much more rapid expansion an increasing demand for quantita-lead to environmental degradation, of the basic understanding of the 21 14 RESEARCH PRO.) ECT P PO R1' A CT I V 1 11 ES

interactionsin complex biological Withinthe Lake Washingtondevelop. In predator-free laboratory systems, and the development of apopulation of a minute crustaceanpopulations of mixtures of the three muchsounderunderstandingof zooplankton, Bosmino longirostris, forms, the rapidly reproducing inter- human beings and the factors thatW.T. Edmonson, and W, Charlesmediate morph will quickly replace

sh.ape.aur_as.pirations . and behavior. Kerfoot.. oftheUniversityof.both types of extremes, illustrating Responses tothese needs ofWashington have been studying anthat they are more competitive and necessity have been limited in fiscalinteresting spatial and temporal pat-efficientinconverting algae and year 1974, but continuing attention is tern of polymorphism similar to pat-availablenutrientstogrowth givento ways in which the bio-ternsobservableinotherlakes.materials. But in the lake, survival logical sciences program might beThese patterns have long been adepends more on the ability to escape more responsive to the needs andpuzzle to biologists, and the recentpredation than on metabolic effi- opportunitiesinbasicresearch.work of the Edmonson-Kerfoot team ciency. ProgressMade undertheInter- providesthe explanation, pre- The late season dominance of the nationalBiologicalProgramhas viouslyunconsidered,thattheytwo extreme morphs of Bosmino in made itclear that a strong effortresult from the differential effect ofdifferent parts of the lake is the result should continue in the examination two classes of predation. of two quite different kinds of preda- of ecological processes within a sys- The different kinds of body formstion. One is the visual selection of tems framework. Consequently, the of Bosmino are found in differentindividual prey by young fish in the Ecosystem Analysis Program will parts of the lake in the fall of the year.shallows. The other isthe .blind, continue to play a .very significantThe open-water populationisthegrasping,predationbythelarge role in the activities of the division. "long - featured" morph,copepod Epischuro that inhabits the In response to the continued needcharacterized by longer projectionsopen waters of the lake. Epischuro to maintain an essential informationof body parts, such as antennule,glides through the water untilit baserepresentedbysystematic larger eye, and a relatively larger size encounters an object. It then grasps collections of flora and fauna and to atmaturity. The "short-featured"the prey and attempts to tear it apart thepositivestepstaken bythe form found inshore is characterizedand eat it. The longer projections of Association of Systematic Collec- by shorter projections, smaller eye,Bosmino are more difficult for the tions to develop a responsive and ra-andaslightly smaller sizeatcopepodtoreorient and consume tional plan for these resources, a new maturity. than the short-f6atured morph. Biological Resources Program has The long-featured populationis When an Epischuro is added to an been established within the divi-found in open water throughout theexperimental mixture of inter- sion. This program will also have the year; the inshore population changesmediates and the two extreme responsibilityforgeneticstock seasonally. In early spring, when themorphs in about equal proportions, centers and for assessing needs forBosminopopulation. increasestheshort-featured morphs are field research facilities and researchrapidly from its wintertime scarcity,quickly eliminated, leaving mostly natural areas. short-featured Morphs are found inlong-featured morphs together with a The examples of research progress shallowwater,butmany morefew intermediates. The dominance of which follow present only a smallindividualsare intermediatethe long-featured morph in the open sample of divisional activities andbetween the two extremes. As springwaters is, therefore, interpreted as lines of research which will be partic-becomes summer, the intermediatesthe result of preferential removal by ularly significant in the future. disappear and only short-featuredEpischuro of the other two more individuals are formed inshore. Theeasily eaten morphs. The larger fish intermediate forms so abundant inin the open water of the lake do not Predation, Polymorphism, and spring are thought to be the productsfeed on the small Bosmino, preferring Survival of sexual crosses between clones thatEpischuroitself,orotherlarge occurred duringtheprecedingspecies of animal plankton. Inalake ecosystem, energyis autumn. The sexually fertilized eggs, On the other hand, studiesof passed up the food chain from algae quiescent over the winter, developschools of young fish in the lake show to small animals to fish. Scientistsand hatch in early spring. preferential feeding on the larger, have begun only recently to recog- Under laboratorycultureeachlong-featuredmorph,leavingthe nize the complex effects that preda- morph reproduces itself and each canother forms to dominate when the tory habits have on the composition be considered a clone of geneticallyschool has swum away. The sea- of the prey species inlakes, The identicalindividualssince undersonal shift in the composition of the following studies have provided new these conditions Bosmino popula-Bosmino longirostris population in insights onthespeciesvariation tions are comprised of females thatinshore waters istherefore, inter- observed for a lake population ofproduce diploid eggs that do notpreted as the result of visual preda- microscopic planktonic animals. requirefertilizationinorderto tion by the immense number of young RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT A(:rlvlTiEs 15

Various species of fish

EPISCHURA (copepod)

BOSMINA LONGIROSTRIS (cladocera) /(1v-"j7;

The changing distribution of various life forms in lakes at different limes of the year has not been clearly understood. Now the role of predators is being recogni7.0(1 as il factor bringing about such changes. Studies of different varieties of a tiny crustacean found in different parts of Lake Washington at different seasons show that the distributions of these polymorphs depend on the effects of two kinds of predatorscopepods and fish. In early spring,allforms or the crustacean Bosmino are found in inshore shallow waters the short-featured (top loft), intermediate (lop middle), and long (lop right). As spring turns into summer, the inlermediate-size morphs tire eaten by both copepods and fish, and gradually disappear. The long-featured form is also cleared from shallow waters early in the year by small fish whichoverlook the short forms. Thu., by summer, the short Bosinino are the dominant forms. In open waters or the ',km], of the lake, long-form Bosmino are found throughout the year. By late summer this is the dominating form in open water, mostly as a result of the preference of copepods for small morphs, and or the, preference of fish For copepods. A diagram of the preferred eating-patterns Of fish and copepods is shown on the right. The degree of preference is shown by the strength of the arrows. (Photos by W. Charles Kerfooli 16 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES fish which develop in the weedbedslanguagelike representations such asnormal or mirror image symbol were covering the shallow bottom. Thesethe hierarchical sets of features thatconsistently short and independent young fish quickly eliminate anyhave been proposed in mostof the angle of the expected orienta- computer simulations. tion. Individuals are only able to Epischuro and other large plankton, of an . and then progressively rernove EU( The collo-wing studies. from Dr.carry out the mentml Shepard's laboratory illustrate theinternal representation of a partic- forms of Bosmino except the small, ular concrete objectnot a general short-featured morph. bases of the above interpretation. Clones of each extreme morphIndividuals were asked to identifyabstract frame of reference. Thus, survive summer predation in differ-number and letter symbols as normaleven though an individual is given the ent parts of the lake, while the inter-or as mirror images whentheadvance information asto mediate size preyed upon by bothsymbols were presented in variousorientation of an upcoming stimulus young fish and the copepodorientations in the plane from 0° to(e.g., 120° clockwise), he is not able to Epischurci is virtually eliminated by 180°(upright,tilted,orupsideperform an advance mental rotation unless he also knows the identity of autumn.Aswinter' approaches,down).For example,individuals males and females appear in bothwere required to determine whetherthe stimulus. clones and with the vigorous mixingthe presented letter was a normal "R" These and other studies from Dr. of inshore and offshore water haveor a mirror image letter "St," regard-Shepard's laboratory indicate that in the opportunity for crossbreeding,less of its orientation in the plane.mentally rotating the image of an ob- and numerous intermediate progenyNormal and mirror image alpha-ject, the internal structure of the hatchinthe spring. The demon-numeric symbols were presentedimage is transformed in a way that strated competitive success of thisequally fi.equently. Reaction timecorresponds specifically to the trans- swarm of intermediates establishesmeasurements indicated that the re-formations that occur in a rotation of thespringpopulationofzoo-quired"match-mismatch"a physical object. To account for plank ton. discrimination is made by rotating athese results requires a postulation mental image of the presentedthat either there are neural mecha- symbolintoitsnormaluprightnisms that store images in picture- Neural Processes orientation or into an abnormallylike form (e.g., neural holograms) or Understanding how the brain func-rotated orientation that an individ-that neural mechanisms exist that ual had been led to expect. Reaction tionsinperception,instoring cantakelanguage-likestored information, and in thinking is one oftimes turned out to be a remarkablydescriptions and construct picture- the most difficult challenges facinglinear function of the angularlike images from them. biologists. Recent progress from thedifferencebetweenactually In studies of brain cerlters of higher laboratory of Roger N. Shepard ofpresented and expected orientationsanimals,researchershave made Stanford University provides newof a symbol. Furthermore, Dr.significant progress in dealing with insight into the nature of the humanShepard found that the time requiredthe complexity of interrelated struc- mind. His work is directed toward anto mentally rotate an image fromtures and nerve networks of the analysis of the internal representa-orientation A to orientation C is themammalian brain. Studies of neural tion processes that we call memorysum of the times required to rotateprocessesinhigherorder brain and imagination images. The resultsfrom A tossome intermediate orienta-centers for the past 50 years have of his experiments indicate that sometion B, and to rotate from B to C. been characterized by a "single-unit" of these internal processes operate by Dr. Shepard has also found that itapproach,i.e.,the examination of an analog process in which memorydoes not matter whether the mentalelectrophysiologicalpropertiesof. images are stored in picturelike form.rotation is carried out in the presenceneurons one by one. Much useful Dr. Shepard has shown that whenof an external stimulus, or in the ab-information has resulted, but the one rotates the mental image of ansence of the stimulus in preparationsingle-unit approach isinherently object from one position to another,for it. If information as to both thelimitedtothecaptureofstatic, the mental image isin fact goingidentity and orientation of a stimulussimple geometric properties of through allthe intermediate posi-is provided sufficiently in advanceneuronal activity. Nearly all forms of tions of the rotation. That is, the(e.g., the letter "R" at 120° clock-interaction between neurons or any parts and the relationships amongwise), an image of a normal "R" issequential patterning must escape the parts of the image are trans-,mentally rotated into the designateddetection. One viable alternative has formed continuously in accordanceorientationforrapidcomparison been the analysis of the gross Wen- withthementalrotation.Thiswith the stimulus when it appears,Jials of the brain with instruments finding is far reaching in that it chal-Thus, when individuals were set for such asthe electroencephalogram lenges the traditional view that thespecific alphanumeric symbol in aand the electrorctinograrn, as well as representationof an objectinspecific orientation, reaction timeswith evuked brain potentials. How- memory isinterms of discrete,for determining whether it was aever, in the view of many scientists

211 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 17 there is not yet enough known about study the development and function Cells and Genes the underlying interactions to be able of the nervous system in living in- to interpret these gross potentialstact animals, it is essential to have Cell membranes playa critical role meaningfully. in many essential biological proc- relatively simple systems which can esses, ,particularly with respect to Until-recErntly, this paradox; 'i.e., b--a tatty-zed ma ni pu 1 ated -out- the static limitations of the single- side the body. intracellularregulationbycon- the diffi- trolling the molecules that enter and unit approach vis-a-vis Dr. Heinemann, in collaboration ininterpreting gross poten- leave cells and by mediating the culty has tials, seemed unresolvable. A grantee withotherinvestigators, interactionsbetweencells. from the University of Pittsburgh,developed a tissue culture systemMembranes are sites of highly or- Gerhard Werner, in recent research adapted 113 continuous growth which ganizedassembliesofmacro- toform has transcended the inherent limita- maintainsitsability molecules,butrelativelylittleis tions of the single-unit techniques by synapsesthe areas where a neuron knownabouttheirmolecular developing a 4 by 4 multielectrode transmitsinformationtoanother organization and dynamic state, a neuron. Cell lines of both nerve and array;he has been successfulin necessaryprerequisitefor under- recording simultaneously from as muscle have been established and standing how cells function. Recent many as16 neurons. Piezoelectricgrow in the same culture environ- studies by M. Edidin, S. Roth, and L ment with the formation of synapses.Brand of Johns Hopkins University transducers were builttoenable separate positioning and automatedThese cells have many of the haveemployednanosecondand electrical, pharmacological, and bio- steady-statefluorescence spectro- advance of each recording mici'o-chemical properties of intact cells. electrode.Special computer tech- scopy to analyze the spatial relation Since the cells grow as monolayers in niques were developed to analyze the of molecules and their motion at the glass dishes, they are readily avail-cell surface as related to functions of largeamountsofdatarecorded, able for study by a wide variety of These arrays are being used to study thecell.Thesestudiesinvolve the patterning of nerve responsefictechniques.Thenutritionaland attachingsmallfluorescent brain centers when various stimuli physical environment can be altered molecules to specific antigens and are applied to the skin. Dr. Werneras desired. Intracellular and hor- following the spatial association and already has shown that complexmonal interactions can be investi- movement at the cell surface. Their patterns ofgated in relation to cell growth and results show that there are a large temporal and spatial formation.Usingtech- activity do exist. Research with this synapse number of antigenic sites distrib- small array is being continued while niques of time-lapse photography uted over the entire cell surface and a 64 by 64 electrode array is beingand electrophysiology, researchersthat they move in the 'plane of the constructed. Thus, for the first time, should be able to define the stages in membrane to one pole of the cell synapse development over extended complex temporal and spatial neural accompanied by aruffling move- periods of time.The cells can be pene- interactions can be analyzed with an ment of the membrane. Continuation approach using appropriately com- trated with microelectrodes or micro- of these studies coupled with studies pipettes for intracellular recording of other types of cell surface sites plex measurements. We anticipate while being watched by phase con- that other. investigators will follow should reveal the extent to which the trast microscopy. In addition, the membraneapproximates a fluid Dr. Werner's lead. For, example, it opportunity exists to select mutant now will be possible to analyze brain rather than a solid. celllinesdeficientinaselected One aspect of biological processes potentials by simultaneously record- property. When these cell lines are ing and interrelating both the gross is developmental biologythe study introduced into the tissue culture of those striking changes that occur potential and underlying neuronalsystem, the spectrum of available activity. The combined information in organisms from their inception as should greatly extend our ability to study material increases. zygotes untiltheir maturation as interpret neural interactions and pat- The availability of this system, adults. Some of these changes are terns of the higher brain centers. adapted to neurobiological research, unique to each species while others Powerful new research tools andrepresents a significant step toward are more general, even universal, in significant findings on the molecularusingthetoolsof genetics,bio- characterandarefoundinall working of the brain are emergingchemist ry ,biophysics,and organisms. fromtheresearchof Stephen immunologytoincrease scientific One of the universal features of Heinemann of the Salk Institute forknowledge as to how cells developdevelopment isthe production of Biological Studies, San Diego, Calif. and respond to stimuli, how the ner-messenger RNA (mRNA). The The long-term aim of this research is=vous system operates at the mole- mRNA is the vital link between the to understand, at the molecular level, cular level, and potentially the basisgeneticinformationcontainedin how ,,t_hebrain operates. Since inof a wide range of debilitating neuro- DNA and the production of protein many instances itis impossible tomuscular diseases. necessary for growth. Leon sure of

2 18 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES the University of Georgia is study-to be associated with movement inmany fewer genes which are,in ing the relation of mRNA productionmany animals.) Dr. Lodish intends togeneral, not essential to the life of the and seed maturatiow,and germina-purify the mRNA responsible forcell. Some of these plasmids contain tion.In higher plants the embryoactin synthesis and, having this, togenes which render the cell resistant begins to develop and then ceasessynthesizetheDNA segmentto antibiotics (indeed, the plasmids growth as the seed matures. The seed responsible for the production of theare probably responsibleforthe isa remarkable survival package,actin mRNA in vitro. Such a systemresistance to many antibiotics among complete with protective covering,will permit a detailed analysis of thepathogenic bacteria foundinthe stored food reserves, and a dormantfactorsregulatingproductionof world today). Dr. Cohen, in but living embryo. A vital question in specific mRNA's. Clearly, this type ofcollaboration with several plant development is what causes theinformation is likely to aid Dr. Durecolleagues, used a particular restric- embryotostopdevelopin ,and indevising experiments on moretion enzyme which splits the plasmid become dormant. An equally import-complex plant embryos. DNA at only one site. The plasmid ant question is what changes trigger A new advance ingeneticDNA also carries a gene for resis- this dormancy tobe broken andmanipulation has come into exis-tance to tetracycline. Using various stimulate the embryo to grow into atence this past year. It now appearsmethodsofmodern molecular mature plant as the seed germinates.possible to transfer genes from anybiology, he inserted foreign genes Dr. Dure has found that mRNA hasorganism into the simple bacterium,from the DNA of other organisms, a critical role in these events, Work- E.coli. This development shouldsimilarly split with the same enzyme. ing with cotton, he found that a largeallow for extending our knowledgeHe then selected those E. coil which body of mRNA is synthesized in lateon the molecular organization of thehad been successfully transformed embryogenesis; translation of thisgeneticmaterialofhigherorga-with this "hybrid" plasmic' DNA by mRNA geneticinformationwillnisms, and is likely to find eventualchallenging themwiththeanti- inaugurate seed germination. More-practical applications. For example, biotic;onlythosecarryingthe over,aplantgrowthregulator, E.coiicouldbe programmed toplasmid with thetetracycline- abscisic acid, acts to prevent prema-produceantibioticsbytrans-resistant gene can survive this treat- ture, functioning of the mRNA untilplanting genes from fungi which codement. Dr. Cohen and his associates the ma -tore, dessicated seedisforantibiotic production, or evenusedthese methods tointroduce formed. For the seed to germinate, theeventually to produce human insulinspecific genes from an animal (a concentration of abscisic acid mustafter transplanting thecorrecttoad). They have shown that the be lowered until it no longer inhibitshuman genes. hybrid plasmid reproducing in E. coil mRNA translation. Dr. Dure has also The recent developments whichcontained the original plasmid DNA shown that during the early stages ofhave madetheseexcitingand the animal DNA and, further- seedgermination,the mRNApossibilitiesrealaretwofold:more, that the animal genes were produced before the embryo becomes"restriction" enzymes, which havefunctional. dormantisused for proteinbeen shown to split the genetic mole- The implications of this work are synthesis. Thus, the critical stage ofcule, DNA, only at specific sites; and vast, yetthe techniques are rela- seed germination can occur withouttransformationinE.coli.tively simple. The stumbling blocks the complete involvementoftheTransformation is a process, existingfor further work revolve around the genetic store itself. in some bacteria, whereby the genesdifficulties of selecting easily the Specific questions, in biology arefrom one bacterium, in the form ofdesired genes to transplant into E. often best answered by seeking apure isolated DNA, can be trans-cob from among theverylarge simple system for study. Thus, lessferred to another bacterium. Michioamount of DNA contained in the cells complicated organisms, such as theOishi at the Public Health Researchof higher organisms. Dr. Cohen took slime mold Dictyostelium, canInstitute of New York developed theadvantage of a special property of the provide, important information onconditionsandstrainstoallowAfrican toad which allows ready mRNA synthesis and its function intransformation in E. coli. Stanley N.isolation of a specific class of genes. specific protein PYnthccis. This is theCohen of Stanford University hasDavid Hogness, also of Stanford, has organism used by Harvey liodish atdevised ingenious ways to introducecircumventedthisdifficultyby MIT to study mRNA synthesis andforeign genes by transformation into-identifying genes from the fruit fly function during development. ThisE. co/i. Dr. Cohen for sonic years hasDrosophila, after growth in E. coll. organism has a stage during which itbeen studying the plasmids of E. coll.Afterconstructionofhybrid migrates. During this stage 30 per-Most E. coil genes are contained on aplasmids containing unselectecl frag- cent of the protein synthesized is inlong circular molecule of DNA (thements of Drosophila DNA and the form of a molecule, tentativelychromosome).Theplasmidsintroduction of these plasmids into E. identified as actin. (This observa-represent a class of much shortercob, single transformed E. cob cells tion is of interest since actin is knowncircular DNA molecules containingare grown to large numbers, and their RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 19

.111.

116.41-.

:,7. 4, 0"7.. !C. 41.:7.,* :." oit.... 711.

46 *!1 011.... O.'I.* :;=;10:! 10' ;':.-41;k71.

.-.*:

:-..:ir,O.-!'.1111t-,: -.- ;" ktt;Se

IN:111111 micrographs show circular, untreated molecules old plasmic! DNA (left) used by Stanley Cohenn t Stanford in periments to introduce foreign DNA into E. coli DNA. After 'rudiment lVii.11 a particular restriction enzyme, linear full-length plasmic' DNA molecules are obtained (right), indicating Ihat breaks have occurred at onlyone site on each molecule. (Photos by Stanley Cohen)

plasmids re-isolated. These repro-sites of attack, one on either side ofmanipulation of plants and micro- duced hybrid plasmids are reacted theinsertedgene.Thepurifiedorganisms for enhanced food and fuel with the chromosomes of DrosophilaDrosophila genetic material can nowproduction. where they will interact only withbe studied from many angles. Further The greatpower of'this new DNA complementarytotheprogress for understanding complexapproach, however, is not without Drosophila DNA presentinthegenetic systems is anticipated. potential hazard. Mindful of this, a hybridplasmicl.Thebeautyof These genetransfer techniquesgroupofdistinguishedscientists Drosophila, which has been underpresentexcitingpossibilitiesforwho have been at the forefront of this intensive genetic study since the turn agriculturaland medical applica-field (including Drs. Cohen and Hog- of the century, is that the genetic maptions.Medical applications, how-ness) have voluntarily suspended re- has been identified with the visualever, must await more advancedsearch in the instances of gene trans- appearanceofthe giant chromo-knowledge about human chromo-fers involving animal tumor viruses somes existing in certain specializedsomes.Increasing numbersofand someclassesofantibiotic- cells. It has so far been possible toinherited diseases have been shownresistant bacteria. Furthermore, they identify at least 20 different isolatesto be associated with mutations inhave urged that other scientists join in which Drosophila genes have been particular genes, but the complexi- inthe moratorium and with the introduced into a particular E. colities of the chromosomes are such that encouragement of both the National cell. Any region of the Drosophilaprogressineliminatingorover-Academy of Sciences and NSF are gene can later be recovered from thecoming them will be slow. However, organizinganinternational plasmidbytreatingthehybridthe gene transfer techniques shouldconference to assess hazards and to plasmicl with the same restrictionin the near future prove to be a realdevelop effective guidelines for this enzyme, which will now have twobreakthroughinthegenetictype of work.

2 20 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVIT)Es

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental sciences had their Another cooperative programU.S. Government in 1974 to coordi- beginnings in attempts to explainmoved forward with the establish-nate participationinthe Interna- phenomena of the solid Earth, thement in the Atmospheric SciencestionalceodynamicsProject. The oceans, and the atmospherethatSection of a Coordination Offialorproject, which involves 50 countries directly impinge on man and histheInternationalMagnetosphericand will extend for 6 years, is aimed everydaylife.Research wasStudy, a 3-year program starting inat further testing the plate tectonics developed on subjects such as soils,1976. Scientists from a number ofmodel as a concept for explaining the minerals, streams, tides, ocean cur-countries will coordinate measure-interrelationshipsbetweenthe rents, and the weather, as well as onments from ground-based facilities,movements of the few large plates infrequent events of extraordinaryaircraft,balloons,rockets,andmaking up the surface of the Earth. It magnitude such as earthquakes, vol-spacecraftin order to pro videalso will test the plate tectonics con- canic eruptions, and violent storms.comprehensive andquantitativecept in the origin of earthquakes and 'F he developme::_tnf the abut!. y to pre-knowledge about the dynamics nfvol,cAnoes.the building of moun- dict changes in these environmentalprocesses operating on plasmas intains, origin of ocean basins, forma- phenomena has required an under-the geomagnetic fields surroundingtion of ore deposits, and other re- standing of the dynamics of naturalthe Earth. lated phenomena. Almost all aspects processes and the manipulation of The NaticnalHailResearchof earth sciences are included. large volumes of data. Experiment,a5-year program Oceanographic research,byits Although many features of themanaged by the National Center forvery nature, tends to create coopera- Earth, oceans, and atmosphere can beAtmospheric Research, aims at im-tion among agencies because of the studied locally, or even in the labora-proving the understanding of haillimited availability of research plat- tory, complete knowledge of someand severe storms and at exploringforms. Most work supported by the complex natural systems requiresmethods for the artificial inhibitionOceanography Section is performed observations and experiments on re-of hail. The third field experiment inby a few oceanographic institutions. gional or even global scales. Recentthe summer of 1974 was centered inA major international project, the trends in environmental science re-northeasternColorado, usingFrench-American Mid-Ocean Under- search have been toward coordi-ground-based radar, armored air-sea Study (FAMOUS), has as its ob- nated large-scale programs that in-craft, sailplanes, rockets, and drop-jective an investigation of the proces- volve the combined efforts of manysondes. Several university groupsses by which ocean -floor material is organizations and individuals. Fiscalparticipated, supported by the Divi-formed at the spreading zones along a year1974 was marked by sub-sion of Environmental Sciences. portion of the mid-Atlantic Ridge. stantial progressinSeveral such A cooperative project in 1974 in theBegun in1971,the early phases coordinated programs. EarthSciencesSection wastheincluded studies with ships and air- The most important event of T974U.S./U:S.S.R. Cooperative Programcraft to identify the most promising in the Atmospheric Sciences Sectionfor Research in Earthquake Predic-locationsforthe detailed studies research was the initiation of d mas- tion, authorized under the Environ-with French and American sub- sive investigation of the atmospherementalProtection Agreement be-mersibles that began late in fiscal and ocean centered in the equatorialtween the two countries. Grants wereyear 1974. Atlantic Ocean. This study, undermade to scientists from four univer- A smaller project that involved the theauspicesoftheGlobalAt-sities and the U.S. Geological Sur-cooperation of three oceanographic mospheric Research Program vey to provide the U.S. share of an ex-institutions was the shelf dynamics (GARP),isthe GARP Atlanticchange of geophysicists between thisprogram in the eastern part of the Tropical Experiment (GATE),in- country and the U.S.S.R. Gulf of Mexico. The purpose was pri- volving scientists from more than 70studies are under way, particularlymarily to develop numerical models, nations, using 40 ships, a dozen air-in the Garm region of Russia andbased on field measurements, that craft, balloons, ground stations, and along the San Andreas fault in Cali-,would help to understand and pre- ageostationary weather satellite.fornia, to learn more about themech-dictthe complex circulation pat- The experiment, more than 10 years anisms of certain types of-earth-terns of water on shallow conti- in planning, is expected to providequakes and to compare equipmentnentalshelfs. The preliminary much. new information about the be-and seismically active areas. results have been promising, and havior of the tropical atmosphere and An interagency ad hoc committeemay ultimately lead to a more de- its ultimate effects of global weather. on geoclynamics was set up by thetailed program. 2 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES21

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES lion of ozone and the consequent.spheric constituentshowed that its raising of ultraviolet intensity at theconcentrationinthe sulfate layer Composition Earth'ssurface. Measurements of(about 20 kilometers) is lower than at of the Stratosphere sulfateanother important strato-higher altitudes. Sulfate clistribu-

In anticipationofeventual renewed debate over the SST, scien- tistsattheNational Centerfor Atmospheric. Research (NCAR) brought experimental and theoretical techniques to bear on questions of the natural composition of the stratosphere and possible impacts of manmadealterationsonhuman health and climate stability. Studies are under way on the composition and transport of trace gases in the strat.o.sphe re .and -on processes that couldlowerstratosphericozone concentrations and raise or lower aerosol concentrations. - A technique to increase the variety and volume of direct measurements of trace gases in the stratosphere was developed and successfully tested in September1973.A cryogenic sampler,flown aboardastrato spheric balloon, captured large air samples by condensing the air at low temperaturesinvacuumbottles. Measurements showed vertical concentration profiles of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and dio- xide,andnitrous oxideand allowed comparisons amongthese constituents. For the first time, reliable measurements of hydrogen and carbondioxidewere made, and carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide were found at altitudes of 35 kilo - meters -12 kilometers higher than detected before. Another study gave' the first solid evidence of nitric aciclapor in the stratosphere. NCAR sampling equip- menraboard U.S. Air Force WRB-57F aircraft (part of the Atomic Energy Cominission'sProjectAirstream) E_jath.erecl data in the stratosphere (12 to 19 kilometers) along continuous pathsfromnorthernCanadato Ou lay 5, 1974 an experimenInl balloon wars launched by the National Center southern Argentina. Supplementary I or Al inospheric. Research 10 lest remote sensing eiluipnuml for later use in balloon sampling flights were made salelliles In ()Main dill d on the composition ill1(1 IMIlperillure or the Enracs Inwcr ainiosphvi.p. hp equipment, shokvn ill right as it is being prepared for the launch, to altitudes of 37 kilometers:Strato- cool alio;ileVil:e to he ninurd across lhr. edge of Eal), il:;;;?(!il 11'1)111 Spilltt!. II spheric nitric acid may be a key can (111S1.1'1 t! limos as 11111C11 it I mospheriG gas as Gan vertically ;limed remote. constituent in the catalytic recluc- sensors.['bolos I,y NCA1:1 ;41:4

565-982 O - 75 - 3 22 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

Lion is controlled largely by air mo-facetemperaturesbyseveral Combined studies from structural tions, not by its own diffusion ordegrees.Moreover,stratosphericanalysis of hailstones and flights of a sedimentationaspreviouslybe- cooling caused by decreased ozonesailplane above the freezing level of lieved. Evidence about the ways inmightcausesignificantsurfacedeveloping storms gave strong evi- which sulfate can spread toward the worming. These effects may be veri-dence that hailstones develop direct- Equator from polar sources and mi-fied by a project now under way toly from the ice phase and not from the grate between the Northern andconstruct a more complex radiative- freezingoflarge(drizzle-sized), Southern Hemispheres indicates thatconvective equilibrium modelfor supercooledwaterdroplets.Al- sulfate remains in layers for a longstratospheric studies. though the latter hypothesis is the time (up to a year). SST exhaust basis of a Russian hail suppression emissions would probably behave program that has reported practical similarly. Probing the Hailstorm success, it does not appear to apply to A third experiment was the bal- Colorado storms. The distinction be- loon flight of the Lower Atmosphere Progress toward clarification oftween the theories is important, since CompositionandTemperaturethe processes that produce hail and thelocations and mechanisms of Experithent (LACATE)a success-methods to prevent damaging hail hailstone formation must be known fultest of apparatus that will flyemerged from the second field sea- tomake effectiveuseofcloud- aboard the Nimbus G satellite later inson of the National Hail Researchseeding agents to convert a storm's the 1970`.s. IACATE, developed atExperiment (NIHRE).-Sevei-di-uniVer-'moisture-'m smaller (-nundarnaging) NCAR, scansacrosstheEarth'ssities and government and private hailstones and/or a greater propor- horizon and remotely measures theagencies areparticipatinginthe tion of rainfall. infrared radiation emitted by gasesmultiyearexperimentunder Na- NHRE radar techniques to detect in the atmosphere. The test experi-tional Center for Atmospheric Re- early stages of hail growth have ment, undertaken by Governmentsearch (NCAR) management. matured. Dual-wavelength measure- agenciesandthreeuniversities, yielded one of the most complete sets of data on the composition of the stratosphere obtained so far. Theoreticians at NCAR made important steps in modeling the transport of stratospheric trace constituents topredict their speed and direction of distribution. One model accurately simulated the observed transport of radioactive bomb debris andthe observed distributionof ozone. That model, and transport models in use elsewhere, will profit fromnew "objectiveanalysis methods" developed at NCAR to convert weather balloon (radiosonde) data to a basic data set that supplies vertical data (while systematically correlating vertical and horizontal structures) that cannot be measured directly. At the request of the Department of Transportation w-hichisspon- soring a Climatic Impact Assess- ments Program to elucidate all SST hazards, NCAR conducted a study of possible responses of ground surface temperature to aircraft-induced changesinstratospheric aerosols Incand water droplets. photographed from no NCARsailpItme above the freezing level of storm clouds. shoxved Thal ice particles far outnumbered largo water n ciozone. A simple model sug- droplets. Large clots in this photograph tire ice particles: sand small dots are super- gestedthatalteredaerosol cooled wailer droplets with radii less I litm 10 microns. No Jorge water droplets concentrations might decrease sur- appear in this field of vim\ I by NC:A RI RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES23 ments have provided the First un- high shear apparently act to trans- Typically, a tornado funnel varies equivocal evidence of hail within a port large quantities of water down-in diameter from 30 to 300 meters cloud and have also revealed hail tra- wind from the anvil. These factorswhile embedded in a larger meso- jectories in clouds, from which the are responsible for the low precipita-scale cycloniccirculation ranging extent of hailswaths at the ground tion efficiency (about 15 percent) offrom 3 to 8 kilometers in diameter. may be deduced. the storm cloud. Familiar evidence ofThis parent circulationis usually Interestingevidenceaboutthe thisprocessisthedense cirrus identified as a tornado cyclone, and is masses and moisture budgets of hail- canopy that often covers the sky fol-usually situated near the right rear storms was another product of NHRE lowing strong convective activity. flank of the thunderstorm. While the field studies. Analysis of a case- presence of such a mesoscale circula- history storm showed an estimated tion by no means assures that a 13 kilotons per second of water vapor Tornado Dynamics tornado will form, there does appear entering the cloud base. The ac- to be a high correlation between counting for. this amount of water John McCarthy at the University ofthem. vapor inflow includes 4.5 kilotonsOklahoma, in cooperation with the per second flowing out as vapor; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Dr. McCarthy designed an experi- about2kildtons per secondroughlyAdministration'sNationalSeverement that uses a special radar re- equivalent to Niagara Fallsof rain- StormsLaboratory(NSSL),hasflective material called "chaff,"a ont-, With-the- remaining '6.5 kilo tonz recen tly.compt.c!L'd the first year ofmetallized plastic fiber, which, when per second being transporteddown- convection research in central Ok-distributed in clear air, will return wind in the cloud's anvil top. Rain- lahoma. The primary objective is to"clear air" echo signals to the radar. fall from the anvil evaporates before understandthecirculationandWhen chaff is distributed through reaching the ground. Strong winds thermodynamic structure of tornado-much of the volume of clear air ad- aloft, accompanying conditions ofproducing thunderstorms. jacent to the natural echo of the meso-

t\ ()tippler rialiir screen iit Chntirron ()Idtihointi (left) shows a small inesostinle atmospheric cirouliititm at point ,\ 111.11 could possibly develop into a lorninio. Distribution of metallized pliistie fibers called chuff is shmvn inelpiiur ,air itreds marked 13, lVI1P11e they return "clean' air" echo systems M the radar. A radar screen tit Norman,()klithoinit 0.0.0111i showsII SII.131'01.'11111PSI1SUilif! Gyf'.101.1k:circulttliun at point A, while eltial streamers ore shown at points It. The displity slum s positive velor.ily of wind circultit km moving away from the, antenna its hantk of light,while no ,iltvr velocity moving toward the antenna is shown its solid light.(Photos by John Nit:0101v(

31 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES scale circulation, raclars can see the Dr. McCarthy has obtained what more of the oxygen-16 isotope than entire circulation. appears to be a unique series of datado any other meteorites or terres- A number of excellent meteoro-on the action of a tornado cyclone. trial rocks. This enrichment is far too logical tools have been used in this The data, when fully analyzed, will great to explain by normal chemical research. The NSSL 10-centimeteradvance the understanding of theprocesses, and the scientists con- DualDoppler radar system, onestructure of the tornado cyclone and cluded that it results from the mixing located at Norman and another atillustrate more clearly its interac-in of pure oxygen-16 formed directly Cimarron Field, 42 kilometers north-tion with the larger scales of motion. by nuclear reactions going on either west of Ndrman, was the primary in the Sun itself or in another star. data acquisition tool. The chaff dis- Thisresultagreeswithother persal system was capable of distrib- EARTH SCIENCES informationaboutthemeteorites uting10-centimeter chaffinfive themselves.Thecarbonaceous distinct bundles through a 2,600 - Present at the Beginning chondrites are believed to be some of meter vertical column below the air- the first solid matter to have formed plane flight level. A major geochemical discovery inwhentheSun andtheplanets The Universityof Wyomingfiscal year 1974 was the recognition developedfromahuge whirling meteorological research Queen Airthat some of the matter present in thecloud of hot gas and tiny dust grains airplane,operatedunder sub- ancientsolarsystembeforethe about 4-1/2 billion years ago. Recent - contract 1b the University of Ok-planets formed ioii y-ears iy 'view-Was confirmed 'by the lahoma, provided a highly sophisti-ago has been trapped and preserved discovery of small fragments of high- cated measurement platform, as wellin an unusual group of meteorites.temperature minerals in a carbon- as a means of delivering the chaff toThis discovery provides a direct lookaceous chondrite that fell near the theappropriateenvironmentalat what was actually happening invillage of Allende in northern Mexico inflow regions of a tornado cyclone. our part of the universe when the Sunin 1969. These small fragments are On June 8, '1974, a severe thunder-was just beginning to burn and be-composed of minerals that would be stormcontaininga mesoscale fore the Earth and Moon had formed. the firstto form as the gas cloud circulation produced a tornado at Robert N. Clayton, Lawrence cooled down, and it is significant that: Harrah, Okla. This storm was one ofGrossman, and Toshiko K. Mayedathe unusual excessof oxygen-16 a number of similar storms occur- of the University of Chicago came toseems to be concentrated in these ring during a tornado outbreak in this conclusion by analyzing the iso- high-temperature fragments and not central Oklahoma on that clay. Chaff topic composition of the element oxy-in the other parts of the meteorite. operations were conducted beforegen in an unusual group' of meteor- These studies, which were sup- and during this particular tornadic itescalledcarbonaceouschond-ported by NSF's Geochemistry Pro- storm. ritesso called because they con-gram, suggest that these inclusions While the storm was in its develop- tain much more carbon than do otherformed so early in the history of the mental stage, a chaff curtain wasmeteorites. Some of the oxygen, theysolar system that they trapped ex- placcd approximately 20 kilometersfound, was so abnormal in its iso-cess oxygen-16 that had been formed ahead of the inflow border of thetopic ratios that it must have beenby nuclear reactions just beginning storm. Photographs of the intensity-produced by nuclear reactions in the to operate in the Sun. This extra oxy- contoured Cimarron Doppler radarSun or in another star before thegen-16 was trapped before it could be scope showed positions of the chaffmeteorites themselves solidified. mixed throughout the rest of the dust and the location of the suspected Oxygen, which forms about 50 per- cloud.Other meteoritesandthe mesoscale circulation shaped like acent by weight of both terrestrialplanets formed later, after the oxy- hook. Other photographs showed arocks and meteorites, occurs as threegen-16 had been well mixed, and they combinationofverticalcyclonic different types of atoms, or isotopes, do not show any unusual composi- shear and strong cyclonic inflow. At whose atomic weights are 16, 17, andtion. The material that makes up the this point, the chaff appeared to be*18. The relative amounts of these dif-rest of the Allende meteorite pro- rapidly entraining into the meso-ferent atoms in such materials asbably formed at this later time as scale circulation. rocks, meteorites, and ocean waterwell, and the early high-temperature While,dual Doppler data wereare nearly the same, and all natural minerals(with excess oxygen-46) being collected within both the chaffprocesses like melting_ evaporation,were mixed with later low-tempera- and 10-centimeter precipitation re- and conclensationproduce only smallture material (with normal oxygen turn,the airplane collected dense variations (only 1 to 2 percent) in thecomposition) to form a single body horizontalwindandthermo-ratios of one isotope to another. that lasted for 4-1/2 billion years dynamic data in the south, south- However,materialfromthebefore falling to Earth in 1969. west, and west flanks of the imme-meteorites studied by Dr. Clayton This discovery shows that there diate environment of the storm. and his colleagues contains muchare still exciting new possibilities in RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES25

nesting beach at Tortuguero, Costa Rica.Dr.Richard's computer- generated plots of surface currents have successfully demonstrated that 3 4 6 'L.' 2 5 by passively drifting in surface currents, turtles would duplicate the -UN= seasonal migrations documented by ESE 90 percent of tag returns from the 7 Caribbean turtles,

Dr.Richardbelievesthatthe migration pattern is maintained be- ,8 cause: (1) green turtles feed directly upstream from the nesting beaches; (2) strong southerly currents come close to the coast near the nesting beaches; and (3) the current is apparently strongest at the beginning of ii it)--- the nesting-ec(IGon. High n-tc &attain peaks behind the nesting beach may also be a visual cue assisting recognition of the beach used previously for nesting. But the passive drift hypothesis This unusual meteorite that fell near the village of Allende in northern Nlexico in becomeslesstenable when con- 19611 contains small Fragments of oxygen-IS enriched minerals. Scientists sidering the assumed migration of believe these minerals were present in the ancient solar system before planets sea turtles from feeding grounds off were formed 412 billion years ago and were trapped in certain meteoritessuch us the coast of Brazil to nesting beaches that of Allende. [Photo by Robert Clayton] on Ascension Island in the mid-At- lantic. In this instance, Dr. Carr pro- poses that surface currents flowing scientists. How isthis large from Ascension Island to Brazil may theactivefieldofmeteoritere- fied transmit a unique chemical cue that search.Dr. Clayton and hiscol-turtle able to migrate up to 2,500 kilometers and still return to within aguides the turtles in their eastward leagues feel that important informa- swim. tionaboutthe early(pre-planet)kilometer ofitsprevious nesting history of the solar system may stillbeach? Archie Carr of the Univer- Both the olfactory and passive drift be hidden in Allende and similarsity of Florida has accumulated 20 interpretations of turtle migrations meteorites. After several years ofyearsofdataconcerningturtleare based on circumstantialevi- studyingmeteoritesinorderto migrations in his efforts to answer dence.Whatisneededtocon- understand how the planets formed.such questions. Dr. Carr interpreted clusively testthese hypotheses is scientists have suddenly discoveredhis data as demonstrating a true observation of the turtle migrations that they may be able to push theirnavigational sense, althoughand subsequent correlation of the view even further back in time. Theseinvestigations of the acuity of turtle movementswithotherenviron- meteorites may now give us directsenses failed to produce conclusivemental data, To date, balloons, floats, information about how both the Sunevidence for a celestial, magnetic, orand fixed radio transmitters have and the tiny bits of matter that wouldchemical-receptivebasisforthis failed as mechanisms for long-range become meteoriCds condensed out of aassumed long-range piloting ability. tracking. Future research by both primordial cloud 4-1/2 billion years Recently, Joseph Richard of thethese investigators may be focused Dr. ago. Universityof Miami utilized on exact documentation ofturtle Carr's data on the return of tagged movements, perhaps using satellite turtles and on surface currents in the tracking. OCEANOGRAPHY Caribbean. From this analysis he Sea Turtle Migrations developed an alternate hypothesis of passivedrifttransportof green Migrations of the green sea turtle,turtles from feeding grounds off the Chelonio myth's. have long mysti-Nicaraguancoastto themajor

33 26RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT Am-Iva! Es

thermocline.In one model downward diffusion of heat from the ocean surface is balanced by the upward movements of cold bottom waters, which originate in subpolar seas. The second model postulates that distinct water masses forhi in specific parts of the ocean surface. Below the surface, these water masses retain their identify as they flow, nearly :hori- zontally for thousands of kilometers across ocean basins. The University of Miami concentrated on the study of the Sargasso Sea area, south and southwest of Bermuda, andlater ontransects across the entire Atlantic Ocean. The 'project ex amiheti ine annual Wilfte'r2 time formation of large volumes of relatively cool surface waters which spread south and southeast as a distinct water layer known as the Eighteen Degree Water. Thistri- tium-tagged water formed a layer in A giant green turtle rests on its nesting bench on Ascension Island,a small dot in the upper main therniocline, and its the Paciric Ocean to which these turtles swim from their feeding groundson the coast of Brazil, some 2,500 kilometers away. [Photo by Archie Carr] downward diffusion could be traced and studied. The decrease in tritium concentration in deeper waters to about one-sixth of its surface value TritiumA New Ocean the water has been in contact withgives an estimate of the effective Tracer radioactivatedatmospheresome- time during the past '10 to 20 years.vertical eddy diffusion, which is only Testing of nuclear weapons in the 20 percent of that considered neces- This provides atracer useful forsary for an oceanwide uniform diffu- atmosphere releases a host of radio- oceanographic research. Beginning insion thermocline model. activeisotopes,which enterthe1969, a program carried out by Gote ocean where they can serve as tracersOstlund and Claes Roothof the In short, the use of the manmade of oceanic processes. One of these isUniversity of Miami has used bombtracer tritium has shown that the rate the radioactive hydrogen isotope tri-tritium to test dynamic models of theof vertical exchange of water and dis- tium (half-life of 12 years) in the form thermoclinethe zone of largesolved matter in the central ocean of tritiated water, HTO. Since thetemperature change separatingbasins is considerably less than pre- pre-bomb tritium levels in the oceanwarmer surface waters from colderviously thought. So horizontal move- werealmostundetectable,meas-deep waters. ments of water masses may be the urable tritium concentrations found Two general models have beendominantprocessesformingthe in ocean waters today indicate thatused to explain the origin of thethermocline in the open ocea,n.

ENGINEERING

Engineeringissciencein the supports"basic engineeringencourages the development of.those serviceof man. Engineeringscience"the development of tech-promising engineering areas which activitiesrange from determiningnology from science and scientificare expected to "pay off" within 5 to characteristics of Martian soil to theprinciples that will be used in the25 years. Unlike most other sciences, services of doctors, electricians, andsolutionofspecificproblemsof engineering looks not only to the those other technologists who makesociety. Working primarily with uni- forefrontofsciencebutalsoto life possible in modern society. NSFversitiesthrough grants, NSFindustry to measure the success of RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES27 supported work. Uniquely in engi-ciency of chemical, petrochemical,neering development work. neeringscience,realsuccessis andrelatedindustrialchemical measured in terms of solutiois to realproduction. Lowering the Cost of Steel Structures problemsthe design sif., abetter Processsynthesisdeveloping rapidtransit,moi.e' effective information and data that can lead to The design of steel buildings and communication systems,or morenew processes and techniques saving workoutputperkilowatt-hour. bridges, as conventionally practiced, energy,money, andcritical makes the ultra-cautious assumption NSF's Engineering Division, whichmaterials. includes the traditional engineering that each structural member has a science (but not materials), supports Food energyincreasing proteinyield strength equal to that of the a broad range of disciplinary andand food nutrients from normallyweakest specimen recorded in mill interdisciplinaryfields. The non-edible sources by combining thetests (i.e., the "guaranteed minimum division's goal is to keep the basic skillsof chemical engineers, bio-yield strength"). In reality, however, engineering sciences in the Nationengineers, and chemists. almostallsteel members signifi- strong so that the technology is avail- Wind engineeringprovidingcantly exceed this minimum strength ablewhen societalneedsaregreater understanding of tha inter-levelby 33 percent onthe determined. action bet ween wind structures andaverage and members can be found During fiscal year 1.974 theEngi- urban areas. withtwicetheirassumedyield many neeringDivision reorganized to he Planninganddesignoftallstrength.Obviously,then; responsive to society and thebuildingsidentifying and initiatingkindsofstructuresare "over Nation'slong-rangeneeds.Itsnew areasofresearch, and designed" for their specified use. programsinclude new interfaces incorporatingthebestavailable In an attemptto reduce the between government, industry, andinformationforplanningandinefficiency of this process, Ralph L. universities, with emphasis on areasdesigning of tall buildings in theBarnett of the Illinois Institute of of energy, food, minerals, and inter-urban environment. Technology (IIT) has developed a new design philosophy in which the disciplinaryareas-of-opportunity, Machine design technology and with special emphasis on: engineer does not necessarily have to transferbridging the gap betweenchoose the lowest possible value for University-industry work-basic research results and their use in every member. In effect, it turns the shopsrecognizing the intimatepractice. statisticalvariationinactual interaction between engineering and Of thefunds availabletouni-strengths into an asset by focusing industrial and government activ-versities for engineering research, 15 attention on the strong members in a ities. percentisfurnished by the NSF statistical population rather than on Organized research areasiden- whilethemajorityOf universitythe weakest ones. Of course, the tifyingbroad problems havinga support in this field is provided bystrong members would have to be unique opportunity for high impactFederal mission-oriented agencies.identified by nondestructive proof- throughintensive coordinatedre- Within its limited sphere, however,testing, and that would require that search. theFoundation supports researcheverymembermanufacturedbe Encouragement of young uni- with promise of future benefitto tested and labeled with its actual versityresearcherstoengagein society.Examplesincludetheo- strength level. But is should be noted research on current problems. retical studies currently under waythat for several years the lumber on the allocation of the overcrowdedindustry has been proof-testing some Problem areas of special interest frequency spectrum which may havespecies of its product on a piece-by- are: a profound effect on the commun-piece basis. Dr. Barnett's work shows that new Optical communicationsde- icationsindustry;work onknit termining, theoretically and experi- fabrics to reduce snag potential thatstructural designs based on the exact mentally,thetechniquesand may save Americansbillionsof strengthof every proof-tested methodology necessary to developdollars over the next decade; and member would result in a 25-percent weight savings in the steel needed, In practical systems. worksupportedinmineral technology that is expected to signifi- actual practice, however, a one-to- Advanced automationconcen,cantly improve the raw materialsone match between loads and Cratingonpatternanalysisand pictureatthefoundationofthe resistancesisnot possible, so the processing fundamentaltoall Nation'sindustrialenterprise.approachineachspecific design advanced automation. Activities of this nature, supported situation is Co convert the procedure Process dynamicsapplying by NSF, take on added importance as toan optimization problem. and using computer-aided controleconomic pressures force industry toFortunately, this can be formulated and optimization to upgrade the effi- curtail industrial science and engi-as a linear programming problem

3 o 28 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES withallits \ associatedsolution techniques. As part of the research at LIT a comprehensivedesign-manufacturing-inventory system was developed and applied to various designproblems. . Theengineers studied a simple two-bar truss to establish the effect of inventory size on potential cost savings. The savings in steel costs were found to be a constant 15.5 percent as the inventory increased beyond 25 members. The design of a 24-story apartment 1pilding using the nondestructive;,p,roof-testingphil- osophy showed thatEl 19.5-percent steel cost saving could be achieved. - various oombints-tiocs of strength and size may be equivalent from a performance standpoint, the proof-testingprocedure . doesnot. specify a unique geometry. This nonuniqueness enables designers to .-r mlYa mikimpr simplifytheproblems of joining ,44 lit.111111111111115e structural members and to improve 11,1111111.1111111100'r esthetics without compromising 111 .111P mi 1nI I1n nil integrity or efficiency. An additional tin um on mi 1111 rr benefit of the proof-testing design 11111111 ml MI 1111 IT r-77 1111 1111 M1 m11111 0,00111Nin rt- , system is structures that are lighter 1111 1111 1111 111111q rocalOtorlwn 11361111i::, and more reliable. 1111 MI 1111 I !I 11. I 11.1 xsir. 1M iggyou: Oneofthe '1IrtiltilligZettli important NHII1111111=1:13 11111W I '1"': characteristics of the new design CPL._ isfinlill11111111011mint procedure is that the more closely one Inillumntmlonpriton 9111u1 ; can match the loads with the resis- momminen Eng, IrPtIrtitT.11111141fi:1 tl-ice, the greater the cost savings. ti.101..,----14"":.:;16.4 That means cost efficiency is linked to the degree of specificity of user needs. Consequently, it follows that the proof-testing philosophy would Triuli Ilona] steel struellIIT designs are gradually being refined as construcliim favordomesticsteelandmetal engineers Focus on new designs based cm exact strength proor-tes[eil steel most members, resulting in possible 25 - p ereenl weight savings in steel. Whet() by 11.S. suppliers who havethe Steel' definitive marketing information. Inits current state of develop- engineers to design in a more perfor-almost exclusively with the reliable ment, such a methodology is far from mance-oriented mode by admittingtransmission of information from a being readilyadoptable.Indeed, such criteria as deformation or drift, singletransmitterover a single more explicit formulation of designbucklingresistance, and post-channel to a single receiver, the kind spaces, including aspects of columnbuckling strength. The mathe-of situation commonly found in the and beam-column action, will have tomaticalnatureofDr.Barnett'sswitchedtelephone network. The be included. However,itisnote- proposed methodology and limit-basic concepts for these analyses worthy that the general trend instate concepts seem to hold strong were described by Claude Shannon structural engineering over the pastpromise for fruitful interaction. inhisclassic papersin1948. decade has been to adopt a design Although David Stirnoff in the 1q::0's philosophy based on "limit-state" New Theory for Broadcasting provided the framework for modern concepts.Thisapproachavoids broadcasting systems, nosimilar complete dependenceonunitor The mathematicaltheoryofmathematical theory exists for such allowable stress criteria and enables communications has been concernedsystems. The proliferation of radio, RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES29 television,urban mobile, satellite,presentproceduresofallocating for accurately predicting the relevant andtelecommunicationbroad-differentfrequencybandsto physical and thermal properties of casting channels has resulted in a different transmitters is not nearly as these compounds is urgently needed. very -crowded frequency spectrum efficientas allowing each station Several years ago, K. C. Chao and without any real understanding ofwith its own power to utilize the R.A. Greenkornof Purdue the fundamentals of the nature ofentirebandwidthwithsuitable University initiateda program to broadcasting, switching. A method has been develop a comprehensive method for Recently,Thomas Coverat devised that depends on pooling the generatingthe needed thermo- Stanford University formulated thetime, bandwidth, and power allo-dynamic data, based on the property problem of simultaneous communi- cationsoftheindividualtrans- value attributableto each of the cation. ofasingle transmitter tomitters. The current implementation constituentradical groupsinan several receivers via a single broad-scheme involves subtraction fromorganic compound. Using reliable cast channelsituations such as athe received signal of the estimateddata on a relatively small number of TV transmitter communicating withsignals sent bythe othersimple compounds, values numerousindividualstations, a transmitters, followed by decodingcontributed by the various groups satellite communicating with severalof the intended signal in an iterative can be calculated. Then the distinct. ground stations, or a lecturermanner. This particular resultis propertiesofmore complex speakingto many peoplg with Elpc tfid to have a profound ef f ect,on compounds cart Lc synthesized and different backgrounds. Early results thesimplification ofbroadcast predicted without experimentation. indicate that optimum allocation ofprocedures and the allocrition of the Since the key to the accuracy and, the frequency spectrum will resultfrequency spectrumforfuture hence, success of this method is the through a rigorous theoretical treat-communication systems. mutual infractions among groups, ment of broadcast channels. the procedure must involve inore- Dr. Cover's formulation, in turn, than a simple additive operation. As suggested that of transmitting from a Energy Conservation in the molecular weight of a compound single source to many receivers using Distillation increases, the complexity multiplies, asimpleconnectingnetworkof and the interactive contribution to channels rather than using a single Distillation,theseparationof theproperty valuesplaysan broadcast channel. The transmittermixtures of volatile components byincreasingly important role. would then generate separate butthermal energy,isthe most To date the interactive properties related streams intoeach of theimportant separation method in theof such basic organic structural units separate channels destined for one orprocess industries. Forty percent ofas methyl (CH,), methylene (CH.,), moreofthereceivers.When the capital investment in a petro- methine(CH), quaternary carbon communicating over such a simple leumrefineryisindistillation (C), hydroxyl (OH), and carbonyl network, each receiver might desire a systems. Althoughthistechnique (CO) groups have been determined in separate "piece" of the source datadatcs back to the earliest days ofthe form of partition functions. From suitable to his own needs, such as multistageprocessingoperations, such properties the relevant thermal only the weather conditions for hismany aspects of its practical imple-and physical properties of solutions own town. In addition, each receivermentationare. stillempirical,ofalkane*/alkanol,** may haveits own fidelityparticularly with respect to efficient alkanol/alkanol, alkane/alka- constraints, such as hip,bly reliableenergy utilization. Lacking reliable none,*** andalkanoneialkanone communication at a minimum cost thermodynamic data, such as vaporhave been calculated and verified. for the network. An example of such liquid equilibria, heats ofThis researchisbeing continued communications is the transmission vaporization, andfreeenergyof uncial- NSF support with a view of data from a source such asa solutions, systems designers have toward simplifying the mathematical telephone or cable television stationhad to incorporate safety factors that representation and obtaining general to severalreceivers(severalresult in inefficient energy use. Many results applicable to large classes of computers or several subscribers)industrial and academic groups are liquids of polar molecules and their via a simple network. The under-currently engaged in case-by-case, solutions. lying idea isto optimize the totallaborious, and oftenrepetitive usage of all the channels rather than experimental data acquisition and deal with each receiver separately. evaluation activities, but increasing Morerecently,Dr.Coverhasnumbers of commercially important Examples: obtained a very important result inorganic compounds ha ve madeit * Allmne: 2,2.4 - Irimethylpentane (CI CI I impossible to keep design data up C,(CII,), what he calls "cooperative broad- '" 11-nelanol CAI, (C:11.). 01 l casting"involvingseveraltrans-withthedemand.Hence,the **. Alkanone: 2-poulanone C,41, CH, C,41, CO mitters.-Ithas been .shown that development of a rational procedure CI I

3 / 30 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Although the study of mankind canable, some of which are describedFoundation andotherfunding be pursued from many perspectiveshere. An important feature of theorganizations for locating and sup- and by many methods, research sup-Foundation's efforts is the attempt toporting shifts in scientific activity ported by the Division of Socialprovide for continuity of .support, and to stimulate activity in areas that Sciences is characterized by an em-since funclamentalVork rarely has a are important to their specific agency phasis on increasing scientificrapid payoff and since contributions goals. knowledge about human beings and totheoretical and methodological What Dr. Small and his colleagues their interactions with one another,problems may not only require longhave done is to develop a compu- with theig physical and biologicalyears of work but may be recognized terized systemthatpermits environment, and with the social andonly after still longer periods of timeclustering of an annual cumulation of cultural institutions man himself hasand ofteninunexpected circum-the Science Citation Index to deter- created in great variety. To be scien-stances. mine the structure of science in a tific, studies must obtain objective, In addition this aim of pro-particular year Structure is defined reliable,andverifiablefindings,viding a stable base for establishedas the sum total of linkaAes-t'imong quantifiedwherepossible.Theyresearch, the division has continued papers co-cited (pairs of papers cited should be able to be replicated, toits program of doctoral dissertationtogether) above a certain minimum have predictive qualities, and to haveresearch support, which provides threshold. Clusters of highly co-cited en abilityto be generalized. Thisopportunitiesformore advancedpairs are derived automatically, and special emphasis on strengtheningscientific work to be done by youngeach cluster corresponds to a tradi- the scientific base of social science isstudentsjustundertakingtheirtional or perhaps newly identified an integral aspect of the Founda-thesis research. This program hasscientific specialty. These special- tion's responsibility. been very successful, and a numberties are usually more highly specific Funds for research supported byof illesti have resulted in importantin subject matter (for example, re- the Division of Social Sciences re-contributions to the disciplines. Aversetranscriptionofnonlinear mained at approximately the samegratifying number of recipients ofoptics) and compact in structure than level in fiscal year 1974 as in the pre-dissertation awards have gone on to.traditional disciplines (physics, ceding year, and the scope of the pro- research careers and have succeededgenetics). By drawinglinescon- grams coverage was also sub- intherigorouspostdoctoralre-necting the cited papers, researchers stantially unchanged. Included in thesearch competition. cangraphicallyrepresentthe division's activities are physical and clusters on a diagram, as well as the culturalanthropology,including, strength of linkage between papers. archaeology; economics; social and The Changing Disciplinary The various clusters can be mani- economic geography; sociology; Structure of Science pulated by varying the parameters social psychology; political science; for indicating linkage. A higher link- social indicators; history and philos- The study of the development ofage threshold will cause a cluster to ophy of science; .science policy; andscientific groups and new areas ofbecome more compact and a lower law and social sciences. A notablescientificdevelopmenthaspro-one will increase the size of a cluster. organizationalchange duringtheceeded quite rapidlyinthe pastApplying this technique it has been year was the unification of activitiesseveral years. In particular, severalfound that larger specialties break in support of linguistics research.new techniquesusingco-citationclown to a finer structure and sub- These had previously been distri-measures and multidimensionalgroups appear which focus around buted among five separate programsscaling as techniques for clusteringkey papers or individuals who are depending on the primary focus ofcitation data have made it possible toleadersin particularspecialties. the work. Now it is organized as a co-define areas of high activity withinThese manipulations- resultin herent activity under the Specialthe scientific literature and to list allidentification of basic units which, Projects Program. This developmentthe scientists and published workswhen clustered, identify the broad will enable closer monitoring andthat constitute the core of a scien-discipline, greater responsiveness to the needs tificarea. This research, clone by Also, theclusters may be viewed of this active research area. Henry Small of theInstitute foras dynamic systems which change A number of interesting and im-ScientificInformation in Phila-from year to year. It has been found portantyIojects were supported, anddelphia, promises to provide an im-thattheindividualclusters and a number of results became avail-portant tool for the National Sciencegroups of clusters are subjectto

3n MAREKS DISEASE 318VIRUS 3 EMBRYO CMSLYMPHO9 -11A 104 HERPES VIRUSCARCINOMA CERVICAL 107.7 1973 BlbMEDICALCLUSTER CLUSTERS CO-CITATION >,100 5 BROMODEOXYURIDINE CANCER .42 EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS. PROTEIN KINASECYCLIC AMP. 306 27 144 EMBRYOS 4.5 NUCLE0SEQUENCES FIDE 18 10 G.OBIN MONONUCL [BIS 380 20 IMMUNOTH EfLAPY LEUKEMIC BRAIN SYSTEMCYCLIC AMP. 304 8 HISTONE rItEIMPLANTATION 421 5 SYNTHESIS ?3 4 1 7037 CARC1NOEMBRYONIC FRACTIONS 376.9 VIRUSES IC.TYFEI RNA TUMOR 705 5 TRANSFORMED VIRALLY 173CUES 4 L ANTIGEN338 15 REPLICATION 281.4DNA- CELL MEDITATED IMMUNITY 126 30 IMMUNITY TUMOR457.4 HYPERLIPOPADIEINEMIA HEART DISEASE 8.21 r RNA SYNTHESIS 296 7 [COLONY-FORMING 16312CELLS CHROMATOGRAPHY AFFINITY 113.6 ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS 145 8 215 FIEVERSEVIRAL TRANSCRIPTION GENETICS 773 IMMUNOLOGY 17 226 CYCLIC AMP CHOLERA305 11TOXIN RI80 BACTERIALOMES 250.20 AND CHR1 329OMOS0MESI 161 52 PROSTAGLANDINS- 181 22 ELONGATION FACTORS 278.5 BACTERIOPHAGETAU PARTICLES 220 19 MEMBRANES PI ASMA1717 IMMUNEGENETIC RESPONSE CONTROL 173 4 TESTOSTERONEMETABOLISM 69 I I HDDGK1N'S DISEASETRANSFORMATION LYMPHOCYTE 34.10 RELEASE?NSW. IN347 8 \-193 HORMONE HODGKIN'S DISEASE MIXED COMPLEXESRECEPTOR 426 II CHEMOTHERAPYCOMBINATION 288 20 LYMPHOCYTES T AND B LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE 59 9 ERYTHROCYTEMEMBRANES --- HEMOGLOBIN. 509.4 MACROPHAGEMIGRATION 174 11 ASPARTAlE INHIBITION DNA-REPLICATION. R-FACTORS 67.12 TBANSCARBAM f LASE 89,34 TIUTANTS OF SIMIANVIRUS 43:5 175.10 HEMOGLOBIN RIBOSOMESMEMBRANEFREE ANO BOUND MUTANTSSTOMATITISVESICULAR OF E-COLI 24.3 CYTOCHALASIN-B MYOSIN AND MUSCLE: 25.92 MEMBRANE 271LIP! 32S BETA-POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS 191 5 211.7 DNA POLYMERASEREGENERATION TISSUE 138 4 I ATP-DEPENDENT 135.5DNA 123 4 ENZYME SECRETION GAP JUNCTIONS MEMBRANES 109 41 syslemstudiesA new areI lull lechnique grouped permiIs Iideolifyingclustering ogel ber in ofI certainhe co tarot:lure -cited years puhlicalions ofand scientific then how from research these ;in annual groups based cumulation, chalge on publish in succeeding researchers ul .NTears. at I Ile WithInsliltite (I compuftrized for Scientilic ELECTROLYTES 397.4 AND HYPE THERMIA HYPERP REXIA MALIGNANT 244:10 papers gix es anMOTILITYFLAGELLAR idea of how491 6scienlil FLUORESCENTMEMBRANES PROBES116 4 stance,InformationI show intensecan (:):legorizt aclivily scienlific in viral cluslgenetics Specialities. ers on and a diagram 13yimmunology. drawing NM well lines as I.),1,veen I Ile strengIll the of(tiled linkage between papers.The linkages in Ille 1971 biomedical clusters, lor in- papers, Ihey can graphically represent 0, y',<,,

32 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES dramatic change. When the linkagemain, according to their analysis, itment has often been a particular thresholds are raised or lowered, thewas due to the high quality and effi-problem in the social sciences. Be- science cluster diagram begins to ciency of black labor and the specialcause of the nature of the pheno- take on an appearance of a rapidlyskills of black managers, Citing re-mena to be measured, the more highly changing landscape.- Depending on liable census data, they report that,developedscalingproceduresof the nature of the change in threshold, On a majority of the large planta-physicalmeasurement havepro- new specialties may emerge in fasttions,thetopnon-ownershipvided very little guidance. An -moving fields in as little time as 3 to 6 management was black." Plantationinterdisciplinary team including two months, and drastic internal shiftsrecords and slave market invoicespolitical scientists, a psychologist, can be observed in existing special-also are cited to prove that less than 2and a psychophysicist at the State ties. These shifting diagrams may bepercent of slave families were brokenUniversity of New York at Stony exceedingly useful in the-determina- up by owners and that most slavesBrook is currently engaged in a pro- tion of science policy and planningsold were either unmarried or weregram of research that promises to the allocation of resources for thesold with their mates. While this sort make very substantial progress to- future. of evidence. in no way condonesward the goal of improved measure- slavery or establishes it as a progres-ment. The Economics of sive social institution, it does shed In El series of experiments, the re- Slavery light on the degree to which ownerssearchers have been building social perceived their self-interestto bescales using the procedures of psy- The traditional interpretation ofassociated with a stable productivechophysics. One of the chief prob- the economics of slavery in America work force. lems in psychophysics isthe dis- has been challenged in a recent book, Unlikemostofthedenselycrepancybetweenchangesof Time on the Cross, written by Robertquantitativeworks Of thenewphysical stimuli such as the change Fogel and Stanley Engerman of theeconomic history, the Fogel-Enger-inthe intensity of light and the Universitiesof Chicago andman book has been widely discussedhuman perception of the change. Two Rochester. The massive quantita- in the popular press in addition to theprocedures are-used to establish the tive evidence which they compiledusual professional journals. Both the relationship between the change in and analyzed with the aid of econo-praise and the criticismithas re- thephysicalstimuli and human metric methods calls into questionceived make it plain that it is not theperception. The individual is asked the once widely accepted notion thatlast word on the subject but ratherto make an estimate of the Magni- slavery, as practiced in the Ameri-the opening round of what promisestude of the intensity of the physical can South, was an inefficient produc-to be an increasingly scientific andstimulus relative to a standard. The tion system and that it was veryvery Useful historical inquiry. Theestimate is made in several ways (cr harmful, if not ruinous, to the south,,authorsthemselvesregardtheirmodes); it may involve the individ- erneconomy.Itistheauthors'study not as a complete history but asualassigninganumber, turning contention that traditionalfiguresa correction to impressionistic andsound up the same amount that the showing southern income far belowpartial narratives. In particular, theylight has increased in intensity, and northern income are misleading be-emphasize that their statistical in-squeezing a hand grip. The multiple- cause of the extremely high levels at-ferencesaboutaverage economicmode estimates permit the second tained in a few Northeastern States.well-being on the plantations do notprocedureusedbypsycho- Southern per capita income in thespeaktomoral issuesor tothephysicists, whichiscross modal decades before the Civil War, theygeneral psychological injuriousnessvalidation. There are known func- find, actually exceeded that of theof the slave system which must betional relationships between the dif- North Central States and was higherapproached largely by nonquantita-ferentmodes.Ifthese known than any European country but Eng-tive means. At the same time their re- relationships hold in making esti- land.Moret5ver,itwas growingsearch testifiestothe efficacy ofmates of the intensity of the sti- appreciably faster than in the North.mathematical techniques for probingmulus, this is treated as validating The complex productivity indexa wide variety of important historicalthe estimates that are made by the developed by Drs. Fogel and Enger-questions. individual. man indicates that southern slave Exactlythe same procedureis farms were 28 percent more efficient. "Hard" Measurement of being used by the research team at than southern free farms, and 40 per- "Soft" Variables Stony Brook except that they substi- cent more efficient than northern tUte a social stimulus for the physical family farms. To some extent this Precisioninscientific results isstimulus. These social stimuli may be startling result is accounted for bydirectly related to the ability to make individual words, phrases, or sen- the economies of scale realized onprecisedistinctionsinmeasure-tences; or they may be visual stimuli large slave plantations, but in thement; the lack of precise measure-such as pictures. The numerical esti-

4 t RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 33 mates assigned by the individualsjective. Across four separate experi- tial for a substantial improvement in can then be used as the basis for as- ments with separate sets of subjects, social science measurement. They signing values in further research different objects to which the ad- permit the assignment of a ratio scale using the stimuli. The cross modal jectives were being applied, and dif- tosocialstimuli. The validation validation procedures permit a very ferent combinations of adjectives, procedures are rigorous and precise. precise check on the validation of the the experimenters have found a very The procedures can be used in a wide assignment of these values. remarkable stability in the values variety of research enterprises, for being assigned toadjectives. "ab- instance; to develop better question- By various procedures, re-solutely perfect" was used in two of naires in survey research, or to meas- searchers have been able to build and the experiments; in one the ratio ofure very precisely the stimuli that are validate scales measuring the im- the values assigned for "absolutely presentedtosubjectsinexperi- portance of different political offices, perfect" to the standard was 6.9 and mental research. They can be used the importance of different forms of in the other ii was 7.0. "Good" was with content analysis procedures to political participation, and feelings used in each of the experiments and attain sophisticated measurement of toward political institutions. In their the ratios of the' values assigned fordocumentary data, or for measuring most recent set of experiments they "good" to those of the standard were various aspects of visual stimuli pre- have been using adjectives as the2.2, 2.0, 2.4, and 2.1. The adjective sented in,for example, television. stimuli to be responded to by the sub- "very" was used to modify "good"The initial work of this group is al- jects in the experiment. The subjectsand "bad" in two of the experiments. ready beingtested by other NSF were presented with an adjective orIn each case the modifier "very" in- granteesinquitedifferentsub- adjectivalphrasesuch as"ade- creased the ratio of the values to thestantiveareastodetermineits quate,"not too good," or "not toostandard by exactly the same applicability to their research. This bad" as the standard stimulus. Then amount. The cross modal proce- research may well improve the preci- the subjects were presented a series dures indicated very strong validitysion of measurement in the social of adjectives. and asked to estimatefor the experimental results. sciences by several orders of magni- their relationship, to the standard ad- These procedures hold the poten-\tude.

MATERIALS RESEARCH

The Foundation'sDivision of Materials Research LaboratoriesUniversitytobetter define basic MaterialsResearchisconcerned research that would be of help to the The emergence of the Foundation's withunderstanding thespecial long-term commitment in this area Energy-RelatedGeneralResearch propertieselectrical, mechanical, (ERG) program (discussed now developing in the United States. chemical,magneticofsolids. inthe introduction to this chapter) led to a The identification and definition of Improvements in this basic under- close evaluation of NSF's materialsresearch opportunities and standing lead, in time, to improved or researchactivitiestoidentifyinteractionwiththeresearch totallynewindustrialproducts. existing energy-related research and community in these areas is a broad During fiscal year 1974 the division other research areas that the divisionand continuing process, and partial was regrouped into three sections to shouldtrytoemphasize.Forsupport to special topical meetings is allow the programs a better defined example, NSF hassubstantial a devicebeingused byallthe scope and help cope with the range ofprograms in mechanical properties,division's programs. The engi-. disciplinescovered.The newsurfaces, and superconductivity, all neering-related programs often organization consists of: of which are of importance to the supportworkshopswithlimited attendance, semi-structured dis- Solid State Sciences ERG program. A look at emerging national programs revealed that thecussion, and roughly equal partici- Solid State Physics pation by academic and industrial Quantum Solids & Liquids behavior of materials in the unique personnel. Workshopreportsare Solid State Chemistry environmentofcoalgasification systems stands out as an important,published and distributed. Metallurgy and Materials butlittleunderstood,area. A Another devicefor grouping Metallurgy workshop on "Materials Problemsresearch of this sort is "coherence Ceramics and Research Opportunities in Coal areas"groups of grantswith a Polymers Conversion" was held at Ohio Statecommon theme. Currently,the

41 34 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

divisionismaintainingtwoof thesebiomaterials andhard materials. Meetings are held once or twice a year to exchange and discuss theresults, andtoset goals.In biomaterials, this provides a device for coordination with other agencies, primarily the National Institutes of Health.

Fabrication Technology for a Practical Superconducting Material

Large equipment used by electric utilitiesingeneratio.n and trans- missionofelectricpower could benefit greatlyif superconducting materialsthose which conduct electricitywithvery low lossescould be used extensively. Unfortunately,mostsuper- conductorslosetheirdesirable properties if the current they carry becomes too large,if the magnetic field in which they are used is too large, or if their temperature rises t&) high. Of the thousands of compounds known, the materials that best avoid these difficulties are compounds of niobiumwithaluminum,germanium,orsilicon; atypical compound is Nb3AI. However, these compounds are very brittle, and their superconducting properties are highly sensitive to chemical compo- sitionandcrystallineperfection. Thus, production of wire from these materials which is strong enough and resilient enoughtopermit the winding of magnet coils has been very difficult. However, by careful control of-the chemicalandmetallurgical processing,RobertRoseatthe Massachusetts Institute of 3 Technology has developed a wire 10 with greatly improved properties. 40,000 80,000 120,000 160,000 200 000 Furthermore, the technique can be Applied Field, Oersteds easilyadaptedtothepresent liy careful control or I he chemical and metallurgical processing, a superccmduct - industrial processes used in ing wire has been developed at IvItT with improved properties for conducting production of niobium-titanium , high amounls.of currents over large magnetic fields. In this Chart, Ihe while urea alloys, the most common commercial shows [het Ihe improved material, niobium zirconium fli 111111.11 11111 (N/ItZrAll, can Garry and maintain a current of about 300.000 amperes per square cenI Mutter, superconductingproducts now magnetic fields in excess of 150,000 oersteds. Wires of different compounds such manufactured.Incomparisonto as niobium aluminum (NbAl) and niobium alioninuin gernumium (NI)A1C,e) do niobium-titanium,thealloysof nut have these improvedproperties.

4 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES35

niobium with aluminum, germanium, Binding of Carbon segregated on nickel surfaces. His or silicon can be used at temper- to Nickel Surfaces studiesshowevidenceofthree atures at least twice as high and at distinct states of carbon coverage, electric currents at least three times Many, if not most, of the physicalcalled A, B, and C, with a remarkably as high. and chemical processes important tosharp transition between phases A our everyday life occur at surfaces.and B at1,180° K. Froma combined A major problem in production of For example, the properties of manyanalysisofthe composition and thesenewer materialshasbeen important catalysts, substances thatstructure of the surface, he has deter- elimination of voids that develop promotechemicalreactions,aremined that the A state is isolated whentheconstituents,suchas strongly dependent on the nature ofcarbon atoms on the nickel surface, B niobium and aluminum, react at high their surfaces. Also, the embrittle-correspondstoformationof one temperature to form the compound ment of structural materials is oftenatomiclayerofcarbon,and Nb3AI. These voidsincreasethe caused by the migration of impuritiesrepresentsbulk graphiteonthe brittlenessofthematerialand to the interfaces between differentnickel surface. In addition to these decreaseitscurrentcarrying crystallities (grain boundaries) in thestructural determinations, a thermo- capacity. However, precise control of bulk material. Despite the existencedynamic analysis yields a value for the geometryoftheconstitutent of a qualitative understanding of thethe binding energy of carbon to the metals has permitted control of theinfluence of the surfaces, there arenickel surface which is less than 1. void geometry and consequent fundamental questionsinsurfacepercent larger than that of carbon in reductionoftheirundesirablescience unanswered. graphite. effects. Using recently developed electron The information about the binding scattering techniques, J. M. Blakelyenergyandcoordination The procedure for producing these ofthe of Cornell University has measuredcarbon on the nickel surface obtained materialsconsistsoffoursteps. the degree of segregation and atomic inthisinvestigationisdirectly First,amultifibercompositeof arrangementofcarbonatoms bundles of aluminum and niobium relevant to the understanding of the wires is fabricated by swaging and drawing(acompositeonly0.01 centimeter in diameter may contain 10,000 to 100,000 wires). Then a short heat treatment at1,700° C.ina protective argon atmosphere permits the aluminum and niobiumto chemically react. A finalheat treatment around750°C. causes additional internal changes which increase the usable temperature.

The improvementinproperties thatresultsfromtheseheat treatmentsdetermined by Dr. Rose intestsatthe National Magnet Laboratorypermits the material to carryacurrent of about 300,000 amperes/cm2,comparedtoabout 1.0,000 amperes/cm2 available earlier. Furthermore,thishighlevel is maintainedin appliedmagnetic fields in excess of 150,000 oersteds, performance which is superior to any commerciallyavailablesuper- conductor.Stillhigher current densities appear possible. The ;\Cornell, I.NI. litakely hits measured ille degree or ,a,gyegavan, andatomic materials developed inthis study iirrongement of carbon atoms on nickel surfaces. Flit has identified three slides of thl [Print Ictirltim coverage as a function of lettiperal tire: C as bulk graphite on should be reasonable in cost and nickel stirldce: 13.is one atomic layer tif carbon on nickel; and A its isolatetlitarbon should permit development of large- alums int nickel. A plintogropli of a ball model depicts, on the left-hand portion, scale equipment, the 1)11,1).110o arrangement of titie atomic layer or iiiirtnm.11)1tolo Ity I. N4.13Itikely I

43 36 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES heterogeneous catalysis of hydro- on the order ofl millimeter wide. Thelying physical interactions that give carbon reactions. The effectivenessdomains are regions of very high rise to them. ofthetransitionmetalcatalystresistance which concentrate most of depends upon ,a delicate 'balance ofthe voltage drop across the sample, Highly Efficient Catalysts the binding energiesinan inter-Initially, before the domain can fully for Making Polymers mediatestateincluding adsorbed develop,ahighcurrentpasses 'carbons and in the initial and finalthrough the sample. After Polymeric materials surpassall states. The energy of the carbon-approximately. 2 microseconds the othermanufacturedmaterialsin metal bond plays a significant role indomainisfullyformed, and thevolumeofproduction. Theyare determininp,thisbalance.currentis reduced from itsinitialfabricated into fibers, films, molded Furthermore, the catalytic surface isvalue by an order of magnitude. objects, coatings, and other objects, sometimes coatedwithacarbon and representaverysignificant actualoperating. Recently, in the course of lightfactorinthenationaleconomy. layerunder scattering studies of the amplified conditions. Polymers are made by chemically phonon beams usingapowerfulconnecting large numbers of small pulsed laser, it was discovered thatmolecules, called monomers, by a Intense Laser Modulation thelasergreatlymodulatesthe of Acoustoelectronic Interactions ti'tocess known as polymerization. currentinthe samplebut onlyThis process received a very signifi- whenthelaserlightisdirectlycant advancement some 25 years ago Theinteractionoflightwithincident on the propagating domain incertainsemi- withthediscoveryof certain acousticwaves of acousticflux. A factor of tencatalysts which promote poly- conductingmaterialsoffersthe increaseinthe, currentcanbe possibility of rapidly scanning and merizationintostereoregular achieved, whereas incidence of thepolymers with superior properties. detecting light patterns as well aslightelsewhere onthe sample detectingandmodifyingpropa- While these catalysts are used in produces a very small modulation ofmuchofcommercialpolymer gationofacousticwaves. These thecurrent,Theunusuallight- phenomena are of basic importance production today, they have certain induced modulation of the current isdisadvantages. First, they are highly inpotentialdkvicesformodern accounted for by the photo-Corrosive and must be subsequently signal handling, pattern recognition,excitation of trapped electrons into andnondestructivetesting; removed from the polymer by conductingstatesinthehighlyenergy - consuming extractions and moreover,theyprovideafunda- resistive domain. mental probe for investigating the solvent recovery. Second, they are behavior of materials. The observation of the laser modu- not completely efficient, resulting in The generation, propagation, andlation of the domain current has two 3 to 5 percent low molecular weight wasteof controlofacoustic wavesin immediate useful applications. First,polymer, asignificant materials has been of major interestthe domain, as it propagates acrossscarce raw material. at the Purdue University Materialsthe sample, can scan the sample and Work sponsored by NSF at the Research Laboratory from both theprovide a photoconductivetime UniVersityof Massachusetts has fundamental andthe engineering responsepatternrelatedtothe recentlyproducedstereospecific points of view. One of the more basicspatial distribution of incident light.catalysts- which are essentially 100 aspects of this effort has involved theR. L. Cunshor and his colleagues inpercentefficientinpolymerizing continuing study by Ralph Bray ofPurdue's Electrical Engineeringolefin monomers into polyolefins. In are thePhysicsDepartmentoftheDepartment plan to study possibleaddition,thesecatalysts properties of amplified phonon, or usesofthis phenomenoninthe noncorrosive and have the added acoustic, beams in a semiconductor,detectionoflightpatterns.advantage of decreasing the flam- galliumarsenide. In this material,Conversely, moving the light spotmability of the resulting polymer. pulses of high voltage are used toalong the sample provides a scan forBecause flammability. of polymeric amplify phonons from the thermal the presence of the amplified acoustictnaterials is now being recognized as equilibrium background by factors offlux and its propagation velocity. a serious problem, the possibility of a the, order of1010. These phononsThus, it it possible to probe in detailhighlyefficient,noncorrosive travel through the sample with thethe fundamental properties of thecatalyst that also increases the flame velocity of sound in narrow domainsacoustic domains and the under-retarclancy is highly promising.

4 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES37

COMPUTER RESEARCH

Changes in technology and knowl-humans can instantly recognize a mediate' payoffinreducing com- edge and changes in their impact onpicture showing a block standing be- puting time and cost. For example, the complexity of human organiza-hind_a cylinder which stands behind very many problems in science, en- tion have been a constant pheno-a pyramid. Computers have a verygineering, economics, and business menon throughout the history of manhard time doing this. Clearly, thisinvolve solving systems of equa- buthave,untilthe past century,recognition problem is not "hard" in tions. The core of this process is the accelerated only gradually. Today,any absolute sense but its apparent handlihg of matrices (i.e., arrays of however,therateof changeis difficulty depends upon the design numbers) which express the relation- unparalleled in human experience.recognitionbytheperceiver. ships among the equations and un- Stasis, it appears, has permanentlyHumans are better designed thanknowns. Such matrices often have yielded to flux. In furtherance of acomputers for this task. On the otherthousands of rows and thousands of belief that research is, at the samehand, multiplying two long numbers columns (or millions of entries, in time, both an instrument and a sym-togetherisrelatively hard for all). In most cases, all but 1 or 2 per- bol of progress, the Division of Com-humans (impossible for most of us cent of the entries are zero. The tradi- puter Research (formerly the Office without some auxiliary devices such tional way of treating these matrices of Computing Activities) supportedas pencil and paper), but relativelyrequires keeping a record of each research in all areas of computingeasy for computers because of a new entry, whether zero or not; i.e., a com- during this fiscal year. procedure which is better suited to plete picture of the matrix, since we The divisionplaces major em-the design of computers. Interest-need to know both the value and the phasis on fundamental aspects ofingly, humans find this new proce-positionof each entry. Magnetic computer science and engineeringdure much more difficult than the old tapes,magneticdiscs,orother and on research directed toward theone.and the old way may be optimal auxiliary memory devices can be development of techniques that in-for us. used to provide the large memory crease the responsiveness of the com- This search for new procedures iscapacity needed for this purpose, but puter to the requirements of scien-an important aspect of computersimply reading and rewriting these tific disciplines. Projects relative toscience and engineering research and millions of entries as often asis privacyand computer systemone whichisproducing an im- necessary to solve a typical problem security,tothehuman-machine interface, and to energy-related research are also supported by a newly establishedSpecialProjectsPro- gram. In addition, a limited amount of supportfortraveltoselected FI/927 internationalconferencesand meetings is provided. x63215 Theory of Algorithms 42#635 g 927 Human beings have been seeing, hearing, comparing,calculating, /6 9(54- making decisions and,in general, perceiving and thinking for thou- 25 #7t/ sandsandthousandsofyears. 509562 During that time we have developed techniques and procedures for 536r660305 humans which are very good and possibly optimal. The advent of the computer, which can perform some of search for new theories in computer scitmce has produced results not only in thesesame functionsbutwhich new computer techniques but in reexamination of human versus computer works very differently, has given us procedures. Fur instance, human beings can instantly recognize a picture of a block standing behind a cylinder stands behind a pyrtmlicl But cum- reason to reexamine many of these !niters have a h;ird time doing this. On the other hand, humans have difficulties activities. We are discovering some multiplying two hmg numbers, and most need auxiliary devices such as pencil interestingresults.For example, ,iml paper (right). Computers can do this work easily.

565-982 0 - 75 - 4 4 5 38 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES can require hundreds or hours, even a major report, is expected to take ata number of institutions is the at electronic speeds. nearly 3 years to complete. BrUce W. hierarchical computing system. This W.E. Rheinboldt and hiscol- Arden, Chairman of Princeton's Elec- typically consists of a number of leagues and students at the Univer-trical Engineering Department, will small computers in laboratories and sity of Maryland have discovered a supervise theundertaking. The offices, connected in one or more procedure for solving such equa- reportwill define what computer hierarchical layers to a central com- tions which requires knowledge forscience and engineering is, describe puter system. only the non-zero entries. This pro-major research problems now under An example isthe Multidis- cedure reduces computing time by 25investigation, and point out future ciplinaryIntegrated Research percent in the relatively simple caseeducational and research opportuni- Activitiesin Complex Laboratory Of linear equations and may produce ties. It will also seek to explore the Environments (MIRACLE) system at an even greater advantage in the relationshipbetweenresearchin Purdue University. The system con- more complex nonlinear problems. computer. science and the increasing sistsof a collectionofmini- use of computers to help solve pres- computers and microcomputers in Computer Science Survey sing national problems. laboratories and at field sites. These are connected via direct wires or tele- Computer Science and En-Hierarchical Computing Systemsphone lines to a data concentrator, gineeringis a new and rapidly thencetoa main processor, and developing basic research dis- The increasing sophistication and finally, to the main university com- cipline. Its explosive growth, both in quantificationofresearchefforts puter center. With this hierarchical terms of students and number ofhave broadenedthe demandfor arrangement, the really "heavy" com- departments offering degrees, hasscientific computing services. Some puting is done centrally, and tasks re- paralleled the growth of computerof these services, such as on-line quiring constant attention or fast usage in all parts of society. For the high-speed data acquisition, com- response are done by the most appro- first time inits quarter century ofplex pictorial display, and timely priate small computer. activity, and with support from the feedback of results to the investiga- At the Purdue Facilities, a multidis- Division of Computer Research, this tor, have led to the exploration of newciplinary array of research projects discipline will be given a compre- types of computing resources to aug-includesinvestigation'sinbio- hensive examination by researchers ment the conventional computingchemistry, physiology, structural en- in the field. This examination, which center. One type of resource which gineering, meteorology, and environ- will conclude with the preparation ofhas been successfully implementedmentalscience,Themultidis-

Pak

regtfe-F-ir

New types of computing resources such as the hierarchical system have provided aid for the increasing sophistion- irm and quantification of research efforts. Studies or ecosystems at Purdue use minicomputers to reach into n corn- field (left) where solar radiation is recorded and into a laboratory (right) in which a simulated Gvate.rshed is used in bask; hydrology studies. Data from these laboratory computers are transmit ecl by a series of various devices In the 111,1In university cur:11)111yr Center. RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES39 ciplinary environment greatly facili- formingbasiccomputationsre- focus of Government interest has tates the transfer of techniques and quired in science and engineering, in- been on nontechnical matters. How- ideas among research disciplines,cluding an analysis of errors intro- ever, several relevant technical prob- and also helps get research resultsduced in long sequences of steps lems remain, some general and some quickly into public use. For example, typical of scientific computations.specific to particular regulatory pro- the Purdue group has developed a This research is fundamental to pro posals. These problems involve pri- Generalized Environmental Model, viding science researchers with accu- marily the development of adequate using concepts resulting from re- rate,consistent, well-documented,access control methods toassure search in meteorology, atmospheric and extensively tested computer pro-confidentiality of data and measures science, soil science, and hydrology.grams. A major collaborative proj-of the information content of a data Thismodel, implemented onthe ect to improve the quality of scien-bank. MIRACLE central processor, accepts tific computer programsis under Several research projects on com- data in real time over telephone lines way at nine universities and labora-puter security ranging from prag- fromremotefieldinstallations, tories with support from NSF and the matic short-termdata-gathering where sensors monitor phenomena Atomic Energy Commission. studies to highly mathematical and such as soil temperature and mois- speculative basic research have been ture,atmospheric gases and funded by the division. For instance, particles, and solar radiation. The Privacy and Access Donn Parker of the Stanford Re- system generates avariety of re- Control search Instituteiscontinuing his search outputs and also produces study of computer-based crimes with agricultural advisory information on Concern continues to grow over the emphasis on how the computer sys- flooding,irrigation, crop develop-threatsto privacy posed by com-tem was compromised by the crimi- ment, harvesting,fire probability,puter data banks. This concern wasnal. The data he collects will provide and pest management, and urbanexpressed in the Presidential State ofinvaluable information for the design advisoryinformationonenergy theUnion Address delivered onof new protection measures and for demand,healthepisodes,airportJanuary 30, 1974, and amplified fur-research into secure operating sys- safety, and roadway freezing. ther in a special radio address deli- tems.Also,William Maxwellat vered by the President on FebruaryCornell University is studying tech- 23. In that talk, he announced theniques for making computer sys- Software Quality Research formationofaspecialDomestic tems more secure through better soft- Council Committee on Governmentware. He is looking at ways to con- Another thrust of the Division ofData Banks and Individual Privacytrol access to data in systems where Computer Research is directed at oneto be chaired by the Vice President. Inseveral different users are sharing a of the biggest problems in the com-addition, legislationis pending insimple computer with overlapping puter field: the need to improve theboth Houses of Congress, and manydata sets. At the theoretical end of quality of computer programs. ErrorsStates are considering or have passedthis spectrum of projects, Peter Den- in scientific programs aie frequentlylaws controlling the operation ofningatPurdue Universityis subtle and may escape detection forcomputer-basedpersonaldatadeveloping mathematical models of months or years. They differ frombanks. data security in a computer system. errorsinbusinesscomputations,, The attending legal, social, ethical, His work promises to provide im- such as when a surprised recipientand technological considerations ofportant insight into the future de- receives a check for $99,999.99 when computer privacy have beensign of secure operating systems and no check was due. During the past 12thoroughly sorted out in a series ofinto new computer architecture con- years there has been much researchstudies and reports produced overceptswhich may beneededto in numerical mathematics for per-the past several years. The mainguarantee the privacy of stored files. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 43 National and International Progams r:t

art The National and Internationalrequire unusual involvement. by theantarctic research ship Eltanin, now Programs Directoratecomprisesstaff in the management of programs.Islas Orcadas, to Argentina for joint most, though not all of the so- calledIndeed, intensive participation byuseby ArgentineandU,S. "big science" programs ofthethe program staff is a main character-investigators. Foundation, Covering avariety ofistic of the directorate's activities. The establishment,shortly activities, the directorate's programs Highlights of activities in fiscal before the end of the fiscal year; of an areparticularly stronginyear 1974 include: Office for Climate Dynamics') which, oceanography,theatmospheric Initiation of the construction ofin cooperation with other elements of sciences, and astronomy. two new oceanographicresearchthe Government, will focus atten- With some exceptions,thevessels, one of them funded withtion on long-term variations in world programs of the directorate depend fiscal year 1.974 appropriations, asclimate. on unsolicited proposals, which are replacements for older ships in the The fuel crisis had major impact on reviewed and evaluated by peers and"academic fleet." staff .in standard NSFfashion. several programs, especially those InterdisciplinaryprOjectsare Completion of the Pacific phaserequiringships andaircraft and those with major installationsto commonandrequireespecially of the Geochemical Ocean Sections careful review. In addition to theStudy, a project of the Internationalmaintain. A redistribution of funds was required in many cases to cover scientificreviews,however,the Decade of Ocean Exploration,to proposals often require reviews forcollect baseline data along profiles oftheunexpectedincreasesinfuel logistic feasibility and evaluation ofmajor oceanic bodies. costs. internationalaspectsandimpli- Initiation of construction at the In the atmosphere of detente, the cations.And,inthenationalsite of the Very Large Array radioFoundation'sinternational programs,theproposedprojectstelescope in New Mexico, along withcooperativescienceactivities must be fitted into the scope andthe award of several contracts forcontinued to expand, notably with objectives of that particular program,hardware. the U.S.S.R. and other East European as well. nations. Programs with the People's Initiationof limited obser- Certain activities of the directorate Republic of China, Japan, and Latin vations on the new 4-meter Maya]]American nations were also al. a high are carried out under contracts orTelescopeatKitt Peak National interagencyagreements,for levelof r:irctivity.International Observatory,the _secondlargestprojects_ inenergyresearchand exn:rple,. the support for the fiveoperating telescope in the world. National Research Centers, the Deep developmentreceivedspecial Sea Drilling Project, and the logistic Deliveryofthreenewski attention, including a series of visits supportfortheU.S.Antarcticequipped LC-130R transport aircraft byU.S.scientiststocountries ResearchProgram.Thesetypical for use in the antarctic program andengaged in the exploration of alter- aspects of the directorate's activitiestransfer of the specially constructednative forms of energy.

NATIONAL AND SPECIAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS

Several areas of research are ofmine that organizational need are:tions.Researchprograms and such broad ,scope that they requireinternationalcooperation,research support activities falling in special organization to assure thecoordination with other agencies ofthis category are designated by the planning, management, funding, andGovernment, arelationshiptoa Foundation us National or Special logistics essential to their success.specific geographic region, and inter- Research Programs and are reported Among the factors that may deter-disciplinaryscientificinvestiga-here,

4 8 44 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Table 3 carbon, and energy flow through National and Special Research Programs representative systems. For example, Fiscal Years 1972, 1973 and 1974 at the level of gross primary production there are major differences in [Dollars in millions) productivityofcontrasting Fiscal year 1972 Fiscal year 1973 Fiscal year 1974 ecosystemshighly understand- Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount International Biological Program... 38 S 9.4 30 $ 9.20 36 $ 8.82 able as aresult of differences in Global Atmospheric Research Program 37 2.3 55 3.45 51 3.86 temperature, available water,etc. International Decade of Ocean Exploration 102 19 6 92 16.94 116 13.79 Arctic Research Program .. . 61 3.5 62 3.43 46 3.87 But much ofthecaptured solar U.S. Antarctic Research Program... 139 .27.0 130 44 00' 110 24.74 Oceanographic Facilities and Support 65 14.5 62 10.99 86 18.23 energy must be used to maintain the Ocean Sediment COring Program 8 9.2 24 9.59 8 11.08 community andislostinauto- 1973 Solar Eclipse Support .... 2 0 10 .68 I .04 Experimental R&D Incentives Program'.. 0 78 11.89' 70 10.55 ,rophicand heterotrophicrespir- National R&D Assessment Program 0 50 2.29 23 1.95 Science and Technology Policy Research 0 0 0 21 1.01 ation,leavingnetecosystem Energy R&D Policy Research 0 0 0 35 2.52 productionvalues which havea TOTAL 452 WAS 593 $112,46 603 $100,46 much narrower range than those for Includes Supplemental Appropriation $19.74 million for procurement of three skiequipped aircraft, grossproduction. The metabolic ratios suggest similar efficiencies INTERNATIONAL rapidly by Federal, State, and privateand thus commonality of perfor- BIOLOGICAL groups. As we enter an era in whichmance among the divergent systems. PROGRAM* we become increasingly dependent upon national energy sources and The concern with energy flows Fiscal year 1974 was the final yearwise land management practices, thethrough ecosystems forced attention oftheInternational Biologicalscientific contributions of the IBPto the need for data on some very ?Program (IBP). The program wasassume a timeliness and practicalitydifficult components, such as root initiated under the sponsorship of anot foreseen at the initiation of thegrowth and turnover, which pre- National Academy of Sciencesprogram. viously had been largely ignored. committee in an ambitious effort to In the course of the IBP research, aEcologists had known for some time ascertain how natural systemsgreat deal of effort was focused on that much of the "action" in forests function and to elucidate man's roleanalysis of productivity,itsand grasslands takes place below the within and his effects upon severalenvironmentalcontrols,andthesoil surface, but few quantitative major ecosystems. (The results of thepatternsandratesofnutrient,data were available. Measurements IBP will be reported in some detail in an Academy publication to be issued thisyear.)Briefly,major contributions were made in a number of general areas: Development of a data base in severalecosystemsonthepro- duction of organic material and the fluxes and rates of matter and energy transfer. Developmentof mathematical models that contain a level of predictability not previously available. Development of a well-trained cadre of young scientists who are committed to furthering our understanding of complex ecosystems. Moreover, information developed during IBP has been puttouse

4- ` Although administered by the Research Directorate, IBP is included here because of its The exchange of gases in photosynthesis in a deciduous forest is arntmg the identrticationasone oftheFoundation's thousands of measurements made in forests, grasslands, desert, and tunclrn as National and Special Research PruLtra run. part of the International 13iological Program. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 45 from the biome studies show below-because of the alkaline nature of the GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ground activity significantly highersoiland lowlevelsof microbial RESEARCH PROGRAM than anticipated. For example, in oneactivity, much of the nitrogen is lost (GARP)* eastern deciduous forest current datato the atmosphere as ammonia. indicate that more than 50 percent of The concept of a single, huge model the new photosynthetic production isof a forest or grassland to answer all The major effort of this program utilizedbelowgroundforrootscientific and practical needs hasduring fiscal year 1974 was prepara- growth. Even more of the annuallong since given way to the under-tion for the GARP Atlantic Tropical energy and nutrient flux in thesestanding that models must be built atExperiment (GATE) that began on forests is accounted by root turnover,a scale of complexity and temporalJune17,1974.Thescientific organic root exudates, and microbialand spatial resolution needed to testobjectivesof GATE areto:(1) activity. a specific hypothesis or answer aestimate the effects of small-scale In the more arid shortgrass prairie,specificquestion. One importanttropical weather systems such as co-dominapce of two grass speciesstrategy that has been widely used,cumulus cloud clusters on large-scale whichutilizedifferentphoto-especially with larger models, is thecirculations, especially the general synthetic pathways (C3 and C4)preparation of modules or submodelscirculation of the atmosphere, and (2) leadsto more efficient use ofthat can be combined in various waysadvance the development of resources and greater total forageand modified without the necessitynumerical modeling and prediction yields than would be possible withof altering the entire model. modelsto improve weather fore- eitherspeciesalone.Theover- The proof of these models is, ofcasting,particularlyinthemid- whelming importance ofthecourse, in their usefulness in sciencelatitudes. decomposer subsystem, El sector(structuring information and testing The tropics are unique for there, in highly sensitive to temperature andhypotheses) and inproblemthe oceans, most of the heat received moisture,in processingorganicsolvingsuchasassistingin from the Sun as short-wave radiation debris and making nutrients avail-resolutionoflandmanagementis stored. This energy is transferred able points out the critical nature ofconflicts. They have proved valuable into the boundary layer of the atmos- understanding how environmentalinbothroles.For example,phere as latent heat in the form of stresses, such as those associatedproductivityandcarboncycling water vapor. The redistribution of with energy and water, affect thesemodelsforseveralbiomes werethe energy inthe boundary layer ecosystems. The role of the littoral, orutilizedto examine the effects ofoccurs in spurtlike fashion through near-shore,zoneintheoverallclimatic changes such as might bethe atmosphere in cumulus clouds productivity of lakes is apparentlyassociated with an SST fleet. All that become embedded in larger scale analogous to the relationships thatperformed well and provided similarsystems. The study andunder- estuaries bear to the ocean. That is,answers, although validation of theirstanding of these cumulus systems so the littoral zone supplies most of thepredictionswould, of course,be they can be characterized for use in plant organic matter upon which thedifficult. A hydrology-nutrientatmospheric general circulation various lake food 'chains are based. transport model developed by themodeling is at the heart of GATE. IBP findings in the area of nutrienteastern deciduous forest biome is NSF's roleinthe U.S.partici- cycling are as wide ranging andbeing usedto examine leadpation in GARP is to provide support important as they are in ecosystemmovementandaccumulationin to the academic community, where productivity. Strategies vary widelyecosystems. Models developed in themuch of the scientific expertise lies. among ecosystems.Inforests,desert and tundra biomes have beenAbout two-thirdsofthe awards nutrientsare generally tightlyusedtopredict theeffectsof made in GARP this year were in conserved, butcontrastsexistincreased off-road vehicular traffic. support of GATE. This GATE between coniferous forests, which The Foundation plans to continue activityincluded supportfor20 fulfilla substantial proportion offour of the five biome studies at auniversities and research groups, as their nutrient requirements bydecreased level of support for one orwell as funds to place radar (operated internalredistributionwithinmore years beyond the official end ofby MIT), upper air,surface, and individualtrees,anddeciduousIBP. New researchin ecosystemsubsurface observing systems and forests, which cycle a much largeranalysis can be expected to drawassociateddataprocessing proportion of their nutrients throughvery heavily upon the massive data the annual litterfall-clecomposition-base,concepts, and personnel * Although administered by the Research uptake linkages. In deserts, nitrogendeveloped in order to explore the Directorate, CARP is included here because of fixation is high (in great part clue tomany opportunitiesforresearch its identification as one of the Foundation's blue-green algaeinthesoil)but,provided by this pioneering program. National and Special Research Programs. 46 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

y BERMUDA

CAPE VEROE ISLANDS CLOUD CLUSTER

0 0 CONVECTIVE LINES 00

EQUATOR GIOSTATIONARY MIT. SATELLITE PAS-GOES SILEM 10

Huge amounts of atmospheric and oceanic data from a16,800,000-square -mile segment of the world stretching across the All,mlir. Ocean from Africa through Soul h and Central America were occumuldled in thesummer of1074under lhr intmliffiffileil CARI' Atidnii(:TrofflGol ExPerinlent. NSF-funded oximrinleurswere wiwenirdlt. n the oreim area 1,%.est of 1)dkar.

equipmentontheUniversityofexperiment,theAir Mass isinitsfourth year of providing Miami ship RV Gilliss and to place aModification Experiment (AMTEX),support for large, multidisciplinary, boundary layer system and datatook place in the East China Seainternational research projects on processingequipmentfrom the during February1974. Thisliving and nonliving marine University of Virginia on the USCGCJapanese-led experiment had U.S.resources, ocean circulation, and the Minos. Support was provided to theparticipation from the University ofeffectofthe oceans onaglobal University of Oklahoma to help theCalifornia,SanDiego, Purdueclimate and marine environmental National Centerfor AtmosphericUniversity, Texas A&M University,quality. Research.(NCAR) in its U.S. aircraftWoods HoleOceanographic The Seabed Assessment Program data management program. GATE Institution, and NCAR. Another fieldsupportsstudiesoncontinental also has been supported by NCAR phase will be conducted in Februarymargins, deep seabeds, and mid- and NSF's Office of Oceanographic1975. Other activities supported byoceanic ridges in order to identify Facilities and Support. GARP in fiscal year 1974 includednew locations and processes that GATE istruly an international modeling of the general atmosphericproduce natural resources, endeavorfrom its initial planningcirculation and clouds, studies ofparticularlypetroleumandhard toitsexecutionandultimateturbulence and predictability, andminerals. Fieldwork for geophysical analyses of data.It represents theclimate research. and geological surveys of the African best,most integrated example of continental margin was completed in international big science to date. It is 1973. Scientists mapped large sedi- tooearlytoreportondefinite INTERNATIONAL DECADE ment- filled basins and belts of salt scientificfindings,butearly OF OCEAN EXPLORATION diapiric structures, some of which indications arethat many werepreviouslyunreported,and unexpected results are turning up. The Office for the Internationalnone of which has been completely A much smaller GARP field Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE)mapped before. These are identified

5 I NATIONAL. AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS '17

as potentialsourcesforfuture Researchers in the Climate: Long- thattherearemajor and minor petroleum production in deep water.Term investigation, Mapping andclimatic cycles at intervals ranging Complementary work under way inPrediction (CLIMAP) program are from85,000to2,000 years and, early .1974 off Brazil and Argentinaseeking clues to past climatic trends perhaps, even shorter periods. hasalsoidentifiedgeologicalby examining the historical changes . The International Southern Ocean structuresassociatedwithlarge- inoceancurrentpatterns,water Stqdy (ISOS), initiated in fiscal year scale oil accumulation. massproperties,and sea - `surface 1974, will focus on the Antarctic Understandingtheoriginoftemperatures in the world's oceans,Circumpolar Current. Th'.(,rrent is metalliferous ores and metal-bearingReconstruction of past sea-surface the main vehicle for ext land; cg heat, sediments is the goal of projects ontemperatures from fossil evidence in mass,andnutrient;temicals active spreading zones in the deepdeep sea sediment cores suggests betweenthe Antarcticandthe ocean,includingthe mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East PacificRise. Highly metalliferous sediments,a potential source of heavy metals, have been identified in the Bauer -7*--slego4k77'; Basin, located near the East Pacific Rise. Studies indicate that these sediments may consist of distinct manganese, or iron-rich phases, as wellasnickelandcobalt.Pre- liminarysitesurveys andinitial dives by French submersibles were completed on the mid-Atlantic Ridge duringthe summer of 1973 and resulted ina preliminary geologic picture of the research site. First- hand observations, direct sampling, and photographs taken by teams of AmericanandFrenchscientists during approximately 50 dives in the summer of 1974 are under laboratory study. Results from the Environmental Forecasting program will provide the basisfor improved and extended forecasts of weather, climate, and ocean circulation. Forexample, investigatorsinthe North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) found that it was possible to anticipate the onset of El Nino, the long-term warming of surface waters off Peru, by 3 to 8 months by identifying conditions associated withfluctuations in equatorial ocean circulation. Medium-scale eddiesingeneral ocean circulation are thought to play a key role in the effect exerted by the oceans on weather and climate. Data from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics (MODE) field experiment, completed in mid-1973, have made it possible to describe an eddy roughly 80 miles in 100times diameter withspeeds An ocean bottom measuring device is lowered From a research vesselduring the faster than the average circulation of Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) to help determine the circulation of the deep Atlantic Ocean.. eddies in the Atlantic Ocean. 48 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. countries sought to understand thechanging roleof Alaskan natives IntheEnvironmentalQuality key features driving and controllingconcentrated on problems of program, the Pacific phase of thethe upwelling process so vital to the migration tourbanareas.And Geochemical Ocean Sections Study world'S fisheries. The goal of this politicalstudies,. dealing with the (GEOSECS) was completed in June Living Resources project is to enablechangingcharacterofAlaska's 1974, having taken water samples predictionoftheupwellingpolitical economy and culture, anddirectmeasurementsat180 ecosystem by monitoring specific focusedonFederalpublicland locationsbetween theAleutian biological, physical, and policies.The InstituteofSocial, Islands and the Antarctic andmeteorological variables. Economic,andGovernment between Tokyo and SanDiego. During 1973, a number of IDOEResearch, University of Alaska, is Radioisotopic and ;race element dataprojects, including the Mid-Oceancarrying outthe program in areprovidingthebasisforDynamics Experiment, GEOSECS,cooperation with other institutions. quantitativestudiesofoceanandselectedprojectsinmarine The objective of the Greenland Ice diffusion and mixing against whichgeology and geophysics, formed theSheet Project, to construct a record of future distribution of fission andbasis for several projectS'included in pastclimate,issimilartoan other waste products in the sea can theU.S./U.S.S.R.Agreementon objective of the antarctic program. be evaluated. Studies of the World Ocean. Main elements of this international Projects designed to identify the project are ice core drilling, radar mechanisms controlling the rates and POLAR PROGRAMS sounding of ice thickness, sampling paths by which pollutants enter the of gases trapped intheice, and pceans have found concentrations of In the Arctic, the Tundra Biomemeasurement of ice movements. A mercury, cadmium, and lead in theprojectoftheInternationalBio- 400-meter ice core drilled in 1974 will water, biota, suspended particulates,logical Program completed its fourthenable reconstruction of seasonal and marsh sediments of the innerand final year in 1974. Its objectivetemperature variations over the past continental ..shelfstretching fromhas beento develop a predictiveseveral thousand years. South Carolina to Florida. Highestunderstanding of how the tundra The ArcticIceDynamics Joint concentrations were found inthe operates and to bring environmentalExperiment (AIDJEX)continued sediments. Trace metals, petroleum,knowledge to bear on problems ofpreparationforthe main experi- and chlorinated hydrocarbons weredegradation,maintenance,andment, which starts in spring of 1975. detected in the North Atlantic air andrestoration of the temperature-sen-Objective of the project, which began water.Tar lumps,suspectedto sitive, cold-dominated tundra andin 1971, is to forecast ice movement. originatefromtankerwashings,taiga ecosystems. Workshops in theand deformation and ocean- were also found, as was Freon, which United States and an internationalatmosphere heat exchange from a is used as an aerosol propellant. symposiumatAbisko,Sweden, networkofmeteorologicalobser- Plastic cylinders suspended in thecapped theproject, whose majorvation points. Preparation in 1974 for seawillprovidecontrolledresultswillbe reportedinthreethemain experiment included environmentsforexaminingthevolumes over the next 2 to 4 years. development of data buoys, a study effectsonmarineorganismsof The Man-in-the-Arctic project isof cracks (leads)inice floesoff persistentlow-levelexposureto producing social and economic dataBarrow, Alaska, and development of pollutantsinthe Controlledto help Alaska cope with its rapidly mathematical models. EcosystemPollutionExperimentdeveloping industry and with such Sincethe1957-58International (CEPEX). Preliminary results fromfar-reaching social changes as thoseGeophysical Year, when the United 1/4-scale models indicate that thecausedbytheNative ClaimsStatesandothernationsbegan full-scale enclosures (10 meters inSettlement Act. In 1974, following acontinuous research programs in the diameter by 30 meters deep) will beyear of planning, studies got undersouth polar region, scientists have suitable for enclosing communities ofway infour areas. Economicsbeen accumulatingevidencethat' bacteria,phytoplankton, and zoo-research, aimed at identifying andclimatic 'fluctuations in Antarctica plankton identical to those in thequantifyingthestructureOfthe havemajorinfluenceonglobal natural environment. Full-scaleAlaskan economy, included study ofclimatic changes. The ice-covered enclosures are under constructionthe major Alaskan industries andcontinent, part of a single, carthwide and will be launched in 1974. theirinterrelationships. Demo-thermodynamicmachine,cools The JOINT-1 field experiment, agraphic studies,to develop popu-arriving, tropical air and sendsit large-scale oceanographic-lation baseline data and to projectnorthtoheatagain.Thegreat meteorologicalstudyofcoastalchanges,included census dataantarctic circumpolar ocean current, upwellingoffthecoastof Westprocessinganddeterminationof chilled by ice shelves, extends arms Africa, was completed in June 1974.growth trends by age, sex, and ethnic-of cold water beyond the Equator. Scientists aboard ships' from ninegroup. Ethnographic study of theThe ice thus markedly affects the NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

constituents,including atmosphereandtheoceans.Its free valley for 3 million years. Thepheric variation is in fact both a cause and re.measure.mcntshowedthatthe pollutants. in indicator of climatic variations. glacier hasbegunretreating, Physical and biological oceano- probably only in the last '10 years. At graphic researchinthe southern Antarctic projectsin glaciology, the present rate of decay, this ancient ocean had been curtailed in'1972 oceanography, and meteorology areglacier would vanish within 750when a budget cut triggered discon- aimed at analyzing this ice-ocean-air years. tinuationofcruisesbytheice- system. The objectives are to learn Analysis of deep cores drilled intostrengthened research ship USNS the history of antarctic glaciation thesediments androcks aroundEltanin.An arrangementwas and climate, to discover historical McMurdo Sound this year in a jointcompleted with Argentina, however, climatepatterns,andtopredict Japan-New Zealand-United Statesfor joint operation and shared global, climatethrough special projectverifiesthattheice-freescientific use of the ship, and cruises observations in the polar regions. valleys of southern Victoria Landwill resume in mid-1974. The ship, Glaciology in the '1973-74 austral once were marine fjords. The cores, arenamed Islas Orcodos, will summer research season centered on keytointerpretingthecomplexcompletethecircumpolar survey the Ross Ice Shelf, where researchersgeology of the McMurdo region, willbegun in 1962, with emphasis on the of 'six institutions gathered data on aid in dating the glacial history of thekinematics and dynamiCs ofthe ice thickness and movement, internal area. A fringe benefit this year wascircumpolar current, the formation of structure,underlyingwaterdiscovery of viable organisms in thebottom water, the budgets of heat thickness, and ocean tides. A site was frozen cores. and momentum, and marine surveyed for future drilling through To examine and quantity antarcticecosystem analysis. the shelf to the underlying water and meteorological data, and to allow Inadditiontoclimate-oriented sediment. Study of the resulting icepreparationofglobalcirculationprogramsinglaciology, core will reveal the history of ice models,investigatorsfromeight oceanography, and meteorology, flow.Glacialgeologic evidence institutionsarebeginning an major projects took place in upper collectedinthe McMurdo Sound extensive new program at South Pole atmosphere physics, terrestrial and region to date the retreat of the Ross Station. The work includes laser-marine biology, biomedicine, Ice Shelf suggests that the shelf is radar measurement of ice crystalgeophysics, and geology. Three new steadily receding from its maximum distribution,acousticprofiling,ofski equipped LC-130R transport position reached at 'the last ice age. winds,and measurement of skyairplanes were delivered for use in Evidence of overall ice retreat was radiation. The South Pole Stationthe program. The U.S. Navy and a obtained through remeasurement of a alsoserves as an environmentalcivilian contractor provided logistic glacier tongue that has been in an ice- benchmark for monitoring a tmos-support.

A I I.S. Nan y helicopter (left) hovers while personnel of the joint lapan-NewZealood-hailed States project for drilling Antamtica's dry valleys prepare a drill engine For airlifting. During '1973-74,the Dry Valley Drilling Proleitt obtained deep earth cores reaching to bedroc11. al eight sites in i\ntarGlirta, one or \vhieh is NewHarbor (right ), toter Me- Mord() Sound. [Photos by tl.S. Navy( 50NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

OCEANOGRAPHIC reciprocity arrangements. A joint The Nimitz Marine Facility Pier at FACILITIES effort by OFS and frhd'Office of Navalthe Scripps Institution of Oceanog- AND SUPPORT Research (ONR), the other principalraphy, fundedin1972, was supporting agency, providedcompleted on schedule and dedicated Thirty ships operated by 15 emergencyfuelto fleetships onin March '1974. The pier is one of only academicandothernonprofit several occasions. twoin San Diego harbor having water research institutions make up the Constructionof new ships andcomplete sewer and bilge "academic fleet." These ships are improvements to the existing fleetconnectionstoavoid pollution of used principally in the conduct of were also major concerns in 1974.harbor waters with shipboard federally supported researchWhen ship constructionfundswastes. projects. Approximately 70 percent became available early in the fiscal Several awards were madeto of the total operating costs of the fleet year, an existing contract with theimprove handling of oilywastes, are provided by NSF's Office of Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-bilges, and sewage on existing ships OceanographicFacilities and tution for construction of a medium-to bring them into compilance with Support (OFS). In fiscal year 1974, sized research ship was amended toenvironmentalprotectionregula- OF'S made awards totaling more than provide for the building of a second,tions. To establishpriorities and $.13 million for fleet operations and identical "ship. Thefirstship,arrange for funding of upgrading of shipboard technician support. Oceenus;-will be assigned to Woodsthis type, OFS and ONR initiated a In 1974, more than 5,000 of the total Hole upon completion in mid -1975.joint program during 1974 to survey of 8,000 ship-days scheduled by the The second ship will be completed in material condition and outfitting of academic fleet were for NSF projects. late1975orearly1976. Thethe fleet. Inadditiontothefieldworkof designationof an operating individualgrantees,interinstitu- institution for the secondship wil! be OCEAN SEDIMENT tional and international "big science" made in fiscal year 1975. Title to both CORING PROGRAM projects generated heavy ship-time ships will be retained by the Govern- The National Science Foundation requirements.Forexample,five ment. funds the Deep Sea Drilling Project academic shipsjoinedtheinter- national flotilla for Project GATE, a field project of the Global Atmos- pheric Research Program. Multiship operationswere conductedin support of such diverse projects as geophysicalinvestigationsofthe NazcaPlateoffWesternSouth America and biological studies of the JOINT-I expedition off West Africa. Awards .were also made for part- timeuseor charter of highly specialized facilities needed by NSF grantees. Among these were a deep submersible, an aircraft outfitted for oceanographic observations, and a shipequippedformultichannel seismic profiling. The internationalfuelshortage during the winter of 1973-74 posed many problemsforthefleet. However, a combination of hard work, good planning, and a little bit of luck kept delays to a minimum for academic research ships. A "fuel hot- line" was established that served as a focal point for the institutions to exchange information on the avail- The Nullity. t ylarirui Facility Pier at San Diego. dedicaled March 1974, has coin- plate sewer and bilge water handling capabilities to help prevent pollution of ability and price of fuel in various harbor tvilIer. II is part of the marine ()porn' ions facility ()idle Scripps Institution ports and to obtain help with ol Oceanography, Universily of California. Son Diego. 'Photo by University of allocations and international Calilerniii, San Diego!

0r 0 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 51

(DSDP) aspartofthe Ocean Sediment Coring Program. The DSDP is aimed primarily at learning more about the origin and history of the ocean basins and continents through drilling and coring of the sediments and rocks of the ocean floor. The prime contract for the management ofthisprojectis between the NSF and the University of California, with the Scripps Insti- tution of Oceanography of the university delegated the responsibility foraccomplishingthescientific objectives.TheUniversityof California subcontracts with Global Marine, Inc. (CMI) to perform the actual drilling and coring operations with CM l's ship Glomor Challenger. Sixyearsofoperationswere completed in 'August 1974. During this time, 489 holes were drilled at 332 sites in all the Major oceans and seas except the ice-bound Arctic, During fiscal year 1974, 40 holes were drilled in the western, central, and eastern Pacific, the Antarctic, andthewestern NorthAtlantic Snow blankets various pieces of drilling equipment as well as thewind-break oceans. constructed around the drill floor al the research vessel, Glamor Challenger, dur- The results of drilling during fiscal ing drilling and coring operations on t he Antarctic and Arctic expeditionsof the year 1974 continued to help mold new Deep Sea Drilling Project, pert of the Ocean Sediment Coring Program. [Photoby concepts of the Earth's history. For Scripps Institution of Oceanography] example, evidence obtained during Leg 32 dates the opening of the South AtlanticOceanbasinwith newcrystalline oaSement. ment between NSF and the Deutsche accuracy at about 125 to 130 million Two antarctic legs(35 and 36)Forsch ungsgem ei n sc h a ftofthe years ago. At that time, the newlyfound evidence that glaciersFederalRepublicof Germanyis forming Atlantic Ocean must haveoccupiedAntarcticaatleast20expected to be signed in early fiscal looked very much like the modernmillion years ago, and establishedyear 1975. Possibilities of similar Red Sea or the Gulf of California. that parts of the submerged Falklandfuture agreements with France, the ;Lag 33 was designed to test the ideaPlateau are probably greater thanUnited Kingdom, and Japan are tieing that linear island chains, such as the600 million years old. investigated. Line Islands chain, were formed by A heave compensation system, Leg 37, west of the Azores in thedesigned. to improve core samples the movement of the entire PacificAtlantic Ocean, achieved the deepest Plateover fixed"hotspots." and prolong bit life, was installed penetration of crystalline basementaboard Challenger in October and According to this theory, as the plateyet -accomplished (more than 600 driftedoverthe"hotspot,"old tested at sea. Inconsistent perform- Meters) and revealed sedimentaryance and technical problems pro volcanoes would move with the platelayers within the basalt. and new ones would form over the longed the testing, but most prob- "hot spot," eventually creating a long In late February 1974, a Memo-lems had been solved at the end of the chain of volcanic islands. Data fromt a nciu m of Understanding wasfiscal year. A sea floor locator was three sites along the Line Islands.signed between NSF and the U.S.S.R.successfully completed and tested, chain showed thatthe "hot spot"Academy of Sciences calling for aand a new hard-rock laboratory was theory cannot explain their origin. U.S.S.R. contribution to the Deep Seainstalled aboard the ship, Design was Drilling on the Nazca Plate duringDrilling Project of $1million an-begun on a pressure core barrel that Leg34 encounterediron-enrichednually for a period of 5 years com-will maintaininsitu pressure of sediments above the highly fracturedmencing in 1974. A similar agree-cores throughout the coring process. 52 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

SOLAR ECLIPSE SUPPORT EXPERIMENTAL R&D fiscalyear 1973. One major new A total eclipse of the Sun occurred INCENTIVES PROGRAM* experiment to gather information on on June 20, 1974. The path of the total incentives currently being used for BeguninAugust1972,the stimulating technology utilization in phase of the eclipse touched the Earth Experimental R&D Incentives at sunrise in the Indian Ocean south- ongoing Federal agency programs Program was authorized by Congress was initiated. west of Australia. It traveled in ato test potential incentives which the northeasterly direction, passing overFederal Government might use to Amsterdam Island. At the southern University-Industry Coopera- reduce barriers to innovation and to tive Research and Development. The latitude of 30° the path moved in atechnology transfer in the civilian southeasterlydirectiontowards purpose of this experiment, begun economy. During fiscalyear 1974with projects in fiscal year 1973, is to Australia, and the northern limit ofsome 70 grant and contract awards the path touched the southwestern testtheeffectivenessoflimited- weremadetotalingsome$10.6 duration Federal cost-sharing of uni- corner of Australia before leaving the million. The awards were divided Earth's surface at sunset south of versity-industry cooperative applied among planning, support, and back-research programs in stimulating in- Tasmania. The maximum totality ofground studies ($2.2 million), and the eclipse, 5 minutes and 8 seconds, dustrial investment in research and projectexploratoryexperimentsdevelopment. Operational phase occurredovertheIndian Ocean. ($8.4 million). Seventy percent of the Totality over land masses occurred awards for two experimental proj- obligations were awarded for study,ects were made in fiscal year 1974. onlyatAmsterdamIslandand design, and experiment initiation inOne was to MIT for an applied Australia. Maximum totality overprivate sector areas, and 30 percent land was 4 minutes and 13 seconds research program with the polymer were awarded in public sector areasprocessing industry, and the other andoccurredatPointd'Entre-of interest. The largest single award casteaux, West Australia. was to the MITRE Corp. to test the was $3.0 million in an interagencyeffectivenessof a university/in- agreementwiththeVeteransdustry/nonprofit research institute The Foundation supported surveysAdministration (VA). This award is ofpossible as an institutional combination for observingsitesand supporting a cooperative experiment identified those that were optimum stimulating increased R&D invest- for conducting ground-based by the NSF and the VA whereby thement by the New England electric VA hospitals will clinically test andutility industry. experiments.Surveyresultsand evalOate medical diagnostic ultra- information on the characteristics of The completion of Phase Iex- the solar eclipse were provided to sonography imaging instruments ofperiment definitionfor three long- advanced design submitted byterm and eight short-term experi- scientists and serious amateur as-participatingmanufacturers. tronomers. The mental applied research projects in experiment will test whether Federalthis area has provided the following TheFoundationcoordinated action to shorten the clinical testingobservationsandpreliminary nationalandinternationalU.S. period for some kinds of medical findings. efforts related to this eclipse as it did instrumentation and bring them to (1) Companies in specific indus- for the 1973 eclipse. U.S. investi-market acceptance soonerisa tries have been able to work out gators who were interestedin sufficientincentivetoencourageagreeMents for cooperative applied locatingAustralianscientiststo medical instrument manufacturers toresearch projects with the three long- collaborate on solar eclipse experi-increase their investments in instru-term participant universities in this ments were assisted bythe mentationresearch anddevelop-experiment under the stimulus of Foundation. Two rocket-borne ment. limited duration, Federal (NSF) cost- experiments were placed under the sharing. United States-Australia Agreement Private Sector (2) Thelong-termparticipating forScientific and Technical Twenty-three awards were madecompanies have reached agreements Cooperation. The path of the eclipse to commit their own funds to the crossed only a small portion of land by the Private Sector Office for back- groundstudies,includingthecooperative research agreements to in southwest Australia. Only a few bdspent,alongwith NSF cost- conducted experi-operational phase of two cooperative U.S.scientists university-industry sharing funds,' at the university or Ments during the eclipse, and most R&D experimental projects that were initiated inotherinstitutionsperformingthe were congregated within the small research. land area that was covered by clouds (3) Cooperativeresearchagree- during the period of eclipse totality. Although the OfficeofExpermen lid R&D ments (acceptable to NSF) bet ween of two rocket-borne incentives reports to the Office of the Director of Only one the Foundation, it is included here because of its thelong-term participants, where experiments achieved marginal identificationas oneoftheFoundation's more than one company is involved SUCCESS. National and Special Research Programs. inEl given research area, have been NATIONAL. AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 53 achieved,sofar,only when theuniversity protocol, center organiza- Multi-Slate Regional Systems. participatingcompanhtis donottion and staffing). Six courses haveThe appropriate and effective utili- considerthemselvesasdirectlybeen developed, enrolling approxi-zation of research and development competing with each other in regardmately 75 students (graduate andfor public services hinges, at least in to the knowledge generated by theundergraduate level), and all of the part, on geographic scale and density R&D efforts. When the participatingcentersarecurrentlyevaluating factors. This exploratory experiment companies compete with each otherpotential technological innovationswill examine the viability of setting primarily on the basis of the innova-submittedeitherinternallyor up a six-State mechanism to articu- tionsgenerated bytheprogram,externaltothe centers' operation. late the Rocky Mountain regionwide cooperative R&D agreementsbe-Measures have been established toR&D needs and bring regional tween a university and more than onedetermine the effects of the centerresources to bear on these. needs. company have consisted basically ofactivitieson producing increased one-to-one agreements with the uni-technologicalinnovationandon Federal Technology Sharing versity. These arrangements havestimulating students to seek career's Systems.This project will couple a not been considered compatible within technological innovation. Federal Laboratory complex at the the use of Federal funds under this NASA-operatedMississippiTest cooperative R&D project, Public Sector Facility with the State governments ofMississippiandLouisianato (4) Thecooperativeresearch Building on background studies agreements which have been reached examine the degree to which such an andexperimentaldesignefforts arrangementcanhelptheStates by the three long-term participantsinitiatedinfiscalyear 1973,the withtheirindustrialpartners effectively"buy" R&D systems Public Sector Office established foursupport through their own funding resulted in industrial commitmentsmajor exploratory experiments in forresearchand development sources or through national program fiscal year 1974, with parallel resources. ranging from approximately 50.80 toevaluationefforts and support 51.40 for each Si of Governmentstudies.Theseexperiments, Inaddition,thePublicSector (NSF) funding. described below, have the near-termOffice has initiated a series of field (5) Companyfinancialcommit-goalofexploringmulti-insti-studiesandnaturalexperiments ments so far appear to be additions totutional, intergovernmentallooking at similar issues from the their planned R&D budgets. strategies for increasing the use ofpoint of view of metropolitan areas, FederalIncentivesforR&D processes and techniques in the industry, and State legislative staff Stimulating Utilization of Civilian-management and delivery of public activities.Inallcases,program Oriented,Federally Funded R&Dservices at the State and local level. efforts are evaluated in terms.of their shol't-term implication for utilizing Results.Federal agencies funding StateSystems Addressedto civilian-orientedresearchand federally generated technologies, as State and Localo. Needs.Two wellastheir long-term potential developmenthavebeenusinga approaches utilizing State university variety of incentives to stimulaie the regarding Federal policy action in systems arebeing explored. One supportofbetterutilizationof theR&D results. utilizationof focuses ontheutilizationof theresearch and development, broadly Following a publicrequestforUniversity of Oklahoma's extension proposals, NSF awarded a contract construed, by State and local juris- system as the vehicle for identifying dictions. to conduct a natural experiment toand aggregating, local municipal and determine the effectiveness of theserural county needs that can be solved incentives. throughtheutilizationof R&D NATIONAL R&D ASSESSMENT PROGRAM* CentersforInvention andresourcesresidentintheexperi- Innovation.The purposeofthismental area. The other will test the Through the National R&D Assess- experiment is to lest the incentive ofcoupling of industrial R&D capa-ment Program, the Foundation limited-duration Federal funding ofbility operated by the University ofanalyzes patterns of research and innovation centers at universities asTennessee. development and technological inno- an educational stimulus to the choice SystemsAddressedtoState vation; the incentives and decisions of careers in technical innovation.Legislatures.Thiseffortwill that underlie the existing patterns; Threecentersestablishedunderexamine the ways and means ofand the implications that a choice of cooperativeagreementswiththecouplinglocallyavailable R&D options will have in shaping future. MassachusettsInstituteof Tech-competence at Auburn University Although the Ntil lona'R8iI.) Assessment nology,Carnegie Mellon it n intothedeliberationsof Fi State Progrnin reports to the Office of the Director of versity, and the University of Oregonlegislature (Alabama) to help it plan the Foundation. it is included here because of its are nearing the completion of Phase Iand implement programs and legis- identifical ion cis oneorthePoundal ion's (development of course structures,lation havirig technological content. National and Special Research Programs.

159-152 0 - 79 - 5 54 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS patterns of research and develop-andinternalreturnsFromtech- ManagementImprovement(RMI) ment and technological innovation. nological innovation. Program in Fiscal year 1973. In Fiscal Work under this program can be year 1974, the RMI program awarded roughly categorized in three broad Research and development, support totaling $2,912,400to 25 areas. The First area examines past, Factor inputs, and productivity of the projects at universities, colleges, and present, and alternate Future policies individual firm. other independent nonprofit research and practices of governMents ancl Technologicalinnovation and institutions.Allofthe supported assesses the relationships between productivity/product-quality change projects can be classified into six policy options and the processes of by firms. major problem areasof research technological innovation. Emphasis management: isplaced on government policies The effectiveness of educational manifestedthroughexpenditures, systems in Facilitating adaptation to (1) The administration of research the tax system, and the legal Frame- technical change. in accordance l'Arith Federal require- work. In addition, the experience of ments,regulations,policies,and Economic analysisof con- procedures. other industrialized nations in thetractual arrangements affecting area of science and technology policy (2) Management .of interdiscipli- firms' ability to capture returns From nary research projects. is studied to determine implications innovation. for U.S. policy options. In Fiscal year (3) Allocationofresearch 1974, work was undertaken on the Effectofinnovationon pro- resourcesequipment, personnel, following specific subjects: ductivity in the service industries. space, and support services. (4) Planning and forecasting. TaxpoliciesFor R&Dtech- The third area explores innovation (5) Alternative strategies and or- nological innovation. For abetter understanding of the ganizationsforresearch manage- processes and decisions involved. An The relationbetween market ment. understanding of how the innovation (6) Competency-buildinginre- structure and innovation. process worksisnecessary to search management at all levels of Governmentpolicies andthe ascertain Federal options. Included university administration. adoptionofinnovationsinthe inthis area are the processes of integrated iron and steel industry innovation that may pertain to the Almost half of the projects supported private and public sector. In fiscal deal with category (2) above, the A state-of-the-art review of theyear 1974, work on the Following management ofinterdisciplinary effectsofregulation ontech-subjects was started: research projects. nological innovation in the chemical All of the projects supported in and allied products industries. Technologicalinnovationand Fiscal year 1973 are still under way. process development Four of them are nearing comple- The second area in this program is Role of the initial user in the tionat the California Institute of the study of socioeconomic conse-industrial good innovation Technology,OregonStateUni- quences of technological innovation versity, the Upstate Medical Center withtheaimofestablishing Diffusionofinnovation:a of the State University of New York methodologiesandestimates to longitudinal study inthe shoe (S\UNY),andtheUniversityof measure and analyze the effects of industry Southern California. Each of the Four technqlogicalchanges. Specific is concerned with a different problem studies started in Fiscal year 1974 in The adoption of innovation by local government' area of research management. this category are: InvestigatorsattheCalifornia Diffusionof technologyin Institute of Technology are address- Study of availability and quality municipal governments ing the problem of rising costs For of national statistics on research and research support services. One study developmentinselected OECD Role of consortia in the national of departmental indirect costs will R&D effort countries, yield information on ways to provide Therelationshipoftech- improved research support services nological change and the demand For RESEARCH MANAGEMENT and effect economies in academic and supply of raw materials. IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM departmental organizational structures. A second investigation, con- International technology trans- Recognizingthedesirabilityof cerned with the operation and main- fer by multinational enterprises. improvingthe managementof tenance of the physical plant, is an Federally supported research-related analysisofFunctionsperformed, An evaluationofalternative activities and research resources, the togethm; with the Financial support methods for measuring the external Foundation established the Research patterns of each. Ina third project.

0 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL, PROGRAMS 55 investigators are studying the eco-particular, they have been analyzingmaster's grantors, and about one- nomic and engineering feasibility ofthosemanagementpolicies,tenth to colleges offering only under- an on-site power-generation plant aspractices,andstructuresthatgraduate programs. a means of offsetting the rapidlyfacilitatetheconductofinter- Institutional officials decide how rising costs of electrical power. disciplinary research. From thesethe grant funds are to be spent. The Oregon State University is con-data, they will develop new manage-methods of determining priorities ducting a general review, analysis,ment techniques for such researchwith respecttothe use of insti- and evaluation of its management ofand test their effectiveness in on-tutional grant funds vary consider- research.Investigatorsare exam-going interdisciplinaryresearchably among the participating colleges iningtheuniversity'scentralefforts at the university. anduniversities.Thereisan research management activities; its increasingtendency, however,to management and coordinationof vest control of the funds in special' research in all its centers, institutes, INSTITUTIONAL GRANTS committees whose primary purpose is to set institutional guidelines and academic schools and departments, FOR SCIENCE and other research organizations; its criteriaforallocatingthefunds research associations with industry; Institutional\ Grants for Sciencewithin the various scientific disci- and its research-related purchasingprovide general support for scienceplines. procedures and costs. An immediateannually to about one-fourth of the As in previous years the purchase of andsupplies(in- resultofthisprojectwillbea Nation's colleges and universities. equipment Research Handbook, designed pri-Each grant is computed by applying a cluding scientific books and period- marily for use by university staff andgraduated arithmetical formulato icals)accountedfor, half the ex- faculty, but available to others too. the amount of an institution's Federalpendituresconsiderably more than research support during thehalf for institutions offering only At the SUNY Upstate Medicalpreceding year. undergraduate programs.Salaries Center, investigators are studying In fiscal year 1974, the Foundationand stipends represent nearly 30 thefeasibility of applying themade 678institutionalgrantspercent of the expenditures; doc- Critical Path Method of planning tototaling $7 million. Each of the 50 toral-levelinstitutions,manyof resourceallocationforresearchStates,theDistrictof Columbia,which use the grants to encourage projects. A theoretical model hasPuerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin their younger faculty members to ini- been developed and is now beingIslands had one or more institutions tiate research projects, spend a larger evaluated for its effectiveness and toreceiving grants. The grants rangedproportion of their funds for faculty determine what benefits the methodin size from $1,000 to 567,100, withsalariesthandoundergraduate may provide the individual investi-the average being 510,300. Since thecolleges. The physical sciences have gator,thegrantsadministrationprogram began in fiscal year 1961, received about one-third of the funds, staff, and the Medical Center as aover 1,100 colleges and universitiesand the life sciences about one-fifth. whole. have receivedinstitutional grantsPercentageallocations to social Investigators at the Uniersity ofamounting to $135 million. sciences and psychology tend to be Southern California have examined Three-fourths of thefiscal yearhigher in universities than in col- the management of interdisciplinary1974 institutional grant funds wereleges where instructional equipment research as itis practiced at majorawardedtouniversities grantingfor natural science laboratories has universities across the country. Indoctor's degrees, about one-sixth tothe *hest priority.

NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTERS

The Foundation provides supportcenter for research inthe atmos-tionalandresearchinstitutions. For the development and operation ofpheric sciences. These centers haveTheyprovidespecializedequip- fiveNationalResearchCenters.been established to meet national re-ment,facilities,and scientific Three of the centers are devoted to re-search needsinspecific areas ofexpertise to aid all qualified scien- search in astronomy; one supportssciencerequiringfacilitiesandtistsperformingindependent research in ionospheric physics asoperationalsupportbeyondthe research of their own choosing. well as in astronomy; and one is acapabilitiesofindividualeduca-

6 56NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Table 4 National Research Centers Fiscal Years 1972, 1973, and 1974

Fiscal year 1972 Fiscal year 1973 Fiscal year 1974 Research Research Research operations operations operations Capital and support Capital and support Capital and support obligations services Total obligations services Total obligations services Total

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center $1,900,000 $ 2,787,500 $ 4,687,500 $ 399,000 $ 2,851,000 $ 3,250,000 $590,000 $ 2,610,000 $ 3,200,000 Kitt Peak National Observatory 456,000 7,243,881 7,699,881 70,000 7,780,000 7,850,000 792,000 7,008,000 7,800,000 Cerro told° Inter - American Observatory 385,000 2,115,000 2.500,000 216,000 2,484,000 2,700,000 717,000 1,883,000 2,600,000 National Radio Astronomy Observatory 80,000 6,589,900 6,669,900 3,000.000 6,950,000 9,950,000 4,294,000 7,806,000 12,100,000 National Center for Atmospheric Research 1,000 000 17,177,40 18,177,416 0 16,000,000 16,000,000 1,148,000 16,352,000 17,500,000 TOTAL $3,821,000 $35,913,697 $39,734,697 $3,645,000 $36,065,000 $39,750,000 $7,541,000 $35,659,000 $43,200,000

NATIONAL ASTRONOMY The upgraded facility will increase KITT PEAK AND IONOSPHERE CENTER by a factor of 12 the frequency range NATIONAL OBSERVATORY availableforscientificobserva- The National Astronomy and Iono- tions. Astronomers will be able to The Kitt Peak National Observa- sphere Center (NAIL) is operatedstudy the characteristics of inter-tory (KPNO) is operated under a con- and managed by Cornell University stellar molecules, pulsars, andtractwiththeNationalScience under contract to the National Sci-remote galaxies, and to make high_Foundation -by the Association of ence Foundation. The primary NAIC resolution maps of the surfaces of theUniversitiesfor ResearchinAs- observing instrument is a 1,000-foot- planets Venus and Mercury. tronomy, Inc., a nonprofit corpora- diameter spherical reflector located During fiscal year 1974, the NAICtion representing a consortium of 12 at a site 12 miles south of the city of observing facilities at Arecibo wereU.S. universities. The primary mis- Arecibo,P.R.NAIC providesused by 30 visiting investigatorssion of the observatory is to provide administrative,engineering,and from 15 US. and foreign research and facilitiesforfrontier researchin technical support for visitor and staffeducational institutions. The numbersolar, planetary, stellar, and galactic research programs at the observing of public visitors to the observatoryastronomy. Major ground-based tele= site. during the year exceeded 20,000. scopes,auxiliary instrumentation, The upgrading of the 1,000-foot- diameterreflectorobservatoryis nearing completion. Installation of the new reflector surface, consisting of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, was completed in December 1973. Final alignment of the new surface, scheduledfor completionin December 1974,willpermit high performance at wavelengths shorter than 10 centimeters, well below the previous short wavelength limit of 50 centimeters. A major part of the upgrading program at NAIC is the installation of an S-band transmitter which will increase the planetary radar power level from 150 kilowatts at 430 MHz (mep,ahertz, or a million cycles per second) to 450 kilowatts at 2.4 GHz (gigahertz, or a billion cycles per The suspended platform of the ridiuti"cudio telescopyit Arecibo, Puerto Rico, second). This capabilityisbeing bangs above Illy newly paneled bowl below. The platform contains carriage sponsored by the National Aero- houses, elevation roils, and a 130-inegahertz antenna. [Photo by Cornell [Inkier- nautics and Space. Administration. sil1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS57

Institute of Technology to Kitt Peak National Observatory. During fiscal year 1975 production of large gratings will begin. A solar vacuum telescope became fully operational in fiscal year 1974. The telescope provides chilly high- resolution magnetic maps (magneto- grams), spectroheliograms, and kinetograms of the full disc of the Sun. During fiscal year 1974, the KPNO facilities were used by 257 ,astron- °met's, representing 78 U.S. and 48 foreign institutions/from 10 countries. A minimum of 60 percent of time on KPNO telescopes is reserved for visiting scientists,

CERRO TOLOLO INTER-AMERICAN L. OBSERVATORY The Kitt Peak National Observatory stands atop a mountain, 53 road miles from Tucson, Arizona. The new Solar Vacuum Telescope is housed in the tower at The Cerro Tololo Inter- American lower right. immediately adjacent to the McMath-Solar Telescope. The Nicholas Observatory (CTIO), operated under U. Maya!! 4-meter telescope building is shown the lop. [Photo by Kill Peak] contract with the National Science Foundation by the Association of Universitiesfor Research in and related supportfacilitiesare photographic plate .provides signifi-Astronomy, Inc., was established in available to staff scientists and tocantly more sky coverage than any1963 on Cerro Tololo, situated in the visiting astronomers from researchpreviously at' inable. The "Science"Chilean Andes approximately 300 andeducationalinstitutionsclone per o' ping hour with this miles north of Santiago and50miles throughout the United States andinstrument will exceed by orders ofinland from the coastal city of La abroad. The observatory supportsmagnitude that done by the largeSerena. The primary facilities of the programs atitsfacilities on Kittinstruments of an earlier generation. observatory are located on the 7,200 Peak, a6,800-foot-high mountain A new program being developed at foot -high Cerro Tololo mountoin. located 40 miles west of Tucson,KPNO will resolve a prbblem thatWith its dry, stable air and dark sky, Ariz. The observatory headquartersastronomers have faced for manyCerro Tololo offers what has been in Tucson provide office, computing,years: the production of large diffrac-judged to be the best atmospheric and engineering facilities for visitingtion gratings. The gratings are used"seeing" conditions for astronomical and staff scientists. to separate, by diffraction, the manyresearch available anywhere in the The major effort of KPNO duringdifferentwavelengthsforming a world. fiscal year 1974 was to bring intobeam of light. With larger gratings Situated atEl southern latitude of operationthe4-meter(158-inch)astronomers will be able to study the 30°, CTIO provides ground-based Mayall Telescope, the second largestSun and stars in greater detail than telescopes,auxiliaryinstrumenta- operatingtelescopeinthe world.everbefore.For many typesoftion, and supportfacilitiesfor This powerful instrument, with itsstudies an increase in the size of a studies of astronomical objects in fast prime focus, permits astron-grating has the proportionaleffect ofthat part of the sky not visible from omers to obtain photographs of faintan increase in the size of the telescope the Northern Hemisphere. These in- objects in practical exposure times.primary mirror. Thus the same re-clude the southern Milky Way and Objects such as faint quasars andsult may be achieved by using eitherour nearest external galaxies, the pulsars, as well as radio and X-raya 150-inch telescope with a 24-inch Magellanic Clouds. sources radiating in the visible spec-grating, or a 300-inch telescope with During the past year, the 300-ton trum, are now within optical reach.a 12-inch grating. In January 1974 a mountforthe 4-meter (158-inch) The telescope's prime focus also has agrating ruling engine capable of rul-telescope on Cerro Tololo was wider field of view than any othering gratings up to 32 inches wide was erected and balanced. Grinding and major instrument. Consequently, onetransferred from the Massachusetts polishing of the CTIO 17-ton Cer-Vit

G2 58 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS mirror blank was completed at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Ariz. The mirror blank is the largest Cer-Vit blank ever figured and has the fastest focal ratio of any large mirror in existence. While the quartz mirror for Kitt Peak's 4-meter Mayall Telescope re= '7.4to..3% quired over 3 years of grinding and polishing, the CTIO blank was more accuratelyfiguredafteronly24. months, with an additional 6 months forfinalpolishing. Throughthe development of new and improved testing procedures pioneered in the KPNO optical shop, final testing has shown an optical resolution of better than0.1arcsecondsthe most accurately figured large mirror blank ever produced. The primary mirror is scheduled to arrive for installation at Cerro Tololo in early fall 1974 and "firstlight"shouldbe acquired shortly afterward. This 4-meter telescope will be the largest telescope Technicians of the Kill Peak Optical Department position reference scales on the new 4-meter mirror that is now installed at the CerroTololo inter-American operatinginthe Southern Hemi- Observatory in Chile. The scales being used are purl of a critical Foucault lest sphere, and along with its sister 4- necessary for final acceptance. [Photo by Kitt Peak] meter telescope at Kitt Peak Na- tional Observatory,itwill be the second largest telescope operating NATIONAL RADIO surface and pointing tolerances that anywhere in the world. make it suitable for operation in the ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY millimeter regionoftheradio The observatory also completed The National Radio Astronomyspectrum. erection of a 1-meter instrument, anObservatory (NRAO) provided the The spectral line capability of the f/10 Ritchey-Chretien telescope of Green Bank interferometer has been high optical quality, on loan fromfacilities and equipment necessary to assure a strong national program inenhanced with the addition of a YaleUniversity.Thistelescope is operated fordigital delay system. A 500 to 700 should reduce substantially the pres-radio astronomy. It theFoundation by AssociatedMHz parametric amplifier receiver sureforobservingtimeonthe Universities,Inc.,anonprofithas been added to the "front ends" observatory's1.5-metertelescope, (input electronics) available at Green which is now over subscribed bycorporation formed by nine northeastern universities. Bank. Four new 256-channel filter re- more than 100 percent. The first NRAO headquarters are located inceivers have been added at the 36 -, plates were taken with the 1-meter inCharlottesville, Va. The principalfoot telescope. December 1973, and by mid-January observing site is at Green Bank, W. Very Long Baseline Interferometer itwas operatingroutinely ona Va. In addition, there is a radio tele-(VLBI) experiments are conducted temporary pad. In early May 1974 the scope attheKitt Peak Nationalusing,stations located throughout the instrument was installed in the com- Observatory in Arizona. The Veryworld. The NRAO Mark III VLBI tape pleted building. Large Array (VLA) radio telescope,processor is being upgraded to in- During fiscalyear 1974, 110currently under construction, will beclude more correlation channels and astronomers from 46 U.S. institu- located near Socorro, N. Mex. to allow simultaneous processing of tions and 10 foreign institutions con- The principal instrumentation attapes from three telescopes. A new ductedobservationprogramsat Green Bank includes a 300-foot meri-hydrogen-maserfrequencystand- CTIO. A minimum of 60 percent of dian transit telescope, a 140-foot tele-ard is being installed at Green Bank the time available on CTIO tele-scope, andafour-antennaradioto improve phase stability for VLBI scopes was reservedforvisiting interferometer. The instrumentat experiments. scientists. Kitt Peak is a 36-foot telescope with At the 36-foot telescope atKitt NATIONAL. AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 59

Peak, the data collection system was replaced infiscal year 1974 by a DDP11/40 computer, ahigh-speed multiplexer, and a new family of wide-band, ultrastable filter banks. The astrodome was recovered with new fabric. The central IBM 360/50 computer was upgraded toan IBM 360/65 system in March 1974. The VLA, located on the Plains of San Augustin, 50 miles west of Socorro, will consist of 27 antennas, rkf each having a diameter of 82 feet and weighing 210 tons. Each antenna is movable along a system of railroad tracks arranged in the shape of an equiangular "Y." Contracts for the antennas and antenna transporter vehicles have been awarded, and railroad construction materials have been obtained. Right-of-way ease- ments for the five tracts of land required for the initial phase of site construction have been obtained, and constructionhasbeeninitiated. Subcontracts have been awarded for On the Plains of San Augustin, 40 miles west of Socorro, New Mexico, 27 anten- the synchronous and asynchronous nas, each with a diameter of 82 feet and weighing 210 tons, will move along a subsystems,whichcomprisethe system of railroad tracks in the shape or a Y. When completed hi the early 1980's, continuum computer, and for the this system or interconnected radio telescopes, called the Very Large Array or criticaltelescopecomponents, VIA. will be the most advanced radio telescope in existence. including focusing feed mounts, sub- reflectors, and Cassegrain feeds.

NATIONAL CENTER FOR activities involved '175 visiting scien-test the feasibility of using cloud ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH tists and graduate students. Facilityseeding asatoolto reduce hail The National Centerforsupport was provided to 487 scien-damage. Some significant research Atmospheric Research (NCAR) intists from approximately 180 institu-accomplishments in the hail experi- Boulder, Colo. has two primary mis-tions. ment are discussed under "Research sions: During fiscal year 1974, a greatProject Support Activities" earlier in To plan and conduct, in coopera-deal of NCAR's effort was centered this volume. tionwithuniversities and otheron two major field research pro- NCAR's principal effortsinthe organizations, atmospheric researchgrams: the National Hail ResearchGARP program have beenthe programs beyond the scope ofExperiment and the GlObal Atmos-development of global, three-dimen- inch vid ual universities. pheric Research Program (GARP)sional models of the atmosphere, and To develop and-operate selectedAtlanticTropical- Experimentparticipationin GATE, discussed in- researchfacilitiesinsupportof(GATE). A third major effort under "National and Special Re- atmospheric research programs con-volved observationsofthesolarsearch Programs." The scientific air- ducted by the Nation's scientists. corona with the NCAR White Lightcraft plan for GATE was developed Coronagraph Experiment on boardby NCAR scientists, working closely NCAR is operated for the Founda-NASA's SKYLAB orbiting labora- with colleagues in the United States tion by the University Corporationtory. andother countries. NCAR also for Atmospheric Research, a non- The National Hail Experiment hasdeveloped an aircraft data manage- profit corporation formed by 42 U.S.two major goals: to gain an improvedment plain for the experiment, and and 2 Canadian universities. Duringunderstanding of the microphysicsestablished a team to handle the data. calendar year 1973, NCAR researchand dynamics of hailstorms and toMore than 40 scientists, technicians, 60NATIONAL. AND INTERNATIONAL. PROGRAMS engineers, flight crew members, and support people from NCAR partici- patedin GATE fieldoperations, which centered on a 200-square-mile area of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and were directed from, an inter- nationalcontrol centerinDakar, Senegal. During the 3 manned SKYLAB missions, the NCAR White Light Corona- graph obtained about 36,000 photographs of the solar corona, as well as high-quality photographs of comet Kohoutek. Some excellentphoto- graphs were obtained of the solar corona during both quiet periods and eruptions, and of the December 24 annularsolareclipse.Digital analysis of the photographs is expected to yield valuable new knowledge of the structure and evolution of the solar corona.

During the three !Nutlet] Skylab Apollo missions, NCAR's white light coronagraph obtained about 36,000 photographs of the solar corona, including this phologro ph of an unusually large solar prominence erupting [rum the Sun on lune ID, t0:3. 'Photo by Nr,,A1:1

SCIENCE INFORMATION ACTIVITIES

Early in fiscal year 1974, priorities development of improved, generaliz- Lion. Two new programs were added were established for five programsable forms of science communica-during the year: the User Support for the Office of Science Information tion. Program, which brought much Srice. These were: Research Sup- needed emphasis on understanding port,NationalInformation,User Of the five programs, the major the requirements of usors as the basis Support, Economics of Information,emphasis remained in the Researchfor developing improved services; and Foreign Science. At the sameSupportProgram.TheNational and an Economics of Information time, funding for new publications,InformationProgram wasre- Program, which introduced a sys- including pet:iodicals, wasdirectedtowardbuildingcapa- tematic effort to gather data on the terminated, and funds were devotedbilitiesforcomputer-basedex- costsandbenefitsofscience exclusively to support of research orchangeofbibliographicin forma- communication activities.

85 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 61

Research Support Program dealingwiththecurrentenergy lion in the United States, and a state- shortage. The effort, which will con- of-the-art review of what is known During fiscal year 1974, NSF gave tinue atleast through fiscal year about the economics of transferring finalsupporttotheuniversity-1976, was initiated with a pair ofinformation from one place to centeredinformationsystemsat planning workshop's. Participation another. Also started was a basic Pittsburgh and Ohio State. These andby producers, processors, and users assessmentofthe economic and similar systems at the University ofof energy R&D information, from policy issues related to public versus Georgia, University of California, bothpublic and privatesectors, private responsibility for assuring Los Angeles, and Lehigh Universityresultedinspecific recommenda- economicviabilityofscience arecontinuingdevelopmentand tions for program actions. information activities. operationsattheir own expense. Final support was also provided for Foreign Science Program the development of the New England User Support Program science information network under Three important activities under andexperimentswere the auspices of the New England Studies this program infiscalyear 1974 in Board of Higher Education. Other re-originated order to produce included: search included initial work on waysinformation for developing services to retrieve specific data or facts fromthat will be more responsive to user Establishmentof a texts cif reports and, with MIT, workneeds. One approach consisted of U.S./U.S.S.R. Joint Working Group on ways to search dissimilar biblio-studies designed to increase under- on Scientific and Technical Informa- graphic data bases. Research corn-standing of the characteristics and tion. The U.S./U.S.S.R. joint activi- .pleted by the Illinois Institute ofrequirementsofusers,with ties are focused on: (a) development Technology's Research Institute pro-emphasis on needs of scientists andcl of a common format for the machine vide d improved methods forengineers working in induStry. Data exchange ofbibliographicdata manipulation of large data bases,are soughtthat canbe used bybetween systems in the two coun- suchasthose ,involvedinthemanagers of services to introduce a tries; (b) improvements in methods of preparationof computer-basedwider range of information servicesforecasting developments related to abstracting and indexing publica-thatare self-supporting andscientific and technical information tions. responsive to user needs. Anotherservices; and (c) analyses of the costs approach focused on finding ways of and benefits of such services. Dur- National Information Program reaching classes of users not nowing October 1973,11top Soviet servedbyexistingservices.For science information managers and Final funding was provided forexample, in cooperation with publicresearchers participated in a seminar development of improved computerlibraries in the San Francisco Bayon these topics in Washington, D.C., processing capabilities for chemicalarea, the Lockheed Corp. is bringing andthentouredU.S.science information provided by the Chemi-on -line computer searching of nearlyinformation facilities. calAbstractsService(CAS).20 scientific and technical informa- Computerization of CAS has alreadytion files to users who could not, by InitiationofU.S./Japanese yielded a fourfoldexpansionthemselves, afford computer termi-seminars, held in Tokyo on March 11- capacity (twice the coverage in halfnals. A similar activity is hein;;;;pon-13, 1974, focused on the future of pri- the time) since the project was under-soreclinPennsylvania under themaryorhard-copyscientific taken in 1965. The program's newPennsylvaniaScienceandEngi- journals. emphasis on developing operationalneering Foundation. compatibility among private and Formationof a U.S. Federal science information systems Economics of Information Committee on International Scien- was underlined in April 1974 by n Program tific and Technical Information Pro- conference of national leaders in the grams at the National Academy of field of bibliographic control. Out of The first task under this new pro-Sciences. This committee replaces theconferencecamesp'ecificgram was the development ofa two existing committees and will recommendations for the develop-quantitative description of the scien-also serve as the U.S. national comment of standards considered essen-tific and technical information enter-mittee for UNISIST, which is a non- tial for the emergence of a national re-prise in the United States. Activitiesrepresentationalacronymforthe source sharing network. included initial development of a setjoint international Council on Scien- Another program initiative was toof science information indicators, atific Unions-UNESCO study of the locate diverse and scattered informa-description of the production andFeasibility of a World Science tion resources likely to be useful indistributionof scientific informa- Information System.

0) 62NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

During fiscal year 1974, the Na- tional Science Foundation was named executive agency for a Sci- Bilateral Science and Technology Agreements Number of Approved Activities FY 1974 enceand Technology Agreement r. with New Zealand; it also assumed Visiting Scientists Cooperative Research the role previously given to the Office Country U.S. Foreign Seminars Projects of Science and Technology as executive agency forthe U.S.-U.S.S.R. Argenii^,, 2 Australia 5 7 1 Agreement on Cooperationinthe Brazil .7 1 9 Fields of Science and Technology. Rep. of China 12 4 6 This brings to 14 the number of France 16 13 1 bilateralscienceagreementsfor Hungary 6 2 1 5 which NSF has management respon- India 14 18 the U.S.-japan Italy 8 4 24 sibility. Of these, Japan 8 28 29 "Cooperative SciRce Prograni, NSF's Mexico 9 7 oldest bilateral activity, and the new New Zealand -- U.S.-U.S.S.R.Scienceand Tech- Rumania 13 17 2 13 nologyProgram,areparticularly Spain . 5 18 active.The japanprogramcon- USSR 2 65 tinued its high level of interaction, Total 100 50 54 178 with cooperative projects and seminars on energy research and environ- Special Foreign Currency Program mental pollution. The U.S.-U.S.S.R. program, with the Director of NSF Summary of Projects by Country serving as U.S. Chairman of the Joint Translation Commission in his role as Science Projects Adviser, has initiated activity in all Country Research Grants Travel Grants (Contracts) oftheprogram areas previously Egypt 12 19 agreed upon for cooperation. These India 35 2 include chemical catalysis, applica- Pakistan 8 I 1 tion of computers to management, Poland 10 30 1 energy,microbiology,water Tunisia 3 9 1 resources,scientific and technical Yugoslavia 9 4 information, science policy. forestry Tuial 41 98 5 research and technology, meirulogy and standardization,electro- 11S.-U.S.S.R. and metallurgy,intellectualproperty, East Europe Academy Exchange Programs and special topics in physics. NSF made 65 awards in support of ap- Visits Each Way* proved programs. United States Foreign In addition to the 14 formal bi- Country Scientists Man-Months ScientistsMan-Months scienceprograms,the lateral U.S.S.R. 27 61 36 1.17 Foundaiiun worked informally with Bulgaria 5 5 8 23 theBulgarianand Czechoslovak Czechoslovakia t9 'VI 7 14 Academies to develop approved pro- Hungary 15 27 11 29 grams,Also,aspartofa new Poked 13 22 5 15 Cooperative Science Program with 12 16 9 15 Latin America, NSF supported Yugoslavia 7 7 7 21 cooperative projects with scientific Total 98 169 83 234 institutions in Colombia, Costa Rica, For the period May 1, 1073 to April 30,197.1. Venezuela,andGuatemala.The latter set of projects, in fact, intro- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 63 ducesthe concept of cooperation NSF does not financially support thesearch,especiallySolarand geo- throughregionalprogramsin BSF, it has provided staff assistancethermal. countries where formal bilateral sci- to the Director in his Board respon- ence agreements do not exist. sibilities and has provided reviewers The Foundation's support of the for proposals being considered by the Special Foreign Currency NationalAcadeMy ofSciences' BSF. Program for Scientific (NAS) international activities con- The Foundation supported NASResearch and Related Activities tinued. In particular, the exchange of membership and participation in the scientists programs with the People's International Council of Scientific The Foundation's Special Foreign Republic the Currency (SFC) Program for Scien- of China and with Unions and other international scien- Academies of the U.S.S.R., Bulgaria,tific organizations. The Academy's'tific Research and Related Activi- Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, membership in and support of theties, using U.S.-owned excess cur- Romania, and Yugoslavia have been International Institute for Appliedrency, has supported cooperative re- maintained and, in some cases, en- Systems Analysis (IIASA), locatedsearchprojects, seminars, and larged. During the year five groups of in India, in Austria, continues with funds pro-translations Egypt, U.S. scientists visited the People's vided by NSF. The Foundation hasPakistan, Poland, Tunisia, and Yugo- Republic of China and six groups of slavia during the year. The SFC pro- developedanin-house groupof Chinese scientists reciprocated. reviewers to study IIASA programsgram in Yugoslavia terminated this Theseexchangesareundertaken and proposals and to assist NSF inyear,however, because the U.S. - through the Committee on Scholarly decisions relating to its policies andowned excesscurrenciesinthat Communication withthe People's direction. nation have been exhausted. In fiscal Republic of China for which the year 1974, the Foundation a :Yarded Foundation providespartialsup- The increased emphasis on energy41 grants for cooperative research port. Similarly, 98 U.S. scientistsproblems resultedinfunds being and made 98 travel awards for activi- visitedtheU.S.S.R. and Eastern made available to NSF to foster inter-ties in these countries. Translation European nations under NAS ex-national cooperation in energy re-support was given to five projects. change agreements,Inturn,the search and development. In coopera- Under this program, the Founda- United States received 83 scientiststion with the Department of State tion supported the visit of a U.S. team from that part of the world. and other U.S. Government agencies, of specialists to Pakistan to partici- During the fiscal year, the UnitedNSF initiated a program of visits ofpate with members of the new Pakis- States-Israel Binational Science U.S. scientists to countries actively tanScience Foundation (PSF)in Foundation(BSF),with NSF's engagedinexploringalternativedeveloping plans and priorities for Director serving as its first Chair--forms of energy. Also, a program was its operation. The PSF is expected to man of the Board, undertook its firstinitiatedof binational and inter-play a major role in the advancement full year of operation. Although thenationalseminarson energyre-of Pakistani science and technology.

G 141.1SEA 14CI I APPLICATIONS 67

Research Applications

In fiscal year 1974 the Researchspecifying guidelinesfor prepara-environmentalmanagementprob- Applications Directorate completedtion of unsolicited RANN proposals.lems such as land and coastal zone the third year of operation of its The national energy crisis stim-uses. It also is aimed at threats to the RANNResearch AppliedtoNa-ulated considerable expansion of thismanmade environment from earth- tional Needsprogram. During this-component of RANN research, andquakes, fire, and other natural ha- year RANN was pointed sharply to-'significant results were registered,zards. ward national problems in energy,Perhaps the most noteworthy was Productivity efforts were pointed environment, and productivity. the construction and operation of toward public sector productivity, An important purpose, of this pro-experimental solar energy systems to including a whole spectrum of work gram is to shorten the time betweenaugment the heating plants of four aimeditbetter use of human and the discoveries of science and theirpublic schools at different locations institutional resources, particularly application in meeting human needs.in the United States. In addition, two in State and local government. Re- Thus, RANN provides a key bridgesolar heating ,'anticooling labora- search in private sector productivity between the Foundation's basic re-tories were constructed, an experi- focused attention on opportunities search programs and the develop-mental solar house was built, and for industry touse modern tech- ment and operating programs of thethree major feasibility studies of nology more efficiently in producing Federal mission agencies and othersolar heating and cooling were com- goods and services needed by a important elements of the user com-pletedundercontractwithin- growing population, so as to inhibit munity,includingindustryanddustriblecorporations. The results of inflation and improve the U.S. posi- government at State and local levels. these efforts were reported to more tion in world trade. RANN projects frequently are highly than500representativesofthe interdisciplinaryeffortsinvolvingbuildingindustry,architects, Planning citing fiscal year 1974 technologists, en 'iron men talists, bankers, and city and State officials resulted in a decision to establish a social scientists, and other special-at a national workshop in lune 1974. fourth focus of RANN research, that ists working as teams to serve the Energy research in the RANN pro-of resources. This area will include needs ofdecisionmakersrepre-gram also focused on other applica- research aimedatincreasingre- senting all classes of users. tions of solar energy as well as a newable resources such as fiber and_ Becauseoftheimportanceto number of other promising Oppor-food and nonrenewable resources RANN of theuser community, atunities in geothermal energy and in such as minerals and fossil fuels. By complementary program,Inter-approachesto more efficient andestablishingarrangementsfor governmental Science and Researchnonpolluting ways to meet growingspecial attentioninthis area, the Utilization, is also carried out in the energy needs, Foundation intends to emphasize the Research Applications Directorate. RANN researchinthe environ-research efforts already under way Research utilization activities werementisaimedatthreatstothe andtoutilize existing RANN broadened and strengthened duringnatural environment, such as tracerelationships and techniques to en- the year. Research utilization wascontaminants resulting from man'scourage significant growth of these also emphasizedina publicationactivities, weather modification, andactivities.

Table 5 Research Applied to National Needs and Intergovernmental Science and Research Utilization Fiscal Years 1972, 1973, and 1974

(Dollars in millions'

Fiscal year 1972 Fiscal year 1973 Fiscal year 1974 Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount

Research Applied to National Needs . 331 $5177 616 169.18 519 $75.01 Advanced Energy Research and Technology 00 215 28.11 Advanced Technology Applications . 163 18.35 262 28.94 131 laso Environmental Systems and Resources . 98 19.45 148 22 50 112 17 17 Social Systems and Human Resources 25 11.28 122 13.35 74 10.40 Exploraloi y Research and Problem Assessment 52 4.69 84 509 57 180 Intergovernmental Science and Research

Utilization 43 1.01 54 1.00 26 r. .96 Total 381 154.85 670 $7088 615 $76.04

6:1 68 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

ENERGY

The need to use the Nation's de-posed research projects. A multi- future policies by the New York City pletableenergyresourcesmore disciplinary approach is employed to InterdepartmentalCommitteeon wisely has increased the urgency toexaminethetechnical,-environ- Fuels and Public Utilities, as well as strengthen innovative and imagina-mental, economic, societal, regula-by other groups. tiveresearchonalternativere- tory, and legal aspects of energy, Research of a more direct nature in- sources to meet our energy require-These endeavorsin the programcludesstudiesby Richard Stein ments. Consequently, the NSF inareas of resource analysis, energyAssociates, in 'conjunction with the fiscalyear 1974 establisheda conservation, data base and systemNew York City Board of Education, separate division to direct the Energymodeling, comparative systemson energy conservationin school Research and Technology Program.analysis, and regulatory and policy buildings. In spite of the initial high Thisprogramsupportsresearchoptionsresult in an analysis and 'c'icy of energy utilization for focused on ensuring the availabilityassessment of the policy and regula- this school system, the study showed of essential energy alternatives in tory options through which the mostthatretrofittingexistingschool selected applications before the end effective uses of energy for meetingbuildings can reduce energy of this decade and on a substantiallyour national needs may be provided. consumption by 28 percent and that expanded scale in the next decade. the careful design of new school These activitiesare integralele- Results of a number of these research projects in energy systemsbuildings can reduce energy ments of the total Federal energy consumption by50percent. The effort. have already provided substantivesignificanceofthesesavings Major progress was made during input to energy policy decisions, and prompted the New York City Board fiscal year 1974 in systems studiesothers promise to do so in the nearof Education to provide funds for two and analyses of U.S. energy produc- future. In Its consideration of theproof-of-conceptdemonstration tion and use, in showing the poten-consequences of alternative regula-experiments. Information on these tial of solar heating and cooling, andtory policies for dealing with theresults has been provided to other in advancing the technology of solar natural gas shortage, the Congressschool districts. In another conserva- includedspecializedassessments energy asapractical energy re- tionstudy,research by Aero- source. Rapidly expanding research made on the basis of a model forVironment Corporation using full- in geothermalenergyincreasednatural gas policy studies that wasscale road tests and scale model wind understanding of the vast potential developed at the Energy Laboratorytunnel tests at the California Insti- of this little used resource. Research atthe Massachusetts Institute oftute of Technology show that a 1.7- Technology. The State of California ina variety of other energy tech- percent improvement in miles per nologiespointedclearlytowardadopted during fiscal year 1974 agallon at a speed of 55 mph is pos- opportunitiesto increase the effi-landmark State Energy Resourcessible as a result of relatively simple ciency and effectivenessof U.S.Conservation and Development Actstreamlining.Thefullpotential energy utilization. In parallel with thatincorporates many of thesavings in this area are one billion these studies-, prdgress was made inrecommendations made by the Randgallons of fuel per year. A respect-, undertakingenergy-relatedtech- Corp. from its evaluation of meas-ableportionofthisappears nology assessments and in under-ures for conserving energy, The close achievable in the near future. standing the environmental, social, coordination of such energy systems activities with other portions of the A final class of achievements re- and intergovernmental impacts of lates to the dissemination and ex- energy on our national life. Federalenergyprogramisevi- denced 'by thefactthat both thechange of information between the EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyresearchandusercommunities. Energy Systems and the Federal Energy Administra-Typical of this activity is the publica- Research on energy systems is sup-tion are now sponsoring extensionstion of a 550-page compilation' of the ported in order to identify new re- ofthisinitialeffort. Cooperativesupply, demand, ,conservation, and searchtargets;establishresearch efforts ofBrookhavenNational institutional concerns of energy that priorities; recommend ways in which Laboratory and the State Universityresulted from a conference at MIT. available resources should be ap-of New York to analyze the produc-Another conference, held at the Ohio plied to research needs; recommend tion, distribution, and consumption State University and based on. the re- appropriatemodificationstoon- of energy for the New York City_re-sults of research on energy conserva- going research; and establish -meansgion produced results that were used tion in residential, commercial, and for integrating established and pro- forevaluatingandestablishingindustrial buildings, was attended

710 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 69

by more than 300 people from in-the largest solar heating systems in The two laboratories were con- dustry, trade organizations, govern-existence. They are as follows: ':Structecl to accelerate the collection ment, and universities. Timonium Elementary School,of data on solar heating and cooling. Timonium, Md., 5,700 square feet ofOne, the size of a single-family dwel- ling, is at Colorado State University Solar Heating and solarcollectors.Contractor: AAI, Cooling of Buildings Inc., Cockeysville, Md. atFortCollins,Colo.Itisbeing operated to obtain a calibrated base- Major strides were taken in fiscal North View junior'High School,line system and to test advanced sub- year 1974 toward proving the con-Osseo, Minn., 5,000 square feet.Con-systems. The second laboratory is ceptofsupplyingsubstantial tractor:Honeywell,Inc.,Minnea-transportableandcontains a com- amounts of the Nation's energy needspolis, Minn. pletely integrated solar heating and by utilizing the heat of the Sun for hot water system,two typesof heating and cooling of buildings. The Grover Cleveland Junior. Highcooling systems, and a weather sta- significanceofthispotentialSchool, Boston, Mass., 4,500 squaretion.Thislaboratorycollects contribution is seen in the fact that feet. Contractor: General Electric Co., information on the availability of Valley Forge, Pa. theseusesaccountforabout a usable solar energy for heating and quarter of the energy consumed in the Fauquier County Public Highcoolingunder awide variety of United States, at an annual cost ofSchool, Warrenton, Va., 2,500 squareweather and environmental condi- more than 20 billion dollars. feet.Contractor:Inter-Technology tionsatvarious locationsinthe During the year, three major feasi-Corp., Warrenton, Va. United States. bility studies of solar heating and These data and the results of proof- cooling were completed under con- Follow-up year-long studies wereof-concept experiments will make it tract with industrial corporations;initiated to obtain information on thepossible to design systems through- large experimental solar heating sys- performance, economics, and socialout the United StateS:to meet special- tems were installed in public schoolsand environmental factors relating toized performance requirements on a atfour differentlocationsinthe the four systems. Special attentionlarge-scale basis. United States; and two solar heatingwas placed on the implications of The Foundation and the city of laboratorieswere constructed.In these experiments for retrofitting ofColoradoSprings,Colo.,jointly addition,anexperimentalsolarsolar heating and cooling systemssponsored the evaluation and testing house was constructed as part of aninto existing buirdings, of a solar house, followed by system effort to determine whether its technology could supply an answer to a building moratorium stemming from one city's lack of appropriate energy sources.' The feasibility studies, carried out by teams under thedirectionof General Electric Co., TRW Systems Group,and Westinghouse Corp., assembled comprehensive economic, Social, environmental, and technical information on the potential utilization of solar heating and cooling in all types of buildings and all climates within the United States. The three concerns also recommended experiments t6 prove the concept and the viability of solar heating and cooling and to stimulate its widespread use. The results of the studies were reported to more than 500 representatives of the building industry, archi-. tents, bankers, and city and State officialsat a workshop heldin The 'Hawaii', Elem entary 5r.hunl near 13aII Inun e. Nlayland, one of four schools Nsv_sponsured dm,hunting Dist I he Washington, D.C., in June-1074. first school in the Nation healed by solar energy. Solar heal is collected in %vitter Theexperimentalsystemsin- I Imvint through I he roal.lop panels, pumped into e storage lank, and Ihen used to stalled in the four schools are among heat classrooms. [Photo 1)y i\ ./\ emollients, Incl

71 70RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

comparingresultsofseparate investigators working atdifferent locations and institutions. Twenty-threegrantsandcon- tracts were awarded for innovative research projects on subsystems and systems for the application of solar energy toheating and cooling of buildings.Thesewerethefirst awards made from 448 formal proposals that resulted from a widely distributed solicitation issued during fiscal year 1974.

Other Solar Energy The solar energy program also sup- SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT- ports research aimed at supplying ARKLA SYSTEM RANKINE SYSTEM significant contributions to national PLENUM -- COLLECTOR energy needs through wind energy, PANELS ilffr SOLAR HEAT EXCHANGERS DUCTING AUXILIARY'HEAT EXCHANGERS solar thermal conversion, biocon- BLOWERFAN SOLAR HEATED version, photovoltaics, and ocean A- 1°M DOMESTIC WATER thermal energy conversion. '4111111111PPW- Design of the largest wind energy system initiated in the United States in the past 30 years was begun with OFFICE NSF support during fiscal year 1974

COMPUTER 14?4,4L by,the Lewis Research Center of the TERMINAL NationalAeronauticsandSpace CONTROL CONSOLE INSTRUMENTATION Administration. VALVES. FLOW CONTROLS The University of Oklahoma con- FLOWMETERS structed and began testing of a field AUXILIARY GAS HEATER modulatedgenerator,capableof HEATING 'AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM STORAGE TANKS producing constant voltage and constant frequency output regardless of his mobile solar - healed and -cooled laboratory,built and operated by windmillspeed.Otherprojects I loneyvell ill Minneapolis. is now colleot ing data on solar radiation and climate startedinclude Princeton Univer- aldilferent locations in the United States. These datakillhe useful For future sity's testing of a Sailwing rotor, a designers of structures using solar energy. low-cost metal and fabric rotor for small wind systems, and an initial assessment of the status of wind data andpredictioncapability and testingandevaluation. The citydistributed to design engineers forrequirements with the joint support initiative was stimulated by the needuse in calculations and preparationof the National Oceanic and Atmos- for-alternative energy sources to end of drawings. phericAdministrationandNSF. a building moratorium. A new fea- The National Bureau of StandardsHeavy response was received to pro- ture being tested in this system is the developed standardized test proce-gram solicitations for wind area re- use of a solar-augmented heat pump dures to permit comparison of solarsearch and for the preliminary de- with large-scale energystorage. collectors and storage devices. Thesignof windenergy systems The American Society of Heating, standards were documented ina generating up to 3 megawatts of elec- Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioningpublicationtobedistributedto trical power. Engineers (ASHRAE) completed a investigators of NSF-supported proj- Insolar thermal conversion, comprehensive study of currently ects concerned with improvements totesting began ,of a scale model para- available solar heating and cooling solar collectors and storage devices.bolic trough collector module with an design data and published it in the Their use in recording and collectingaperture of4feet by 14feet. 1974 edition of[heASHRAE Guide, data will improve the possibility ofConstruction of a prototype hello-

Prylc RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 71 slat began and design efforts were Studies of ocean thermal power the Dunes Anomaly in this valley re- initiated for a thermal cavity heat re-conversionindicatedthatsatis- vealed knowledge of the physical and ceiver of the most promising concept factory net efficiencies and competi- chemical mechanisms by which geo- identified for a station generating tive costs could be achieved in large thermal fluids, such as hot brines, 1,000 megawatts. Research ledto floating powerplantsgenerating circulate in these zones. proof of a technique to apply anti-more than 100 megawatts of elec- A major geothermal drilling proj- reflection selective coatings to heattrical power. A parametric designect was completed at Kilauea Vol- collecting units by chemical vaporsystem study was begun and heavy cano in Hawaii. The test hole, drilled deposition. response was received to a program more than 4,000 feet deep on the flank Inbioconversion,an NSF-sup- solicitation inviting proposals in six of the volcano, provided data on sub- ported study by the Stanford Re- categoriesofoceanthermalre- surface temperature and structure search institute indicated that syn-search. for use in assessment of the geo- thetic natural gas and electric energy thermalpotentialofHawaii. A might be produced on "energy farms" Other Energy Research unique laboratory, installed at Stan- for costs on the order of $2 to S3 per' and Technology ford University, began experiments million British thermal units (Btu's). on the flow of hot brines, hot water, This is approximately equivalent to In addition to its interest in energy and steam through typical reservoir S12 to $18 per barrel of crude oil. The systems and solar energy, the NSF rockstoevaluatetheeffectsof costsmightbesignificantlyde- Energy Research and Technology aquifer stimulation techniques. creased by using such a facility to Programincludeswork ongeo- In energy resources, attention was produce food and industrial chemical thermal energy, energy resources,placed on coal, the most abundant byproducts at the same time. energyconversionandstorage, U.S. fossil energy resource. Expertise Economic and engineering feasi-energy and fuel transportation, and inthe extraction, conversion, and bility studies were completed on theadvanced automotive propulsion. utilizationofcoalwas brought conversion of urban organic solid In geothermal energy research, the together at a workshop on advanced wastes to methane gas. Results indi-Foundation in fiscal year 1974 was coaltechnology. Theresultsin- cated that methane can be produced assigned the role of lead agency forcluded definition of gaps in the data in quantities and at costs that would coordination of Federal activities. An base and fundamental information be attractive to the natural gas in-interagency panel was established and recommendations of research to dustry. A proof-of-conuTt experi- with representation from the Depart-be undertaken. Very high yields of ment was designed to provide the ment oftheInterior,the Federalbenzene were obtained in experi- basisfordefiningapilotplant Energy Administration, the Atomicments on high-temperature, short facilitythatinoperationwould EnergyCommission,theFederal contact time hydrogenation of coal. verify process feasibility and estab- Power Commission,theEnviron-Toluene and xylene, constituents of lish the basis for constructing full- mental Protection Agency, the Coun-high-octane gasoline, were observed scale facilities. cilon Environmental Quality, theas products in the process, pointing In photovoltaicsthe use of solar Department of Defense, and the NSF to the possibility of converting coal cells to generate electricitysignifi- Geophysical tests confirmed the economically to more usable fuels. cantachievementsincludedthe existence of thermal anomaly near A major laboratory for fluidized successful growth of continuous ribL Marysville, Mont., and the drilling ofbed. researchapplicabletocoal bons of crystalline silicon. Both the adeeptestholewasinitiated..con version technology was estab- rate of growth and the suitability ofTemperature logs from 174 wells inlished at City College of New York. the resulting crystal for solar cell New Mexico and adjoining States re-Experiments conducted in the facil- productionrepresentmajorad- vealed azone of high heat flowity showed that fast fluidized bed vances over existing methods. Itis (greater than 2.5 heat flow units) run-technology may significantlyim- anticipated that this method lends it- ning the length of the Rio Grandeprove coal gasification reactions over self best to streamlined processes for depression on its west side. These re-slow bed processes. low-cost production of solar cells, sults were made available to the U.S. In energy conversion and storage, possibly less than 5500 per peak kilo-Geological Survey for an assess-research results during fiscal year watt of capability. In another proj-ment of the geothermal potential of1974 point to significant opportuni- ect, a team of researchers at South-that region. ties for improving the efficiency of ern Methodist University and Texas A joint project with Federal, State,the utilization of the world's scarce InstrumentCo.successfully and local government agencies pro-energyand fuel resources. Progress fabricated p-n junction polycrystal-vided first- and second-order topo-was achieved in defining new bat- linesolarcellsonmetallurgical graphic surveys of California's Im-tery concepts, waste heat manage- silicon with greater than 2 percentperialValley.Geophysical,geo-ment, improvements in topping and efficiency. chemical, and petrologic studies atbottoming cycles for central power 73 72 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

station operations, and combined-most 25 percent of the U.S. energy able policies on energy production. cycle power station operations. consumption is by the automobile. Significant problems under examina- Testing of a full-scale welded cell tionrelatetotheenvironmental for a high temperature lithium-sul-Energy Technology Assessmentsimpacts of fuel sources extraction, fur battery was completed at the Ar- processing, energy generation, and gonne National Laboratory. The Ford To give policymakersabetter consumption, with special attention Motor Co., working with the Univer-understanding of energy resources, to land use and water resources plan- sity of Utah and the Rensselaer Poly-several assessments of energy tech ningtominimizetheeconomic, technicInstitute, made importantnologieswere initiated. The Futures social, political, aesthetic, and eco-- progress in solving the problems ofGroup in Glastonbury, Conn., began logicaldisruption.The program, failure of the alumina solid electro- atechnology assessmentof geo- coordinated with other Federal agen- lyte of the sodium-sulfur battery. Athermal energy resource develop-cies concerned with this problem, working laboratory model was pro-ment. Terrestrial solar energy tech- covers pollutant analysis, transport duced of a battery system based onnology was the subject of an assess - andfates,ecologicaleffectsand lead and lead oxide. This system ismenF undertaken by Arthur D. Little, control, regional issues, and the im- pointed toward the "burning" of coal Inc., of Cambridge, Mass.These proj- pacts of production of coal, shale oil, in an electrolyte that will retain allects were directed not only to'Ward petroleum, gas, and solar and geo- ash and sulfur impurities, with effi-public policy analysis and advice, thermal energy. ciencies about the same as those ofbut also to providing capability for Results during fiscal year 1974 of present powerplants. more sophisticated analyses of com- previously initiated work in this area Shakedown operation beganat plex technological options.. include: Oak Ridge National Laboratory of a Investigation of the implications of potassiumboiler-furnacemodule, alternative methods and strategies of Findings by researchers at the using water as the working fluid,conserving energy was initiated by University of New Mexico that the which would increase the overallBraddock, Dunn, & McDonald ofaccumulation of mercury inlarge efficiency in conventional turbinesVienna,Va..Alternativephysical predatory fish had reached the public from 40 percent to more than 50 per-technologies are being considered, as health danger level and might be in- cent, thus reducing waste heat andimpacted by regulation, taxes, incen-creased further if a coal-fired plant fuel consumption. tives, subsidies, or other strategies under construction were not prop- and methods. The study explores not erly designed. In energy and fuel transportation,onlytheefficacyof thevarious BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,strategies, but also their derivative Completion of an assessment of using superconducting tapes of andownstream impacts on work, lei- the environmental effects of oil shale alloy of three parts niobium and onesure, life styles, and institutions. production. part tin (Nb,Sn) reduced by a factor The impacts °fsing hydrogen gas Use of an air pollution predic- offivetheenergy lossesinal-orliquidasamajorfuelinter- ternatingcurrenttransmission tion model, produced by NSF-sup- mediary were studied by the Stan-ported researchers, by the San Fran- below those measured previouslyford Research Institute. One of the using such tapes. The achievement of cisco Bay Area Pollution Control interim conclusions is that there is District to guide local and regional thismilestoneremoves amajor little or no feasibility of using hydro- decisionmaking. impediment to the use of this alloy,genasanautomotiveorother Which is superconducting at relative-"portable" fuel because of the very ly high temperatures. large impact on the technological Social Systems Impact of Energy During fiscalyear 1974,theinfras' tructure.Inother words, Foundationinitiated a programsociety would have to change so Information on public responses to directed toward the combustion and muchtoutilizehydrogen exten- theenergy shortagethat became materialproblemsinautomobile sively that itis virtually precluded acute in the winter of 1973-74 was engines. Under grantstouniver-from portable rises for some time to obtained with NSF support in con- sities, investigators are examining come. nection with the Continuous Na- alte1mative fuels, emulsified fuels, tional Survey, conducted by the Na- and the stratified charge approach. Environmental Effects of tional Opinion Research Center. Re- The new program stimulated broad- Energy sultsof interviews with national ened discussions among combustion samplesoftheU.S.population expertsofthe automotive manu- A new program initiated duringshowed that a large majority of the facturers and the universities. Thefiscalyear1974,Environmental public reacted to the energy short- potentialfor contributions inthisEffects of Energy, focuses on studiesage by curtailing uses of electricity area is indicated by the fact that al-leading to environmentally accept-and automobiles. Substantial major-

7,1 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS73

tripsto work remained high with S.F.BAY AREA AIR POLLUTION very little evidence of major nt tempts STUDY PROJECT (HIGH ALTITUDE PHOTO) at carpooling or other arrangements. 'Tr Intergovernmental Impact of Energy The National Governors' Confer- ence undertook in fiscalyear 1974the Governors' Energy Project to establish and implement a mechanism to coordinate State effortsin energy with relationship to each other and to the Federal Government. The proj- ectissupportedjointlybythe DepartmentoftheInterior,the Atomic Energy Commission, and the NSF, with the Foundation supplying theleadership within the Federal Government. Duringitsinitial months,theproject made major contributions to the energy-related amendments to the Federal Clean Air Act,to fuelallocationformula regulations, and to the nationwide automotive speed limit regulation. Significant research reports pub- lishedduringtheyearincluded assessment of the implications for State governments 'ofthe Atomic ar EnergyCommission's;:' Plowshare program to utilizeunderground nuclear explosionsforcivilpur- poses. The research was performed by the Western Interstate Nuclear In project leading to environmentally acceptable policies on energy production, Board. high altitude photosof the San Francisco I3ily area are used In doily the pollution In Minnesota, NSF-supported re- of the area and to help develop an air pollution prediction model. search resulted in assessmentof alternative methods of energy utility taxation, in the development of State legislation to implement the findings, ides feltthat the energy shortageseriously over the next5years. and in studies of the economic and would affect them over the ensuing 6 Reductions in driving were largelyenvironmentalimplicationsof months. About 40 percent felt. thatin the use of cars for recreation andproposed mandatory bottle deposit. theshortagewould,affectthempleasure; the use of automobiles for legislation.

ENVIRONMENT

Threats to the Natural and documented by severalpro-was also examined. Environment and Environmentalgrams .supported by the Environ- TheNationalHailResearch Management mental Systems and Resources Pro-Experiment during fiscal year1974 gram. The environmentalaltera-successfully completed the second of Changes in natural environments,tions were nearly all brought aboutfive planned field sessiOnS. During some of them detrimental to pres-by human activities. Possible con-the first two summers there were27 ently perceived values, were studiedtrol of the changes by human actionshail days, of which 14 were seeded

7 a 7'1 RESEARCH APpEicATIONS

present height) at its lead smelter to disperse emissions more effectively NATIONAL HAIL RESEARCH EXPERIMENT 28.5 FOOT 10 CM RADAR ANTENNA in the New Lead Belt of Missouri. Consultation and sharing of data between the industry-operating superintendents, the university team, State regulating agencies, and U.S. Forest. Service personnel led to agreement on additional necessary operationalimprovementsinthe Missouri Lead Belt. The success of thisuniversity-State-Federal relationship resulted in El decision by the British Zuckerman Commission to use this program as a base for England's action in developing the lead ore reserves in that country's national parks. Information on dispersal of lead in automotive emissions and a detailed chemical analysis of automotive ex- hausts for specific lead compounds, performedatthe Colorado State University, provided data of value to A 10-rontimeter radar imienna monitors meteorological developments Burin; the National 11.61 Research Experiment. the Colorado Air Pollution Control Commission, the Colorado Gover- nor's Science Advisory Committee, and the U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency. An associated study at theUniversityofIllinoisillumi- nated the relationship of highway eventsthatweresystematicallyUniversity and giventoFederal, development and lead pollution in studied. In addition, there were moreState, and local government agen-. the vicinity of rights-of-ways and in than 100 penetrations of hailstormcles for such uses as the formulationnearbywatersheds.Stillanother Gores with armored T-28 aircraft,of weather modification legislation. report, from a project at the Univer- which yielded important informa- sity of California, Los Angeles, indi- tion about the behavior and composi- Rainfall and other weather phenomena in the St. Louis urban area were cated that atmospheric lead contrib- tion of storm updrafts. This knowl utes about 30 percent of the total lead edge will be utilized in subsequentstudied by a group of researchers fromvariousuniversitiesand intake of a person living in an urban field seasons and in ultimately de- environment with an atmospheric vising better ways to suppress hail.organizations during the summers of 1971-72. ResearcherS found an in- lead concentration of 2 microgra Lis The first compreher' economiccrease of 20 to 30 percent in precipita- per cubic meter. analysis of hailloss on regional,tion downwind of the area. Showers State, and national scales to giveover and downwind of the city were Effects of various air pollution con- good estimates of the magnitude ofdistinctly bigger, longer lasting:and trol programs on the emission pat- loss in geographic and time dimen-greater rain producers than thoseterns of the Chicago area, and the sions was completed by the Illinoisthat did not cross city areas. These benefits and costsof alternative State Wale) Survey. The informa-factorsareimportantconsidera- transportation control strategies that lion was transmitted to State andtions to urban planners in designing may be used to reduce air pollution, Federal agencies supporting hail andrunoff channels, waste water facili- helpedtheIllinois Environmehtal agricultural research and to hail in- ties, and homesite codes. Protection Agencytoevaluate surancecompaniesforassessing several policy options relevant to losses and for rate-setting decisions. As aresultof research atthe energy and transportation. Policyalternativesonthelegal University of Missouri at Rolla, the aspects of weather modification were AMAX Corp. decided to build a new ResearchattheUniversityof developedatSouthern Methodist400-foot smelter stack (double itsWashington showed that mercury 76 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 75

Prevailing Winds A IN

Precipitation in inches June-August 1972

14-8 inches

8-11 inches

11-12 inches III13 inches A precipitation map ul the St. Louis- area, based On measurements of rainfall,aken during Reid operalions lune through 0172, shows increased precipitation d.vnwind or the metropolitan area.

levels in bottom sediments of Belling- studiesmaturedwithsignificantand county agents in developing farm ham Bay have been diminishing payoffsinfiscalyear 1974. Asand ranch management plans for rapidly since a local plant reduced itsexamples, research by the Univer-greater efficiency in livestock and mercury discharge in mid-1970. Asity of Texas on bay and estuarinecrop production. Researchresults at loss of about 50 percent of the mer-management provided direct inputthe Hawaiian Environmental cury from estuarine sediments in 18for enactment of three Texas coastalSimulation Laboratory, University months is a strong indication that laws covering sand dune protection,of Hawaii, enabled the Hawaiian dredging ofthe bay need not beadministration of .navigationDepartment of Accounting and undertaken,withconsiderable districts, and coastal zone manage-General Servicestosimulate the economic relief to industry and cost ment.ColoradoStateUniversityenvironmental consequences of savings to public agencies. devised a range management modelselecting sites for State construction Environmental management to aid the SOil Conservation Serviceprojects. 7 7 76 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

the majority of which are in Cali- COASTAL MARSH DREDGING ACTIVITIES (GULF OF MEXICO) fornia. These instruments measure the motion of ground and structures when they are subjected to earthquake shocks. With support from several Federal, State, county, and city agencies, progress was made during fiscal year 1974 in expanding this survey into a National Strong Motion Network. With NSF support, several strong-motion instruments were placed in upstate New York by Columbia University, On July 31 and August3,1973,thefirststrong- motion records were made for earthquakes east of the Rocky Mountains. This is a first step in obtaining the data set ultimately required to understand properlythe extent of the earthquakeengineeringdesign applicable to eastern areas. The NSF Fire Research Program in fiscal year 1974 supported research that developed understanding of the C:oastal marsh dredging activities along the Cull of Mexico are under study as mechanisms of fireignition, Karl of research by the ltniversity of Texas on bay and estuarine management. spreading, and extinguishment. Data weresufficientforsignificant. improvements in fire safety in homes and urban areas, including tall structures with special problems. Studies included the modeling of fire proces- Threats to the methods of mitigating disaster ses,-effectiveness of fire fighting sys- Manmade Environment effects. tems, and the deleterious effects of Research on threats to the man- The Earthquake Engineering Pro- smoke. made environment focused in fiscal gram develops methods that allow A multidisciplinary project at the year1974onearthquakeen- decisionmakers to control the conse- University of California, Berkeley, quences, of earthquake occurrences. gineering and fire research. As part on Fire Safety in Urban Housing led of this effort, common features forResearch projects are under way to toseveralvery important. rindeconomicallyfeasible design diminishing the hazards due to earth- accomplishments of special interest quakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, and and construction methods for build- to the Department of Housing and ing earthquake-resistant structures other extreme meteorological events Urban Development. One, of these of alltypes. Also, procedures are were identified. The NSF project on providedfiresafetycriteriafor beingdeterminedforintegrating Assessment of Research in Natural single-familyresidentialunits,_ information on seismic risk with pro- Hazards,attheInstituteof Be- whichtheDepartmentisincor- havioral Science, Universityof cesses of land use planning. Theporating into its Minimum Property Colorado, completed a social scien- social and economic consequences of Standards, for housing. Experience individual and community decisions tificdescriptionof severalbasic has shown that a flammability test onearthquake-related are alternative methods that can lessen issues currently specified by the American the impact of various natural pheno- being studied and results are pre-Society for Testing Materials is un- sented in forms that can be used by mena upon man.Inadditionto reliable for some plastic materials. examinations of 15 types of hazards, thepotentially affected communi-Work at the University of California ties to control their vulnerability to the investigators prepared working on a new test of fire in a room corner earthquakes, papers on land use management, can be a promising complemento or warning, relief and rehabilitation, in- The SeismologicalField Survey replacement of present tests for the surance, and distributional effects ofmaintains more than 1,000 earth- establishment of fire safety of resi- alternativepublicpolicies as quake strong-motioninstruments, dential units. 78 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 77

in a large-scale, interdisciplinary system developedinthatproject ground command and control sys- project at the University of Utah con- permitsrapidand accurate tem was completed with the coopera- cerned with the toxicological and determinationofthedifferenttion of the Hillandale, Md., Volun- physiological effects of smoke from chemicals in smoke. teer Fire Department. An advanced polymeric materials, a combustion model which couples a microfiche chamber was modified to permit the At the Johns Hopkins University reader to the tactics case was also measurement of the optical density ofApplied PhysicsLaboratory a evaluated as a prototype system by smoke. A computerized analyticaldisplay case of tactics of the fire the College Park Fire Department.

PRODUCTIVITY

Public Sector Productivity Under agrantto The Futures Various forms of gambling can Group, a monograph was published substitute for one another, and broad The fiscal year 1974 priorities ofdetailing the social and economic legalization of gambling may lead to the Social Systems and Human Re-aspects of what is known about legal- saturation of the gambling market. the sources Program were on ized gambling. This issue is of partic- Research conducted at the Univer- organization of service delivery inular current importance becaise asityof Georgia on the effects of metropolitan areas, decision-relatednumber of States have made provi- population distribution showed that studies of local government manage- sions for lotteries and other States thehistoricalpatternof massive ment, the use of technology in localare considering such legislation. The outmigration from the South to the government organizations, and the analyses suggested that: North and Westthathadbeen design of programs touse characteristic of the United States in telecommunicationsindelivering Lotteries and off-track bettingearlier decades no longer existed in social services. (OTB) are not likely to be significant the decade 1960-1970. In that period, In the area of State and municipalsources of government revenue in the South became a net importer of finance, NSF - supported work at the relation to total revenues. whitepopulation.However, the University of Oregon carried out a outmigrationofblacks fromthe detailed analysis of the current sys- Lottery expenditures are a small South persisted at relatively high tem of issuing municipal bonds withpartof the players' budgets, and levels over the 1960-1970 decade. The particular attention to the calcula-participants do not devote signifi-research emphasizes theimplica.: tion of interest rates. The- researchcant time or energy to playing the lot- tions of population redistribution for showed that through improvementstery.There probablyarenot governmentsthatmustprovide in the calculation of interest rates, it meaningful economic effects on the servicestogrowing or declining would be possible for governments toplayers or their families. populations. save substantial amounts of money Results from research concerned State lotteries and OTB are not by calculating interest rates that took with improving the delivery of urban into account the time value of money. likelytoaffectadverselythe services inditided: Since general revenue sharing is an personal,familial,or work situa- importantinnovationinFederal- tions of the average bettor. An analysis of the efficienty and State-municipalrelations, a re- effectiveness of the treatment of acci- search program was begun in which Lotteriesand OTB havenot dent victims in Boston, using tech- awards were made for a national significantly reduced thetotalniques that can be applied in other ,survey of the attitudes of State and volume of illegal gambling, and hence cities (MIT). local government officials towardsdo not appear to have reduced the The development of a system to revenue sharing, for interviews with potentialfor corruption of public eyaluate the effectiveness of sanita- asample of the general population toofficials nor freed law enforcement resourcesfrom antigambling lawtion services in New York City (State provide information on the degree to University of New York at Stony whichlocal government officials' enforcement. Brook). views of general revenue sharing cor- responded to the views of residents Federaltaxationof gambling Techniquesforensuringthe ofthe same areas,andforthe winningsinhibitseffortsofthe security and safety of residential preparationof computer software Statestocompete withtax-freeunitsby developing andtesting programs to be used in the analyses illegalgambling.Federalrestric-alternative designs for the use of of the effectiveness of general tions on lottery and OTB promotions space(CenterforResidential revenue sharing. are less of an inhibiting factor. Security Design). 78 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

The development of computersecond, and with the enzyme ribo- The Excavation Technology Pro- modeling techniques for more ac-nuclease immobilized on the glassgram emphasizes methods forin- curate forecasts of manpower needs fibers kills about 99.9 percent of the creasing excavation rates and re- (Ohio State University). vi: uses passing through.. Tests ducing the cost of subsurface excava- showed that the enzyme is stable fortion. Research supported at Martin An analysis of how the benefits atleast 100 clays and is effectiveMarietta enhanced drilling rates by and costs of tax systems and serviceagainst eight types of viruses, in-controllingthe chemical environ- delivery systems are distributed including those involved in the com- ments at the drill bit-rock interface. Washington,D.C.,Standardmon cold and the London and 1-longA series of hardness tests were run Metropolitan Statistical Area (TheKong flu. on quartz with the surface wet with Urban Institute). In the Extractive Metallurgy Pro- variousalcohols.With diluteal- gram, the magnetic separation re-cohols such as heptanol and decanol, searchattheNationalMagnet it was found that when the surface Private Sector Productivity Laboratory,MassachusettsInsti- charge is reduced to zero, the hard- Several programs are directed attute of Technology, led to testing of a ness is increased to a maximum. In improving productivity in the pri-full-scaledevice for economically eitherofthosealcoholenviron- vatesector:enzymetechnology, recovering iron from semi-taconitements, the drilling rates are 12 to 14 extractivemetallurgy,excavationore. Since there are huge deposits oftimes faster than thosein water technology,instrumentationtech-this lower grade ore in the United environments. nology, and industrial automation. States, a more productive process of Considerable progress was made The Enzyme Technology Programrecovering iron from it could signifi- on thermal fragmentation of rock at isworkingtoincreasenationalcantly affect dependence on imports. the University of Missouri at Rolla. productivity by application of en-The Hanna Mining Company began In this technique, a series of holes are zymes in new and improved chemicalstudies pointed toward proof-of-con- drilled to a prescribed depth and pat- processes.AttheMassachusettscept experiments, tern, Electrodes are inserted in the Institute of Technology, an interdisciplinary group of chemists and genetic scientists took five amino acids, two enzyme fractions, and a cofactor and produced, in a two-step THERMAL - MECHANICAL FRAGMENTATION OF ROCK enzymaticreactionsequence,1/2 (UNIV-OF MO. ROLLA) gram of Cramiciden-S. The ability to produce such complex organic molecules with enzymes outside a living ke it possible to in- cell should r to...4w, troducereactantsintoa system SaOfir which could not penetrate a cell and thus produce modified molecules not found in nature. Research supported at Iowa State Universityused atwo-stepen- zymatic reaction sequence to produce a mixture of glucose and fructose (invert sugar) from cornstarch. The sugar mixture canbeused con- veniently as syrup and provides a productive use of the Nation's great resource of corn as an alternative to sugar imports. A group of engineers at the Univer- sityof Virginiaused enzyme or methods to reduce the transmission of air- and water- borne virus diseases in public places In studies or thermal-mechanical fragmentation of rock at I he University of tylis- such ashospitals, schools, or souri nl Rollo, holes are chilled in the rock. electrodes are inserted, and the rock is theaters. An ordinary air filter with a rapidly healed until it fragments. This method results in removal of carefully particle residence time of about 1 predetermined sections of rock.

8 0 kEsr.AKCII APPLICATIONS79 holes and the rock rapidly heated. Research at the Charles S. Draperusing hot steel. The Case Western Proper control can result in removal Laboratory at MIT delineated the group constructed Li one-sixth-scale of carefully predetermined sections first systematic analysis and prob- computer-controlled bending device. of rock. Precise fracturing is fasterlem definition of industrial assembly This device is hydraulically operated and more accuratethan conven-and the research issues associated and uses cold steel. In operation the tionaldrillingandblasting,and with a new class of advanced assem- steelisbent slightly, the bending therefore reduces cost. bler systems, organized about sensor force is released, the steel springs The Instrumentation Technologyarraysformeasuring .forcesin- back, and transducers measure the Program supports efforts to applyvolved in assembly. A conceptualamount of the bend. The computer new instrumentation conceptsforbreakthrough was the breakdownthen compares the actual bend with providing increased functional capa-andcategorization ofassembly the desired bend, and the operation is bility, greater sensitivity, broaderoperations into three basic types ofrepeated until the correct bend is ob- coverage, and more rapid response atmotiongross, interface, and fine. tained. The project was coordinated reduced cost. Projects are under wayThis provides a framework for re-with the Maritime Administration in use of highly ionizing radiation forlating past and future work and and the Naval Architects and Marine cancer therapy and application ofallows a concentration on the heart of Engineers organization.- A private new instrumentation concepts to thethe assembly problemfine motion. company plans to build a full-scale general diagnosis and treatment' Of Research at Case Western Reservebender for shipyard use. disease. Also, superconducting tech-led to a significant advance in the At the University of Rochester, a nologyisbeing used for medicaltechnology of making ship frames. university-industry team made pro- instruments, and work is under wayThe existing bending operation is agress in developing the Whowledge on radiographic and radioisotopicmachine-assisted manual procedure base necessaryto manufacture imaging,ultrasonicdiagnostic instruments, and other innovative instrumentation applications in industrial processes. The MIT National Magnet Labora- tory completed adevice usinga superconductingmagnet to maneuveramagnetic catheter throughthearterialsysteminto remote areas such as the brain. The MassachusettsGeneralHospital undertookdevelopmentoftech- niques for its use and secuced the necessaryclearancesforclinical trials. The Industrial Automation Pro- gi;?-im works on methods to stimulate the evolution of key segments of U.S. industry to uge-;:teChnelogically ad- 4 vanced systems.' Projects encourage research that addresses major problems in manufacturing and service areas, and emphasis is placed on solving problems that have a significant impact on productivity. Key segments of American industry are encouraged instrengtheningtheir science base to complement their11111.__ already strong experience-based system, and rekindle research involvement so that stronger relationships \A'orking Limier RANN's program to help improve productivity in the private see- tor, researchers at Case Western Reserve constructed H one -s ix t h -son I e steel ben- between American universities and ding device that is controlled by commit P1' nn(1 rum:lions automatically. With this industry in major industrial prob- hydraulically operated mechanism, cold steel is gradually bent to desired forms lem areas are established. for ship Frames. 81 80 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

automatedparts.Metalremovalinnovationinenergy, medical The Citizens COnference on State operations were represented in termsservices and technology, quality ofLegislatures during fiscal year 1974 of a mathematical model that con- work,andnewbusinessentre-initiated programs to enhance the tains all the necessary descriptivepreneurship. development of State health policy informationonparts. Work pro- With NSF support, the National.andthelegislativeorganizations gressed in the design of an inter-Governor's Conference initiated theneeded to do this work, and to estab- active graphics system embodyingGovernors' Energy Projectde-lishmodellegislativecommittee the model which can be used toscribed in the Energy section of thisstaffs in the area of drug abuse and generate blueprints and designs for report. alcoholism. The programs, which the parts. The model can be useful in Supportfor Statelegislativegrew out of earlier.efforts supported planning and controlling the opera-activities during fiscal year 1974 ledby the NSF in the establishment of its tions necessary for automated manu- to the institutionalization of the Cali-model committee staff program, are facturing of parts. fornia Assembly Science and Tech-supported by grants of $2 million nology Committee,theestablish-each from the Robert Wood Johnson ment of a position of Legislative StaffFoundation and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Intergovernmental Science Scientist in Illinois, and the creation of an Action Council responsible for Workmo with local government, a TheIntergovernmentalScience analysisof environmental and"Consortium for Technology Initia- Program (ISP), established in fiscal economic development policy for thetives" was organized to bring to- year 1970, links Federal, State, andKentuckyLegislativeResearchgether the Nation's 26 largest cities local government through activitiesCommission. All three activities areand 6 large urban counties to aggre- to improve the use of research andnow fully State funded. gate a market for research and tech- 'tec-hnology to solve State and local The New York Assembly Sciencenological solutions to urban needs. problems. These activitiesare and Technology Staff with NSF catalyticinnature,utilizing seed support held a workshop attended by The 2-year California Four Cities fundingtoinitiate and establishlegislators and representatives ofproject, involving Anaheim, Fresno, capabilities for efforts that can be professionalsocietiesinscience, Pasadena, and San Jose in experi- evaluated and carried forward bytechnology, and public administra- mentaluseof science and tech- others having operational responsi-tion. Of the 37 pieces of proposednology advisers with the support of bilities. legislationrecommendedbythe NSF and NASA, was successfully During fiscal year 1974, ISPworkshop, 20 bills passed thecompleted, and plans were set in focused onactivitiestodevelop assembly and 8 ultimately becamemotion to expand itto a prototype institutional strength in State execu-law, Also with NSF support, the Cen-statewideurbaninnovationnet- tive branches, State legislatures, and ter for the Study of Science Policy atwork. local government, and to utilize the the Pennsylvania State University With NSF funds,thecityof experience residinginFederalcompleted a fundamental study onTacoma, Wash., initiated a study to laboratories to address needs of the the development of scientific anddeterminewhetherfiredepart- civil sector. technologicalcapabilityinStatemental costs might be converted from Work to realize the potential oflegislatures. support by the property tax. toa remote sensing moved forward, with NSF is providing support, through charge paid by all users, including NSF support in California through athe National LegislativeConference, tax-exempt institutions. coordinating function undertaken by to an agency serving the 7,600 legis- Local government research and its Office of Science and Technology lators of the 50 States. The profes-technology achievements supported and in South Dakota when the Gover- sionalstaffoftheConference's by NSF during fiscal year 1974 in- nor established a special office, The Committee on Science and Tech-cluded assistance in transforming a Hawaii StateCenterfQr Sciencenology carried out. projects to relate sludge lagoon to an environmentally Policy and Technology Assessment,science and technology to policies of acceptable interstate highway, the established following earlier NSF.the States, to assess mechanisms in developmentofan instrument support, played a major role in pre- theLegislaturesfor doing so,to enabling firefighters to "see through" paring a State report on issues of ur-operate a clearinghouse for perti- smoke,apoliceheliportlocaiion gent concern regarding the utiliza-nent information, to examine tech- model, a management-by-objectives tion of resources in the neighboring nologytransferactivitiesinthe manual, selection of a new and bet- sea areas.In Ohio, the State im-States, to survey relationships be- ter fireboat for port patrol and safety, plementedplanningeffortssup-tween Legislatures and land grant and methods for dealing with graffiti. ported by NSF by creating a Develop-colleges, and to improve contacts be- ment Center with a $1 million initialtween State and Federal agencies in In the utilization of Federal labora- appropriation to develop centers ofscience and technology. tories, the Department of Defense RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 81

[DOD) issued a new policy,non-Defense agencies. Interagency DepartmentofDefenseandthe developed with NSF support, that funding of these efforts exceeded $12 Foundation also institutionalized the allows for an expenditure of up to 3million in fiscal year 1974 for proj- experimentalassignmentof a percent oftheprofessional man-ects in areas such as fire and safety, representative of a-Fede,ral research years of any DOD laboratory on non-environment, health, law enforce- and development laboratory with the- defense work if specified criteria arement, transportation, instrumenta- Foundation,as a jointlyfunded met. All projects must be funded by tion, and analysis and testing. Theassignment.

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND PROBLEM ASSESSMENT

The program of Exploratory Re-nology, was distributed to govern- evidence, insufficient determination search and Problem Assessment ini- mentofficials,trade associations, ofcausation,andinadequate tiates studies on selected problemselectronicsandappliancein- certification of experts. The report, that have potentialfor major na-dustries,and consumer organiza- Product Liability: An Interaction of tional impact. Gaps in the spectrumtions. The research team concluded Law and Technology., was published of existing research relevant to na- thatwhile service needs on ap- in the Duquesne Law Review. tional needs are approached through pliances have diminished, service re- A significant problem assessment problem assessment and definition mains an important part of operating was made of consume,' information studies and through exploratory re- costs, and thus of the overall cost of processing research inrelationto search projects. the product. Another finding was public policy needs. Bill Wilkie of the Considerable emphasis is placedthat .warranties have had a large Marketing ScienceInstitutecon- ontechnology assessment, whicheffect in leading to greater reliability cludedthatthefieldisunder- may be _defined as the systematicof appliances. developed and inadequate to meet the study of the effects orirsociety that An interdisciplinary team of two needs of public policy. may occur when atechnology is lawyers and two engineers at Carne- R. David Pittle, former principal introduced, extended, or modified,gie-Mellon University identified a investigator on an NSF project to im- with special emphasis on the im- number of serious defects in the form proveconsumersafetythrough pacts that are unintended, indirect,and substance of product liability innovative consumer education, was and delayed. Infiscal year 1974,litigation.Thesedefectsinclude appointed a member of the Con- work was begun- on comprehensive, inadequate preservation of physical sumer Product Safety Commission. in-depth assessments of nine high- priority technologies, including thoseinthe energy area reported earlier. In addition, studies were initiated on electronic funds transfer systems, biological pesticides, integrated hog farming, alternative work schedules,earthquakeprediction, and metrication. In addition, the proceedings ofa conference on preparing environmental impact state- ments, were published and distributed to practitioners in Government and the private sector. The report contains commissioned papers on specific techniques, including com- putermodeling and cross-impact matrices for improving the percep- Based on 0.d year 1972 and discounted to time of purchase. tion of environmental consequences. Another report,entitled The Productivity of Servicing Consumer A Si 1111y nl the real cost 01 (:IMS 11111(.1'i1 1)1)1i (luny shms Ihnl cim- Durable Products, prepared by the sunwr aPhli.inceti arry urni.Lngnizeti costs in levies uI survirt. and Pli \V I.over I h 'lir Cyr IP. COMP() Ion IS OF IIFI.I..,V1:11! COS ISii COI( )1.I e I eV iSi() 11 SPIS Center for Policy Alternatives at the Ifirge dill 01.1.111;(!ti 111 terms 01. service 1)(1tVi' COS'S 11'0111 11111tic nl refrigerators MassachusettsInstituteof Tech- trighl).1,Allur (:onsume .11)pliunru!i: Thu Hun! (:ost I

8 ,3 82 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS

The project will be continued and of the values and aspirations of rural policy, and technology transfer. Pre- completedbyhiscolleaguesat southern blacks. liminary assessment was completed Carnegielellon University. At Navajo Community College,and major research and problem Tsaile, Navajo Nation, Ariz., -a prob- areas were identified on thechanges In minority group problems, issues lem assessment was started to identi- in the status of women. related to. accountability in specialfy the problems facing the Navajo grantpro- revenue sharingiblock Nation with regardtoindustrial With NSF support, a research grams were explored at a conference development and major research and group atthe Institute of Society, held at Stanford Research Institute. policy issues associated with theEthics, andtheLife Sciences, The proceedings were distributed to management, utilization, and Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y., pub- policymakers in Government and conservation of natural resources on lisheda book resulting fromits community organizations. Navajo lands. investigation of the ethical, social, Research needs of rural blacks was Two problem definition studies and legalissues involvedinthe the topic of a problem assessmentwere completedintechnology-re- applicationsofbehaviorcontrol project completed at Mary Holmes latedinternationalproblems.Re'- technologies. The book, Operating on College, West Point, Miss. Amongsearch priorities included interna- the Mind: The Psychosurgery Con-- thoseneedsidentifiedthrough a tionalaspectsofenergypolicy, flict,includesguidelinesforthe survey and conference were studies environmental management, oceans regulation of psychosurgery.

RESEARCH UTILIZATION

The RANN Research Utilization andrestoringtheenvironmental activitiesthroughouttheFederal Program works to assure that re- values of the Lake Tahoe Basin underGovernment. search is directed toward users and the directionofaCalifornia and Establishment of a joint univer- that the results are tested against Nevada bi-State agency. sity-industry research group under their needs. An important step to- Initiationofactivities by re- the leadership of a North Carolina ward this goal was the issuance, searchers at Iowa State UniversityState University scientist to review during-fiscal year 1974, of the NSF- and representatives of corn syrupthe potential of high-energy radia- RANN Guidelines for Preparation -of manufacturers to useNSF-sup- tiontechniquesinthetextilein- Unsolicited- Proposals. These guide- ported research results on an en- dustry. lines specify the required details on plans, which must in- zyme process for converting corn- Initiation of an effort by the utilization starch to sugar. clude user group identification, user American Institute of Architects Re- demand description, utilization Tests by the Tri-State Genera-search Corp. to develop a master plan process description, and autiliza- tion and Transmission Company offorcomputer-basedsystemsfor tion budget. computer-controlled electric substa- building codes and their administra- Utilizationactivityprogress tion operational techniques re- tion. sulting from research at the Univer- during the year included the comple- The Research Utilization Program tion of proof of the concept of an sity of Missouri. also conducted extensive activities environmental extension system pat- planning by thepointed toward broad dissemination terned after the Agricultural Exten- Coordinated steel industry to evaluate and utilizeof documented research results to sion Service. The feasibility experi- Purdue University research results users and potential users. During ment was conducted in the Stales of on automated steel processing. fiscal year 1974, a major symposium Oklahoma, Colorado, and Tennes- on RANN research results was at- see, with the cooperation of State tended by more than 1,500 persons the Initiation at Indiana University . governments,,universities, from business and industry, govern- Department cif Agriculture, and the of preparation of a manual for industry on the characteristics of ores ment, national organizations, foreign Environmental Protection Agency. embassies, and the research corn- Some of the other research utiliza- of 50 metals with respect to high-gra- dientmagnetic separation and muslity,,,The proceedings of this sym- tion results included: beneficiation techniques. posiiird Were published and distrib- Substantial progress toward the uted widely. development of a master plan of re- Publication of abasic source A RANN Document Center was search pointed towards preservingdocument on technological transfer established for the dissemination of

8 RESEARCH APPLICATIONS83 research reports. The center, Inca ledthe subjecis of geothermal energy,studies in solar heating and cooling in the Foundation's offices, isopen to solar heating experiments, efforts to was attended by more than 700 per- the user and research communitiesreduce environmental pollution asso- and the sons representing the construction public. An initialbibli-ciated with lead mining and smelting, industry; manufacturers; architects; ography of RANN energy researchand automated ship frame bending. banks; planners of new communi- reports in this center was published. A workshop on the results of re-ties; Federal, State, and local govern- Four films were produced coveringsearchandindustrialfeasibilityments; and the research community. SCIENCE. F.DucATIoN 87 Science Education

Fiscal year 1974 markedthe first servicesectorsoftheeconomy students; (2) increase substantially full year of operation of the NSF requiresthatall citizens,non- the number of persons who make Education Directorate's restruc- scientists as well as scientists, have effective use of the processes and tured program of Science Educationan understanding of the impact ofresults of science in their work and Improvementactivities.While scienceandtechnologyontheir personal lives (whether or not they earlier NSF education activities havecareers as well as their (laity lives. are engaged in scientific or technical had a markedeffectonscience The rate of change has become so occupations) and who understand education in the United Statesand rapid that obsolescence with respect. public issues involving modern tech- many countries abroad asto employment imposes a need for nologies; (3) develop and implement wellsome of the problems towardcontinuing education in many forms newinstructionalstrategiesand which they were directed, such as afor many people. The increasing methodologies; and (4) disseminate generalshortageofscientific costs of education require research the knowledge gained from research research manpower, now have been into and implementation of more onthe processes of learning and reduced, to be replaced by others ofeffective kinds of organization and education. growing importance. Certain of these management structures and instruc- problems have beenidentified as tionalmethodsatalllevelsof Find ways to increase the impact being relevant to the Foundation'seducation. New ways must he found and effectiveness of the Foundation's mission and capabilities. to bring the results of research and Science Education Programs through The changing nature of our society experimentation into direct, regular research and problem assessment and its economy has created a need use in schools and colleges. which can point to necessary future for a range of scientific and technical In recognition of these factors, theprogram directions. co-rnpetencieswellbeyondthose major objectives of the Foundation's possessedbyindividualswhose fiscal year 1974 Science Education Program activities werestructured academic preparationis iimarilyImprovement activities were to: around four major them-es: forpursuitofcareersinbasic. research. The student body of the Help assure the Nation of on Improvement of educationfor Nation's schools,colleges, and appropriate variety, flexibility, careers inscience universities is much more varied now quality, and amount of scientific and thaninpreviousgenerations. Development of science literacy technological manpower with Institutions most be responsive to a Increasing the effectiveness of broader spectrum of studentgreater' participation of minorities and women. educational processes abilities, talents, and needs. The increasing technology-based Improve science education to: (1) Problemassessmentand character of both the production and meet the needs of a broader range ofexperimental projects.

Table 6 Science Education Improvement Fiscal Year 1974 Summary of Obligations

Improvement of Education for Careers in Science $28,676,587 Improvement of Education for Scientific literacy 23,635,267 Increasing Effectiveness of Educational Processes 13.934.528 Problem Assessment and Experimental Protects 1.464,227 Total $67 710 609

86' 88SCIENCE EDUCATION

IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATION FOR CAREERS IN SCIENCE

Programsupportactivities in 1974for the Biomedical Inter-new modes of delivering science fiscal year 1974 were addressed notdisciplinaryCurriculumProject, instructiont.development of options only to the problem of maintainingwhich is designed for the potential tothetraditional type of under- thequality of traininginthebiomedicaltechnologist.Othergraduate and graduate degree traditional science disciplines, but currentcurriculumdevelopment programs; development of new and alsotothe development of new,projects contain significant career-improved science research and flexibleinstructionalpatternsorientedportions,usuallyas technology;enhancementofthe leadingtoawider variety, ofmodules or units probing a subject in competence of college teachers in scientific and technical careergreater depth, which can be focusedthose interdisciplinary areas options. Efforts supported in fiscalon the potential scientist. concerned with national needs and year 1974 included course material Implementation activities are moreissues for which course materials development and implementation atfully describedinthe Science andinstructional modes may be the secondary _through continuingLiteracy section of this report. Inintroduced into the undergraduate education levels, as well as somefiscal year 1974, 11 implementationcurriculum; and use of new experimental modelsa-t, under-projects supporting 610 secondaryinstructional scientific equipment to graduate and higher levels. Anotherschoolteachersandresource',helpcollegesanduniversities approach to curricular change waspersonnel were devoted exclusivelyimprove the content and focus of through theStudent Orientedto advancing the student oriented their undergraduate courses. Program, aimed at demonstrating thetoward an eventual career in science. value of increased student research TheseprojectswereinvolvedInstructional Materials rind Modes participation inth,e learning process. principally in aiding school districtsand Alternative Degree Programs The Ethnic Minorities and Women in tointroduce new mathematics Science program was created to find curricula-in theirhighschools The three areas of special concen- ways to increase the disproportion- throughtheprovisionof Special trationinmaterial and modes ately low number of people from trainingintheuseofthe new development in fiscal year 1974 have these groups who form a portion ofinstructional materials and methods. been projectsto provide instructional materials in problem-related theNation'sscientificandtech- nological manpower supply. Alternatives in Higher areas of special national need, the exploration of cooperative develop- Education ment and distribution systems, and Secondary School Program Through support of Alternatives in thecontinuanceofmaterials Since motiva=tion toward a Higher Education, the Foundation'sdevelopment for introductory and scientific career or one in a tech-Education Directorate seeksto core science technology studies. nological support area first becomes maintain existing strengthsin Virginia Polytechnic Institute, in evident in most children during the college- and university-level sciencecooperation with a number of electric adolescent years,itis essential toeducation while at the same limepower companies, is developing a give attentiontothis phase of aencouraging acloser matching ofseries of learning modules to cover student's development. Much of theacademictrainingwiththe theprinciplesofnuclear power support given by the Foundation in broadenedrangeofscientific engineering.These moduleswill curriculum.developent in the 1960'sfunctions and abilities neededin extensively use computer modeling was' directed more towardI he societytoday.Projectsupportis in simulation and will be leste4 and academically Oriented, potential directed towards encouraging a formrevisedinconjunction with sciencestudentthantowardthe of higher education that prepares aengineering departmentsalother studentwithlessspecialized cadre of scientific manpower more tcarlemic institutions. interests.Therefore,arelatively flexible in their subject-matter usage Work inseveral national small portion of the NSF education than has been typical in the past, and curriculumprojectscontinued allocation has been spentinthis better prepared to work in problem- toward the development of a large program for the past 3 years, with the related situations. bank of instructional units in core majoreffortshiftingtoscience The 1974 program has focused on sciencedisciplines.Thus,the literacyto compensate. However, the following: development of course Computerand Laboratory-based funding was continued in fiscal year materials and experimentation with Calculus(CALL)projectatthe .SCIENCE EDUCATION 89

Education Development Center Two projects initiatedthis yearconversion,airpollutioncontrol, approaches college mathematics will develop nonresident master'stransnational policy issues, and the from intuitive and problem-solving degree programs which offer multi- health sciences; to prepare computer- examples drawn from many fields of disciphnary, problem-solvingassisted instructional materials for interest. In biology, the minicourse curricula. A program at Carnegie-courses in the physical and the social developmentprojectdirectedby Mellon University in transportationsciences; and to adapt instructional Samuel Postlethwaitat Purdue is is designed as an alternative to theproceduresforlow-achievingor finishingitswork on some 250 traditionalprocedureofuninter-culturally deprived undergraduate multimediapackagesoncore rupted education through graduatestudents of science. concepts inmodern -biology, and school without benefit of intervening Project Biotech has begun its final periodsof employmentorother phaseofdevelopmentofskill- nonacademic experienceS: A sonic-.Faculty Fellowships in Still:nee orientedmodules, emphasizing what similar program in format, butApplied to Societal Problems operational techniques. in the field of telecommunications, In orderto help and 4-year The Tech-Physics project entered being developed at the University ofcollegeand university science itsfinal phase with grants to thePennsylvania, stresses theteachers increase theircompetence in American Instituteof Physics,educationalbenefitsofcross-areas concerned with our Nation's FlorissantValleyCommunity disciplinary work and internshipssocietal problems and their possible College,theTechnicalEducation:withvariousgovernmental,solutions, the Foundation awarded ResearchCenter,andtheState commercial, and public interests. 91 Faculty Fellowships in ,Science Universityof New Yorkat A project was funded this year forAppliedtoSocietalProblemsin Binghamton. Some 20 modules arethe development of an innovativefiscalyear 1974. Awardees were being developed in which physical mast.er's degree curriculum inartselected from among 683 applicants principles are developed through the conservation.TheUniversityof fortenures ranging from 3to9 detailedexaminationof common Delawareisdevelopingabroad-months.Inadditiontoa salary- pieces of equipmentan approach based master's degree program formatching stipend,the Foundation which is closely related to that of the museum conservators, in collabor-provided the fellowship institution CALC project. ation with the Winterthur Museum,with anallowancetoassistthe and with joint funding from NSF and Alternative Degree Programs have institution in meeting tuition and theNational Endowment forthe other costs. emphasizedthe ,e-p-io-rationofArts. This program will couple the curriculum prototyrk4s which lead to physicalandanalyticalchemical Faculty Ileseurch Participation a wider variety of career options.techniques necessary for restoring Highest priority is givento thoseand conserving art and other cultural To encourage and assist teachers in projects in which there is a signifi-objects with the requirements of areevaluating the relevance of their cant element of experimentation anddeep understanding of art history. course materialtothe needs and a meaningfuldeparturefrom Tequirementsofstudents, oppor- traditional degree structures. tunitiesareprovidedforcollege Support was continued into theCollege Faculty Workshops teachers to participate in the ongoing researchactivitiesofindustrial final2 years of an experimental [n addition to the course material program laboratories and research institutes atIllinoisInstituteofdevelopment accomplishedinthe engaged in the application of scien- Technology for a totally restructuredprojects described above, practicing tific know-how to the solution of undergraduate engineering program.college teachers were involved in the problems of nationalinterest and Primary emphasis in this program isdevelopmentofmodular instruc- placed onthe development Of concern. The 01 projects supported in tional materials through the College fiscal year 1974 involved problems of problem-solvingabilities andthe Faculty Workshop Program. Selected engineering -construction,storage, traditional curriculum of courses iscollegefacultycontributetheir conversion,anduse;foodpro- repltd with a series of problemstalents as teachers and their knowl- duction: industrial waste, pollution, drE: 'rpm a spectrum of appli- edge of the requirements and capa-andenvironmentaltoxicants; ca. 'PrreaS to he solved by student bilities of students to the work of tem,s. Students working on these development and production of new research scholars in developing and materials and resources; and ;Iqualic problems develop 'a need to knowtestingcurricularmaterialsfor specific information and skills; theseundergraduate students of science. ecology. rare provided by a bank of severalTheinitialgroupof workshops, Instimctionul Scientific Equipment thousand self-instructional modulessupported in fiscal year 1974, are to and a seriesofspecidl-topicdevelopcurricularmaterialson This fiscal year, 373 awards were seminars, topicsinastrophysics, energy madetoassistinimplementing

8 90SCIENCE EDUCATION specific course and curriculum effectivewaystocontinuethe aperiod of participation in a college improvements throughtheprofessional education of scientistsoruniversity research project. acquisition,on a matching-fund and engineers inthe nonacademic Projects in Student Science Training basis,ofnecessaryinstructional labor force. In the past the Founda- forhigh-ability secondary school equipment. Awards were made totion has supported several experi-students may be directed to those both2- and 4-year colleges;Ihe,mental approachestocontinuingstudents with conventional science majority of the awards were for education in which universities havetraining or to those whose back- equipment to improve curricula and cooperated with local industries ingrounds are limited by the facilities teaching laboratories in the physical offering specialized instructionto andinstructionoftheirschools. ofthe79projects sciences.._ . . . practicing scientists and engineersipThirty -one thearea.Inthisfiscalyear,as supported in 1974 were planned for Scienct, and Engineering Technician another approach, the Foundation this latter group. A special group of Education has funded a professional society toseven projects brought both high To assist in providing the trained develop a prototypecontinuing,schoolteachersandstudents technical personnel for research and education program. The Americantogether in testing ways to adapt this technology,particularlyinthose ChemicalSociety(ACS)istype of format and experience as a areas in which manpower is needed developingcontinuingeducationregular feature of secondary school to help solve contemporary national material in chemistry, designed to offerings. In all, some 3,500 student. problems infields of science and facilitateindividualuseand 'toparticipants were involved. engineering, the Foundation in fiscal accommodateto ashortcourse year 1974 initiated the Science and format. Modes of instruction to be include computer-Iindergrodunfi: Hosea rch Engineering Technician Education developedwill Participation Program. Four grantshave been assistedmaterials,colorvideo- awarded for the development of new cassettes augmented by audio- Support provided through Under- and improved prototype programscassettes,films,andprintedgraduate ResearchParticipation for technical support personnel. The materials.Testsdevisedbythe allowsundergraduates who have grants share the following common EducationalTestingScr'vicewill completed a substantial portion of features: attempt to determine whether satis-their requirements in science to work factory mastery of the material isfull-time directly with the faculty Adaptation of, and addition to,achieved, and field testing will bemembers on research projects,In nationally developed core sciencedone within industry, Government1974 theprojectsinthis master- curriculum materials. agencies, and also by some local ACS apprentice program were restricted Production of :new modules in chapter's. An import pot element is to tothose dealing with the energy specialized technological areas. be the extensive documentation and problem or with the management appropriate software which will 'heand/outilizationofrenewable Exploration of new curriculum made available to other professional natural resources. The 173-projects at and program structures emphasizing societies that might wish to initiate144collegesanduniversities adaptation to diverse student needs. similar programs. included 1,300 participants. Involvement and collaboration with other institutions in develop- Student-Oriented Programs St uclont-Originotecl St tidies ment and testing. The three activities of the Student- Through Student- Originated The projects at the University of OrientedProgramsaredirectedStudies (SOS), undergraduates or TexasatSanAntonio andthe toward science-talented students. Ingraduates, or combinations of the University of Wyoming are in the all three sit uations, the objectives are two, who organize their own groups, area of chemical technology. while to foster increasing independence of may obtain support lo carry out their to future thatat the Junior College District of thestudents, identify own research activities with minimal St.Louis concentrates on instru- leaders, to conserve scientific talent,facultysupervision.Proposals mentation and Ihe preparation ofand toplace upon students moreconsidered by SOS are conceived and general engineering technicians, and responsibility for guiding their own written by groups of students. Those thatat Oklahoma Stateisfor learning. groups whose proposals are electrical power technologists. successful then carry out and manage Student Science Training theprojectsproposed. Mostare Continuing Education for designed to provide data useful to Scientists and Engineers Through Student Science Training alimited number of advancedlocal government alagenciesin Effortsaredirectedtoward secondary school students receiveplanningor administeringpublic developinganddemonstrating special instruction in science ancLo programs, In 1974, 135 a wards to 115

8 -1 SCIENCE EDUCATION 91

feeler NSF's Undergraduate Research Participation Program, students and faculty work in close coordination.At 'ell, Cary Froehlich, senior electrical engineering student al Texas Tech University, talksover his laser research pro- 1.vith his !acuity adviser, Larry Burton. At right, California Stale University, Sacramento, physics professor Charles Nev,Lomb works 1.vith undergraduate Al Young on ultrponic measurements in superconductors.

colleges and universities supported-of these projects will focus on the high schools of the greater Norfolk,, the work of 1,200 students. utilizationofcomputer-based Va.,area. A unique exploratory A survey of the impact of Student-instructional systems. study at Stanford University will Originated Studies projects on the fn support of initiating scientific investigate and compare curriculum teaching patterns of the host insti- researchbyfaculty members of variables and mathematics learning tutions is nearing completion. Theethnicminorityinstitutions, 47 by"Chicano"and"Anglo" contractor has presented an outlinegrants were made in fiscal year 1974 elementary and secondary scho-ol of his findings and a full report will to scientists in 22 institutions. students. be delivered early in fiscal year 1975. Inaddition,10 experimental %linorities in Science Studies projects were initialed this year to Ethnic Minorities and and Experimental Projects testpromisingsolutionsto the Women problems associated with increasing Five studies to identify and assess the number of ethnic minority group Minority InstitutionScience factors which are harrierstothe members' inscientificandtech- Improvement participation of ethnic minorities in nologicalcareers. Three of these scientific careers were initiated inexperiments will explore ways of To capitalize on a unique national fiscal year 1974. Three of the studies preparing otherwise highly qualified resource and to help- provide equal dealwith aspects of engineering highschoolstudentstomeet educational opportunities, grants areeducation,includingproblemsacademic requirements for college mode to colleges and universitiesassociatedwithattractingpros- entrance. Two of these three projeCts servingethnicminoritiesforpectiveengineeringmajors, the involve black Americans in urban upgradingtheseinstitutionsand validation of admission standards, highschoolsand oneat the their course offerings. In fiscal yearand the retention of ethnic minorityUniversity of North Dakotawill 1974, 26 grants were made to studentsinengineering curricula. involve 20 American Indian high individual institutions, including 3One study,atWayne Stateschool students. Four projects will estalit.i.s.hedtoserve NativeUniversity, will obtain data whichexperiment with .various ways in American students. In addition, two will indicate the kind and relative which colleges and universities could interinstitutional grants were madeinfluence of variables affecting the identify,counsel,and prepare for support of activities to assist the career choices of minority under-minority students for science and faculties of minority institutions in graduateandgraduatestudents. engineering careers,,and two other more effectively developing,Another studywillexaminethe projects will evaluate and compare selecting,and usinginstructionaleducational andpsychological methods of increasing science career media and strategies in the teaching barriers influencing participation inawareness among minority junior of the sciences and mathematics; onescience by minority students in the high and high school students.

9u 92SCIENCE EDUCATION

Women in Science Studies . been availablewas accorded to an for example, 19.7percentof the and Experimental Projects additional 1,859 of the applicants. applicants for new fellowships were grantswere Each of the fellowships was women, while only 11.1 percent of the Twenty-three awarded for 3 years of graduate awardees were women; in 1973, the fiscal year 1974 to 21 awarded in to beginning graduate stu- percentage had risen to 27 percent. institutions for 13 problem assess- study dents. The fellowships may be used women in the applicant population ment studies to identify and study over a 5-year period, which permits compared to24.1 percent women those factors that affect the number students to fit into their education awardees. This development over the of women inscientific and tech- programs other valuable scientific severalyearsrepresents a nologicel careers ,and for 10- experi- past -and-- academicexperiences.Each twofoldimprovementin- overall mental projects to test various ways 'fellowship carries a stipend of $3,600 numbers of women applicants and to increase the number of women in per year for full-time study, and an awardees and in the ratio between science. education allowance of $3,000 to the the two categories. Eleven of the studies are designed U.S. institution in lieu of tuition and Thisyear,duetothe annual- to determine what factors influence ization of the Foundation's approp- women in making decisions about fees. Fellowship awards wereinthe riations, a new fiscal arrangement education and careersinscience, following fields; 12 percent in mathe- has been initiatedwherebyall mathematics, and engineering; one matics, 12 percent in engineering, 20 Fellows attending a given U.S. insti- will be concerned with the effects of percentinphysicalsciences,28 tutionaresupported through an cooperative education experience on percentinsocialsciences and annual Fellowship Support Grant to college women majoring in science and engineering; and one willpsychology, and 28 percentin that institution pursuant to a Fellow- biologicalsciences.Twenty-eight ship Support Agreement between the attempt tomeasurethecurrent percentofthefellowships were institution and the Foundation, extent of participation of women in awarded to women this year, in a their pre-college or freshman college competition in which women consti- Traineeships years, and are designed to develop tuted 29 percent of the applicant techniques or materials that can be population, This represents a rise in To help meet the Nation's future used by many institutions. the percentage of women making energy research needs, the Founda- application for and receiving NSF tion also awarded grants to 39 insti- Graduate Student Support graduate fellowships, and a greater tutions for atotal of 172 Energy- balancebetweenawardsand RelatedGraduate (ERG) Graduate Student Support has as applicants by sex. In fiscal year 1967, Traineeships, which provide 3 years its primary objective to provide a reasonable and continuous flow of highlytalentedindividualsinto science careers. Other objectives are tostrengthenthetechnical com- Table 7 petence of scientific and engineering Improvement of Education for Careers in Science manpower, specifically to help meet Fiscil Year 1974 the Nation's energy problems, and to Number Net improvetheaccessofgraduate of Awards Obligations students attending historically Improvement of Education for Careers in minority colleges and universities to ScienceTotal . 1,061 $28,676,587 careers in science and technology. Secondary School Program 1,517,084 Materials.. 6 1,121084 11 394,000 Grodilote Fellowships Student-Oriented Program 387 5,130,313

Secondary . 79 1,374,976 In year1974,525 new Undergraduate Research Participation 173 2,021,961 fiscal StudentOriginated Studies .. 135 1,733,376 Graduate Fellowships were awarded Alternatives in Higher Education .. 432 10,706,855 to students in the sciences, mathe- Materials 38 3,441,122 Alternative Degrees ..... 17 3,122773 matics,andengineering,with Technician Education .... 4 1,002,445 Undergraduate Instructional 6quipment 373 3,140,515 selection based upon ability. More Continuing Education and Professional Development 184 4,715,280

than 5,700 students applied for these Faculty Workshops and Chaulaugua . . 25 1,307,790 Science Faculty Fellowships ..... 91 1,484,365 NSF Fellowships, and the awards Faculty Research Participation 65 919,440 represent a success ratio of slightly Continuing Education for Non - Academic Scientists and Engineers . . . 3 1,003,685 over9 percent.Honorable men- Ethnic Minorities and Women in Science 41 6,607,055 tiondefined as status ftilly worthy Minority Institutions .. 28 6,001,835 . . 13 605,220 of a fellowship had sufficient funds Minorities andWomento Science P totects

9 1 SCIENCE EDUCATION 93 ofsupportforadvanced studiesareas: coaboil shale, solar energy, orships to 7 such schools. Each award leading todoctoralormasters'geothermal energy. providesfor3years of support. degrees,EachERG Traineeship The Minority Institution Graduate Appointments are made by the insti- provides a s ipend of $3,000 per yearTraineeship fiscal year 1974 program tutionstoindividuals enrolledin and a $3,000 per year allowance tohelpedtoimprove theaccessof advanced degree programs inthe the institution in lieu of tuition andstudents attending minority colleges sciencesandengineering;emol- fees. ERG Traineeships will focus on and universities to careers in scienceuments are identical withI hose .for_ oneofthreesignificantresearch through the award of 30 trainee- the. ERC Traineesh ips.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE LITERACY

The Education Directorate'sfiscal Elementary School Program Additional funds were made avail- year1974emphasison science able for the combined science-mathe- literacy recognized the importance ofMaterials and Instruction matics project Unified Science and increasing attention being, given toDevelopment Mathematics for Elementary Schools theproblemsofimprovingthe (USMES), directed by Earle Lomon general level of scientific literacy of a In mathematics, four conference of MIT, at the Education Develop- broader segment of the population. reports, available as a result of fiscal ment Center. This project is nearing The grialof the science literacyyear 1973 activities, provided a par- the end of its development phase Lind activity is to increase substantially tialreassessmentof mathematics moving rapidlyintoimplementa- the number of persons who are ableeducation in the country and pointedtion. Another aspect of the elemen- to make use of the methodologies ofdirections for the Foundation's next tary school program is illustrated by science as well as the results ofsteps in attempting to attain mathe- a grant to Antioch College for anim- scientific discovery, intheir workmatical competence among the Na-pact assessment of the elementary and personal. lives, whether or nottion's students. In response to the social studies course, Man: A CouliTh they are engagedinscientific ormajor recommendations of these re-of Study. technical ocaupations. ports, a number of grants were made, As our society becomes more andall designed to study more closely the more technologically oriented, moreteaching and learning process. Two Instructional Improvement individuals are becoming engaged inof these, one to Eugene Nichols atImplementation activities or in making decisions thatFlorida State University, the other to A major restructuring of require a scientific or technical back-George Springer at Indiana Univer-implementation activities at the pre- ground, and there is trriiii.preasinglysity, will provide for development of college level was accomplished in wide range of jobs at all levels formaterials at the elementary schoolfiscal year '1974. Attention is now whichsciencetrainingishighlylevel that should overcome some offocused principally on bringing inno- useful, if not essential. the difficulties recently encountered vative curriculum inalerials into the Concurrently, IheNationdesirestoin using content from earlier develop- classroom and orienting the educa- make the benefits of more educationment efforts along with a close study tional staff of schools and school available to more of its citizens. Ourof children's performance in the newdistricts in the appropriate use of the schoolsarenow accommodatingmaterials. The use of Teachers' Cen-materials they have chosen. almost the entire school-ageters as reinforcement for the teaching Implementationgrantsarecate- population and are thus faced withprocessisbeinginvestigatedat gorized as: (1.) .orientation of educa- an increasing diversity of talents,SouthernIllinoisUniversity,the tional leadersinvolving teams from capabilities, and career aspirations.University of Denver, and the selectedregionsto become thor- To meet the needs of these students aUniversity of Wisconsin at White- oughly familiar with one or two of the wider variety of teaching materialswater.Investigationsofmathe- majorcurriculumprojectssup- mustbedeveloped,includingmatical learning in children are being pcirled by NSF so that local training materials that can be matched to theundertaken by Edward Bugle, Stan-can be,handled by members of these learning abilities of both the theore-ford University; Joseph Scandura,teams, `and familiarizing education tically inclined student_who learnsResearch for Better Schools, Inc.;system decisionmakers with new readily from the printed page and theRobert Davis, University of Illinois;curriculumdevelopments toin- more practicallyoriented studentMax Bell, University of Chicago; and crease their understanding of their who learnsbest from "hands-on"Hassler Whitney, Institute for Ad-options for improvement of instruc- materials and tangible models. winced Studies, Princeton. tion in the sciences and in mathe-

9(2 94 sa ENCE ED UCATI ON

iniwgift

.=1.-

Linder the combined science-mathematics projectof Unified Science and Ntathematics for Elementary Schools (LISNIES), a fifth grader in his classroom is learning about the many difficulties encountered when attempting to control variables in tests that involve human subjects.

ma tics;(2) school system- centered This year grants were awarded secondary school level. Grants to projectsfor school systems com- costing $5.9 million for elementary Boston University (Uri Haber- mitted to full implementation of oneschool implementation activities. A Schaim, Director) and the Univer- of the new curricula in their class- total of )7,587 teachers, supervisors, sity of Oregon (Alan Hoffer, Direc- rooms, in collaboration with local andotherresourcepersonnelin tor) will provide prototype materials. colleges to strengthen the quality ofscience and mathematicspartici- In addition, an analysis of mathe teacher training; and (3) teucher-cen- pated in 157 projects. matics achievementof secondary tered projectsto permit individual school students will be performed teachers who have leadership roles in Secondary School Program through the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. their own schools or school systems IVIaterirds and Instruction In the social sciences a behavioral to gain thorough background in one Development or two curricula so that they may try science curriculum project has been out the materials in their local situa- The,mathematicsdevelopments initiated with an award to the Ameri- tions prior to a commitment For wide- describedundertheElementary can Psychological Association; the spread adoption. School Program extendtothe director is john Bare, of Carleton Col-

cS SCIENCE EDUCATION95

In NSF's Inslruclionill1'111)11ml-11prdlInplimwntolinn project Fur elementary si.hnols, al lent inn is being locused on bringing inimvnlive curriculum materials into the (.1,issilinin mut teaching the leachers how best In use them. In Ihis catia, a tem:her is using o nindern projector lor shoving, brine shrimp.

lege. The development phase of thescience project 'Comparing Politico! example, the Individualized Science interdisciplinary course ExploringExperiences wasawardedaddi- InstructionalSystem,startedin Human Nuturo is being terminatedtional funds for further development fiscalyear1973,receivedmajor with this year's grant, and activitiesof instructional materials. funding this year for development of toaidimplementationofthe Interdisciplinary content charac- interdisciplinary modules for grades materials inschools andsc!Uml terizes current projects for materials 10 to 12. The I (Limon Sciences Pro- systems have begun. The political developmentinthe sciences. Forgroin combines materini from the 96SCIENCE EDUCATION biological and behavioral sciencesgram are the same as have been de-secondary school science and mathe- for the middle school. scribed above under the Elementarymatics were supported through these In order to aid in the dissemina-School Program. They were sup-implementation projectstoaid in tionof information about new ported by 246 grants at a cost of $8.8bringing innovative curriculum instructional materials and methods, million. A total of 17,860 teachersmaterialsintosecondaryschool a new edition of the booklet Courseand otherresourcepersonnelin classrooms. and Curriculum Improvement Pro- jects was published by the Founda- tion in fiscal year 1974. This booklet Table 8 describes all of the significant pro- Improvement of Education for Scientific Literacy jects,conferences, and studies Fiscal Year 1974 dealing with course materials and Number Nel instructional development since the of Awards Obligations inception of these activities in NSF. Improvement of Education for Scientilic All pre-college grade levels are in- LiteracyTotal 490 $23,635,267 cluded in this publication. Elementary School Program 169 7.940,900 Materials and Instruction Development 12 2,050.777 Instructional Improvement Implementation 157 5,890,123 Instructional Improvement Secondary School Program . 271 13,482,110 Implementation Materials and Instruction Development 25 5,087,080 Instructional Improvement Implementation 246 8,395,030 Restructuredimplementation Public Understanding of Science 50 2,212,257 activities funded under this pro--

PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE

TheFdundation'slong - standingScienceandtheBritishBroad- tion at that station of several pro- commitmenttoenhancingpublic casting Corporation, and supported grams on science reflecting the in- understanding of science and ten--by grants from the Foundation, theterests of the San Diego community. nology was strengthened infiscal CorporationforPublic Broad- A number of regional and com- year 1974 with the support of 50casting, the Carnegie Corporation ofmunitypublicforumsandcon- awards totaling $2.3 million. The pri-New York, and Polaroid, the seriesferences were supported infiscal mary objective of the Public Under- wasan innovative representation of year 1974, many of which dealt with standing of Science Program isto the diverse worIcl,of science. Highly the interrelated subjects of energy, stimulate and encourage communica-recognized by both the critics and theeconomics, and the environment. The tion between scientists and the pub-public, the 13 hour-long shows of the AmericanAssociationforthe lic, on the role, substance, potential, first season of NOVA dealt with such Advancement of Science continued and limitations of science and tech-topics; as the Colorado River, theto conduct aseries of forums on nology. Many projects supported insearch forlifein outer space, the energyinsuchcommunitiesas prior years reached the operationaldiscoveryofanesthesia,medical Chicago, San Diego, Tucson, arid stage during fiscal year 1974, andethics, nuclear fusion research, andPortland, Me. A major seriesof with activities initiated during fiscalchimpanzeelanguage. Asecond environmental symposia was ini- year 1974, a comprehensive publicseries of 22 shows is being produced tiated at the Spokane International communications program is now infor the 1974-75 television season. Expositiondealingwithenergy, progress. Other televisionprojectsre- agriculture,health, human settle- A most exciting development inceiving support during fiscal yearments, population, and natural re- publicunderstandingofscience1974 includeda new public tele- source management. Other projects during the past year was the pre-vision series on economics, to be pro- includedthreeinternational sym- miere of the weekly NOVA scienceduced by Emmy-award winnerposia on global concerns with the series televised nationally over theDavid Prowitt in conjunction withenvironment; three northern Cali- Public Broadcasting System. Pro-The National Economistg' Club of forniaregionalworkshops on duced by WGBH TV in Boston, inWashington;the establishmental. ecology, economics, and population cooperationwiththeAmericanKPBS TV, San Diego, of an Office of growth; andin Tampa-St. Association for the Advancement ofScientific Affairs; and the procluc- Petersburg, Fla.. a series of public

9 SCIENCE EDUCATION 97

.11 4.:47 around the country.. Theprocessof communicating information oescience to the public can, in large part, be only as effective asthecapabilityofthe communications media to deal with the complex issues and substance of science. Several projects were therefore supported, in cooperation with the journalistic profession,to improve the dialogue between scientists and journalists 1,ntopics of common interest and concern. The Councilforthe Advancementof Science Writing received support for the development of an educational program in the social sciences for _41 leading journalists and editors. The p'rogramwillprovide updated informationonthelatestsocial science research findings and the process-of research itself in the social sciences. Also supported was work by the School of Public Communica- Washoe;' t he chimpanzee that learned to communicate with human beings with tionsatBoston University on a sign language. retaxes.mitha Friend. A Min or Washoe's language development comprehensive sciencejournalism was televised nationally as part of the Ieekly NOVA science series. !Photo by program at the graduate level, in- Psychology Today) cluding provision for special intern assignments for young science forums on population and growth, lion to the general public on sciencejournalists in various media outlets ecology, and energy. and t'echnology, the program sup-throughout the New England rggion, Recognizingthatmuseums areported a number of exhibits andand the development of new educa- major communicators of informa- science demonstrations at museumsLord! courses in science journalism.

INCREASING EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES

Whilethequestionofcost- Technological Innovation in many hundreds of students atall effectiveness is a consideration in all Education levels of education, using radically scienceeducationgrants,the innovativetechnology; and the Foundation supports two major ap- Support has been provided for theTICCIT(Time-SharedInteractive proaches to attaining FI better balance development and field evaluation ofComputer ControlledInformation between costs and educationaltechnologies, techniques, andTelevision) system, designed to pro- productivity.'One,Technological systems of instruction at all levels ofvide cost-effective CAI in mathe- InnovationinEducation, involveseducation. matics and English to a cluster of support of the application tothe Two and one-half years ago, the roughly 100 community college stu- educational process of technological Foundationcommitted itself to dents simultaneously, using mini- devices suchas computersand developingandfield-testingtwo computers and televisiontech-. television;theother,Educational markedly different systems ofCOM- nology. Program Restructuring, focuses nn a puter-assisted instruction (CAI): the Good progress was made in both few major models of new ap- PLATO(Programmed Logic for the PLATO and TICCIT projects proaches totheorganization,AutomaticTeachingOperations)during fiscal year 1974. Over 500 management, and delivery of the con- system, designedtoserveas an PLATO plasma panel student content of education. instructional computing utilityforsoles have been installed, andit

9 .6 98sciENCF.EDUCATION appears that the University of II music in an experimental elemen-persons other than project staff or nois PLATO systemwwill be serving tary school. Thomas Dwyer of theNSF staff) has been completed that nearly 1,000 consoles by 1976, theUniversityofPittsburghis shows that the Purdue program en- termination date for the field-tests developing a computer-based mathe-hances the intellectual growth of stu- which start in September. of 1974. matics laboratory at the high-schooldents. The Indiana University proj- The system has been demonstrated level, and Alfred Bork of the Univer-ect, being implemented on some 30 extensively in the United States andsity of California, Irvine, is studying other campuses, is the subject of an abroad (including. an extensive,- in- the use of computer graphics forextensive third party evaluation. vited demonstration in Moscow ininstruction in physics '`le level of 1973), and is widely regarded as ahigher education. Duringfiscalyear 1974,the singular technological accomplish- Support was also provided during Foundation made 10 awards, totaling ment. More than a dozen corpora- fiscal year 1974 for an extensive over $2.6 million, fo,,r systems proj- tions have announced their inten-field-test of a system of interactive.ects. These are experimental proj- tions to market devices based uponguidance and information (SIGI), to ects which are attempting to find the PLATO technology, and many be conducted at several communitymore effective means of coordina- universities have procured consoles colleges. This system promises to be tion among alltheagencies and for theft own use. averyusefultoolnotonlyfor institutions involved in pre-college developing science education within a specified The MITRE Corp., contractor for decisionmakingskills, but for studying students' decision-region. Statewide projects were con- the-mut-system and field-test, has tinued in Delaware, Oregon, and Ok- built and installed a small system atmaking processes as well. SIGI has Brigham Young University, where been developed by Martin Katz of thelahoma, with the general goals of im- Educational Testing Service, which provingthequalityofscience, the CAI lessons are being prepared. A is located in Princeton, N.J. mathematics,andearthscience complete system was installed in the instruction, respectively. Two new summer of 1974 at the TICCIT field- projects, initiated in New York City test sites in Arizona and Virginia. and Lakewood, Colo., are working to TICCIT has also attracted a good deal Educational Programdevelop modelsforimproving of interest andattention in the United Restructuring States and abroad. The U.S. Nap science instructionatthe middle-. Educational Program Restruc- schoollevel and for a computer- has purchased one system, and may managed system for mathematics purchasea number of themifturing aims to improve effectiveness instruction, respectively. Third TICCIT's performance objectives areand efficiency in science education met. The first field use of TICCITthroughthedesign, development, oarty evaluation of systems projects and evaluationof major models,was begun with a grant to Western began in the fall of 1974, and Will con- Michigan University to study the tinue through the spring of 1976. encompassing the organization, management, delivery, and contentDelaware and Oregon projects. The TICCIT system, based as it isof education. The program involves upon television technology, is also A new program activity, Restruc- three principal areas of effort: pre-turing the Undergraduate Learning beingconsideredasadelivery service educationof sciencetea- system for CAI and other interactive Environment, was initiated in fiscal chers; State, regional, or urban sys-year 1974 to encourage the develop- services into the home. During fiscaltemsofscienceeducation;and year1974, MITRE completed an ment of major alternative institu- restructuring theundergraduate tionalapproaches to thestyle, extensive study of the feasibility oflearning environment. such an undertaking and published a organization, and content of under- seven-volume report of the findings. Pre-ServiceTeacherEducationgraduate science. This activity sup- Support was also provided duringfunds were devoted to continuingported five major projects totaling fiscal year 1974 for especially prom-support of eight projects and initia-$2.1 million: and six design projects ising applications of technology fortion of evaluation activities at fourtotaling $125,000. Two of the major educational purposes. For example,major projects. Earlier evaluationsprojects are: support was continued at severalhave resultedinwithholding the locations for the development andfunds originallyintendedfor the WesleyanUniversity, Middle- studyof technologically basedlater stages of a few of the projects. town, Conn., will establish its inter- mathematical laboratories. Sey-Current evaluation, which has a moredisciplinary College of Science in mour Papert of MIT is applying prin-positive goal, aims at identifying andSociety where students will enjoy a ciplesfromartificialintelligencedocumenting the outstanding fea-relatively unstructured opportunity theory, as well as computing tech- tures of four of the projects to facili-to study science relative to its inter- nology and simulations, to instruc-tate their transfer to other institu-action with social institutions and tioninmathematics, science, and tions. A "third party" evaluation (bypersonal values. SCIENCE EDUCATION99

Simon's Rock, Great Barring- Table 9 ton, Mass., aims to become the Na- Increasing Effectiveness of Educational Processes tion'sfirst4-year science bacca- Fiscal Year 1974 laureate degree-granting college de- Number FY 1914 signedforearlyentrance.After of Awards Ohligalions Increasing Effectiveness of Educational completion of the tenth grade, stu- ProcessesTotal 18 $13,934,528 dents may enter two broadly based Technological Innovation in Education 41 7,431,568 interdisciplinary B.A. degree pro- Educational Program Restructuring 31 6,502,960 grams, premedical or environmental Pre.Service Teacher Education 13 1,569,800 Systems Protects 10 2,462,500 studies,withtheexpectationof Restructuring the Undergraduate Learning graduation in '4 years. Environment 14 2,470,660

PROBLEM ASSESSMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS

TheProblemAssessmentandmunity into undergraduate class- mentofdoctoraleducation. In Experimental Projects program wasrooms. another study, the American Insti- begun in fiscal year 1974 to initiate tutes for Research will look at career studies and experimental projects on The staff-identified experimental guidanceFactors' thataffectthe specifically identified problems inprojects areas included: developmentofhighschoolstu- scienceeducation. The program's dents' scientific potential to deter- Developingtechniquestoin- aims are: to gain knowledge aboutcrease the-number of ethnic minority mine what high school students possible solutions to specific prob-group members and women inknow about careers and what they lems and to explore and develop tech- need to know. science, and niques to alleviate those problems; to At the University of North Dakota. formalize an analytical and quantita- Increasing availability of high ina ,project partly funded by the tive approach to program and proj-school student project activity as an BureauofReclamation, students ect evaluation and planning, and tointegral part of high school science proficient as pilots will be trained in synthesize the results of problemprograms. the technical and scientific back- assessmentstudiesandexperi- ground needed for weather modifica- mental projectsto provide guide- In addition to the staff-identifiecl tionresearch. Brigham Young linesfor. the creation of programstudyandexperimentalproject Universitywillcarry out a project in alternatives responsive to projectedactivities,the program handled aassociation with the Entomological as well as current needs of the sciencevariety of proposer-identified proj-Society of America to investigate education community. ects and studies. In the course of thebarriers to teaching of new materials Problemareasinwhich staffyear, the group considered 285 pre-and modes of instruction in ento- identified studies were initiated inliminary proposals and 95 formal mology. fiscal year 1974 included: proposals, and recommended sup- The NSF Chautauqua-type short port of 69 activities. Among these courses for college teachers received Current state and effectivenesswas a major study of graduate educa- continued support in fiscal year1-974 of continuing education in the United tion being carried out by the Councilthrough grants to 12 field centers for Statesfor nonacademic scientistsof Graduate Schools in the Unitedoperating costs, and one additional and engineers, Statesthatwilldevelopreliablegrant was made tothe American Barrierstothe movement ofinstruments and procedures that can Association for the Advancement of women and ethnic minority groupbe used for evaluation and improve- Science for intercenter coordination. membersintoscienceandtech- nology careers, Table 10 Barriersto implementation of Problem Assessment and Experimental Projects newly developed teaching materials Fiscal Year 1974 and modes of instruction, and Number FY 1974 of Awards Obligations Problem Assessment and Experimental Effective means of moving new ProjectsTotal knowledge from the research corn- 29 $1,464,221

ti 100SCIENCE EDUCATION

SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES

Science Resources Studies developsteadily over the past 5 years at an allscientists and engineers,itis quantitative information on the Na-average rate of 9.1 percent. Duringimportant to have" information on the tion's scientific and technological re-the fiscal year 1969-74 period, the types of employerS, work activities, sources. Appendix E includes a com- civilian portion of the Federal R&Dand othercharacteristicsofthis plete listing of such studies issued by budget increased considerably fastermajor part of the scientific work theFoundationduringtheyear. than the space and defense com-force. Development of a new survey Theseweresupplementedby ponents, although the latter two still was started with the Census BUiTall, numerous reports published by con-represent about two-thirds of thewhich will carry out this survey for tractors. Highlights of the fiscal yearestimated fiscal year 1974 Federal NSF starting in fiscal Year 1975.

1974 program are outlined below. R&D expenditures.Funds . One major new program inthe specifically obligated for- researchmanpower area was initiated by the Summary Reports and developmentintheareaof Foundation as a direct result of the energy development and conversion recently experienced energy crisis. Two summary reports were re-increased by nearly 14 percent be-With plans under way for major new leased. One of these was the Founda- tween fiscal year 1973 and fiscal yearenergy initiatives by both the Fed- tion's annual report, National Pat-1974. The increased emphasis oneral Government and industry, itis tarns of R&D Resources, 1958-1974. civilian R&D funding is expected toimportant to identify possible bottle- The other involved a comprehensive continue into 1975. necks in the implementation of these analysis of the Nation's scientific and new energy thrusts. Scientific man- technological affairs and was pre- Scientific and Engineering power could be one of these. Conse- sented in February in the National Manpower quently, the Foundation started a Science. Board publication, Science program of study and analyses of Indicators, 1972. This report pro- In the manpower area, importantinformation related to current and vides under one cover a summary ofnew NSF initiatives are beginning toprospective utilization of scientific datacompiledfromsciencere- producerest:fits.The Manpowerand engineering ma n po we rin sourcesstudiescarriedoutpri- Characteristics System, which tookenergy-related activities. Because of marilybytheFoundation.Cur- the place of the National Register ofthe urgent need for this information, rently, efforts are being directed toScientific and Technical Personnel,initial fiscal year1.974.and fiscal year 'improveexistingindicatorsand became operationalinfiscal year1975 effoils involve rough, rapid develop a system of output mea-1974. Initial results from one of itssurveys of inthistry and the Federal sures including: quality of leader-threecomponents,theDoctorateGovernment to determine the num- ship indices based on literature cita-Roster of Scientists and Engineersber and characteristics of scientists tions,patentandeconomic.per-(maintained for NSF by. the National and engineers engagedin energy formance relationships,indices ofResearch Council)werereleased. activities. At the same time, steps U.S. international positions inre- They showed that in 1973 there werehave been taken to develop large- search underlying major new tech-about 230,000 doctorate scientistsscale, regular surveys which will nologies, etc. These efforts will con-and engineers in the U.S. labor force. provide similar information ona tinue into fiscal year 1975. Among these, the unemployment rateregular, annual basis so that in future was 1.2 percent in mid 1973. Survey yearstimely informationwillbe Federal R&D Funding results also showed that 6,000 ofavailable for important energy policy the doctoral scientists held post- decisions. by Function doctoral appointments, 21,300 were Sincethecontributionsofre- women, and 15,200 were members of Other Studies searchanddevelopmenttothe minority groups. achievement of national goals is an Another major step towards im- Studies of academic science re important consideration,theproved manpower information wassourcesshowedthatFederal Foundation has annually analyzedthe resumption of the annual surveyacademicscienceobligationsde- the Federal R&D budget in terms of ofscientistsandengineersem- creased by about 8 percent in con- major national functions. The latestployedby industry. This surveystantdollarsbetweenacademic report, An Analysis of Federal R&Dwhich was previously carried out byyears 1972 and 1973. In doctorate- Funding by. Function, FY 1969-74,the Bureau of Labor Statistics hadgrantinginstitutions,full-time showsthatFederalsupportfor been inoperative since 1970. With in-science and engineering graduate civilian R&D programs hasrisendustry employing about 70 percent ofstudent enrollments dropped 3,3 per: SCIENCE EDUCATION 101 cent between 1972 and 1973, whileutilizationofresources. One im- largest industries and documents the the number of federally supported,portant study culminating duringway chemistry pervades the fidl-time graduate students fell to 52fiscal year 1974 involved a Founda- economy. The ACS made a number of percent of the fiscal year 1967 level, tion-sponsored effort, Chemistry inrecommendationsdealingwith While science resources studies the Economy, which was publishedvarious topics such as manpower concentrate on the accumulation and inbookformbytheAmerican studies, nonquantitative studies of analysis of statistical information,Chemical Society (ACS). This studyscience and society, educationin they are also concerned with factors describesthe accomplishments ofchemistry, and industry int erphase that influence the availability and chemistryin20oftheNation's with other sectors of the economy.

SCIENCE POLICY STUDIES

Activities of the search and education in the field of Objective I: Director's assumption materials.Itattempts to advanceof responsibilities as the President's National Academy of Sciences Adviser,assignedby and National Academy further the effort made in earlier Science COSPUP reportstofind ways ofReorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973, to of Engineering identifying priorities in a field of re-provide policy and program guid- search. ance and assistance concerning the The N,;nonal Science Foundation Liaison also continued with theachievementofnationalgoals continued to support and utilize theNational Academy of Engineering'sthrough science and technology. advisory services of the NationalCommittee on Public Engineering Academy of Sciences' Committee on Objective II: Increase the contribu- Policy (COPEP). The committee cur-tion of science to society. The status Science and Public Policyrently consists of 20 members, distin- (COSPUP). Among the committee's of progress in attaining these ob- guished in engineering, research, orjectives was reported regularly to the current activities are examination ofadministration. COPEP identifies, the need foradditionalspecial Executive Office of the President develops, and undertakes studies ofduring theyear. Substantial pro- studies in the areas of mathematics,emerging issues of technology and re- sciences,and gress was made in both cases. thegeophysical lated public policy and provides ad- astronomy. A study of criteria for Thefiscalyear 1974 NSF vice on the utilization of science andAuthorization Act required, for the determinationof safetyisbeing technology to achieve public pur- coordinatedwith theConsumer first time, that a quarterly report on poses. Two major tasks undertakenthe status of funding and programs Protection Agency. In cooperationthis year were a study of Federal Instituteof be provided to Congress. NSF pre- withtheAmeridan management..of technology utiliza- Physics, COSPUP is working on an pared four such quarterly reports tion. programs and preparation of aduring fiscal year 1974 ,containing analysis of manpower information inreport on the uses and limitations of astronomy and areas of physics re- information on recent research re- technology assessment. Both of these sults, changes in planned activity, lated to astronomy. COSPUP also are expected to be released in the near provides oversight to the joint U.S.- and highlights of interesting pro- future. U.S,S.R. cooperative interchange in gram developments. science policy. In cooperation with theAdvancedResearchProjects Other Policy Activities Evaluation Activities Agency, Department of Defense, the Foundation sponsored a comprehen- Evaluation activities provide ob- siveassessmentofthefieldof In April 1973, the President re- jective analyses. of the effectiveness, materials science and eng.,ieering,quested that each Department and impact, and adequacy of the Founda- undertaken by a committee ofAgency-Head seek a sharper focus on tion's program's and plans. Such a COSPUP, theCommittee onthe the results that the various activi-study is the one undertaken of the Surveyor Materials Science and En-ties under his or her direction are NSF Institutional Science Develop- gineering (COSMAT). The resultingaimed at achieving. In response, NSF ment Prograr:. While this extensive report, Materials and Man's Needs,identified two Presidential-level ob- program hazbeen completed,its was 'publishedin- December 1973.jectives during fiscal year 1974 asachievements are being evaluated The report stresses national needs inpartofthe Management by Ob-and its management philosophy is this area and their implications forjectives Program. These objectivesbeing studied as a model far future the organi.illinn and evolution of re- were: programs.

1 0 u 102 SCIENCE EDUCATION

Under the International Biological nonfacultypersonnelsupported,importance of highly cited papers in Program, NSF supported studies ingraduate students supported, andseveral disciplines, with the field of several distinctbiomes (major permanent equipment purchased, bychemistry already completed. This habitat types). Three of these biome discipline, by institution, or by State.study will establish the utility of programs arebeing evaluatedin The factors have now been extendedcitation frequency as an indicator of regard to the scientific findings, the to all other Federal agencies spon-quality or importance of research re- impact on scientists, and the manage -soring academic research so that thesults.Under an NSF grant,the ment of the projects. impact of alternative budgetary deci- University of Illinois is analyzing the A computerized allocation and im-sions can be assessed. quality of graduate education and re- pact model was developed and is search in science and engineering. operational. This model allows direct The impact of research may beThe study will assess changes in the assessment of the impacts of changesevaluated by the frequency with quality of the leading institutions, in in NSF project budgets on facultywhichresultingpublicationsare the quality of their graduates, and man-years, principal investigatorscited by scientists. A study is at- how these graduates progress in the supported, postdoctoral and othertempting to establish the role andjob market.

10 APPENDICES 103

Appendix A National Science Board, NSF Staff, Advisory Committees and Panels

NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD L. DONALD Stpups, President, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, Calif, JAMES H. Ze:6BFRGE, Chancellor,University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, Neb. Terms. Expire May 10, 107r5

I-I. E.CARTER,Coordinator ofIn terdisciplinarPrograms, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz, Member, Ex Officio RoBEET A. CHARP11.7., President, Cabot Cortmrat ion, Boston, Klass. "II. Ge VFOR 0 STEVER, (Chairman, Executive Committee), Director, LLOYD .\I.CooKE, Director.. of Urban Affairs and University National Science Foul-illation, Washington, D.C. Relations, ['Mon Carbide Corporation, New-York, N.Y. VERNICE ANDERSON, Executive Secretary, National Science Board, RoBEET 11.DicsF., Cyrus Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. DAviD M. GATES, Professor of Bounty and Director, Biological Station, Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STAFF Arbor, Mich. ROGER W. HEYNS, President, American Council on Education, Director, ft Guyford Stever Washington, D.C. Deputy Director, Raymond L. Bisplinghoff FRANK PRESS, Chairman, Department of Earth and Planetary Special Assistant, Donald E. Cunningham Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, NSF Historian, J. Merton England Mass. Special Assistant, Charles Maechling, Jr. F.P. TutEME, Special Consultant to the Board of Regents and Special Assistant, Philip Al. Smith Professor of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Science and Technology Policy Office Terms Expire .'lay 10, 1978 Drew Special Assistant, Dylan B. Lyon, Jr. W. GLENN CAMPBELL, Director, Hoover Institution on War, Special Assistant, William F. Herwig Revolution, and Peace, Stanford ['Diversity, Stanford, Calif. Senior Policy Analyst, F. Gilman Blake T. MARSHALL HAHN, ,JR., President, 1.'irgin ia Polytechnic Institute Senior Policy Analyst, Edward J. Burger, Jr. and State University, Blacksburg, \'a. Senior Policy Analyst, Robert E. Hughes ANNA J.HARRISON, Professor of Chemistry, Mount Holyoke Senior Policy Analyst, A. Carl Leopold College, South Hadley, Mass. Senior Policy Analyst, S. Victor Radcliffe HUBERT FIEFFNER, Chairman, Department of Applied Physics, Policy Analyst, Ernest F. Powers Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. Policy Analyst, Joel Rosenblatt WiLLIAAT II. MECKLING, Dean, TheGraditateSchoolof Policy Analyst, A. Wade Blackman Management, The University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. Policy Analyst, Carroll L. Pegler WitAtAAT A.NIERENHERG, Director,ScrippsInstitutionof Policy Analyst, Richard L. Stone Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. Office of National R&D Assessment RUSSELL D. O'NEAL., (Vice Chairman, National Science Board), Executive Vice President, KMS Fusion, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich. Director, Leonard I,. Lederman JosErn M. REv.xotms, Boyd Professor of Physics and Vice President Deputy Director, Thomas Ubois for Instruction and Research, Louisiana State University, Deputy Director for Science and Teclinolop,,y, Harold Glaser Baton Rouge, La. Senior .Staff Associate, Roll R. Piekarz Senior .Staff Associate, Dennis I). Schiffel Senior .Staff Associate, Alden S. Bean Term.s Expire May 10, /080 Office of Experimental R&D Incentives JEWEL Pt uNINIER Conn, Dean, Connecticut College, New London, Conn. Director, C. Branson Smith NoRMAS HACKERMAN, (Chairman, National Science Board), Deputy Director, Arley T. Bever President, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, Tex. Head, Private Sector, (Vacant) W,N. HyRtiA120, .JR., President, The Upjohn Company, Head, Public Sector, John E, Mock Kalamazoo, Mich, SACNDERS MAC LANE, Max M15011 Distinguished Service Professor Office of Planning and Resources Management of Alathematic 5, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. GuovER E. MuRRAY, President, Texas Tech University and Texas Director, Joel A, ,Snow 'Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, Tex. Deputy Director, Jack T. Sanderson DosAtn B. RICE, JR, President, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Budget Office, Walton M. Hudson Calif. Programming Office, Syl McNinch Evaluation .Staff, Harry J. Piccariello Planning & Policy Analysis, Michael Montross Nlember, Executive Committee Program Review (Vire, Lewis P. Jones 102 104 APPENDICES

Office of Equal Employment Opportunity National (:enter for Atmospheric lesea111 Scientific Coordinator, DonI.. Boer Dire( tor,Lewis A. Gist. NSF Global Atmospheric Research Program DeputyDirector, JoanI I umphrtes ,VSE Coordinator, Eugene Bierly

Office of Energy R &D Policy Earth Sciences Section Director,Paul F. Donovan Head, William E. Benson Deputy Dire( tor, Paul P. Craig GeochemistryProgt.ant Program Director, Bevan French

RESEARCH , Geology Progrant Program Director, Richard G. Ray Assistant Director,Edward C. Crew, GeophysicsProgram Assistant to the Assotant Director,Wane R. Gruner Program Director,Roy E. Hanson Deputy Assistant Director,Edward P. Todd Oceanography Section f...xerMire.4,sistantto the Deputy, JeromeII. Fregvan Senior Stall Associate,Enoch I,. Dillon Head,NI, Grant Cross Senior Staff Associate,Joshua NI. Ixise Staff Associate, MichaelB. I leafy SPeClal A.S.SIV011i, Leonard F. Gardner Physical Oceanography Program Staff Assistant,Edward W. Hilton Program Director,Glenn A. Cannon Office of Energy- Related General Research Biological Oceanography Program Head,Frederick A, Abernathy Program. Direr tor,Richard B. Williams Deputy Head, JI.Kent. Wilson Submarine Geology and Geophysics Program Program Director,Robert. E. Wall Division of Computer Research Head;John R. Pasta Division of Biological and Medical Sciences Eloise E, Clark Computer Research and Engineering Section Division Director, Deputy DivisionDirector, JohnW. NMI] Head,Kent K. Curtis Planning Officer, WilliamJ. Rimer "Theoretical Computer Science Program Acting Program Director,Val Tareski Cellular Eiology Section Software and Programming Systeins Program Head,I iertira\V. I..ewis Program Director,Thomas A. Keenan Developmental Biology Program Computer Systems Design Program Program Director,William A. Jensen Fragrant Director,John R. Lehmann Genetic Biology Program Program Director,Rose NI, Litntan Computer Applications in Research Section I Inman Cell Biology Program Head,D. Don Aufenkamp ActingProgram Director,IRTIlla\V, Lewis Networking for St ience Program Program Director,(Vacant) Ecology and Systematic Biology Section Techniques ;Ind Systems Program Head, (Vacant) Prograln Director, llowardNloraff EcosystemAnalysis Program Software Quality Research Program Program Director, Jerry F. Franklin Program Director, (Vacant) General Ecology Program Program Director, J01111B. Brooks Computer lomat! on Society Section Systematic Biology Program ilittogHead, FredWeingarten Acting Program Director, William E.Sievers Computer ImpactOn the Individual Program Biological Research Resources Prograto Program Director,NI. Granger Nlorgan Program Director,William E. Sievers Computer Impact on Organization Program Program Dire( tor, (Vacant) Molecular Biology Section /hungHead,Eloise E. Clark Diviion of Environmental Sciences Biochetnistry Program Division Direr tor, P. crary Program Director,Roy ReyNtske Executive Assistant,John F. Lame Biophysics Program ProgramDirector,Martin P. Sc hweizer Atmospheric Sciences Section Physiological Processes Section Head, Fred D,White Aeronomy Program Head, (Vacant) Program Director, Ilfred iI, Rees Regulatory Biology Program Meteorology Program Program Director, JamesW. Campbell ProgramDirector, Ii,Frank Eden Nletabolic Biology Program Elijah B. Romanoff Solar -Terrestrial Program Program Director, Program Director,Robert H. Nlanka Psychobiology Program Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sc betaes Evecutivi, 'arregary,!ugh \V, Albers Program Director, JacobBeck

1 O ,s APPENDICES 105

Neurobiology Program Astronomy Sr ( lion Program Dire( tor, _lames I I. Blown I lead, 12.obeit Fleisdier National Astionoinv Ubscn aint les Division of Engineering St lentil it Coordinator, Nit( lute! NI. Doris Sohn stem .kstionoinv Program Division Director. Iltonias Melo% Program Director, I 'amid I I.I Ant. Deinit% Do, ntoo Duel 101, Isml 1Vaishaw Stars and Stellar Evoltition Piograin .1( ling Program Dire( tor, Robert Flak( hal Engineering Chemists and EttergeMs Sec ion Stella] Systems and Minions Progiain I lead, K. D. lintnwthatts Program Direr tor,I IticoldI I.I attn. (:hetnicdl Processes Plogiant Gala( to and Extragalaclic Astronoim Progmin l'rogram Dire( tor, Nk'right Program Ihrt tor, Robert I.1 \'el lek I feat Transfer Promens astronomical Instrumentation and IN.%elopment fragrant Program Duet tor, Rohett J. Sc lawnlyals Program Dire( tor, i..1( ing) l'eter R. Rowe Plasma l) namit s and Nu( lean Fti);ineet ing ['Iowan] Chemistry Section Program Dire( lor, K. F. Kostenhat h Thermodynamics and Mass Icansier Program (lead, (Ac ring) O. 1Villiain Adams Program Ihret lot, Marshall NI. Lill Cherub al .kiial sis Program l'rogram Dire( tor, Arthur F. Findeis Mechanics .tit's sine Chem ic al I)N !mini( s Program Head, NI. P. (:arts l'rogram Dire( tor, Donald A. Speer Civil and Environmental ledmolog Piogram Clienticid Insonmentalion l'iograni Program Director, (..k. Rabencheier l'rogram Dire( tor, Rithatd S. Nicholson Fluid Nlec haste s Progiain Chem ic al Therwod mimic s Program Program Dire( tor, G. K. Lea Program Director, Thomas 1\'. De1Vitt Industrial "Eac hnology Program Otranto of Chemistry l'rograin Program Director, NI. S. Obits() l'rogram Ihret Ii, Grainer Solid Nlec hank s Program Strut. nual Chemistry l'rogram Program Director, z Vac am/ Program Dire( tor, 0. 1Vil I ituns Adams Synchetic Inorganic and ()rgaiminetallii Chemistry Plogiain Electrical Sciences and ,%nalysis Section l'rogram Direr. tor, ()am F. 1ViIliains I lead, Nlolianamed Chdusi Synthetic Organic and Natural Products C:heiniscy l'rograin Control and Automation Program Prograp /)hector, John S. Showell l'rogram Direr tor, Norman Caplan :Mathematical Sciences Section Devices and VilVeti Program Program thret lot, Leonard NI. Nlagid Head, William II. Pell F.lec [dial and ()laical CominuniCations Program Algebra Program Progritin Dire( tor, Elias Schutnnan Program Director, Alvin i.rimier Systm Theory and .kpplications f'rogratn Applied Nlatheinatli s and Statistics Program Program Director, George N. Saridis Program Director, Barnet! R. Agins Classical Analysis and Geometry Program Division of Social Sciences lssuriatr Program Director, John C. Wells Dirtsion Diredor, I toward II. Hines Modern Analysis and Probability Program Sflecial AA.ciAtant, Bertha W. Rubinstein Program Direr tor, William G. Rosen Anthropology PrograIll .Special Projects Program Program Direr tor, lwao Rhino Program Director (At ling) William II. Pell E« mom lc s Program Topology and Foundations Program Program Dim tor, Janes I L 13111c ktnan Program Director, Ralph M. Krause Geography Program Physics Section Acting Program Direr lor,I lowarcl fl.I lines I Iistory and Philosophy of Science Program Head, NIal'ad Bardon Spec' tat ConsnllnnI, Dudley Shapero Atomic, Molecular and Plasma Physic's Program Law and Social Sc ience Program Program Director, Rolf NI. Sinclair Program Director, Walter Probert Elementary Particle Physics Program Political Science Program Program Director, Alexander Ahashian Program Dire( G. R. Boynton inlermcdiam Energy Physics Program Sociology Program .s..sociate Program Director, David A. ,Jerkins Program Dire( tor, Donald R. PIn( Ii Nuclear Physics Program Social Ps% chology Program Program Director, Gerald T. Garvey Program Director, Roland W . Rad toff Theoretical Physics Program Special Projects Program Program Director, (Vacant) Progranz I):os Murray Aborn Associate Program Director, Boris A. Kayser St ien«; Polic v Researc It Program Associate Program Dire( tor, Richard A. Isaacson Program Direr lot, (1-acant'l Division of Materials Research Division or MathematiarAnd Physical Sciences Division Director, Paul G. Shewmon Del»ay Division Direr tor,I Inward W. Eifel Divi.sion Direr,lor, Wil limn E. Wright Engineering Materials Program Exec' Wire A SA I Siall Andrew W. Swago Pro gra m Oiredot, Kolx11 Rvnik 104 106APPENDICES

Solid State Chmistr and Po Isrnet St ten«. Program Divisionof Advanced Productivity Research and Technology Program Diree tor, Paul 11. Lindentrwyet Solid scale, and Low rc,,inper,iiiii,c, physic Director, F. Thomas Sparrow Program Director, Joseph I. Bodin( k Deputy Dire( tor for Pub .sector Product nn Jam's Co whig Materials Research Laboratory. Section Deputy Director for I nil ustrui 1 Pruritic bpi ty, 11 Pad, Roman J. asilewski .ewis G. Mayfield Staff AssOc late, William Bernard Prow.° m Al a na ger , George W , Baker Trowel m Manager, Arthur Konopka Program Manager, Gilbert Devc Program Manager, William W Ilakala RESEA A PI' LICATIONS Progra In Manager, John Surmeier Progra M a na ge r, Bernard Chem elsAisnt rec tor, Alfred J. Eggers, Jr. Program ill a nager, Allen NI. Shinn De piny ss, sin n1)irector, Richard J. Given !'rograrn Manager, George C. Eads Deputy Assistant lhrec for for Sc len«, a nil 'Ted h no logy Program Manager, Richard 0. Alison Ali B. (;ambel Program ,,tanager, Lawrence C. Rosenberg lJeprel's':lssistanl 1)irector for A (icily s mut 1'1(11111111g, Program M a nager, Lynn P. Dolins I lal 11 Program ,1l a Hager, "Trutt Lucas Spec rat J.ssrstan I to the Assistant ,)erector, ,1olin B. l'almadge Office of Intergovernmental Science and Research Utilization Office of Programs and Resources Direr tor, NI. Frank I let-small Director, Thomas \V. Aiken Deputy D her tor, Robert C. Crawford l)eputy !)erector, Roland T. Fibbens pu ty Director for Researe h 1' ti I izalum , (Vocant) Progra in ,'l na lyst.. James P. Mahar Progra m ,11 a 'lager, Thonias El. Pretorius Program Manager, David Richtmann l'ro gra atna lyst, Elmer (: ,I las ('IS l'rogra In A n a lyst, Paul I lerer Progra m Ala Hager, Joseph E. Holmes Program Al a Hager, Ward Wright Office of Systetns Integration and Analysis Program Manager, Russell II. Strange II SPIT ia 1 el.ssista tit, Louis I).I liggs I) ire( tor, \\'iiliantI \Vennore 1)e play Uiree tor, (Vacant) Division of Advanced Energy Research and Technology Progra.11 a na ger, Joshua Menkes l'rag ram Manager, '1-hoinas Anderson Direitor, Duluth! N. Beattie Program 'lager, Seth Tuttle Deputy Director, H. Richard Blieden i'rogram Manager, Nlyron F. Untan Direr tor far Arley. tic cc/ Solar I.:nergy Research & h nology, Program Manager, ( :harles Johnson Lloyd 0. Ilenwig Program .Manager,ger, Rit hard \\'arder Director, A dvam ed Geotherma I Energy Researe h Ter lin ()logy, Program Manager, Bruce Smith Paul Kruger Director for A di you eel Energy Comservation, Storage, (Alice of Public Technology Projects Trarrspurlation Research and Technology, 1)1 rei tor, 12as mond Fields Donald Senich 1)e pi !);rector, Robert 1 LICE Sem Mr Staff associale, Lawrence ralick PrOgra ni Manager, Alexander hwarzkopf Program Manager, Harold 1 lorowit/ l'rogra m Ma na ger, John 1)el Gobbo ProgramI a na ger , Richard Schoen Program Manager, Robert R. Miley Office of Exploratory Research and Problem Assessment Program Manager, Harold A. Spulder Program Manager, John A. Belding Direr tor', Charles R, !latter Programtanager, Louis Div one 1)e pu 11: !)nectar, I I. Kenneth Gaer Program Manager, George NI. Kaplan 1"rogret in Manager, Geoige Brosseau, Jr. Progra m a Hager, Leonard Magid Program Ala 'lager, Gladys G. Handy Program ;llarrager, George .lames Program Ma Hager, Robert Lamson Program ,;teenager, Nena Dcl Gobbo Program Mana ger, Charles T. ()wens Progra m Memager, Ritchie Coryell Office of Advanced Environmental Research and Technology Program John.W. Leech Program M agar , 'Fapan NIukerjee Director Ra mond Johnson Program Manager, Donald Pitts Deputy 1)irec tor, Robert Rabin Director, Regional Environ ',lentil I ant! Resource Studies, Larry W. -Fontbaugh Program Alanager, Richard A. Carrigan i'rogram Manager, Currie S. Downie EDUCATION Progra,Ifanager, Ralph NI, Perhat .4s.si.siani Director, Lowell J. Paige l'rogrant nager, Ralph II, Long, Jr. .Special A dvisor, Keith R. Kelson i'rogram ;Manager, Edward EI, Bran Special Ass t, filbert T. Young I 'rogra m .Manager,ger, ,lohn Scalit Program Ala na ger, Josephine K. Doherty Office of Experimental Projects and Programs Program AI a ria ger, Ronald S, Goor Progranz Manager, Marvin F., Stephenson [lead, Lyle IV, Phillips l'r ()gram .,11 a 'lager, ( :harks Thiel .Special A.ssi.staul, NI. Joan Callahan 10,) APPENDICES.107

Problem Assessment and Experimental I'tnjecis Clout) Special Assistant, Chrism( N. Schubert Group Direr tor, Laic R. Edmunds Researchlatiagetnent Improvement Program -Experimental Programs Group Program I)irector, Jean T. Deliell Croup Director, Alphonse Buccinn .11anager, Donald0, NI(Ctiire Technological Innovation in Education Croup Office of Polar Programs Croup Director, Erik D. NIcVilliains Pro/ea Manager. Andrew R. Molnar Ailing Head, Kendall N. Moulton P'roject Manager, Lawrence I-I. Oliver Student - Oriented Programs Croup Polar Planning and Coordination Staff Croup Director, Alfred Borg Program ,Malinger, Alexander J. Barton Chid, James E. I-leg Planning Officer, Alexander J. St hwartkold Division of Pre-College Education in Science Polar Information Service Division Director, Iloward J, Hausman (41(il ridge NIaterials and Instruction Development Section Director, GUY Section Head, Lawrence 0. Binder Polar Science Section Insult( tional Improvement Implementation Section Section Head, Walter I.. Gillespie .-1( ling Chief Scientist, George A. Llano P;ogram Manager, Michael NI. Frodyins Polar Atmospheric Sciences Program Program Manager, William E. Nlorrell Manager, Raymond R. ! leer, Jr. Polar Biology and Medicine Program Division of Higher Education in Science .Manager, George A. Llano Polar Earth Sciences Program /.)1(q.sion Dire( tor, hawk C. O'Brien Manager, Mortimer D. 'honer Materials and Instruction 1)e viol-iter)! Sit rich Se( lion !lead, Jerome S. Daen Polar Operations Section Instructional Improvement Impleinentation Set (ion Section /fear', .Iantes V. Mayo Amager, Price Lewis, Jr. Program Manager, Reinhard L. Korgen ...i.ssor ink' Manager, Kendall N. Nloulton Fellowships and Traineeships Se(6011 Sed1M/ Douglas S. Chapin Office of International Programs Program Alanager, Marjort R. Benedict l'rogram Manager,\l.Hall Taylor Head, Bodo Bartocha Acting Deputy /lead, I lenry Birnbaum Division of Science Resources Studies

Division Director, Charles E. Falk Asian and African Section Staff Awn 'ale. iiimos J. Zwolcilik Sc ience Indicators Unit, Regional ,11« sager,lax l illli11111 Unit Head, Robert W. Brainard l'.S.-Australia Ex( hangs Programs Manager, Nlax I lellmann RIO) Economic Studies Section .S,-Japan X: U.S.-China l'rpgrants .Wanager. J. F.. O'Connell Section !lead, William L. Stewart Scientists and Engineers in Emiminj( DeVCID1)111(11 (SEED) Cosernment Studies Group Man«ger, Gordon I..Ilichen Study Dire( tor, Benjamin L. Olsen L'niversity Sz Nonprofit Studies Croup "Stiuly Director, Ric hard NI. Born European and American Section Iuduurial Studies (.1(lp Regional illmiager, Richard R. Ries .SOuly Director, rhonhisA.Howdli l'..S.-Prance & l'.S.-Italy Ilrograms Manager, I lenryk M. L'inatiski Manpower Studies Section U.S.-IZomania, Academy Exchanges X: East Emopean Programs Section !lead, Rohm \ \'. Cain Manager, Robert F. Hull Manpower rtiliiation StudiJs Crimp l'rogratlis Study Director, Norman Seltiet Manager, John R. Thomas Manpower Characteristics Studies Croup Latin American l'rogranis Study Director, J. James Brown Alanager, 1)ont an (lotin Science Education Studies Group International ()Egantiations Proglant Study Director, Charles II. Dickens Manager, Varren E. Thompson Special Foreign C:urrein y Sec t ion Manager, R. R. IZonkiii NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS NSF. Tokyo Science Liaison Staff Assistant Director, Thomas B. Owen 1)4,114 .1Mstalit Director,r. aJones Head, Manfred J. C/iesla F' xer wive Assiviant to the Assistant Director, L.,iwrence Cohen Exec Wive Assistant to the Dputl ,Issisi«nt Director, NSF -Bucharest Science Liaison Staff K. C. Saudd spe( 'al Assistant, John P. Gia«nnini in«' /./ai.son OffUer, Sidney G. Smith 106 108 APPENDICES

Office of National Centers and Fat ilities Operations Assistant to tine General Counsel, Douglas K. Olson .4.ssystarit to the General (:ourisel, John II. Raiihitschek !lead, Daniel I hint Assistant to the General Counsel, Norman A. lVtilf Ocean Sediment Coring Program Ield Proied Of f u er, A. R. NIcI.crran. A.1.1 LStaut Pule( er, C. Ws lie Pont; National Centers for Astronom; OFFICEOF GOVERNMENT ANDPUBLIC PROGRAMS Prole( t Of f u er, (KPNO, CHO>, Ronald R. La Count Profin t Of f u Pr, ( NAI(:), Gerald F. Anderson Director, Theodore kV, !Firths Prole( I Offi(er, (NR)10), Claud 'Al. Kellett Deputy Dion tor, Jack Kratchman Field "role( t Officer, Ott illy J. Stanton Associate Director for Public Programs, Theodore 1). Drury National Cenwr for Atmospheric Reseatch Executive Associate. R. Lynn Carroll I'role'rt Offur,r, Giorgio si Congressional Liaison Office .Solar lips(' Coordination /lead, Patricia E. Nicely Coordinator, Ronald R. La Count Public Affairs Office /lead, Alfred Rosenthal Chief, Public Informal ion, Jack Reniric Office for Climate Dynamics Public In formation Specialist, Nathan Kassa( k 1 lead, Joseph 0. Flett her Public Understanding of St knee Office tine( ial .1 ssiistant, (*we Radok Program Manager, Richard E. Stephens Publications Resource Office Herul Theodore I). Drury Office of Science Information Service Deputy I lead, Brute R. Abell Senior Scieme I iter,Pr, Stanley I). Schneider 1 lead, I,cc G. Binchinal .Sen lor Staff ,Is.so( late, ,Aticlrew A..1ines Staff A ssor late, Robert S. Cattle' Coordination Staff Group Program Dire( tor, Eugene Pronko ADMINISTRATIVE OPERATIONS National Information Program Program Dire( tor,I hit F. Barnhill], Jt. Assistant Dire( tor, Eldon I). "layloi ('set Support Program Delmtv Assistant Director, (Vacant) Program Dion tor, Joel I). Goldhar Special Assistant, John E. Kirsch Researc h Program Program 1)Irei tor, I:(Iwaid C. Weiss Administrative Services Office ,-.1thrionstrattre Service.s Officer,loward Tihila Office for the International Decade of 0(.1)110', John "F. liarrigati Ocean Exploration !lead, Fenan D. Jennings Audit Office Spy( A.s.ststant, Engineering and Technology, Robett Deereux Spec led Nlarine Scin« Allairs, Laurision R. King Awht Officer, Robert B. Boyden ternationa A f fa irs Offner, Lottis B. Brown 1)rpiztv :hut It Officer,er, 1'arren J. Hynes Science Programs Semor And it .Manager, Prances E. Carlson Ennironmen tal Pore«Ist ing, Program Manager, Curtis A. Collins .cirmor A wilt Manager. Louis Siegel Seabed Assessment, Program Manager, Edwin NI. I)avin' Senior A tul it Manager, James I.. Stennett liesoun es, Program Manager, Deane E. Holt Emmron men laOturlity, Choo-.Scrag Giam Grants and Contracts Office

Office for Oceanographic Facilities awl Support (;rants and Contracts ()IP( lVilbur 51', Bolton, Jr. 1 lead, Phi mi ing and Staff, 12.0111 I), Newton lead,NlaryK. Johnle (;rants Admilmstrator, Gaylord I.. Ellis SM.( la! Assistant, Sandra D. 'rove Se( lionlead, George B. Bush, Jr. Facility A«piisition Program Contracts Admit, ist rotor, 1.comil&A. Retie( ke Program .Manager, frank R..11e\ander Se( lion I lead, .Stephen J. Frank() Operations Program .Se( lion ilearl, Nlorris T. Phillips l'rogra to .1Ihert G. Greene. Jr. Se(twn 1 lead, James L. fatal

Health Service OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL 0 I re( tor, James 11'. Long, Nt.D. General Crnitz se/ , C:harles I'. Brown 1)rpottr Genera I (:(zurz.sel, Nlarann B. Lloyd Management Analysis (Hike .,INsmturit General Coll like', Donald 51'. henien ,hmteent to the' ( :ruffed Counsel, Lewis E. Grotke Managemen t A nalysi.s Of In er, Fred K. NItirakaini ,,Is.s/stemt to the l;retaral Counsel, .1rihum J. Kuiinski lead, Management Surreys L- Svsterms See tom, Craig Snyder il.sws (ant to Ilze General Conn set, Jesse E. Lasken !lead, nagemen I .Sr; t ion, John Nlostak Is ..1.s.smtout to the (;ezzern I (olizzset, Nlartin Lef«)wit, (:oinni ittee Management Coordinator .Staff, R. (ail Anderson

10, APPENDICES 109

Management Information Office Public Sector Management Information Officer, George Pilarinos Emanuel S. Savas Deputy Head, Harold D. Svc Professor of Public Systems NIallagement Columbia University Personnel Office Antonini R. Ucc.ello Personnel Officer, Robert T. Preston Director of Consumer Affairs Section Head, Herbert Harrington, Jr. U.S. Dept. of Transportation Section Head, Andrew Con versa no, Jr. Vashington, D.C.

Raymond J. Waldman Assistant Secretary for Transportation ADVISORY COMMITTEES and Telecommunications Department of State AND PANELS Vashington, D.C. OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR ADVISORY Corstistrt-rEE FOR PLANNING ADVISORY PANEL FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND INSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS R&D INCENTIVES John D. Baldeschwieler Arthur Obermayer (Private Sector) Departinent of Chemistry and President Chemical Engineering N.loleculon Research Corporation California Institute of Technology Cambridge, Nlass. Olaf P. Bergelin CharIt'S R. Steward (Private Sector) College of Graduate Studies Professor of Economics Univ:rsity of Delaware George Washington UnivetsjIy John E. C.:antIon Provost Teddy E. Valkowicz (Private Sector) Michigan State University Rockefeller Family & Associates New York, N.Y. Clifford Grobstein Vice Chancellor for University Pere v Pierre (Public Sector) Relations Dean University of California, San Diego College of Engineering fioward University II. S. Gutowsky Director, School of Chemical George Kozmetsky (Private Sector) Sciences College of Business AdmMisiration University of Illinois University of Fexas, Austin Albert I.C.paWSk' Private Sector Professor of Political Science University of California, Belkeley Harvey Picker Dean Franklin A. Long (Chairman) School of International Affairs Director, Program on Science, Columbia University Technology and Society Cornell University E. G. I leiter President Richard W. Lyman F. F. Ffeizer (:ompaliv President. C:hicago, Ill. Stanford University

Albert J. Kelle Richard R. Nelson Dean, School of ;Management Department of Economics Boston State College Yale University

Julius Rothman William S. Partridge Vice President for Research I Inman Resources Deselopment Instittite University of Utah Vashington, 1).C. David S. Potter Villiam C. :Norris Assistant Secretary of the Navy for President Research and Development Control Data Corporation Pentagon Minneapolis, Yashingmn. D.C.

585-982 0 - 75 - 106 110 APPENDICES

George L. Sitnpson, Jr. William E. Gordon Chancellor College of Science and Engitteeri tg University System of Georgia Rice University

Robert L.Sproul) David \V. Krogmarm Presidem Ditpartmenr.of Biochemistry University of Rochester l'unlite University

Robert C. S MAIM sial John J. McKetta, Jr. Center for Nlarine Resources College of Engineering Texas Ak.NI University University of Texas

Emily L. Wick Nicholas C. Metropolis D(2:1 n of Faculty and Professor Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Of Chemistry University of California Mount. Holyoke College Los Alamos, N. Mex.

Walter E. Aleyerhof Chairman, Department of Physics Stanford Ilniversity RESEARCH ChittiesV. Nlisner Department of Physic's & Astronomy University of :Maryland ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR RESEARCH Laura Nader Peter Blau Department of Anthropology Department of Sociology University of California, Berkeley Columbia University Ruth Patrick Wallace Broecker Academy of Natural Sciences Lamont-Doherty Geological Philadelphia, Pa. Observatory Columbia University Robert C. Print Communication Principles Division Geoffrey Burbidge Bell Telephone Laboratory .University of California, San Diego Murray Hill, N.J.

Auiador Cobas David E. Reichle Condominio San Rafael Oak Ridge National Laboratory Miramar, Puerto Rico Eltnar R. Reiter %\', Dale Compton Professor, Department of Atmospheric Ford Motor Company Science Dearborn, Mich. Oflorado Slat(' University Stanley Corrsin Department of Nlechanics Stuart A. Rice .fohns I lopkins University Department. of Chemistry l'niversity of Chicago Edward C. Crew, (Chairman) Assistant Director for Research National Science Foundation Alex Rosenberg Department of Mathematics Michael R. D'Amato Cornell Univer5,ity. Department of Psychology Rutgers University. I Toward K. Schachman Department of Molecular Biology %Yilliant R. Dawson and Virus Laboratory 1)epariment. of Zoology l'niversity of California, Berkeley University of Michigan Eleanor !kitten Sheldon Nancy D. Fitirov President, Social Science Research General Electric Research and Council Develmanent Center New York, N.Y. Schenectady, N.Y.

Gertrude S. Goiclhaber Alan .Stephen "Perelman Brookhaven National 1.almitatory School of Engineering Upton, I.. I., N.Y. University of California, Los Angeles APPENDICES II I

Fjeurd Ilerdrik Van Andel Earl I.. NIttenetties Oregon State University Department of Chemistry Cornell Sterling 'ortniatt .Vice. President.,ROf Fnun(J;.ition Royce W. Murray New York, V.Y. Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina

ADVISORY PANEL. FOR AsTRONOMY John Ross Department of Chemistry Bernard F. Burke Massachusetts Institute Nlassachusetts Institute of Fechnology of 're( hnology Icko then, Jr. William A. Steele Department ofASIMIlortly Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Pennsylvania State University

Dimitri M, Nlihalas Barry M. Trost National Center for Atmospheric Department of Chendstry Research l'ilivvrsityof Wisconsin Boulder, Colo. ADVISORY PANEL FOR MATHEMATICAL. SCIENCES Donald C. Morton Department of Astrophysical Sciences Fryman Bass Princeton University Observatory Department of Nlathematics ColumbiaUniversity William J. %Vetch.' Radio Astronomy Laboratory Robert King Brayton University of California, Berkeley International Business Machines Research Laboratory Jack B. Zirker Yorktown Heights, N.Y. Institute of Astronomy University of Hawaii Felix E. Browder Department of Mathematics University of Chicago

ADVISORY PANEL FOR CHEMISTRY Robion C. Kirby Department of Mathematics Fred C. Anson University of California, Berkeley Department of Chemistry California Institute of Technology Arthur P. Mattock Department of Mathematks John I. Brauman %lassachusetts Institute of Department of Chemistry Technology Stanford University Anil Nerode Henry M. Fait's, Chief Department of Islathernatics Laboratory of Chemistry Cornell University National Heart and Lung Justittne National Institutes of Health Ingram Olkin Bethesda, NId. Department of Statistics Stanford University Mary I.. Good Departnient of Chemistry Allen L. Shields C'niversity of New Orleans Departinent of Mathematics University of Michigan William A. Cuillory Department of Chemistry Fred B. Wright University of Utah Department of Mathematics University of North Carolina Robert S. Hansen Department of Chemistry ADVISORY PANEL. FOR PHYSICS Iowa State University Eric G. Adelberger Department of Physics Eddie Hedaya University of Washington Senior Group Leader Union Carbide Corporation Nlarcel Bardon (Chairman) Tarrytown Technical Center I lead, Physics Section Tarrytown, N.Y. National .Science Foundation 1 u 112 APPENDICES

Benjamin Bederson ADVISORY PANEL FOR BIOPHYSICS Department of Physic's New York University Robert L. Baldwin Department of Biochemistry Noemie Beni/Tr-Koller Stanford ITniversity Department of Physics Rutgers University Th.nas C. Bruic, Department of Biochemistry Peter L. Bender University of California, Joint institute for Laboratoq Santa Barbara Astrophysics University of Colorado C. H. W. Ilirs - Division of Biological Sciences Gerald E. Brown Indiana University Department of Physics State University of New York F. Scott Mathews at Stony Brook Department of Physiology and Biophysics John R. Klituder Washington University B(..11 Telephone Laboratories Murray trill, N.J. ADVISORY PANEL FOR DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

J. Horst Meyer Dorothea Bennett Department of Physics Department of Anatomy Duke University Cornell University

Allan M. Sachs David Epel Department of Physics Marine Biological Research Division Columbia University -Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego J. Robert Schrieffer Department of Physics E. W. Ilanly University of Pennsylvania Departmem of Biology University of Utah Gerald A. Smith Department of Physics Peter K. Flepler Michigan State University Department of Biological Sciences Stanford University

Eric lioltzman ADVISORY PANEL FOR BIOCHEMISTRY Department of Biological Sciences Harvey F. Fisher Columbia University Research Department Veterans Achninistration Joe L. Key hospital Department of Botany Kansas City, Mo. University Of Georgia

Peter R. Gilham Harvey F. Lodish Department of Biological Department pf Biology Sciences Massachusetts Institute Purdue I. nive'rsity of Technology David R. Sol tiwborn Arthur Kowalsky. Zoology Research Building Department of Biophysics University of Wisconsin Albert Einstein College of Medicine ADVISORY PANEL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Dieter Gerhard Soll Department of Molecular Frank B. Gulley Biophysics and Biochemistry Director Vele University The Institute of Ecology University of Georgia

Robert E. Webster William E, Hazen Department of Biochemistry Department of Biology . Duke University Medical Colter San Diego State College

111 APPENDICES 1 1 g

George-S. look Paul Berg Wildlife Science Department Department of Biochemistry Utah State University Stanford University

James R. King Donald D. Brown Department of Zoolc.tgy Department of Fanbryology Washington State University Carnegie Institution Baltimore, Md. Edwin L. Schmidt Department of Microbiology Kit hard I,. Davidson University of Minnesota Harvard Medical School Medical School ' Children's Hospital Medical Center

Lawrence B. Slobodkin Gerald Edelman Department of Biology Rockefeller University State University of New York at Stony Brook Leroy E. Hood Division of Biology Boyd R. Strain California Institinc of Tec-hnology Department of Botany Duke trniversity Herman W. Lewis (Chairman) Head, Cellular Biology Section Richard II, Varing National Science Foundation Forest, Research Laboratory Oregon State University Brian J. McCarthy Department of Biochemistry School of Medicine ADVISORY PANEL FOR CF.SETIc BIOLOGY University of California, San Francisco

Edward A. Adelberg Phillips Robbins Department of Nficrobiology Department of Biology Yale University Massachusetts Institute of Technology David Botstein Deparnnent of Biology Bernard Roisman Massachusetts Institute Departtnent of Microbiology of Technology University of Chicago

Allan NI. Campbell Matthew I). Scharff Department of Biological .Sciences Department of Cell Biology Stanford University Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Alvin J. Clark Department of Molecular Biology fIerbert Vei ss bach University of California, Berkeley Roche Institute of Molecular Biology Hoffmann-I..a Roche, Inc. Bernard N. Fields Nutley, N.J. Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Norton "finder Rockefeller l'itiversity Dan L. Lindsley Department of Biology University of California. San Diego ADVISORY PANEL FOR METABOLIC BIOLOGY Robert Mettenberg Department of Physiological Richard A. Dilley Chemistry Department of Biological Sciences University of Vismnsin, Madison Purdue University

Allen D. Shears Franklin Department of Biology Division of Research Johns Hopkins Unkersitv National Jewish Hospital and Research Ginter ADVISORY PANEL FOR Denver, I -Jum %N CELL BIOLOGY

Bruce NI. Alberts Jack Preis Department. of Biochemical Scicm es Department of Biochemistry Frick Chemistry Lab and Biophysics Print eton t'niversitv l'Itiversity of California, Davis

112 114 APPENDICES

D. Rao Sanadi -William K. Estes Department of Cell Physiology Nlathernatical Psychology Laboratory Boston Biomedical Research Institow The Rockefeller University

fIelen Stafford Beatrice T. Gardner --Department of-Biology Depatimont .of Psychology Reed College University of Nevada, Reno Portland, Oreg. David H. Krantz Salih J. Wakil Department of Psychology Department of Biochemistry The University of Michigan Baylor College of Medicine Texas Medical Center Robert W. Sekuler Cresap Neuroscience Laboratory George A. Zentrnyer Northwestern University Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Riverside Norman E. Spear Department of Psychology ADVISORY PANEL FOR NEUROBIOLOGY State University of New York at Binghamton David 11. Cohen Department of Physiology John E. R. Staddon l'itiversity of Virginia Department of Psychology School of Medicine Duke University

William W. Dawson Department of Ophthalmology University of Florida College of Medicine ADVISORY PANEL FOR REGULATORS' BIOLOGY Gary S. Lynch Department ofPsychobiology. Stella Y. Botelho University of California, Irvine Department of Physiology School of Medicine Richard E. McCaman University of Pennsylvania Head, Section of Molecular Neurobiology Division of Neurosciences Victor J. Brookes City of Hope National Medical Center Department of Entomology Duarte, Calif. Oregon State University

Jeffrey F. NIcKelvy H. Dantzler Deli:trot-lent of Anatomy Department of Physiology University of Connecticut College of Medicine Health Center University of Arizona

Peter J. Morgane Calvin A. Lang Worcester Foundation for Department of Biochemistry Experimental Biology Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Dominick P. Purpura University of Louisville Scientific Director. Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Robert D. Lisk Retardation and Hotnan Development Department of Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Princeton University

A. 0, Dennis Willows Charles S. Nicoll Friday Harbor Laboratories Department of Physiology-Anatomy Friday Harbor, Wash. University of California, Berkeley

ADVISORY PANEL FOR PSYCHOBIOLOGY Albert A. Nordin Section on hnmunology Edwin M. Banks Cerontology Research Center Department of Ecology, Ethology, National Institute of Child Health and Evolution and Human Development University of Illinois at Baltimore, Md. Urbana- Champaign Robert R. Wagner Howard E. Egeth Department of Microbiology Department of Psychology School of Medicine Johns Ilopkins University University of Virginia 113 APPENDICES 115

ADVISORY PANEL FOR SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY Andrew F. Nagy Space Physics Research Laboratory Herbert C. Dessauer University of Michigan Department of Biochemistry Nledical Center Joanne C. Simpson Louisiana State University Dc ;amt...., of Envirot mat Sciences University of Virginia William B. Heed Department of Biological Sciences Warren M. Washington University of Arizona National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colo. James A. Hopson Department of Anatomy Harold Zirin University of Chicago Department. of Astrophysics California Institute of Technology Alan J. Kohn Department of Zoology ADVISORY PANEL. FOR University of Washington EARTH SCIENCES

Robert W. Lichtwardt Thomas J. Ahrens Depargmentbf Botany Division of the Geological Sciences University of Kansas California Institute of Technology

Robert Ornduff Alfred G. Fischer Department of Botany Department of Geological and University of California, Berkeley Geophysical Sciences Princeton University David L.PaWSOI1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology Bruno J. Giletti Smithsonian Institution Department of Geological Sciences Washington, D.C. Brown University

Peter H. Raven, Director Eugene T. Herrin, Jr. Missouri Botanical Garden Department of Geological Sciences St. Louis, Mo. Southern Methodist University Philip B. Tomlinson Clifford A. Hopson Harvard Forest Department of Geological Sciences Harvard University University of California, -Santa Barbal-a B. L. Turner Amos M. Nur Department of Botany Department of Geophysics University of Texas Stanford University

Ward B. Watt Lloyd C. Pray Department of Biological Sciences Department of Geology and Geophysics Stanford University University of Wisconsin, Madison Charles A. Salotti Department of Geological Sciences University of Ms:cousin ADVISORY PANEL FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Lynn R. Sykes Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Reid A. Bryson Columbia University Institute of Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin Norman D. Watkins Graduate School of Oceanography Alexander J. Dessler University of Rhode Island Department of Space Physics and Astronomy Rice University ADVISORY PANEL FOR OCEANOGRAPHY

WilliamB, Flanson, Head Wolfgang Berger Division of Atmospheric Sciences Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Texas at Dallas University of California, San Diego James E. Jima) Thomas A. Clarke Atmospheric Sciences Research Center Department of Oceanography State University of New York at Albany University of Hawaii 114 116 APPENDICES

Dennis E, Hayes Bernard Widrow Department of Submarine 'Fopography Department of Electronics Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory StanfordUniversity. Columbia University NI. S. Ghausi, Chairman ...lohtl.;.-Lee Electric-al Sciences t.ticl ;Nnalysis Section Department of Biology Engineering Division City College of New York National Science Foundation

Carl J. LorenLen George Dcxkl Department of Oceanography Assistant Head University of Washington Computer Science Department General Motors Research Laboratory Frank J. Nlillero. Jr. Warren, Mich. Institute of Marine Atmospheric Science K. S. Fu University of NIiami Department of Electrical Engineering Purdue University David R. Schink Department of Oceanography Laveen Kenai Texas Ag:NI University Computer Science Department University of Maryland Lawrence F. Small School of Oceanography John McCarthy Oregon State University Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford university Robert L. Smith School of Oceanography Eugene McVey Oregon State University Department of Electrical Engineering University of Virginia John P. Sutherland Duke University Marine Lab. Marvin L. Minsky ;Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Donald J. P. Swift Massachusetts Institute of Technology Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory National Oceanographic and Atmospheric- Bertram Raphael Administration Artificial Intelligence Center Miami, Fla. Stanford Research Institute Carl I. Wunsch Patrick Winston Department of Earth & Planetary Science Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Insti.ute of Technology

ADVISORY PANEL FOR ELECTRICAL SCIENCES AND ANALYSIS ADVISORY PANEL FOR ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Bob Blesser AND ENERGETICS School of Engineering Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute James R. Fair, Jr. Central Engineering Department Moise Goldstein Monsanto Company Department of Biomedical Engineering St. Louis, Nlo. The Johns Hopkins Medical School John McKetta, Jr., Fred Grodins College of Engineering Chainnan, Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas ai Austin University of Southern California Arthur E. Humphrey Theo C. Pilkirtgton Department of Chemical Engineering (Mailman, Division of Biomedical Engineering l.tliver.sity of Pennsylvania Duke University Vern W. Weekman Robert Plonsey Research Manager Department of Biomedical Engineering Mobil Research Corporation Case Western Reserve University Paulsboro, N.J.

L. S. Rotolo David B. Greenberg National Biomedical Foundation Professor of Chemical Engineering Washington, D.C. Louisiana State University 11 APPENDICES.117

Robert A. Schmitt I I. W. Paxton Department of (:hentical Engineering Dile( tot of Reseal( ['Ms ersity of Illinois University

James G. Knudsen Roger S. Potter A,,sociati- Dc.ccS''4-iot 1;1 Ern:g7ne:4 log Engiee4i.n.k4 Oregon State University Goessinan I.alxnatory University of Nlassachusetts Robert J. Sr hoenhals, Chairman Ac ring Sec riot Rustum Roy Engineering Chemistry and Energents Section Materials Research Labointory Division of Engineering Pennsylvania State University National Science foundation J. Sinnott Abraham Heruberg, I)irec tor Assoc into Dean Aerospace Research Laboratory College of Engineering' University of Vashington l'iliversity of Nlichigan

Robert E. Uhrig Dale Franklin Stein, !lead Florida Power g: Light (aimpan- Department of Metallurgical Engineering 1)isision of Nuclear .Affairs Nlichigan Technological University Miami, Fla. Jack Vachtnian ADVISORY PANEL FOR Chief. Inorganic Match hats Division ENCINF:F.RINC :1AVCRIALS National Bureau of Standards Department of Commerce 'George S. ,1nsell 1)can Janus L. Walker School of Engineering General Electric Research g: Development Rensselaer llol tec hnic Institute Center Schenectady, New York 12301 Geoffrey Richard Belton 1)epariment of Aletallurg and Watt W. Webb Niaterials Science Department of Applied Physics College of Engineering School of Applied & Engineering Physics f'nis-ersity of Pennsylvania Cornell University

Rolf Budulahl Doris Kuhlmann Vilsdorf Central Research Department I)epartment of Niaterials Science Monsanto Company University of Virginia St. Louis, Mo. ADVISORY PANF:l. FOR Nfildied S. Dtesselhatts ENGINEERING MECIIANIC:S DelYaftlilellt of KIC( tric it I Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology I,ynn S. !kerne, l)irector Frit/ Engineering Laboratory Robert M. Fisher Lehigh University Ala/taker, Physics Physical N feta I Inrgy Research I..aboratory Raymond Cohen, Director United States Steel Corporation Ray W. Herrick Laboratories Nionroeville, Pa. School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University Julius J,I iarwood Scientific Research .Staff Daniel C, Drucker, l)can Ford Motor Company (:ollcge of Engineering Dearborn, NI ic h. University of Illinois

ff, I). Keith Steven J, Fenves Bell Telephone Laboratories Dc'partment pj, Civil Engineering. Nlurray Hill, N.J. Carnegie Niftily' University

Niranjon Parikh Nlichael P. Gass (Chairman) Research Institute Head, Engineering Mechanics Section Illinois Institute of Ter Imologs Engineering Division National Science Foundation Earl Parker Department of Nlaterials Science Kurt II. Hohenemser and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Hearst Mining Building Aerospace Engineering University of (id/font/a, Berkelcu Washington Urtirersity 11 118APPENDICES

Chester C. Kisiel Edward Gramlich Department of lIydrology and The Brookings Institution %%Pater Resources Washington, D.C. University of Arizona Saul H. Hyinans 7E: Lees . . _ _ Department of Economics Department. of Applied Mechanics University of Michigan Stanford 'University Robert E. Lucas Professor Benjamin W. Niebel, [lead Graduate School of Industrial Industrial Engineering Department Administration The Pennsylvania State University Carnegie-Nlellon University T. Francis Ogilvie Sherwin Rosen Department of Naval Architecture and Department of Economics Marine Engineering University of Rochester University of Michigan Christopher Sims Lymon C. Reese Department of Economics ciyil Engineering Department L'niversity of Minnesota University of Texas at Austin ADVISORY PANEL FOR HISTORY Robert FL Sc.-inlan ANDPHILOSOPHYOrSCIENCE Department of Civil and Geological Engineering Stephen Brush Princeton Uniersity Institute for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics Lawrence Talbot University of Maryland Department of Nlechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley Adolf Grunbaum Center for Philosophy of Science University of Pittsburgh ADVISORY PANEL FOR ANTHROPOLOGY tIoward H. Hines, (Chairman) John Buettner-janosch Division of Social Sciences Department of Anthropology National Science Foundation New York L.Iniversity Isaac Levi Michael D. Coe Department of Philosophy Department of Anthropology Columbia 1.iliversity Yale University Arnold W. Thackray Richard G. Fox Department of I list ory Department of Anthropology and Sociology of Science Duke University University of Pennsylvania

Nancie Console/. Marx W. kVartofsky Department of Anthropology Department of Philosophy Boston University Boston University Arthur J. jelinek Leonard G. Wilson Department of Anthropology Department of Flistoey of Nledicine University of Arizona University of Minnesota

Stephen A. Tyler Department of Anthropology. ADVISORY PANEL FOR Rice University POLITICAL SCII.;NCE Ronald Bruner Department of Political Science ADVISORY PANEL FORECONONIICS University of Michigan James II. Blackman, (Chairman). Economics Program James N. Rosenau Division of Social Sciences Department of Political Science National Science Foundation Ohio State University

Robert J. Gordon Robert Salisbury Department of Economits Department. of Political Science Northwestern University Washington University

1 1 APPENDICES 119

Roberta Sigel ADVISORY PANEL ON Department of Political Science THE MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORIES State University of New York at Buffalo Leo Brewer Joseph Tanenhaus Department of Chemistry ..Dc pat Itment Science of-Cal , Bet,keley State University of New York at Stony Brook Richard S. Claassen Engineering Research Building .Iiiversity of Wisconsin

ADVISORY PANEL FOR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY George J. Dienes Brookhaven National Laboratory Roland W. Rad loff, (Chairman) Associated Universities, Inc. Social Psychology Program Division of Social Sciences David H. Dolphin National Science Foundation. Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia Norman It, Anderson Department of Psychology ;Mildred S. Drcsselhaus University of California, San Diego Department of Electrical Engineering Nlassachusetts Institute of Technology Dorwin Cartwright Research Center for Group Dynamics Michael E, Fisher University of Nlichigan Department of Chemistry Cornell Uniiwrsity Jonathan L. Freedman Department of Social Psychology Frederick Fowkes . Columbia t Iniversity Department of Chemistry Lehigh University Bibb Latane Department of Psychology flans Frederickse Ohio State University Solid State Physics Section National Bureau of Standards Kelly G. Shaver Washington. D.C. Department of Psychology College of William and Mary Arthur J. Freeman Department of Physics Northwestan University

ADVISORY PANEL FOR SOCIOLOGY John B. Goodenough Massachusetts Ins! it ute of Technology Donald R. ('loch Lincoln I.aboratories Sociology Program Division of Social .Science's J. J. Harwood National Science Foundation Scientific Research Staff Ford Nlotor Cmnpany Vernon K. Dibble Dearborn, ;lick. Department of Soc iology Wesleyan University R. W. fleckel, (Chairman) Department of Metallurgy and Materials Sc inc Charles PCITOt' C:011egie-Mellon University Department of Soc iology State l'inversity of NeW York at Stony Brook Larry L. I tench Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Sheryl Lynne Roberts University of Florida Department of Sociology l'rtiversity of Washington Arnold Kahn Solid State Physics Section Richard 1.. Simpson National Bureau of Standards Department nf So( iology Washington, D.C. University of North Carolina Jack I.. Koenig Ilallintan Winslx)rough Division of NIacromolectilar Science Depart nit't)t of SO( iology School of Engineering University of Wisconsin Case Western Reserve llniversity 120APPENDICES

William R. Krigbaum National Magnet Laboratory Chemistry Department, VISITING COMMITTEE Duke University Howard W. Etzel (Chairman) J, Horst Meyer Deputy Division Director Department of Physics Nlaterials..Research Division Duke University National Science Foundation

Vernon L. Newhouse B. S. Chandrasekhar Department of Electrical Engineering Dean, Western Reserve College Purdue University Case Western Reserve University

%V. D. Nix Hans P. R. Frederikse Department of Nlaterials Science National Bureau of Standards and Engineering Washington, D.C. Stanford University Joseph A. Giordmaine R, Ogden Bell Telephone Labs, Inc. Metallurgy Division Murray Hill, N.J. Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus, Ohio John R. Hulm Westinghouse Research Laboratories Pittsburgh, Pa, Raymond L. Orbach Department of Physics Hugh M. Long University of California, Los Angeles Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TOM, Carolyn M. Preece Department of Materials Science Albert \V. Overhauser.., State University of New York Department of Physics at Stony Brook Purdue University William D. Phillips Stuart A. Rice Central Research Department Department of Chemistry Experimental Station James Franck Institute E. I. du Pont de Nemours Sz Irniversity of Chicago Wilmington, Del. Norman Rostoker FL W. Schadler, Manager Department of Physics Physical Metallurgy Branch liters i y of California, Irvine Corporate Research & Development General Electric Company Michael Tinkham Schenectady, N.V. Department of Physics Harvard ITniversify I). A. Swenson Physics Department Iowa State University ADVISORY PANEL FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE. AND ENGINEERING Donald 0. Thompson T,chnical Manager Frances E. Allen North American Rockwell IMB Corporation Thousand Oaks, Calif. T. J. Watson Resi?arch Center Yorktown, N.Y. R. J. Wasilewski (Chairman) Section Ileac! Douglas C. Englebart Materials Research Laboratory Sec lion Director, Augmentation Research Division of Materials Research Center National Science Foundation Stanford Resear6h Institute David J. Farber Marvin J. Weber Department of Information zinc' Raytheon Research Division Computer Science Waltham, Mass, University of California, Irvine

Jack IL Wernick Anthony C. Hearn Bell Telephone I.aboratories Computer ScienceDepartment Murray Hill, N.J. University of Utah

11 APPENDICES 121

Albert L. Hopkins, Jr. Thomas S. Austin C. S. Draper Laboratory Director Cambridge, Mass. Environmental Data Service, NOAA Department of Commerce %Verner C. Rheinboldt Compuicr Sci mc-tCcri ter- Robert' W. Liman- Institute for Fluid Dynamics Director, Pacific Region and Applied Mathematics Marine Sciences Directorate University of Maryland Victoria, B.C., C.anada

Robert W. Ritchie Robert B. Abel University of Vashington Director National Sea Grant Program, NOAA Harold S. Stone U.S. Department of CoMinerce Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Warren S. Wooster_ University of Massachusetts Dean, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science Jeffrey D. Ullman University of Miami Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University International Decade of Ocean Exploration

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROPOSAL REVIEW PANEI. PROGRAMS Victor J. Linnenbom ADVISORS' PANEL FOR Office of Naval Research INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF Branch Office - London OCEAN EXPLORATION FPO N.Y.

Edward D. Goldberg George Keller Scripps Institution of Oceanography Marine Geology & Geophysics University of California, San Diego Laboratory, NOAA Miami, Fla. Henry W. Menard Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Richard Eppley Woods Hole, Mass. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Rear Admiral Edward C. Stephan University of California, San Diego Washington, D.C. Peter Tatro, CDR, USN Thomas F. ;Malone Acoustic Environmental Support Director, Holcomb Relcztrzil Institute Detachment Butler University Office of Naval Research Arlington, Va. Francis L. LaQue Verona, N.J. Mr. John I. Ewing Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory William J, Hargis, Jr. Palisades, N.Y. Director Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Joseph Reid Scripps Institution of Oceanography William W. Rand University of California, San Diego President (Retired) Submarex Donald V. Hood Kensington, Calif. Institute of Marine Sciences University of Alaska John H. Ryther Woods Flo le Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Mass. ADVISORY PANEL FOR RESEARCH MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT Arthur E, NIaswell Voods Flole Oceanographic Institution Kenneth Beasley %Yowls Flo le, Mass. Assistant to the President Northern Illinois University John C. Marr (Consultant/ Department of Fisheries David S. C. Chu Food and Agriculture Organiiation The Rand Corporation Via Belle Terme di Caracalla Economics Department Rome, Itab, Santa Monica, Calif. 565-982 0 - 75 - 9 12 122 APPENDICES

Lucius P. Gregg, Jr. Donald J.I [Minim President, First Chicago University 1)itec tor Finance Corporation Center for Inhumation Science Chicago, III. Mart Lthra t Lehigh ['Ms etsity Nathaniel Karstl Vice President for Finance David Z. Robinson and NIanageatent Vi«' Ptesident Hebrew Union College Carnegie (:orpotation of New fork Leon Schwartz Associate Director for Robert J. Wedgeworth Administration Executive Director National Institutes of Health rt American Library Association Bethesda, NId. Chicago, Ill. Lee G. Burchinal William H. Starbuck !lead International Institute of Office of Science Information Management Service Griegstrasse 5-7 National Science Foundation Germany Martin M. Cummings Linda Wilson Director Assistant Vice Chancellor National Library of Medicine for Research Bethesda, NB!. Washington University Dr. L.. Quincy Mumford Raymond 1Voodrow The Librarian of-Congress Special Assistant to the Washington, D.C. Chairman L'itiversity Research Board Joseph F. Caponio Princeton y Director (Acting) National Agricuitund Library U.S. Department of Agriculture NIcl, ADVISORY PANEL FOR SCIENCE INFORNIATION COUNCIL

\ \'. Conyers I [erring (Chairman) Research Physicist EDUCATION Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray 11111, N. j. ADVISORY CommirrEE FOR SCIF.Nt.t. EDUCATION Jordan Baruch Lecturer in Business Administration Richard I). Anderson Flarvard Business School Department of Mathematics Louisiana State l'nivrsity Herman R. Branson President., Lincoln ersitN J. Nlyron Atkin Dean of Education 1Villiam D. Carey University of Illinois ricePresident Arthur D. Little, Inc. J1. Ann Grooms IVashington, D.C. President Fthicaticmal Services Institute, Inc. C, 1.. Coates Cincinnati, Ohio I lead School of Electrical Engineering Jean P. Johnson Purdue University Fridley, Minn. Robert Earplus Rita R. Colwell Lawrence I fall of Scicns e. Department cif Ain tobiology L'niversity of California, Berkeley t'niversity of Maly land Bernard Luskin 1\'arren J.I fails l'ice Chancellor Vice President for Inform:Ilion Educational Development Services Coast. Community College I)ist t Colund)ia Universit Costa Mesa, Calif. APPENDICES 123

Joseph R. Platt (Chairman) Gerald !lotto() President l'rulcssor of Physics Harvey Nhuld College Ilatvard Unisersity

Eleanor Sheldon Robert A.Iorison, President Iliad J. Si Invarti Professor Social Science Research Council of Science and Society New York, N,Y. Cornell University

Dorothy M. Simon Benjamin II, Read Vice President and Director President Corporate Research of AVCO Corp. Gelman Nlatshall Fund Greenwich, Conn. 1%'ashington,

John G. Truxal RusuunI.0y Dean of Engineering Professor of Engineering SUN.Y. Stony Brook l'ermsylvania State University

Carl M. York, Jr. Alberta Siegel Denver, Colo. Department of Psych airy Stanford University . ADVLSORT ,COMS/EITEE ON ETHICAL AND HUNIAN VALUE IMPLICATIONS Laurence Tribe OF SCIENCE AND TECIINOLOCT Professor of Law Harvard University John Diebold (Cilt:in-min) The Diebold Group, ;tit_ I larriet Zuckerman and Diebold Institute for Center for Advanced Study in Public Policy and Studies, Inc. Behavioral Sciences New York, N.Y. Stanford, Calif.

122 124 APPENDICES

Appendix B

Organization Changes and Staff Appointments

ORGANIZATION CHANGES: rhe Office of Energy-Related Research was established in Febrie 1974. OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR The International Nlagnoospheric Study Coordination Office was established in the Division of Environmental Sciences in June The following staff changes occurred in the immediate office of 1971. the Director. 'Theodore D, Drury, Special Assistant to the Direc tor, to Associate Director for Public Programs in the Office of Govern- AsstsTANT DIRECTOR FOR EDUCATION ment and Public Programs. Philip M. Smith, formerly Acting and Deputy I lead, Office of Polar Programs, to Special Assistant to the In February 197, the Special Analytical Section in Me Division Director. of Science Resources Studies was dissolved and its resources reallo- The fcllowing orgiM liporii tO 01110:. of 'C:itetrici'ilieWlatificiWet'andit&au-ohornicstioics:wirmn Jo the Director: for th, assumption of additional responsibilities relating to energy. The Ethical and Human Value Implications of Sc ience and Science and Technology Policy Office Technology Program was MID sferrcd from the Office of the Direc- tor to the Assistant Director for Education in May 1974. The Science and Technology Policy Office in July 1973, in support' of the Director's role.as Science Advise, to the President and as AssisTANT DIRECTOR FOR NATIoNAt. C:hairman of the Federal Council for Science and Tec Imology. The Office is responsible for matters of national civilian cc ience and. Axn INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS technology policy, developing policy options for solution of na- *Tic Office of Sc iencv information Service %vie; worc,mnized in tional civilian problems, appraising effectiveness of Federal and na- November 1973. tional Red) efforts, interacting with the total sc iencecornmunity in The Office for Climate Dynami:-.... was established in May 197.1. matters of science police, providing advice and assistance in furtheringX.S. international science and technology objectives. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH At,Pt.mmloxs

International .Sc ientific and Tec /mu al el( tivitim The Division of Advanced Energy Research and Technology was established in September 1973. The itternational scientific and teltechnical acti: tiles performed by the Office of Science and Technology became the responsibility of AssisTANT ()mi.:C:1'0R FOR the Direc tor in July 1973. A nm IN isTRArivE 01,KRATIoxs NSF Office of Energy R&D Policy 171w Directorate for Administrative Operations was established, in .lutte 1971, replacing the Directorate for Administration. rh,.. NSF Office of Energy R&D Polity in August. 1973, respon- 'The Equal Employment Opvnittnity Office was established in sible for providing an independent source of advice and analysis of February 1971. energy R&D and other energy-related programs to the Direc tor, in 'he Personnel Office was reorganized in Jun 1971. support of his role as Sc ience.Adviser to the President, for use by the The Mail and Communication Unit of the Administrative Executive Office of the President. Services (Alice, was transferred from the Supply, Space and Communication Section to the Central Processing Section in June National se iceue, Foundation council 1974. *The Supply, Space and Committfic-ation Section was redesignated the Supply and Space Nlanagement Section. The National Science Foundation Energy Council in May 1971, to Inordinate energy-related problems within NSFas they pertain to Om ER STAFF (:IIANGES: NSF programs and in regard to NSF energy activities carried on together with r gcivertiment agencies, in addition to 11105e inI Ile Office Of the Director, the following staff changes were also announced during the year. Office of Planning and Resources Management The Office of Planning, and Resources Nlanagement in Junc 1971. The Office consists of the Office of Budget, Programming and AppoiNTmENTs Planning Analysis and the Program Review Office, transferred Paul F. Donovan, Director, NSF Office of Energy R&D Policy from the Assistant Director for Administration. Pau PP, Craig, Deputy Director, NSF Office of Energy R&D Policy Russell C. Drew, I Ind, Science and Technology Policy Office ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH Jack Kral( hman, Deputy Director, Office of Government and Pub- Th, Biological Researt It Resources Program was established in lic- Programs the Division of Biological and Medical. ciences in November 1973. Norman A. Wulf, Assistant to the General Counsel, Office of the The Office of Computing .,\( tivities was reorganized in Novem- Genera! Counsel ber 1973, and redesignated the Division of Computer Research, in Frederick It Abernathy, I lead, Office of Energy-Related General February 1971. Research

123 APPENDICES 125

M. Kent Wilson, Deputy Head, Office of Energy- Related General Elisha C. Freedman, Head, Public Sector Office, Office of Experi- Researc h mental Rg.:1) Incentives, left tlte Foundation to accept a posi- Thomas P. NIeloy, Director, Division of Engineering tion as City Manager of Rochester, New York. Paul G. Shewmon, Director, Division of Materials Research Lowell J. Paige, Assistant Dire( tot for Education RET/REAIENTS Charles E. Falk, Director, Division of .Science Resource Studies Kendall N. Nloulton, Deputy Head, Office. of Polar Programs Thomas E. Jenkins, Assistant Director for Administration Joseph O. Fletcher, Head, Office for (:limate Dynamic's Keith R. Kelson, Special Advisor to the Assistant Director for :Manfred J. Cziesla, I lead, NSF Tokyo.: Education SidneyG. Smith, Head, Science Liaison Office,Bucharest, TR.ANSPEI? Romania Richard J. Green, Deputy Assistant Director for Management and Ernest R. Sohns, Deputy I bad, Office of International Programs, to Utilitation the State Department .. Ali B. Gimbel, Deputy Assistant Director for Analysis and Planning Donald A. Beattie, Direc tor, Division of Advanced Energy Research NOMINEES TO THE N.-ITION, lI. SCIENCE 110.,1110 and Technology Frederick "F. Sparrow, Deputy Dire tor, Office of Systems Integra- Dr. Jewel P. Cobb, Dean, Connecticut College, New London, tion and Analysis Connecticut Charles K, flatter, Director, Office of Public Technology Projects Dr. NO1111:111 Hackerman, President, Marsh Rice Univer- i. aisG. Mayfield, Acting Director, Division of Adi.anced Tech- sity, Houston, Texas nology Applications Dr. \V. N. Hubbard, Jr., President, "Thepjohn Cotnpany, ."'"."1MartIn Aisspaant tit the General "C.ouitsel, °like or the General Connsel Dr. SaundersNInclane, Max Mason Distinguished Service Profes- Robert D. Lauer, Deputy Dire( tor for Program Divi- sor of Mathematics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois sion of Advanced "Technology Applications Dr. Grover E. Murray, President, Texas Tech University, Lubbox, Robert Rabin, Deputy Dire( for for Energy Effects on the Environ- Texas ment, Division of Environmental Systems and Resources Dr. Donald B. Rice, Jr.; President, Rand Corporation, Santa Kenneth Brunot, Deputy Director Geothermal Energy Projec is Monica, California Lewis A. Gist, Director, Equal Employment Office Dr. L. Don,ild Shields, President, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, California Dr. Janus I I. Zumberge, Chancellor, University of Nebraska, Lin- RESICNATIONS coln, Nebraska [oh A,h1(..,, Director, Division of Advanced Technology Applica- Drs. Hat kerman and Murray have just completed full terms on the tions, left the Foundation and returned toStanford l'invetsity. Board.

124 126 APPENDICES

Appendix C

Financial Report for Fiscal Year 1974

Salaries and Expenses Appropriation Fund Availability Fiscal Year 1974 appropriation $576260,000 Unobligated balance carried forward from fiscal year 1973 64,394,617 Adjustments to prior year accounts 655,505 Fiscal year 1974 availability $641,310,122 Obligations Scientific research project support: Atmospheric Sciences $ 12,236,370 Earth sciences 11,013,410 Oceanography 13,344,668 Biochemistry and physiology 32,836,331 Cellular biology 13,132,272 Ecology and population Diology 21,777,567 Physics 36,729,130 Chemistry 26,645,070 Astronomy 9,300,782 Mathematical sciences 14,500,490 Social sciences 24,920,261 Engineering 28,088,502 Materials research 35,551,974 Computer research 9,762,500 Subtotal, scientific research project support $289,846,330

National and special research programs: Global atmospheric research program $ 3,I1S9,OSO International decade of ocean exploration 13,789,356 Ocean sediment coring program 11,077,557 Arctic research program 3,866,986 U.S. Antarctic research program 24,735,444 Oceanogz:phir, facilities and support 11,232,313 Solar eclipse support 43,500 National R&D assessment program 1,945,712 Experimental R&D incentives 10,552,068 Science and technology policy research 1,014,359 Energy R&D pOlicy research 2524.450 Subtotal, national and special research programs $91,641,465

National research centers: National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center $3,200,000 Kitt Peak National Observatory 7,800,000 Cerro To lobo Inter-American Observatory 2,600,000 National Radio Astronomy Observatory 12,100,000 National Center for Atmospheric Research 17,500,000 Subtotal, national research centers $43 29.0,TO

Science information activities $8,077,358 International cooperative scientific activities $6,274,234

Research applied to national needs: Energy $28,110,966 Environment 25,849,980 Productivity 15,703,727 Resources 1,613,400 Exploratory research and problem assessment 3,801,092 Subtotal, research applied to national needs $75,079,165 Intergovernmental science and research utilization $964290 Institutional improvement for science $9,992,863

Graduate student support $12,991,699 Science education improvement $67,710,609 Planning and policy studies $2,556,650

Program development and management $31,657,311

Subtotal $639,998,974 Unobligated balance lapsing from 1974 appropriation $655,643 Unobligated balance carried forward to fiscal year 1975 1655,505 Total $641,310,122 APPENDICES 127

Special foriegn Currency Appropriation Fund Availability Fiscal year 1974 appropriation $3.000,000 Unobligated balance carried forward from fiscal year 1973 2,655,584 $5,655,584 Fiscalyear1974 availability ... Obligations Total obligations for fiscal year 1974 $5,650,672 Unobligated balance carried forward to fiscal year 1975 $4,912 $5,655,584 Total k,4

Trust Fund

Unobligated balance brought forward from fiscal year 1973 $6,785 Receipts from nonFederal sources . 1,309,704 Fiscal year 1974 availability $1,316,489

Obligations National and special research programs: Ocean sediment coring program $250,000 Graduate student support 106,674 NATO fellowship program 4,143 Gifts and donations $360,817 Subtotal Unolshoated bilance carried forward to fiscal year 1975 $955,672 $1,316,489 Total

Appendix D

Patents Resulting from Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation

During fiscal year 1971 the: Foundation received 89 invention dis- phone Lines" issued on July 17, 1973, in the names of Jack Stifle closures and made rights determinations in 59 inventions, some of and Michael John son arising from research supported by a grant to which were submitted in previous fiscal years. The determinations the University of Illinois; included decisions to dedicate the inventions to the public through Patent No. 3,770,012 entitled "Random Access Selection Appa- publication in 36 cases, to permit the inventing university or ratus" issued on November 6, 1973, in the names of Donald I.. Bit- organization to retain principal commercial rights in 11 cases, and /Cr et al arising from research supported by a grant to the University to transfer NSF's rights to other interested agencies in 7 cases. These of Illinois. This invention relates to an information retrieval con- agencies have either allowed the grantee to retain principal rights or trol device for a computer-based education system. have filed patent applications on behalf of the Government. The Foundation took title to 4 patent applications. In one case, a university reiairred principal rights to an invent ion pursuant to the provi- LICENSE sions of an Institutional Patent Agreement,

During fiscal year 197-1 the Foundation received licenses under 17 Patent No. 3,718,755 emit led "Circuit Base Model" issued on July patent applications filed by grantees who had been allowed to re- 19, 1973, in the names of Robert Karplus it al arising from researds tain principal rights in their inventions. supported by a grant to the University of Ca Iifortria.The invent ion relates to a model to teach children the principles of electricity, In addition, the Foundation was'notif led that four patents have magnetism, and electrochemistry; issued during fiscal year 1971 on the following inventions in which the Foundation acquired rights as specified below.-- Patent. No. 3,789,519 entitled "Rotoplane Plat fot Eitergy Source" issued on February 5, 197.1, in the names of-Marshall Mont- TITLE gomery et al arising from research supported by a grant to the University of California, The invention relates to educational Patent No. 3,716,791 entitled "Modulator Donodula tor Appa- equipment to demonstrate the principles of mechanical energy ratus for Communication of Digital Data over Voice-Grade Tele- storage and conversion, 126 128 APPENDICES

Appendix E

Publications of the National Science Foundation, Fiscal Year 1974

IU.S. - REPUBLIC OE CHINA COOPERAPIVESCIENCE PROGRAM (NSF 30 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "IntinignInt Scien- 73-11) tists and Engineers Decline in FY 1972, Physicitlns Increase 2 Mosaic. Vol. 1, No. 3 (NSF 73 -IS) Sharply" (NSF 73-311) 3 COOPERATIVE] SCIENCE PROGRAMS IN LATIN AMERICA (NSF 73- 31 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIESIlictiLicirrs:"Federal R&D 16) Funding Shows Little Change, Though Priorities Shift" (NSF

1 SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERSIN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 73-312) PROGRAM (NSF' 73-17) 32 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLtmits: "Federal R&D Sup- 5 RESEARCH NIANAGEM ENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM port to State and Local Governments Gains in Emphasis" (NSF ANNOUNCENI ENT (NSF 73-18) 73-313) 6 Sl'sIMARy OF AWARDS, 1973, DIVISION OF ENVIRONNIENTAL 33 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "Continued Growth SYSTEMS ANn RESOURCES (NSF 73-19) Recorded for Federal Civilian R&D Programs" (NSF 73-314) 7 STuDENT-ORIGINATEn STUDIES, 1972, ABSTRACT REPORTS (NSF 34 GRADUATE SCIENCE EDUCATION,STUDENT SUPPORT AND 73-20) PosTpocToRALs, FALL 1972 (NSF 73-315) List- E ti LIS I I ED STG DI FS W1 II Cl IEy ALv Ay. RI.S'ECI I -35 AS A-1;t, LYSTS OF EF.ISMk... R&D FUNDING By FUNCTION, FISCAL PROGRESS AND OPPORTUNITIES BY MAJOR FIELDS (NSF 73-21) YEARS 1969-74 (NSF 73-316) 9 RESEARCH ON TIIE SUBSYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE: 36 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIF.S HIGHLIGHTS: "1111.111Strial Research APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY To THE HEATING AND COOLING and Development Approaches $20 Billion in 1972" (NSF 73- OF BUILDINGS, PROGRAM SOLICITATION (NSF 73-22) 317) 10 ENGINEERING RESEARCH INITIATION GRANTS, 1974 (NSF 73-23) 37 CHEMICALS AND HEALTH. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON CHEMICALS 11 FRANCE-UNITED STATES EXCHANGE OF SCIENTISTS PROGRAM AND HEALTH OF THE PRESIDENT'S SCIENCE ADVISORY ANNOUNCENI ENT (NSF 73 -2 -I) COMMITTEE, 1973 (NSF 73-500) 12 INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION. PROGRAM 38 TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT, 1973, NATIONAL SCIENCE DESCRIPTION, DEFINITION, SECOND REPORT (NSF 73-25) FOUNDATION (NSF 74-1) 13 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GRAN ISADMINISTRATION 39 GRANTS AND AWARDS, 1973, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION MANUAL (NSF 73-26) (NSF 74-2) FlDECISION-RELATED RESEARCH !IN THEFIELD OF LOCAL 40 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION DATABOOK (NSF 74-3) GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT, PROGRAM SOLICITATION (NSF 73- DECISION-RELATED RESEARCII ON TECHNOLOGY UTILIZED BY 27) LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, PROGRAM SOLICITATION (NSF 71-4) 15 MuNicoAL SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS AND SERVICES: EVALUATING 2 Mosaic, Vol. 5, No. 1 (NSF 71-5) THE ORGANIZATION OF SERVICE: DELIVERY IN METROPOLITAN 43 UNITED STATES-JAPAN COOPERATIVE SCIENCE PROGRAM (NSF AREAS, PROGRAM SoticrrATtos (NSF 73-28) 71-6) 16 IMPROVING THE DISSEMINATION AND USE OF SCIENTIFIC AND NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GUIDEToPROGRAMS, FISCAL TECHNICAL. INFORMATION (NSF 73-29) YEAR 1974(NSF 7-1-7) 17Mosaic,- Vol.I, No. 1 (NSF 73-30) 45 DESIGN STUDIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION OF Two-WAY 18 SUMMARY OF AWARDS, FISCAL YEAR 1973, DIVISION OF SOCIAL. CABLE COMMUNICATIONS TO URBAN SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS ANop fIestAN RESOURCES (NSF 73-31) AND ADMINISTRATION. PROGRAM SoLicITATIost (NSF 74-8) 19 UNITED STATES-INDIA EXCHANGE or SCIENTISTS (NSF 73-32) -16 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION, PROGRAM .SOLICITATION 20 EXPERIMENTAL R&D INCENTIVES PROGRAM, EXPERIMENT (NSF 74-9) ANNOUNCEMENT, No. 55, NIEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION (NSF 73- -17 SUMMARY OF AWARDS, FISCAL YEAR 1973, OFFICE OF COMPUTING 31) ACTIVITIES (NSF 74-10) 21 DIVISION OF ENVIRONSI ENTA SY.STENIS A ND REsouRcEs (NSF 73- 48 RESEARCII ON WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS, PROGRAM 36) SOLICITATION (NSF 74-11) 22 RESEARCH APPLIED To NATIONAL NEEDS, GUIDELINES FOR 49 SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PREPARATION OF UstssoLicrrEo PROPOSALS (NSF 73-37) PROGRAM (NSF 74-12) OCEAN' SEDIMENT CORING PROGRAM INFORMATION BROCHURE. 50 IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF LARGE-SCALE INTERDISCIPLINARY (NSF 73-38) RESEARCH PROJECTS, PROGRAM SOLICITATION (NSF 74-13) INTERGOVERNMENTAL. SCIENCE AND RESEARCHt tattzATIos: 51 IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF LARGE RESEARCH LABORATORIES REPORTS TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FouNDATins: (n. SF 73-39) AND LARGE SPECIALIZED RESEARCHFACILITIES, PROGRAM 25 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES I licuucirts: "Selectee Charac- SOLICITATION (NSF 74 -14) teristics of Five Engineering and Scientific Oc....,Dational 52 THE GROWTH OE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION, A Groups, 1972" (NSF 73-306) CHALLENGE: (NSF 74-15) 26 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES 1 IIGHLIGHTS: "Federal 1m; );,(..)rt. to 53 GRANTS FOR IMPROVING DOCTORAL. DISSERTATION RESEARCH IN Universities and Colleges Rises to S1.1 Billion in E- 1, 1972" THE SOCIAL. SCIENCES (NSF 74-16) (NSF 73-307) OFFICE FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC FACILITIESAND SUPPORT, 27 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "Acadet:-,..1. R&D PROGRAM BROCHURE (NSF 74-16) 1-.:xpenditures Reached $3.3 Billion in 1972" (NSF 73-308) 55 SUMMARY OF AWARDS,FISCAL YEAR 1972, OFFICE OF 28 FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, AND HEALTH PERSONNEL, 1971 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND PROBLEM ASSESSMENT (NSF74-19) (NSF 73-309) 56 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, PRODUCTIVITYPROCEEDINGS OF 29 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES "Graduate Science RANN SYMPOSIUM, NOVEMBER 1973 (NSF 74-19) Enrollment Declines 2 Percent From 1971 to 1972" (NS F 73 -310) 57 Mosaic, Vol. 5, No. 2 (NSF 7-1-20) 12'i APPENDICES 129

58 THEEFFECTS OF INrERNA I IONA!, FECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS ON 67NATIONAL. PATTERNS OF Rg:DREsooRcEs, 1953-74 (NSF 7t.1-304) THE U.S.ECONOMY (NSF 71-21) 68FEDERAL. SUPPORTToCNIvERsITIEs,CoTTEGEs, AND SELECTED 59 RANNDOCUMENT CENTERENERGY RESEARCH AND NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS,FISCAL. YEAR1972 (NSF 74-305) TEcirvoTocv INTERIMBIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABSTRACTS(NSF 74- 69SCIENCE RESOURCESSTenfts HiGnuctrrs: ''Academic R&D 22) Expenditures Up 9 Percent" (NSF 74-306) 60UNITED SFAIII.:AusTRALIACooPERATIvESCIENCE PROGRAM 70SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES II ICI ''Federal Funding in BROCHURE (NSF74-23) nigher Edmation: Academic Science Shows Decline in Fistal 61INSTRUCTIONS FORTHE PREPARATION OF PROPOSALS REQUESTING Year 1973" (NSF 74-307) SUPPORT FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPME,NT (NSF 74-24) 71 INITIAL REPORTS OFTHEDEEP SEA DRILLI,NC. PROJECT, VOL. 17 62 INsTRucrtoNsFOR THE PREPARATION OF PROPOSALS REQUESTING (NSFSP-17) SUPPORT FOR MARINE TECHNICIANS (NSF74-25) 72 63 FEDERALFUNDS FOR RESEARCH, DEvELOPMENT, ANDOTHER INITIAL REPORTS OF TILE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, VOI.,20 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES, FISCAL YEARS1972, 1973, and 197, (NSFSP-20) VOLUME XXII (NSF 7.1-300) 73INITIAL REPORTSOF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, VOL.21 64SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS:"Federal Scientific (NSFSP-2l) and Technical Personnel Increase Slightly in 1972; Health 71 INITIAL REPORTS OFTiff: DEFTSEA DRILLING PROJECT, VOL.22 Personnel Cain Sharply" (NSF 74-301) (NSFSP-22) 65 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGnuctcrs: "Immigration of Scientists and Engineers Drops Sharply in 1973; Physician In:- 75INITIAL REPORTS OFTHEDEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, VOL,23 flow Still Near 1972 Peak" (NSF 74-302) (NSFSP-23) 66 A LISTING OF PuRucATIoNs, DIVISION OF SCIENCE RESOURCES 76INITIAL REPORTS OF THE DEEPSEA DRILLINGPRojEcr, Vol,. 25 STUDIES, MARCH 197.1(NSF 74-303)' (NSFSP-25)

Appendix F

National Research Centers Contractors

Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI) University of California Gerald F. Tape, President University -of Chicago National Radio Astronomy Observatory 1- larva University David S. Heeschen, Director Indiana University University of Michigan AUI Member Universities: Ohio State [Adversity Columbia University Princeton University' Cornell University University of 'Fexas at Austin F-larvard University University of Wisconsin The Johns Hopkins University Yale University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Pennsylvania Cornell University Princeton University kV. Donald Cooke, Vice President for Research University of Rochester Yale University National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center Frank I). Drake, Director, Ithaca, N.Y. Association of Universities for Research in Harold D. Craft, Director, Observatory Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) Operations, Arecibo, Puerto Rico Gilbert Lee, President University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Francis P. Bretherton, President Victor M. Blanco, Director Kitt Peak National Observatory National Center for Atmospheric Research Leo Goldberg, Director Francis P. Bretherton, Director

AURA Member Universities: UCAR Member Universities: University of Arizona University of Alaska California Institute of Technology University of Arizona 12i 130 APPENDICES

California Institute of Technology University of Missouri University of California University of Nevada The Catholic University of America New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology University of Chicago New York University Colorado Suite University State University of New York at Albany University, of Colorado Ohio State University Cornell University University of Oklahoma University of Denver Oregon Stale University Drexel University Pennsylvania State University Florida State University Purdue University Harvard University The Rice University University ail-mail Saint Louis University Iowa Stale University Stanford University The Johns Hopkins University Texas A&M University University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign University of Texas University of Maryland University of Toronto Massachusetts Institute of Technology Utah Slate University McGill University University of Utah University of Miami University of Washington _University of Michigan University of Wisconsin University of Minnesota Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Appendix G

Criteria for the Selection of Research Projects

SUMMARY To bring about prompt, effective performance of applied research and problem-oriented basic researchinsofar as l'he National Science Foundation administers several different specific needs for these can be foreseenin the light of current programs of research support corresponding to severallegislatively understanding. assigned objectives. To the maximum degree possible, these activities are designed to utilize and enhance existing scientific The National Science Foundation research potential and institutions. Purposeful adjustments are made when indicated. Itis not possible to make the distinction between basic and appiled research a sham one, and the Foundation is one of several Inthe selection of individual projects a number of widely Federal agenciesthat supports research of both kinds. The understood and acknowledged criteria are considered. In different Foundation, however, is unique inits mission to foster basic programs, the different criteria must be assigneddifferent weights, research per se and in its responsibility for future scientific research according to the objectives being pursued. Also these criteria relate capability. Thus the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as in different waysto the distinctive characteristics of different types amended, authorizes "programs to strengthen scientific research of research-performing organizations. potential" as well as "scholarships and graduate fellowships." The Act authorizes support both of basic and of applied research INTRODUCTION andin combination with Presidential directiveusc of an unrestricted range of performers. Policy Context Public support of scientific research, specifically including basic Agency Objectives and Methods research, is an accepted feature of United States public policy. Such The Foundation thus has been charged with advancing several support has two recognized major objectives: different but interrelated major objectives: To foster and maintain basic research as an investment toward Accomplishment of basic research; future opportunities, as insurance against unforeseeable future dangers, and as a vital element of culture; Accomplishment of applied research in selected areas;

.12i) APPENDICES 131

Long-term maintenance and strengthening of potential to Category C accomplish both basic and applied research in the future. Criteria relating to utility or relevance: This range of objectives has been reflected in the development of 4-cf, several different program formats for NSF support of research. But 6. Probability that the research can serve as the basis for new despite the approximate correspondence of programs to objectives, invention or improved technology: it remains true that research support actions are often taken with 7. Probablecontributionoftheresearchtotechnology more than a single end in view. Thus the Foundation's method of assessmenti.e., to estintating and predicting the direct and pursuing any one objective may Ix. modified or restricted by indirect, intended and unintended effects of existing or , consideration of the others. proposed technologies. Functions Performed 8. Identification of art immediate programmatic context and user of the anticipated research results. Where research support is t onterned, functions per fornied by the Foundation include: Category D Allocation of resources to fields of science, to classes of Criteria relating to future and long-term scientific potential of scientific activity, or to areas of application; "the United States: ,, Selection of individual projects to be supported; 9. Probable influence of the research upon the capabilities, Direct establishment or adjustment of institutional structures ithereSfs; and torcers OF ptifikirtiing -gra-Mimc students, or capabilities. postdoctoral associates, or other junior researchers; 10. Probability that the research will lead to radiation and diffusion, not only of technical results, but also of standards of workmanship and a tradition of excellence in the field; CRITERIA I I. Anticipated effect upon the institutional structure of U.S. science. Allocation of resources tofields of science and to areas of application is not further discussed in this notice, but. many of the Because none of these considerations is susceptible to precise criteriaforindividualprojectselectionrequire only slight quantification, or evenin most casesto unambiguous rank modification for use at the higher level of aggregation. Criteria for ordering. it would be more accurately descripti VC tO Speak not of the creation or modification of institutional structures are dealt "criteria" but rather of "factors considered.' Moreover, very with in a separate section. different relative weights must be attached to the clifferent factors in The following is an enurneration of criteria employed ill the the case of different agency objectives or programs, as is explained selection of research projects. To simplify later discussion, they are in 0 later section. grouped in four categories.

Category A Discussion Criteria relating to competent performance of researchthe The firstthree criteriathose relating to competent eXeCtIt1011art given First consideration ill every program. Every technical adequacy of the performer and of his institutional base: NSF-supported rtroject is expected at he least to produce 50111e Valid I. The scientist'straining,past performancerecord, and new information or relationships. The best way to ensure this is to r :imated potential for future accomplishment; insist upon competent scientists and adequate facilities. All other considerations which fob -1ow, then, are predicated upon the 2. The scientist's demonstrated awareness of previous and assumption that these first three criteria arc. universally applied and alternative approaches to his problem; that competent performance will be the normal expectation. 3. Probableadequacymf available or obtainable instrumentation Criteria and 5those relating to the internal structure of and technical support. scienceSl1111111arice succinctly What the scientific community understands by the phrase "intrinsic scientific merit."

Category B Criteria 6 and 7thos relating to utility or relevance cannotbe made entirely distinct from the preceding two, since that science Criteria relating to the internal structure of science itself; judged best by internal standards has almost invariably turned out I.Probability that the researchvvill lead to important discoveries in the long run to Ix the most useful. Valid generalizations and or valid, significant conceptual generalizations ivithin its powerful methods of observation and tneasurement usually lead to field of science or (in the most favorable cases) extending to newinvention,improvedtechnology,and more confident other fields as well; aSSCSSIIIt'llt. Conversely, applied investigations design led to support invention, technology, and assessment tend to succeed in these, 5. Probabilitythattheresearchwillleadtosignificant purposes to the extent that they do uncover valid generalizations or improvements or innovations of investigative methodagain improved methods, Thus differences between the two types of with possible extension to other fields of science. criteriaarc' mainly ones of motivational specificity and time

1300 132 APPENDICES horizon. Research is properly termed "applied" when we visualize more passive than for the core Scientific Research Project Support using the results in a very - specific contextusually defined in terms Program. of some already-formulated systerns conceptor when we expect it National and Special Research ProgramsThe relative weight of will prove diagnostic of some already-recognizedrwohlem. the different criteria for these programs is essentially the same as for This specificrelationship of applied research to a particular the Scientific Research Project Support discussed alx)ve. But, systems concept and plan of development is made stil I more explicit because there are for the most. part large-scale coordinated efforts, in criterion 8_ oftenincluding alogistic component and requiring special planning and management, somewhat greater consideration is Criteria 9,10,and IIthose relating to long-term scientific required for organizational and institutional factors (criterion potentialaddress trot so much the content of the research al: the I1) as is further discussed in a later section. circumstances tinder which it is performed. They include, of course, the quality of training of scientists, but extend beyond this to the Research Applied to National NeedsHere, criteria of utility (6, processesofscientific communication and publication,the 7, and 8) play a dominant role. Criteria of scientific merit and long- evolution of traditional scientific disciplines, the spawning of new range future potential, of course, are also considered. The utility "interdisciplinary" disciplines, the manner in which scientific criteria 6, 7, and in most cases 8, are applied to individual grants on careers are developed, the organizational structures and settings in a project-by-project basis. To help potential investigators meet which all this goes on, and in general how the scientific tradition these criteria and to ensure programmatic coherence, the Research and the living corps of scientific capability of our Nation are Applications Directorate issues from time to time divisional maintained. While these criteria are seldom dominant in project program brochures. guidelines for preparation of unsolicited seleetion or program development, they are always considered.. The proposals, program solicitations, and occasionally, requests for polity of the Foundation is not to undertake for short-term reasons proposals. Applicants for support are encouraged and assisted fo any action which would seriously jeopardize the long-rangescience establish communications with potential users of their results at an potential of the Nation. early stage of negotiations.

Criteria for Actions Which Create or Modify Institutional and Organizational Structures APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC PROGRAMS Actions of this type occur frequently in the support of National As has been described, the first three criteria are vigorous)). Research Centers and under the National and Special Research applied in all Foundation programs, and the last three also are Programs. The applicable criteria reflect greater intervention and always kept in view. Nlore specialized emphases characterize responsibility on the part of the Government and decisions at a individual programs, as follows: higher level of aggregation. They include: Scientific Research Project Support CriteriaofNeed In this core program the emphasis is overwhelmingly upon the Evidence of a real scientific need and an opportunityto attack criteria of intrinsic scientific merit (-I and 3). Consideration is also important problems in a way, or on a scale, not otherwise kasible or given to the utility criteria (6 and 7)not on a project-by-project available. basis but rather as consideratiorrs influencing the general level of Evidence that the program objectives can better be achieved effort to be applied to entire fields and So bfields of science. through the organization 1)1:11) etc structurethan throughuse of an Considerable direct weight is also giventr, criteria 9,10, and existing one. I I (those relating to (claire and long-term potential). Projects are selected and administered not only to preserve but to enhance the Criteria.of Long-laage Potential essential character of proven successful institutions. Thus, it.is Foundation policy to encourage such institutional and organiza- Formulation of it mission wellenough and broadly enough tional features as: defined to hold out prospects of high scientific productiVity over an extended period. Participation in research by graduate students; Evidence that it significant number of first-class scientists (as Open publication of research results in the standard literature: judged by their peers) believe deeply in the proposed act wiry and are willing to coMmit their personal scientific careers to it. Widest possible access to unique facilities forr interested and Evidence that the new structure and its programs will strengthen competent scientists; rather than detract from related work performed in other settings. Emphasis uponoriginality, elegance,and. econonry of method in university research;and RELATIONSHIP TO SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF NIaintenance of vigorous informal communication through RESEARCH-PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONS symposia, workshops, scientific meetings, etc. NSF policy is to use and reinforce proven strengths of U.S. Energy-Rela tc.t1 General Researtli athninistered as a specialized scientific institutions. Therx institutions include organizations of augmentation of ScientificResearch Project Support. Here the different types, such as: utility criteria (6 and 7) play a major rolebeing decisive in 1.'1:versifies and colleges: selection of scientific areas eligible for participation. Within the eligible areas, individual projects compete on the basis of scientific' Industrial research laboratories and in-house laboratories of merit, Criteria 9, 10, and 11 here play at role which is less direct and Federal agerrries; 131 APPENDICES 133

National Centers and other federally funded research centers; Industrial research laboratories and Federal agencies' in-house laboratories generally have as their mission the generation of new Vendors of R&D services. knowledge and understanding in areas judged to be of immediate or The Foundation seeksto avoid inadvertently changing the potential concern and use in carrying out the commercial activities c hamc teristics of proven organizationseither through indis ideal of the parent ccu.npany Or the mission of the agency. actions, or as the cumulative restilt of many actions. Purposeful National Centers and federally funded research centers have as changes rimy occasionally he encouraged for spec if ic reasons. Some their MI6111011 the generation of new knowledge and understanding relevant characteristics of the different types of organization include the following: judged to be needed or desirable in the public interest. These organizations are generally establishedto provide specialized Universities and colleges (academic institutions proper) hate research environments not readily obtainable in organizations of as their two principal missions teaching and the development and the other types. propagation of new knowledge 1111(.1 understanding. As applied to Vendors of R&D service's include many of the "not-for-profit" these organizations, therefore, criteria 9 and 10 may be regarded as criteria of "mission relevance," R&D organizations andalso a number ofusually more specializedR&D companies. These organizations, in addition to Academic organizations, traditionally. are deeply committed maintaining some level of independent research, are unique' in the to considerations of intrinsic scientific merit (criterial and 5) in extent to which they undertake contract research on topic's and developing and selecting their notresearch prograins. This is problems designated by outside purchasers. Collectively they largely a consequence of peer evaluation and peer pressure exerted constitute a zeServoir of general purpose research capa bi Ity for hire. upon the individtral. scientist.

Organization along disciplinary lines is a prominent feature of Discussion academic research tradition. This is an indispensable virtue it isofar asitguanintees comprehensive peer evaluation of scientific Different factors tend to determine the scope and complexion of research resal 1.s,but itpresents some limitations for problem- the' research programs in the different types of organizations. Thus oriented research, It should be borne in mind that new disciplines universities tend to be complement limited. For them the' primary emerge from time to time and that the focus of established management decision is how many professimial staff (faculty) to disciplines evolves continually. employ and which particular ones. Subsequently, these individuals determine program content. Industrial and mission agency in- Academic environments also tend to place extreme value upon house laboratories are "mission determined." That is, activity is originality, methodological elegance, and upon the initiative and weighed and selected according to mission requirements. Finally, scientificjudgmentof theindividualinvestigator.This R&D vendors are, at least to some extent, capability and market characteristic again presents some limitations for problem-oriented limited. Foundation policy is to recognize and, generally, to avoid research. disturbing these characteristic differences.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTOIC OFFICE: 1975 0 - 565-982 132 National Science Foundation Washington, D.C. 20550 National Science FoundationPostage and Fees sFaid PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE. S300 Official Business Special Fourth Class Rate Books MurrayERIC Facility'Howder Bethesda,483375-1 Rugby MarylandAvenue 20014