The BRIDGE

National Academy of Engineering George M. C. Fisher, Chair Wm. A. Wulf, President Sheila E. Widnall, Vice President W. Dale Compton, Home Secretary Harold K. Forsen, Foreign Secretary Paul E. Gray, Treasurer

Editor-in-Chief George Bugliarello (Interim)

The Bridge (USPS 551-240) is published quarterly by the National Academy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, D.C. Vol. 31, No. 1, Spring 2001 Editor: Greg Pearson (Interim) Production Assistants: Penelope Gibbs, Kimberly West Postmaster—Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and timeliness in connection with issues associated with engineering. They reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. © 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

A complete copy of each issue of The Bridge is available online at http://www.nae.edu/TheBridge in PDF format. Some of the arti- cles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The

VOLUME 31, NUMBER 1 SPRING 2001 BRIDGE

Editorial 3

3 Brad Allenby Earth Systems Engineering

Features 5

5 George Bugliarello Rethinking Urbanization Balancing the biological, social, and machine elements of modern cities will be key to creating environmentally sustainable, emotionally satisfying urban centers of the future.

13 Robert M. White Climate Systems Engineering Forestalling the projected adverse effects of climate change presents an immense and complex challenge to the engineering profession.

18 Geeta Pradhan and Hybrid Cities: A Basis for Hope Rajesh K. Pradhan Combining the best features of city and country life in one place can create the diversity and sense of commu- nity needed to nurture creativity and innovation.

NAE News and Notes 24

24 Class of 2001 Elected 29 Draper, Russ Recipients Honored 30 NAE Hosts Draper Forum for Students 30 Gordon Prize Launched 31 NAE Treasurer Gray to Step Down 32 From the Home Secretary 33 NAE Thanks Donors 38 Committee on Engineering Education Adds Staff 38 NAE Fellow on Board 39 NAE Newsmakers 40 NAE Calendar of Meetings 41 In Memoriam

National Research Council Update 42

42 High-Tech Labor Squeeze 43 An Agenda for Environmental Sciences

Publications of Interest 44 National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter grant- ed to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Acad- emy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Acade- my of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and tech- nology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal oper- ating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the pub- lic, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. Editorial

Earth Systems of projects within the city but learning how to engineer Engineering the city as an organic whole, along its three dimen- The National Acad- sions: biological, social, and machine. emy of Engineering’s The challenges that this poses to engineering—in annual meeting tech- scale, complexity, and multidisciplinarity—are appar- nical session last Octo- ent. Moreover, they will grow as the complexity and ber was, as always, power of our technologies grow. What will be the informative and enter- impact on the city of biotechnology, information taining. But it was also technology, and nanotechnology? At what scales will noteworthy, for it functionality, such as energy or water services, best be introduced a new provided? adventure for engi- White discusses an issue on many people’s minds neers and the engi- these days, climate change, but does so from an ESE Brad Allenby is environment, perspective. He thus introduces what may be the first health and safety vice presi- neering professions: branch of ESE: climate systems engineering (CSE). dent at AT&T, an adjunct Earth systems engi- professor at Columbia Uni- neering (ESE). ESE, The couplings between human systems and complex versity’s School of Interna- as I define it, is the natural systems, including not just atmospheric tional and Public Affairs, study and practice of dynamics, but also the carbon, hydrological, and and the inaugural Batten engineering human oceanic systems as well, are both apparent and quite Fellow at the Darden Gradu- technology systems in complex in this instance. ate School of Business at the such a way as to pro- Moreover, the climate change issue is pervaded by University of Virginia. The vide the required engineering and technology, from the systems that views expressed in this editor- functionality while generate greenhouse gases to the systems that enable ial are the author’s alone. facilitating the active us to perceive relevant changes in natural systems in management of the the first place to the technologies that can mitigate dynamics of strongly coupled fundamental natural such impacts. In this regard, the lack of a robust tech- systems. nology dimension to existing global climate change The articles in this issue, based on presentations negotiations is both noteworthy and dysfunctional. It made at the technical session, begin to flesh out that is to be hoped that this gap will be addressed in any definition. In the process, several themes that continuing process intended to address global climate undoubtedly will characterize any ESE discourse can change. already be discerned: the need for the designer of What roles, for example, can biotechnology, infor- technology systems, and society as a whole, to assume mation technology, and new energy technologies such ethical responsibility for both artifact and systems as active carbon sequestration play in enabling devel- effects; the role of technology as an absolutely critical opment, especially in emerging countries, while at the element of social response to environmental pertur- same time reducing anthropogenic climate change bations; and the significance of complexity, not only forcing? of the technical systems, but also of the environmen- That this and related questions have not even been tal, social, and cultural systems to which they are asked yet is a serious indictment of the existing process inevitably coupled. and probably reflects a profound lack of understand- Bugliarello provides an ESE vision of cities as places ing of technological evolution on the part of many par- where technology, population, culture, economics, ties currently engaged in such negotiations. CSE clear- and natural systems intersect and interact. He calls for ly poses a profound challenge for engineering going rethinking the city in terms of efficiency, manageabili- forward, and an active role for the Academy in this ty, and (especially emotional) quality of life. The area would be entirely appropriate. approach requires not just the traditional engineering Pradhan and Pradhan urge the redefinition of cities The BRIDGE 4 in an attempt to capture the benefits of both large and dialog by questioning accepted “opposing concepts” is small scale, of the urban center and the village. Some a productive and necessary first step. may feel that reconceptualizing big cities as conglom- Humans will exist within complex systems, both erations of small towns can hinder, rather than sup- social and natural, for as long as our species remains port, efforts to address regional phenomenon. The dominant on this planet. For this reason, earth sys- existence of hundreds of political and jurisdictional tems engineering will challenge the ingenuity and test units appears to significantly complicate efforts to deal the responsibility of the engineering community for with regional resource bases such as the Everglades, the foreseeable future. It is exciting, and humbling, to the Great Lakes, and the Baltic Sea, for example. begin that voyage. Few, however, will regard their call for rethinking boundaries between agricultural and urban activities, and rethinking scales of technologies (what, for exam- ple, is the optimum scale for recycling light plastics?), as unimportant. As they point out, beginning an ESE Brad Allenby Rethinking Urbanization

George Bugliarello

Balancing the biological, social, and machine elements of modern cities will be key to creating environmentally sustainable, emotionally satisfying urban centers of the future.

ince the emergence of the first concentrated human habitats some 10,000 years ago, urbanization has increased vertiginously. In some Sof its larger manifestations such as the very large cities we call mega- cities—currently defined by the United Nations as having more than 10 million inhabitants—urbanization has become particularly important in the developing world (Bugliarello, 1999). Even if there are ambiguities as to what exactly constitutes a city or an urban area, rapidly growing urban- George Bugliarello is ization is a new and seemingly uncontrollable phenomenon. chancellor of Polytechnic At the beginning of the 20th century, only about 5 percent of the world University in Brooklyn, population lived in urban areas. Today, that figure is 40 percent and is pro- N.Y. This article is based jected to grow to 60 percent in the next 20 years. In the United States, on remarks he made on 24 October 2000 during urban living is even more prevalent. Projecting into the year 2030, all of the the NAE Annual Meet- world’s population growth will be in urban areas. Over the next 30 years, ing Technical Session. urban population will increase from 2.9 billion to 4.9 billion people, mostly concentrated in developing nations. The largest population growth will occur in Asia, but Africa will have the higher rate of growth. The number The BRIDGE 6 of cities with 5 million inhabitants will increase from 41 weakened the commercial advantage of maritime to 59, and the number of cities with 10 million people cities; the internal combustion engine helped create will climb from 19 to 23 (Brennan-Galvin, 2000). the suburbs; electricity made possible all sorts of labor- Urbanization is the most powerful and most visible saving devices; the elevator permitted the vertical city; anthropogenic force on Earth. It affects the surface sanitation made cities healthy; radio, later comple- of the Earth, its atmosphere, and its seas. The mented by computers and the Internet, allowed peo- expanding surface that cities occupy and the ple to interact without being physically in contact and resources required to supply their needs absorb or to work cooperatively at a distance (Moss, 1998). transform, directly or indirectly, ever-larger exten- Biotechnology and bio-machines, now emerging, will sions of forests and arable land. In the developed affect the city in ways we cannot still fully fathom. world, those extensions may be hundreds of times The interval between these major innovations has larger than the surface of a city and consume materi- shrunk. If more than 100 years separated the Indus- al and energy resources at rates per inhabitant an trial Revolution from the internal combustion engine, order of magnitude greater than those of cities in the only 50 years separated the computer from the radio, developing world. The problems of atmospheric pol- and about 30 years biotechnology from the computer. These innovations have added to the fascination and the promise, whether realistic or not, that the city offers to people from the rural areas, and they have Urbanization is the most fueled the still unabated growth of most urban con- centrations. No matter how undesirable and ultimate- powerful anthropogenic force ly unsustainable this may be, there seem to be today, on Earth. thanks to technology, virtually no limits to the growth of cities based on availability of land or adequacy of critical resources (Groat, 2000). lution are exacerbated in cities that are virtually Many Cities Dysfunctional devoid of oxygen-generating vegetation. The surface Today’s cities are essential instruments of social “footprint” of a typical city consists predominately of advancement, wealth creation, globalization, creativity, buildings and concrete or asphalt, which repel water psychic energy, and birth-rate reduction. But many of and can lead to deprivation and even subsidence of today’s cities also are dysfunctional. They are large aquifers. Aquifers under Mexico City, for example, consumers of resources, harbors of poverty, and con- have dropped some nine meters since the beginning centrated sources of pollution. They are congested of the last century (Rowland, 2000). and, in the rapidly growing megacities of the develop- Substantial cities began to emerge perhaps 5,000 ing world, bursting at the seams. They are difficult to years ago and, on a greater scale, with cities like Mem- manage, particularly where lack of resources com- phis, Babylon, Athens, Beijing, and Rome, in the last pounds the problem. And they pose risks to their three millennia. In the vast period between the inhabitants. growth of agriculture and the Industrial Revolution, Cities affect their environment by drawing most innovations occurred primarily in the social resources—materials, air, water, energy—from increas- domain—codified laws, organized armies, bureaucra- ingly long distances (the resource “footprint”). Their cies—but there emerged also some crucial new tech- products tend to be distributed worldwide and nologies for the city like aqueducts, bridges, and forti- become sources of pollution elsewhere. The city-genic fications. pollution on the ground may be limited to a few hun- After the Industrial Revolution, the waves of tech- dred miles, but air pollution may circle the globe. nological inventions and innovation that succeeded Cities affect their environment regionally because of each other with increasing rapidity made the city what the growing surface over which they extend, the it is today. Industrial manufacturing attracted armies intense use of their hinterland, and, with maritime and of workers to the cities; railroads, and later airports, riparian cities, their encroachment on coastlines. SPRING 2001 7

Pollution in large urban aggregates is aggravated by traffic delays at major airports (estimated several the traffic caused by the separation of residence and years ago to cost some $5 billion annually [Craig, place of work, and by the increasing use of heating and 1988]), is one of the most immediately evident and air conditioning. The concentrated nature of the city ubiquitous signs of urban dysfunctionality—whether reduces the space available to its occupants in their in developed or in developing countries—and so are dwellings, denying them the less-polluting remedies slums. Another sign of dysfunctionality is the diffi- such as higher ceilings or shading by trees available in culty most large cities have disposing of their solid less-dense habitats. waste. This is an issue that offers the possibility of The growth of poverty, particularly in cities of the many creative solutions but which generally remains, developing world, is a most disturbing trend associated particularly in the developing world, one of the most with urbanization. Poverty adds to the dysfunctionali- intractable problems. More subtle signs of dysfunc- ty of a city and often contributes to urban sprawl by tionality are urban sprawl, the monotony of the grid encouraging the flight of the more affluent from the pattern of streets, and the monocultural zones devot- city core. ed exclusively to one set of activities, such as malls or The risks associated with urbanization are due to financial districts, which become deserted when natural hazards, anthropogenic causes, or a mixture of those activities end. the two. Natural hazards, from earthquakes and floods A problem common to all but the most affluent of to volcanoes and diseases such as malaria, are made today’s cities is that many elements of their infrastruc- more dangerous by heedless expansion in areas ture have not been extended or improved since origi- exposed to such risks. Anthropogenic risks include nally built. Railroads, bridges, sewers, water mains, accidents, war, terrorism, crime, changes in the econo- major roads, and buildings have not been able to keep my, and lifestyle diseases such as depression, bronchi- up with the expansion of many cities because of the tis and emphysema, tuberculosis, and AIDS. speed of that expansion and because of cost. Congestion, such as overcrowded roadways and air If we are to make urbanization environmentally and socially sustainable, the great challenge is to rethink the city. The design of the city of the future has been for a long time a passionate battle point of utopias, ideolo- gies, theories, and experi- mentations. Leonardo da Vinci’s separation on two levels of pedestrian and vehicular traffic (Fig- ure 1) and, a century ago, the garden city (Perry, 1929; Relph, 1987) exem- plify concepts that contin- ue to make sense today. Many other concepts have not stood the test of time. Regardless of ideology, few would disagree that there are certain pragmatic FIGURE 1 A XVIth-century proposal: Leonardo’s design for separating pedestrian and vehicular traf- imperatives to which the fic on two levels. SOURCE: Adapted from Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (2001). city of the future, whether The BRIDGE 8 in America or elsewhere, must respond. It must aesthetics, and good management—the city not only reduce hazards to its inhabitants, improve livability, functional but beautiful. A sense of adventure mili- and be sustainable, that is, capable of existing indefi- tates against grid layouts that we inherited from the nitely in time without doing irreparable damage to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and against the extreme environment. A city is an extremely complex organ- segregation of functions in separate quarters of the ism; its future forms cannot be projected or pre- city—for example, the impersonal gleaming towers of scribed. There are, however, some essential character- the business district that leave no room for diverse, istics the city needs if it is to respond to the smaller-scale activities. imperatives. If the city of the future is not to do irreparable eco- logical damage and is to be sustainable, it must contain or reduce its geographical and resource footprints. The area occupied by the city and the tributary terri- The city of tomorrow must tory necessary to feed and otherwise support it cannot be caring, emotionally continue to grow proportionally to the city’s popula- tion or affluence. Reduction of the resource footprint satisfying, ecological, also means reduction of the plume of pollution and waste emanating from the city, both in dimensions and intelligent, and manageable. intensity. Since the city is an accumulator of sub- stances, recycling and “mining” those very substances become an important source of materials for the city The city of tomorrow must be caring and emotion- of the future and a way to reduce its resource footprint ally satisfying; it needs to be ecological, intelligent, (Graedel, 1999). The city ecological relies for its sur- manageable. These characteristics must interact syn- vival as much as possible on natural means, both bio- ergistically in response to the imperatives. Thus, to logical and energetic (Lewis, 1998). For instance, it improve livability, the city must be caring and emo- uses wetlands to reduce wastewater treatment and con- tionally satisfying. This, in turn, implies a city that is servative energy sources, such as wind and solar radia- intelligent, manageable, and ecological. To be sus- tion, to mitigate energy demands. (Today’s conserva- tainable, the city must be ecological. To reduce haz- tive energy sources are insufficient to satisfy the needs ards to its inhabitants, it needs, again, to be intelligent of a city, and their exaggerated development can cre- and manageable. Elimination of slums requires the ate in turn ecological stresses, as has occurred with the synergy of the “city efficient,” the “city manageable,” construction of extensive batteries of large windmills.) and the “city caring and emotionally satisfying.” Simi- larly, reduction of consumption requires the synergy of Education Essential the city efficient and the city manageable. These syn- A city intelligent is one that has the ability to adapt ergies are not easy to achieve but are mandatory if the to change. Sensors, geographic information systems, dysfunctionalities of today’s cities are to be remedied. telecommunications, the ability to simulate and to The city caring and emotionally satisfying is one that rapidly assess trends, and a nimble management struc- provides jobs, housing, health, and education, gives its ture are all new capabilities that enhance a city’s citizens a sense of protection, and sees the urgency of ability to adapt. A city intelligent must also be efficient solving the problem of poverty. Poverty threatens the in its use of resources, including human ones. It must city’s physical and emotional health, and its elimina- have, for example, advanced traffic control systems tion is viewed by some as a key to any hope of improv- and flexible scheduling of city activities to reduce con- ing sustainability (Perlman, 2000). But this is not gestion. Education is essential to the city intelligent enough. A sense of belonging, a sense of pride, and a and efficient, not only traditional education, but also sense of adventure are also essential ingredients of the an education for living appropriately in the city— city caring and emotionally satisfying. Contributing to learning how to behave in crowded situations and in them are stability (not the constant tearing down and traffic, how to reduce pollution through changing reconstruction that makes today’s city a palimpsest), one’s behavior, and how to participate effectively in SPRING 2001 9 community decisions and understand the underlying ment of financial instruments such as public-private issues. partnerships to encourage entrepreneurship and eco- A manageable city is one that finds an appropriate nomic development, and the pooling of resources and balance between what is local and what is centralized. markets with other cities to produce needed innova- It is a city that, no matter how large its population, tions. The relation of city policies to national poli- relies on community participation as an indispensable cies—including policies to encourage viable alterna- component of making decisions, taking full advantage tives to concentrating growth in the larger cities—is an of information and telecommunications technologies. important challenge for the city manageable, whether The city manageable endeavors to control its tech- nologies and encourages the creation of technologies that better respond to its needs, rather than being Fundamentally, a city is a powerless when confronted by new technologies. A good example is the automobile, which today has too complex bio-socio-machine large a footprint, demands that a large portion of the city be devoted to parking, and, universally, creates entity. congestion. The city manageable stimulates new tech- nologies to address the automobile’s size and parka- bility, not to mention its other environmental impacts. the city exerts influence because it contains a large Regardless of how it may be physically configured, portion of a nation’s population, or tends to be the manageable city of the future must be governed by neglected because it is small. the clear recognition that it is an organic phenome- Part of the challenge of making the city manageable non that defies rigid planning but can be guided in is dealing with unrealistic expectations of its popula- desirable directions through a variety of possible orga- tion—poor and well-off alike—in an era of burgeon- nizational concepts. One concept that transcends any ing technological possibilities. These expectations can rigid geometric arrangement and can guide the orga- affect the stability of the city and may have global nization of services, transportation, utilities, and other impact. In this context, the city manageable must also parts of the urban environment is to see the city as a address the problem, particularly acute in the devel- complex “system of systems” (Gallopin et al., 2001) oping world, of how to reach rapidly growing areas and to clearly identify the relationship among individ- with essential services by devising good-enough solu- ual neighborhoods, larger neighborhood clusters, and tions as opposed to costly traditional infrastructural the city as a whole. systems developed in affluent cities. As expressed by a felicitous analogy: Neighborhood As Organizing Unit It remains to be demonstrated who is more Viewing the neighborhood as an organizing unit of skilled, the surgeon who operates in a good envi- the city is not a new idea, but it is one that continues to ronment and with the necessary assistance, or he make considerable sense for the city of the future. who operates under emergency conditions with Walkable neighborhoods, for instance, help reduce rudimentary instruments and facilities, some- congestion by facilitating the creation of a hierarchy of times below what is indispensable. (Lotti, 1989) transportation hubs connecting the city’s components. In the developing world, where many cities are expect- Fundamentally, a city is a complex bio-socio-machine ed to double in population in the next 15 to 20 years, entity that I shall call, for short, biosoma (Bugliarello, it should be easier in principle to devise entirely new 1998, 2000). It is an entity created by the interaction organizations and systems than it is in the mature cities of a biological component, that is, its inhabitants and of the developed world. However, because of lack of other forms of life such as vegetation or microorgan- resources and, at times, will, the reverse is often true. isms; a social component, the ensemble of collective Other important challenges for the manageable city activities, ideas, and organizations of its inhabitants; are the role of self-help and sweat equity in housing and a machine component, the artifacts, tangible and the poorer segment of the population, the develop- intangible, that support the life of the city. The BRIDGE 10

Each of the three components of the biosoma has replace motorized means of transportation, an impor- distinctive influences on the function and design of the tant consideration in the design of cities as clusters city. The biological component can self-replicate and of neighborhoods. The biosomic city shaped by these also be recycled by nature (e.g., through microbiologi- balances and trade-offs is continually evolving. As cal processes), capabilities essential to the sustainabili- each component of the biosoma changes so, too, does ty of the city. Humans, in addition, bring emotions the balance among them. and feelings that play a crucial role in the city caring and emotionally satisfying. The machine component CITY embodies reliability, precision, and power, but also inflexibility. The social component embodies charac- CLUSTER KNOWLEDGE teristics that fall between those of the other two. Like GENERATOR the machine, it increases the reach of the individual KNOWLEDGE TRANSMITTER and can have reliability, precision, and power (e.g., in (“SCHOOL”) KNOWLEDGE social organizations such as bureaucracies), but it also TRANSMITTER harbors collective feelings and emotions that on occa- (“SCHOOL”) sion can erupt with unforeseeable consequences. KNOWLEDGE UTILIZERS Balance among the three biosomic components is KNOWLEDGE important to maintaining the city’s positive character- PARK istics while reducing its dysfunctionalities. For exam- GOV’T INDUSTRY ple, there ought to be balance between bioremedia- tion and traditional methods of water and wastewater treatment or between tasks performed by humans and those performed by machines (e.g., a policeman directing traffic versus the use of traffic control devices). Balance considerations have far-reaching implications in making the city caring or manageable. FIGURE 2 The knowledge city. Thus, a totally automated city, technically possible, becomes also an inhuman city. Similarly, within the The emerging knowledge city and eco-industrial biological component, the balance between humans city are embryonic manifestations of the biosomic city and other species determines the extent to which the of the future. In the knowledge city (Figure 2), the city favors biological diversity—the plants and animals emphasis in each of the three biosoma components is that enrich the life and the environment of humans. on knowledge and information: in the biological com- ponent, on learning and biotechnology; in the social Trade-Offs Central to Biosoma Paradigm component, on education and e-business; and in the Within the biosoma paradigm, trade-offs among machine component, on computers, telecommunica- information, materials, and energy are central to the tions, and nanotechnology. concept of “intelligent” infrastructure, such as the One instrument of the knowledge city, congruent intelligent highway that can accommodate more traf- with the concept of neighborhoods and clusters, is the fic without requiring the construction of new roadway. knowledge park. It coalesces socioeconomic activities Trade-offs between materials and energy range from around institutions that generate knowledge (e.g., uni- the simple but ecologically significant one of using versities or research centers), transmit knowledge insulation instead of active heating and cooling, to that (e.g., schools), and use knowledge (e.g., business or embodied in the utopian concept of a domed city, industry and government). These institutions are unworkable for a variety of reasons but the epitome of increasingly crucial to the socioeconomic develop- the desire to use material structures to control climate ment of a knowledge society and attract to them other and therefore the energy expenditures of the city. The elements of the city’s organization and infrastructure. trade-off between biological and machine energy The knowledge park provides a new organizing prin- affects the extent to which walking or bicycling can ciple for the knowledge city. Such parks can transform SPRING 2001 11 the urban environment and provide an enormous eco- ment for generating that will is education. Citizens nomic boost, as was the case with Metrotech, catalyzed need to learn what they could reasonably expect the in Brooklyn, New York, by Polytechnic University. city to be and what it takes to make their expectations Metrotech has attracted some 20,000 jobs around the reality. They need to recognize the importance of par- university, mostly in information technology and ticipating in decision-making and of having the disci- telecommunications, and has revived a significant part pline to make sacrifices in the short term for the sake of downtown Brooklyn (Bugliarello, 1996). An increas- of a greater good in the long term. Similarly, the city ing dimension of the evolving knowledge city is also vir- must be willing, when necessary, to accept some tem- tuality—the ability to conduct at a distance business porary economic losses in order to secure a more sus- transactions and other social interactions. tainable future. In the eco-industrial city, the waste of one industry Current trends strongly suggest that the cities of the becomes the input to another. In addition, the bio- future will be home to an increasing share of world logical and machine components are integrated and population. We do not know, however, at what point in support each other, as in the case of bioremediation of time saturation will be reached or whether urban pop- polluted areas. A pioneering example of this integra- ulation might eventually decline. Neither do we know tion is the Danish city of Kalundborg (Graedel, 1999). whether the city of the future will be more dense and Whatever shape the city of the future might assume, compact or more spread out (Figure 3). Regardless of the challenge to its planners, its managers, and its citi- these uncertainties, however, we already possess much zens is to determine consciously what the desirable bio-social-machine balance should be. 100% ? Creating the City of the Future Concentration Creating the city of the future presents major and of world ? population in unprecedented engineering challenges. One is how cities ? to maintain internal conditions within acceptable lim- its as the city is exposed to changes in temperature, Today The Future winds, floods, and earthquakes, as well as to anthro- pogenic disasters such as war and terrorism. The chal- lenge is to reduce the influence of these parameters High ? on the city through appropriate design and opera- Population ? tional decisions. For instance, although a city totally Density ? covered by a dome is unrealistic, it is not unrealistic to Low engineer the city skyline—the location and configura- Small Large tion of structures—to affect temperature and wind Area patterns. A second challenge is to minimize the influ- FIGURE 3 Unknowns of the city of the future. ence of the city—its wastes and noxious emissions— on its surroundings, such as watersheds. A third chal- lenge is to develop technology for addressing of the knowledge and technology to make the city of problems at the microscale of the neighborhood or the future a more effective, less dysfunctional instru- the individual home, such as in-house energy trans- ment of human advancement. We can expect new formers, waste disposal and recycling systems, and the technologies to strengthen this capability (Ausubel virtual office. Where appropriate, such technology and Herman, 1988). But they must be developed and would provide alternatives to the macroscale of trunk applied in the context of a vision of the city of the utilities and other central services. future that is caring and emotionally satisfying, eco- To transform today’s cities into tomorrow’s less dys- logical, intelligent, and manageable. Given the rapid functional ones, resources are necessary, but the will to pace of urbanization and the exacerbated dysfunc- transform will be even more important and generally tionality of many of today’s cities, we cannot tarry. more difficult to mobilize. The fundamental instru- The BRIDGE 12

References Groat, C. 2000. Cross-cutting issue #1: Can we measure the Ausubel, J. H., and R. Herman, eds. 1988. Cities and Their urban footprint? What is the influence of the megacity Vital Systems: Infrastructure Past, Present and Future. beyond its official boundary? Presentation at the Megaci- Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ties Workshop, National Research Council, Washington, Brennan-Galvin, E. 2000. What are the demographic D.C., September 26. trends? Presentation at the Megacities Workshop, Nation- Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. 2001. Studies of al Research Council, Washington, D.C., September 26. Sforzinda, the ideal city projected by Leonardo for Bugliarello, G. 1996. Urban knowledge parks and econom- Ludovico il moro. Leonardo da Vinci Ms. B. Available ic and social development strategies. Journal of Urban online at http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/news/mostra/6/ Planning and Development 122(2):33–45. e62msb5.html. (April 18, 2001). Bugliarello, G. 1998. Macroscope: Biology, society and Lewis, P. H. 1998. Tomorrow By Design. New York: John machines. American Scientist 86(3):230–232. Wiley. Bugliarello, G. 1999. Megacities and the developing world. Lotti, C. 1989. Per Un Barile D’Acqua. Rome: Colombo. The Bridge 29(4):19–26. Moss, M. 1998. Technology and cities. Cityscape: A Journal Bugliarello, G. 2000. The biosoma: The synthesis of biolo- of Policy Development and Research 3(3):107–127. gy, machines, and society. Bulletin of Science, Technolo- Perlman, J. 2000. Comment made during discussion at gy & Society 20(6):452–464. Megacities Workshop. National Research Council, Wash- Craig, T. 1988. Air traffic congestion: Problems and ington, D.C., September 26. prospects. Pp. 222–231 in Cities and Their Vital Systems: Perry, C.A. 1929. The neighborhood unit: A scheme of Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future, J. H. Ausubel arrangement for the family-life community. Pp. 2–140 in and R. Herman, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Acade- Neighborhood and Community Planning, Vol. VII of the my Press. Regional Study of New York and Its Environs. New York: Gallopin, G. C., S. Funtowicz, M. O’Connor, and J. Ravetz. Port of New York Authority. 2001. Science for the 21st century: From social contract Relph, E. 1987. The Modern Urban Landscape: 1880 to the to the scientific core. International Journal of Social Sci- Present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ence 54(168):219–229. Rowland, S.F. 2000. Can megacities be green? Environmen- Graedel, T. E. 1999. Industrial ecology and the ecocity. The tal issues in megacities. Presentation at the Megacities Bridge 29(4):10–14. Workshop, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., September 26. Climate Systems Engineering

Robert M. White

Forestalling the projected adverse effects of climate change presents an immense and complex challenge to the engineering profession.

umans have been engineering Earth systems for thousands of years. Primitive engineering was aimed at local or regional issues and tend- Hed to focus on such basics as shelter, water resources, and trans- portation. Little thought was given to the ancillary and frequently delete- Robert M. White, a mem- rious consequences of the products of human innovation. The need to ber of the National Acad- address these consequences has penetrated our consciousness relatively emy of Engineering, is a recently and with it the concept of Earth systems engineering. principal of The Wash- Climate systems engineering (CSE), a subset of Earth systems engineer- ington Advisory Group, ing, is a multipurpose, multidisciplinary approach for monitoring, adapt- LLC. This article is ing to, and even mitigating the consequences of climate change. Climate based on remarks he change is, of course, a topic of intense national and international interest made on 24 October 2000 during the NAE because of its environmental, economic, and social consequences. For Annual Meeting Techni- much of history, climate change has been regarded as an act of God over cal Session. which humans had no control. Recently, however, climate change, and global warming in particular, has come to be seen as at least in part the result of human activities. The BRIDGE 14

Engineering and technology now represent the rise in global mean surface temperature (Figure 2). underpinnings of modern weather and climate sci- This temperature change is a matter of observational ence. Scientific weather forecasting became possible fact about which there is little dispute. 150 years ago with the introduction of the telegraph of Samuel B. Morse, which permitted weather conditions to be transmitted from remote to central locations where they could be analyzed. Since World War II, a host of other technologies has opened our eyes to some of the mysteries of climate. Radiosondes provide a view of the upper atmosphere; radar has trans- formed our understanding of the dynamics of precipi- tation and cloud systems; computers have enabled the mathematical modeling of weather and climate, trans- forming prediction from art to science; and space FIGURE 2 Global mean surface temperatures. technology has permitted the imaging, sounding, and SOURCE: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). location capabilities to provide global monitoring of weather and climate. Mathematical climate models indicate that global It is not my purpose to discuss climate science in any surface temperatures will increase significantly by depth. But without some background, the concept of 2100, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on CSE is meaningless. Briefly, the increasing global use Climate Change (IPCC; 2001). Most models project of fossil fuels, deforestation, and emissions from other an increase in the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C. The latest sources have increased dramatically the atmospheric IPCC assessment estimates a temperature rise of concentration of greenhouse gases since the begin- between 1.5 and 5.8°C, with the most likely rise esti- ning of the Industrial Age. For example, from barely mated to be 2.5°C. There is also general agreement detectable amounts 140 years ago, annual emissions of that global precipitation will increase. Sea level is ris- carbon dioxide (CO2) have risen to over 6 billion met- ing largely due to thermal expansion of seawater, ric tons per year today (Figure 1). This increase has with the most likely rise predicted to be 0.5 meters. been essentially monotonic except for seasonal fluctu- Considerable uncertainty exists about the regional ations, as indicated by the observations at Mauna Loa distribution of climate change and its impact on agri- in Hawaii and other observatories. This level of CO2 culture, ecosystems, and water resource availability, emissions has increased the atmospheric concentra- as well as its contribution to severe weather events, tion of CO2 by 25 percent, from approximately 290 such as hurricanes. parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1860 to its pre- A recently published report by the National Assess- sent level of about 360 ppmv. The result has been a ment Synthesis Team (2000) estimates the impact of climate change on the United States. The analysis con- 7000 siders the consequences through 2100 for 5 sectors of

6000 the economy and 16 geographical regions. It uses as a basis for its analysis two different climate models, one 5000 developed by scientists in Canada and the other by sci- 4000 entists in the United Kingdom. These models yield

3000 consistent climate warming projections for the United

Million Metric Tons States as a whole but differ significantly in their region- 2000 al projections. 1000 Our ability to anticipate future climate change, with

0 all its uncertainties, presents a dilemma. How do we 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year balance the costs of the economic and social impacts of climate change with the costs of the engineering FIGURE 1 Global anthropogenic CO emissions, 1860Ð1997. 2 and technology needed to prevent those conse- SOURCE: Adapted from Marland et al. (2000). SPRING 2001 15 quences? When and at what costs do we decide to build dams and seawalls and strengthen bridges? When do we invoke biotechnology to develop drought- and heat-resistant strains of grain? Almost 10 years ago, in the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), the international com- munity agreed to try to “achieve stabilization of green- house gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interfer- ence with the climate system” (United Nations, 1992).

In addition to CO2, the greenhouse gases addressed by the convention are methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide. (Because CO so dominates the greenhouse FIGURE 3 Decarbonization: carbon intensity of global energy 2 consumption, expressed in tons of carbon per ton of oil equivalent gas mixtures, what follows focuses on CO2.) energy (tC/toe). SOURCE: Nakicenovic (1996).

of energy underlies much of this rise in greenhouse BOX 1 Possible “Dangerous” Consequences of gases. The root solution is to decarbonize the global Climate Change energy supply. Decarbonization has been proceeding for over a century (Figure 3). • Endangered food supply and water resources Since the initialing of the climate convention in • Rising sea level leading to island and coastal 1992, governments around the world have been grap- inundations pling with ways to control atmospheric greenhouse emissions without setting targets for the desired atmo- • Increase in severe weather events such as hurri- spheric concentrations. The Conference of the Parties canes, floods, and droughts (COP), the group established to negotiate the details • Changes in natural ecosystems of the FCCC, has met six times to try to seek agree- ment on international action. The most recent meet- • Health effects such as pulmonary and cardio- ing of the group, at The Hague in late 2000, ended in vascular disease disagreement. A protocol initialed by the COP in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 limits the emissions of carbon dioxide and other The convention leaves the term “dangerous” unde- greenhouse gases and assigns emission targets to fined, but it must include the familiar, if sometimes industrialized countries. Developing countries unwill- devastating, phenomena indicated in Box 1. Amelio- ing to commit to the protocol were given a pass (Unit- rating global warming is arguably one the most diffi- ed Nations, 1997). The Kyoto agreement requires the cult and complex challenges facing engineering and United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a technology. The prime causes of elevated global CO2 level 7 percent below 1990 levels by 2010. Achieving concentrations are shown in Table 1. Humanity’s such a reduction would require a lowering of U.S. fos- addiction to fossil fuels (coal, gas, and oil) as a source sil fuel consumption by some 35 percent below what would be expected in 2010. It could not be accom- TABLE 1 Principal Causes of Anthropogenic plished without dramatic changes in the manner of CO2 Emissions energy production and use in this country. Gt C/yr The Kyoto signatories agreed that sequestration of carbon in the biosphere, principally by trees, could be Fossil fuel combustion 5.5 ± 0.5 an ancillary approach for reducing greenhouse gas Deforestation 1.6 ± 1.0 concentrations in the atmosphere. The United States Total Anthropogenic Emissions 7.1 ± 1.1 has proposed that it be permitted to use carbon seques- Gt = gigatons. C = carbon. tration by forest and agricultural lands, and emissions The BRIDGE 16 trading with other countries, to account for about 50 ppmv. If the target concentration of 550 ppmv is to be percent of the required emissions reduction. This pro- achieved through emission reductions, the trajectory posal was rejected by the European members of COP of the emission reductions can vary. Economists refer and was in large part responsible for the collapse of the to this as “when flexibility.” A trajectory that permits Hague conference. Alternative scenarios for meeting delays in controlling emissions can have the same the Kyoto targets that focus more on non-CO2 gases effect on CO2 concentration as one that does not per- have been proposed by Hansen et al. (2000). mit delays. There is general recognition that even if successful, With this kind of framework, engineers and tech- the Kyoto protocol is only the first step in the process nologists can begin to consider a mind-boggling array and by itself will have only a minimal effect on pro- of options for achieving specific target concentrations jected global warming. Emissions targets spelled out of greenhouse gas. These include those that reduce by the protocol will reduce global average tempera- emissions of CO2 from fixed and mobile sources, tures by an insignificant amount, according to the sequester carbon dioxide, reduce the emissions of IPCC. Emissions reductions of 60 to 80 percent would other greenhouse gases, and employ geoengineering be needed to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentra- on a global scale (Box 2). Geoengineering is the use tions at their present levels. The fact that China, India, of technology to affect the radiation balance of the and other developing countries remain unwilling to atmosphere, for example by injecting dust or other restrict their emissions has created considerable politi- particulate matter into the stratosphere to reduce the cal controversy. amount of solar radiation reaching Earth. The U.S. Senate, anticipating the wrenching changes that will be required and aware that not all CSE Success Depends on Collaboration nations are required to reduce emissions, has voted However effective the development of a new, low- unanimously against actions by our government to carbon energy system, the sequestration of carbon, and implement the Kyoto protocol. Recently, the Bush attempts at reducing other greenhouse gases, if we are

Administration announced it will not regulate CO2 to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse emissions from power plants (Associated Press, 2001), gases, CSE will need to do much more. It must antici- and it has indicated it will withdraw from the Kyoto pate the consequences of climate change for ecosys- protocol (Drozdiak and Pianin, 2001). tems, water resources, agriculture, health, and other concerns of importance to humanity. This must not Target Concentrations Undefined be a mere afterthought; it must be an integral part of Forestalling the projected adverse effects of climate the requirements. Will new technologies have adverse change is an example of Earth systems engineering at health effects? Will they result in unwanted effects on its most complex. As engineers, we would want to ecosystems? Will they be culturally acceptable? There know the target levels of global greenhouse gas con- are many questions, and collaboration between scien- centrations proposed by the FCCC, because it is the tists and engineers from many fields will be required to concentrations that determine climate change, not address them meaningfully. emissions. At the present time, however, such targets Because of its global nature, climate change has are undefined. both political and international engineering dimen- Setting such target levels is fraught with uncertainty sions. Not only are international consultations and and controversy. It requires knowledge of the conse- negotiations about approaches for achieving agreed- quences of specific limits, a knowledge that we present- upon atmospheric CO2 concentrations important, ly do not possess. A commonly accepted target, aim- but there is also a need to reach out to engineering ing for greenhouse gas concentrations roughly double communities in other countries to enlist their help. those predating the Industrial Revolution, would yield The task before us is formidable. The wisest course a concentration of about 550 ppmv. This is a number may be to take actions that contribute to emissions that many believe would avoid dangerous interference reduction and carbon sequestration at low economic with the climate system. Doubling present levels of cost now and make the investment in research and emissions would yield gas concentration of about 750 engineering to generate the new and advanced tech- SPRING 2001 17

BOX 2 Options for Reducing Concentrations of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases

CO2 Emissions Reduction Carbon Sequestration • Increase efficiency of both mobile and fixed • Increase sequestration by growing trees and other

sources of CO2, for example as in the program for plants, which consume carbon dioxide the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles in photosynthesis. This approach can be (PNGV). enhanced through biotechnology by producing fast-growing trees. Sequestration of carbon in soil • Increase efficiency of electric power generation also merits consideration. by changing power-station fuel sources from coal and oil to gas, and by introducing turbines and • Sequester carbon stripped from hydrocarbons by distributed energy sources. pumping it into deep geological structures and use the hydrogen to power fuel cells. • Increase use of renewable energy sources such as

wind power, photovoltaics, biomass, and • Inject CO2 into oceans at depths that allow the hydropower. (These can produce significant formation of CO2 hydrates. amounts of energy but are not candidates for sat- • Fertilize the oceans by adding iron or phospho- isfying base power loads.) rous to increase the production of algae, which • Increase use of already-proven nuclear energy, a then would sequester more carbon in the oceans. CO -emission-free energy source that occupies a 2 Non-CO Emissions Reductions central role in power production in France and 2

other countries. • Reduce emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases such as methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide. • Continue development of new types of energy sys- tems such as fuel cells for use in automobiles and Geoengineering in fixed locations operating on hydrogen stripped • Disperse dust or inject SO into the stratosphere from fossil hydrocarbons. 2 to reduce sunlight and thereby lower global tem- peratures. (This proposal is totally speculative.)

nologies that can meet CO2 concentration targets in Marland, G. T., T. Boden, R. J. Andres. 2000. Global CO2 the future. Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Brning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751–1997. Available online at References http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/global97.ems. Associated Press. 2001. Bush won’t regulate carbon dioxide. (April 16, 2001). March 14, 2001. Available online at http://www.enn.com/ Nakicenovic, N. 1996. Freeing energy from carbon. Daedalus news/wire-stories/2001/03/03142001/ap_bush_42513.asp. 125(3):95. (March 30, 2001) National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000. Climate Change Drozdiak, W., and E. Pianin. 2001. U.S. angers allies over cli- Impacts on the United States, An Overview. Cambridge: mate pact. Washington Post, March 29. Available online Cambridge University Press. at http://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5959- United Nations. 1992. United Nations Framework Conven- 2001Mar28.html. (March 29, 2001) tion on Climate Change. Available online at http://www. Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, A. Lacis, and V. Oinas. 2000. unfccc.de/resource/conv/index.html. (March 21, 2001) Global warming in the 21st century: An alternative sce- United Nations. 1997. United Nations Kyoto Protocol. Third nario. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework 95:9875–9880. Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan, Decem- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2001. ber. Available online at http://www.unfccc.de/resource/ Forthcoming. Third Assessment Report. Geneva: World protintr.html. (March 22, 2001). Meteorological Organization. Hybrid Cities: A Basis for Hope

Geeta Pradhan and Rajesh K. Pradhan

Combining the best features of city and country life in one place can create the diversity and sense of community needed to nurture creativity and innovation.

Geeta Pradhan ome years ago, the people of Mexico City realized with horror that the city had started sinking. Water drawn over the years to sustain life had Sfar exceeded what trickled down to replenish underground sources, triggering sometimes dramatic subsidence. Excessive paving made matters worse, leading to water run-off, flooding, aquifer depletion, and reliance on an expensive water supply system. Mexico City illustrates starkly how unsustainable our current practices are. This article draws upon an inspiring thought by the Italian writer- philosopher Italo Calvino to offer an alternative approach to the develop-

Geeta Pradhan is a consultant in sustainable community development and planning and for- mer director of Sustainable Boston. Rajesh K. Pradhan is a consultant in Urban and social enterprise development, currently consults for the Center for Reflective Community Practice at the Rajesh K. Pradhan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is Chairman of the Social Enterprise Trust in New Delhi, India. This article is based on remarks made by Geeta Pradhan 24 October 2000 at the NAE Annual Meeting Technical Session. SPRING 2001 19 ment of cities. In his 1986 book, Invisible Cities, Calvino Although an increasing share of the world’s popula- describes the empire of the Tartan Emperor Kublai tion is living in urban areas, the percentage of people Khan. It is crumbling and Kahn is devastated. To living in very large urban agglomerations—the mega- divert him, the Venetian traveler Marco Polo recounts cities—is still small. In 2000, 4.3 percent of the world’s for him stories about the several cities he has seen dur- population lived in cities of 10 million or more; by ing his travels. He tells of cities of memories, cities of 2015, 5.2 percent are expected to. Cities of 5-10 mil- dreams, of thin cities and wide cities, of trading cities lion inhabitants, which currently account for 2.6 per- and cities of desires, signs, and eyes, cities of names, cent of world population, will hold about 3.5 percent and hidden cities. Soon it becomes clear to Khan that of the planet’s people by 2015. By comparison, the each of these fantastic places is really the same place— number of people living in smaller cities, though Kublai Khan’s empire. increasing at a slower pace, is considerably larger. In But a down-in-the-dumps Khan cannot see any 2000, 28.5 percent of the world’s population was living hope of getting out of this ever closing-in inferno, and in cities of 1 million or less; by 2015, cities of this size Polo tells him: will account for 30.6 percent of total population. . . . There are two ways to escape suffering it. The first is easy for many: accept the inferno and become such a part of it that Congestion, health risks, you can no longer see it. The second is risky and demands constant vigilance and appre- social chaos among problems hension: seek and learn to recognize who common to largest cities. and what, in the midst of the inferno, are not inferno, then make them endure, give them space. Though cities account for just 2 percent of the The idea explored in the following pages has prece- world’s surface, they use up a disproportionately large dents in wisdom drawn from the past and echoes the portion of the world’s resources. For instance, rough- vast literature on administrative decentralization. It ly 78 percent of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burn- takes into account some of today’s scientific and tech- ing and cement manufacturing, and 76 percent of nological advances, and it tempers the grandeur and industrial wood use worldwide, occur in urban areas. visions of utopia with the realization that human activ- Some 60 percent of the planet’s water tapped for ity and population growth can no longer keep pace human use goes to cities in one form or another with the world’s finite resources. Like Calvino’s spaces (O’Meara, 1999). within the inferno, it tries to give legitimacy and room Cities account for a majority of the world’s wealth to small trends and innovative concepts emerging in and provide over 50 percent of the world’s employ- several cities in response to problems created by ment. If population growth remains on its current tra- urbanization. It seeks to offer a new model of devel- jectory, the global workforce will swell from about opment—a hybrid approach—that combines the best 3 billion today to nearly 4.5 billion by 2050 (World of rural and urban attributes to create “a village in a Resources Institute, 2000). In a desperate search for city, a city in a village.” Metaphorically, it urges us to jobs, higher incomes, and a greater diversity of look outside cities as we rethink today’s urban centers options, people will continue to be drawn to cities. and design those of tomorrow. Many urban areas provide an inhospitable environ- The world’s population, which reached 6.1 billion in ment, creating incentives for people to move away and mid-2000, is projected to grow to 8.1 billion by 2030 escape city life. Congestion, health risks related to pol- (United Nations, 2001). Projections show that almost lution, ungovernability, and social chaos are common all of this growth will be concentrated in urban areas problems in some of the world’s largest cities. Accord- of the less developed world, and rural to urban migra- ing to the World Resources Institute (1996), at least tion and the transformation of rural settlements into 220 million people in cities of the developing world cities are expected to be key contributors to this trend. lack clean drinking water, 420 million do not have The BRIDGE 20 access to the simplest sanitation, and between one- city’s industrial areas contributed to atmospheric lead third and one-half of city trash goes uncollected, con- concentrations that exceeded health guidelines by a tributing to flooding and the spread of disease. factor of 11 (O’Meara, 1999). Domestic and industrial effluents released with little or Despite all the problems associated with the growth no treatment into waterways are affecting the quality of of cities, development policies have continued to favor water far beyond cities, rendering many urban rivers the urban sector. This “urban bias,” to borrow a like the Pasig in Manila and the Yamuna in New Delhi phrase popularized by the economist Michael Lipton biologically dead. Breakdowns and undercapacity in (1977) in his work on urban and rural development, the aging infrastructure of cities, especially water-sup- grew from a much earlier debate about how less indus- ply and sewer systems, increases the incidence of water- trialized nations should modernize. In the view that borne and water-related diseases. At any given time, gained acceptance, generally credited to Arthur Lewis close to half the world’s urban population suffers from (1954), the strategy was to focus on cities (as opposed one or more of these diseases (World Bank, 2000). to agricultural areas) as places that could provide jobs, produce goods using low competitive wages due to sur- plus labor, generate wealth through exchange, and create a dense environment necessary for economic Despite problems associated interdependence and innovation. The result of this with growth, development development strategy was excessive migration to cities, urban sprawl, and the relative stagnation of villages. policies continue to favor Many cities, those in the less industrialized world in particular, have become unmanageable, ungovern- the urban sector. able, and unsustainable.

The Consequences of Urban Sprawl Rising rates of automobile ownership and the In the United States as in the rest of the industrial- absence of public transportation and environmentally ized world, the debate about cities now is framed dif- sound rapid transit systems are creating unprecedent- ferently, not on economic growth per se but on ways to ed pollution levels and traffic congestion in cities. achieve better quality of life. These are new expres- Urban air pollution is estimated to be responsible for sions of old ideas in American history, where city plan- over 3 million deaths annually worldwide, almost all of ners saw the ideal city as one that took care of three those among children (World Health Organization, sides of human experience: work, family, and leisure. 1997). The air in some cities in Latin America, China, Over time, however, quality work life, family life, and and India has concentrations of pollutants, such as leisure time have come to be associated not with inner nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, and particulates, that cities but with suburbs. With employment moving out are two to four times those set by World Health Orga- to the suburbs, with family concerns about schools and nization guidelines (Davis, 1999). The amount of air safety in cities, and with greater opportunity for leisure pollution children in these cities are exposed to is in natural suburban settings, cities are witnessing out- equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day migration or suburban sprawl. The result is a substan- (World Bank, 2000). tial loss of agricultural land and forests, urban disin- Vehicle exhaust, the dominant ingredient in urban vestments, and an increase in transportation and air pollution, also is spewing lead into the air. This residential and commercial land use. toxic metal impairs the kidneys, liver, and reproductive As an illustration of this trend, America’s metropol- system, and at high levels causes irreversible brain itan population, which includes people living in sub- damage. Recent studies suggest that about two-thirds urbs, grew from 60 percent of the total population in of children in New Delhi and an even greater propor- 1950 to about 80 percent in 2000 (Ecological Cities tion of children in Shanghai have blood lead levels Project, 2001). An implication of this growth in the higher than those expected to cause adverse health Boston metropolitan region, for instance, is the loss of effects. In Cairo in early 1999, worsening traffic in the over 37 percent of open space to sprawl in just 50 years SPRING 2001 21

(Pradhan and Kahn, 2000). The impact of automobile The vision we propose is of a sustainable communi- usage extends even to such issues as loss of productivi- ty that emphasizes civic engagement, social justice, ty. Drivers in 70 U.S. metropolitan areas spend an aver- environmental soundness, and economic diversity. It is age of 40 hours each year sitting in stalled traffic, based on an understanding of factors that over the ages resulting in wasted fuel and lost productivity that costs have lured people to cities and of qualities of life peo- about $74 billion annually (O’Meara, 1999). ple seek when they move to the countryside and to Concerns about health, productivity, and overall small towns. Termed the “hybrid city,” the proposed quality of life provide an incentive for people to move approach attempts to combine the best of cities— away from cities. Those with the means can choose to diversity, density, innovation, opportunities for eco- maintain two homes, one in the country to enjoy nomic mobility, and access to means for human devel- serenity, the other in the bustling city to experience opment—with the best of village or small-town and enjoy diversity and culture, for employment, and life—cultural wisdom, frugality, conservation, resource for wealth creation. This phenomenon of dual habi- efficiency, a sense of scale and place, self-reliance, and tation, growing in both the West and among affluent a sense of community and connectedness. city dwellers in the developing world, gives one The approach uses lessons learned from innova- glimpse of what people would do if they could. tions in such areas as food production, open-space cre- ation, waste management, and transportation. Used to Resource Pressures Create Social Stress take the heat off the “infernos” that many large cities As cities continue to expand, whether from urban- have become, these innovations also offer hope for the ization or sprawl, the pressures to manage water and sustainability of smaller urban centers. A few examples energy resources, organize food production and distri- should suffice. bution, and manage basic urban amenities such as • The creation in cities of village-like, self-reliant activities. housing, transportation, and public health will Many small but successful efforts to enhance urban increase. Access to and control over these resources sustainability or livability provide residents with and services increasingly are becoming arenas of social goods and services produced locally. They are, in conflict, particularly in megacities. Ironically, even if other words, guided by the principle of self-reliance, population does not grow at the predicted rate, cities a characteristic associated typically with the village will still have to contend with normal wear and tear of or country town of the past, when transportation vital infrastructure. options were limited. Relative to the enormity of problems facing cities, our responses have been timid. They have ranged from popularizing environmentally sound technical solutions (e.g., energy conservation equipment and Public markets testimony pollution-prevention and clean-up technologies) aimed at fixing problems to appealing to people to to the demand for urban establish a deep (spiritual) bond with environment agriculture. and nature. Neither approach provides much hope for significantly improving the quality of life in today’s sprawling cities and emerging urban centers. Chinese cities, for instance, have long reserved Rather, what we need today is an inspiring vision surrounding areas for agriculture and used city-gen- that provides new direction for cities of the future. We erated wastes to fertilize the fields. In Africa, urban need a utopia of sorts, a basis for hope, and a redefin- agriculture is often a survival strategy for the poor ition of what a city is. The answer to the problems of (O’Meara, 1999). In Boston, 150 community gar- cities of today may rest with development approaches dens augment the food budgets of families in the that concentrate on smaller urban centers, those with inner city; the gardeners are often low-income and populations of one million or less, and on creating the elderly. New York City is organizing to protect its coutryside or small-town-like environments within ad-hoc urban gardens. In one sense, the popularity large urban centers. The BRIDGE 22

of public markets that stock locally grown produce for nondrinking uses (O’Meara, 1999). Boston is and food products is testimony to the latent demand conserving its drinking-water resources by replacing for urban agriculture. leaky pipes, installing water-saving features, and edu- The hybrid cities approach would make urban cating the public about the importance of water agriculture an explicit element of city planning. To conservation. It has reduced water loss in the past the extent it creates a variety of jobs in production, two decades from 33 percent to about 11 percent processing, and support industries (favoring less- (Pradhan and Kahn, 2000). skilled workers), the strategy would further the goals • The creation of a city in a village. Technological of equity and social justice. And, from an architec- advancements and traditional wisdom make it possi- tural or urban design point of view, it would ble to create an island of city life surrounded by a enhance diversity within cities that may be becom- sea of countryside. Anna Hazare’s Raley Gaon Sid- ing too city-like. hhi project in Maharashtra, India, is one such exam- ple (Hazare, 1997). The project is hailed as one of the most successful sustainable community projects Creating an island of city in India and has been replicated in over 600 villages. It, too, applies the idea of “city in a village,” creating life surrounded by a sea of not an urban center but a sustainable village with countryside. town-like diversity that provides an array of jobs and employs low-cost, environmentally sound technolo- gies and watershed management approaches to sus- tain what is essentially village life. • The creation in cities of village-like open spaces and clean Behind many innovative solutions in urban sustain- air. Perhaps inadvertently, urban agriculture is ability lies the unspoken idea of adding to cities quali- adding badly needed open space in congested cities. ties associated with the countryside. Technology today Some U.S. metropolitan centers are more con- makes such integration more possible, unleashing sciously working to contain their boundaries, limit forces that respond simultaneously to the longing for growth, and increase countryside-like open spaces. the intensity of a city and the ideal of a small-town life By moving a major above-ground highway under- in a global economy. ground, for instance, Boston has created huge open spaces in the heart of its downtown. The desire for Hybrid Cities and Diversity more pristine air has led Chattanooga to replace Another way of looking at hybrid cities is to focus on automobile traffic in the downtown area with free the issue of diversity, one of the defining characteristics public transportation that runs on nonpolluting of the city itself. Introducing the kinds of innovations fuels (World Resources Institute, 2001). The we have just described will lead to a broadening and change has led to massive economic investments in deepening of diversity. That diversity, more generally, the city center. could allow different ideas, opportunities, and experi- • The creation in cities of village-like frugality and resource ences to coexist, thereby creating conditions for con- conservation. Curitiba, Brazil, has managed to link its stant innovation and creativity. The hybrid city is both waste recycling program to efforts to boost nutri- an actor in the global economy and a self-reliant enti- tion. For every bag of recyclables they turn in, citi- ty that meets local need for basic goods and services. zens receive a bag of locally grown vegetables. Sim- Its diverse economy is both industrial and craft based, ilar recycling strategies are occurring on an high tech and low tech, formal and informal. industrial scale. For instance, in Kalundborg, Den- Ideally, a hybrid city is relatively small, governable, mark, waste from one industry feeds directly into and manageable. It offers a sense of community and another as raw material in a kind of “industrial sym- allows people to feel connected. The “hybridization” of biosis.” Metropolitan Tokyo, with over 80 percent of an existing megacity could occur in a number of ways, its land covered by asphalt, is harvesting rain water some of them complementary: by administratively SPRING 2001 23 breaking up the giant settlement into several small world. Such is the power and influence of visions! towns; through community- or neighborhood-based Unlike some of the utopian visions of the past, the planning consistent with the decentralized units; or by hybrid city approach does not pretend to be a fully incorporating countryside-like spaces and activities developed idea. It aims simply to unify disparate and along the periphery as well as within the city itself. Sim- badly needed attempts at sustainability by mixing, like ilarly, one could imagine high-technology based urban an alchemist, seemingly opposed elements—the city clusters within the countryside. The idea, in other and the countryside, the megacity and the rural village. words, is to diversify both the city and the countryside. To put it differently, the small town (or the country- References side) needs to become the planning tool for the devel- Calvino, I. 1986. Invisible Cities. Translated by W. Weaver. opment of existing large cities. To the extent that the Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt Brace. hybrid city incorporates the ideas inherent in small Davis, D. 1999. Urban Air Pollution Risks to Children, A towns and rural settings, it draws our attention Global Environmental Health Indicator. Washington, inevitably to civic engagement and social justice, issues D.C.: World Resources Institute. Ecological Cities Project. 2001. Change in U.S. Metropolitan that get lost in the rush to make the city more modern Populations and Land Area (1950–2050). Available online or manageable but that are critical to making cities at www.umass.edu/ecologicalcities/landusechange2.html. more sustainable. (March 27, 2001) By advocating in cities village- or craft-like activities Hazare, A. 1997. A Veritable Transformation. Translated by in production, processing, manufacturing, and serv- B. S. Pendse. Ralegan Siddhi, India: Ralegan Siddhi Pari- cies, the hybrid city attempts to create multiple work war Publications. opportunities and an outlet for many skills that have Lewis, W. A. 1954. Economic development with unlimited become irrelevant in cities today. supplies of labour. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 22(2):139–191. A Conglomeration of Small Towns Lipton, M. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in By conceptualizing the big city as a conglomeration World Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer- of small towns interspersed by pockets of the country- sity Press. O’Meara, M. 1999. Reinventing cities for people and the side, the hybrid city inevitably turns resource alloca- planet. Worldwatch Paper 147. Washington, D.C.: World- tion and city planning into neighborhood- or commu- watch Institute. nity-based activities. It facilitates civic engagement by Pradhan, G., and C. Kahn. 2000. The Wisdom of Our relying on small administrative units as opposed to the Choices: Boston’s Indicators of Progress, Change, and centralized administration of traditional megacities. Sustainability. Boston: The Boston Foundation. By so doing, hybrids foster diverse power centers and United Nations. 2001. World Population Prospects: The give legitimacy to many different voices. Finally, by 2000 Revision. New York: United Nations. drawing attention to small urban centers and develop- World Bank. 2000. Entering the 21st Century. World Devel- ing urban clusters within villages—possibly the hybrid opment Report 1999/2000. Washington, D.C.: World cities of the future—the strategy directs investments to Bank Publications. relatively forgotten communities. World Health Organization (WHO). 1997. Conquering Suf- The idea of enjoying the best of both worlds is not fering, Enriching Humanity. World Health Report. Wash- ington, D.C.: WHO. new. After the Industrial Revolution, when conditions World Resources Institute. 1996. World Resources 1996–97 in cities became unbearable, urban thinkers devel- —A Guide to the Global Environment. The Urban Envi- oped visions of utopia that combined the best of tech- ronment. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. nology with ideas of social justice to create equitable World Resources Institute. 2000. Global Trends. Washing- societies in harmony with nature. Whether or not we ton, D.C.: World Resources Institute. Available online at agree with them, ideas from Ebeneezer Howard’s Gar- http://www.igc.org/wri/powerpoints/trends/sld001.htm. den Cities movement, Le Corbusier’s skyscrapers set in (March 27, 2001) open parkland, and Frank Lloyd Wright’s sprawl over World Resources Institute. 2001. Air Pollution: Chattanooga, suburbia made possible by the automobile found their Tennessee. Available online at www.wri.org/enved/sus- way into 20th century urban planning throughout the com-chattanooga.html. (April 18, 2001) The BRIDGE 24 NAE News and Notes

Class of 2001 Elected

In February the National Academy of Engineering tions to fundamental research, practice, and educa- (NAE) elected 74 members and 8 foreign associates to tion of optimization/control theory, and especially its membership in the Academy. This brings total U.S. application to data communication networks. membership to 2,061 and the number of foreign asso- Rafael L. Bras, Bacardi and Stockholm Water Foun- ciates to 154. dations Professor of Civil and Environmental Engi- Election to the NAE is among the highest profes- neering and head, Department of Civil and Environ- sional distinctions accorded an engineer. Academy mental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of membership honors those who have made “important Technology, Cambridge. For innovation in hydrologi- contributions to engineering theory and practice, cal forecasting and hydrometeorology through applica- including significant contributions to the literature of tion of new technology, probability, and statistics, and engineering theory and practice,” and those who have for the advancement of civil engineering education. demonstrated “unusual accomplishment in the pio- George H. Brimhall, professor of geology and direc- neering of new and developing fields of technology.” tor, Earth Resources Center, Department of Geology A list of the newly elected members and foreign and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley. For associates follows, with their primary affiliations at the contributions to the advancement of geological mod- time of election and a brief statement of their princi- eling and ore deposit exploration. pal engineering accomplishments. Joost A. Businger, independent consultant, Ana- cortes, Wash. For contributions to the field of atmos- Members pheric turbulence transport and its applications. Rodica A. Baranescu, chief engineer, Performance E. Dean Carlson, secretary of transportation, Kansas Analysis Department, Navistar International Trans- Department of Transportation, Topeka. For outstand- portation Corp., Melrose Park, Ill. For research lead- ing leadership and dedication in developing national ing to effective and environmentally sensitive diesel highway policy, systems management initiatives, and and alternative-fuel engines and leadership in auto- research programs. motive engineering. William C. Cavanaugh III, chairman, president, and Frank S. Barnes, director of interdisciplinary chief executive officer, Progress Energy, Raleigh, N.C. telecommunications program, electrical and comput- For contributions to excellence in the generation of er engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder. For electricity from nuclear power by establishing and fundamental research on biological effects of electro- achieving exemplary levels of performance. magnetic fields, surgical procedures, and contribu- John Cioffi, professor of electrical engineering, tions to telecommunications education. Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. For contributions Steven Bellovin, technical leader, AT&T to the theory and practice of high-speed digital com- Labs–Research, Florham Park, N.J. For contributions munications. to network applications and security. Richard W. Couch Jr., president, chairman, founder, Meyer J. Benzakein, general manager, advanced owner, and principal engineer, Hypertherm Inc., engineering programs, GE Aircraft Engines, Cincin- Hanover, N.H. For technological innovation and engi- nati. For achievements in international technical neering entrepreneurship in making plasma-arc the cooperation and propulsion engine technology. dominant thermal metal-cutting process in use today Dimitri P. Bertsekas, professor of electrical engi- and his company the world’s leading manufacturer. neering and computer science, Massachusetts Institute Natalie W. Crawford, vice president and director, of Technology, Cambridge. For pioneering contribu- RAND Project Air Force Division, Santa Monica, Calif. SPRING 2001 25

For outstanding engineering, development, and ana- bridge. For pioneering contributions to and commer- lytical contributions to planning for the U.S. Air Force. cialization of optical coherence tomography (OCT). Robert F. Davis, Kobe Steel Ltd. Distinguished Uni- Alice P. Gast, professor of chemical engineering, versity Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. For contributions North Carolina State University, Raleigh. For contri- to the understanding of the structure of complex flu- butions in the development of silicon carbide and ids, especially polymeric and electro-rheological fluids, group III-nitrides as practical electronic materials for and to engineering education. devices. Eddy W. Hartenstein, president, DIRECTV Inc., and Mark E. Dean, vice president and fellow, systems corporate senior executive vice president, Hughes research, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Consumer Sector, Hughes Electronics Corp., El Yorktown Heights, N.Y. For innovative and pioneering Segundo, Calif. For leadership in developing and contributions to personal computer development. implementing satellite digital video and data transmis- Jack J. Dongarra, distinguished professor, computer sion systems for direct delivery into homes. science department, University of Tennessee, Karl Hess, Swanlund Endowed Chair and professor, Knoxville. For contributions to numerical software, department of electrical and computer engineering, parallel and distributed computation, and problem- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. For contri- solving environments. butions to hot electron transport and the numerical David A. Edwards, president and chief scientific offi- simulation of semiconductor devices. cer, Advanced Inhalation Research Inc., Cambridge, W. Daniel Hillis, founder, Applied Minds, Glendale, Mass. For transfer of scientific principles of engineer- Calif. For advances in parallel computers, parallel soft- ing to industry, including invention and commercial ware, and parallel storage. development of a novel, generic aerosol drug-delivery Gerald D. Hines, founder and chairman, Hines, system. Inc., Houston. For global leadership in engineering Antonio L. Elias, senior vice president and general advancements that set the standard for innovative and manager for advanced programs, Orbital Sciences efficient design in the commercial building industry. Corp., Dulles, Va. For conception and execution of a Thom J. Hodgson, James T. Ryan Professor of Indus- new generation of Earth-orbit transportation systems. trial Engineering, North Carolina State University, Bruce R. Ellingwood, chair, School of Civil and Envi- Raleigh. For contributions to the advancement of ronmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technol- industrial, manufacturing, and operational systems in ogy, Atlanta. For leadership in the use of probability industry, academia, and government. and statistics in the design of structures and in the Thomas S. Huang, professor, department of electri- development of new design criteria. cal and computer engineering, University of Illinois, Lawrence B. Evans, chairman and chief executive Urbana-Champaign. For contributions to the theory officer, Aspen Technologies Inc., Cambridge, Mass. and practice of image compression, retrieval, and For leadership in the development and application of analysis. integrated systems for modeling, simulation, and opti- Fazle Hussain, Cullen Distinguished Professor, mization of industrial chemical processes. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Liang-Shih Fan, Distinguished University Professor Houston. For fundamental experiments and concepts and chair of chemical engineering, The Ohio State concerning important structures in turbulence, vortex University, Columbus. For leadership and contribu- dynamics, and acoustics, and for new turbulence mea- tions to research and education in the field of fluidiza- surement techniques. tion and particle technology. Shirley A. Jackson, president, Rensselaer Polytech- Eugene C. Figg Jr., president and chief executive nic Institute, Troy, N.Y. For contributions to industry officer, Figg Engineering Group, Tallahassee, Fla. For research, education, and the formation of the Inter- leadership in architectural excellence, structural inno- national Nuclear Regulators Association. vation, and efficient construction of major bridges. David Jenkins, professor emeritus, Department of James G. Fujimoto, professor of electrical engineer- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of ing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam- California, Berkeley. For theoretical and practical con- The BRIDGE 26 tributions to improving water quality worldwide For contributions in molecular and cellular engineer- through applied research on biological wastewater ing and for interfacing modern biology with engi- treatment processes. neering principles. Barry C. Johnson, senior vice president and chief Brian R. Lawn, NIST Fellow, Materials Science and technology officer, Honeywell International, Morris- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Stan- town, N.J. In recognition of technical and strategic dards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Md. For industry leadership in semiconductor devices, process- elucidating the basic principles of brittle fracture that es, and packaging technologies. are essential to our understanding of the fracture of Marshall G. Jones, senior mechanical engineer, GE complex engineering materials. Corporate Research and Development, Niskayuna, Edward D. Lazowska, professor and chair, Depart- N.Y. For pioneering contributions to the application ment of Computer Science and Engineering, Universi- of high-power lasers in industry. ty of Washington, Seattle. For leadership and contri- Kristina B. Katsaros, director, Atlantic Oceano- butions to computer performance evaluation and graphic and Meteorological Laboratory, National distributed systems. Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Nancy A. Lynch, NEC Professor of Software Science Miami. For basic advances of ocean-atmosphere and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- energy exchange through innovative measurement ogy, Cambridge. For the development of theoretical techniques. foundations for distributed computing. Sangtae Kim, vice president and information officer, Christopher W. Macosko, professor, Department Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis. For contributions to of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Uni- microhydrodynamics, protein dynamics, and drug dis- versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis. For the invention, covery through the application of high-performance development, and dissemination of new methods of computing. reactive polymer processing and rheological property Raymond J. Krizek, Stanley F. Pepper Professor of measurement. Civil Engineering and director, Master of Project Man- Alfred E. Mann, founder and chairman, MiniMed agement Professional Degree Program, Northwestern Inc., Northridge, Calif. For innovations and entrepre- University, Evanston, Ill. For advancements in soil- neurship in cardiac pacing technology, insulin deliv- structure interaction, disposal of waste slurries, ery, and neural prostheses. mechanical properties of grouted sands, and engi- Larry V. McIntire, E. D. Butcher Professor and chair, neering behavior of soils. Department of Bioengineering, and chair, Institute of Raymond C. Kurzweil, founder, chairman, and chief Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, executive officer, Kurzweil Technologies Inc., Welles- Houston. For pioneering research in cellular and tis- ley Hills, Mass. For application of technology to sue engineering and for leadership in engineering improve human-machine communication. education. Stephanie L. Kwolek, research associate (retired) Benjamin F. Montoya, chairman and chief executive and consultant, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., officer (retired), and member, Board of Directors, Wilmington, Del. For contributions to the discovery, Public Service Co. of New Mexico, Albuquerque. For development, and liquid-crystal processing of high- environmental and organizational leadership in both performance aramid fibers. the U.S. Navy and public power sector while maintain- Max G. Lagally, Erwin W. Mueller Professor of Mate- ing total dedication to societal values. rials Science and Engineering, University of Wiscon- Frederick J. Moody, consulting engineer, GE sin, Madison. For contributions to surface science, in Nuclear Energy (retired), Murphys, Calif. For pio- particular in semiconductor film growth and in the neering and vital contributions to the safety design of development of novel analytical techniques. boiling water reactors, and for his role as educator. Douglas A. Lauffenburger, co-director, Division of Norman R. Morrow, professor of chemical and Bioengineering and Environmental Health, and petroleum engineering, University of Wyoming, director, Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Laramie. For contributions to the understanding of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. interfacial phenomena governing wettability, connate SPRING 2001 27 water saturation, and spontaneous imbibition. Robert O. Ritchie, head, Structural Materials Sia Nemat Nasser, John Dove Isaacs Professor of Department, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Natural Philosophy, professor of mechanical and aero- Berkeley National Laboratory, and professor of mate- space engineering, and director, Center of Excellence rials science, Department of Materials Science and for Advanced Materials, University of California, San Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. For Diego. For pioneering micromechanical modeling contributions to the understanding of fatigue fracture and novel experimental evaluations of the responses and the failure of engineering structures. and failure of modes of heterogeneous solids and Lloyd M. Robeson, principal research associate, Air structures. Products and Chemicals Inc., Allentown, Pa. For sig- Amos M. Nur, Wayne Loel Professor of Earth Sci- nificant scientific and technological contributions in ences, professor of geophysics, and director of the polymer blends and engineering polymers. Stanford Rock Physics and Borehole Geophysics pro- Theodore Rockwell, principal officer (retired), ject, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. For founding MPR Associates, Chevy Chase, Md. For contributions and establishing rock physics technology for quantify- to the development of reactor shielding technology ing rock properties from remote seismic measure- and nuclear-power reactor safety. ments. Sosale Shankara Sastry, director, Electronics Robert S. O’Neil, chief executive officer emeritus, Research Laboratory, and professor, electrical engi- Parsons Transportation Group Inc., Washington, D.C. neering and computer sciences, University of Califor- For leadership in the establishment and growth of nia, Berkeley. For pioneering contributions to the environmentally responsible transportation through- design of hybrid and embedded systems. out the world. Peter C. Schultz, president, Heraeus Amersil Inc., John K. Ousterhout, chief scientist, Interwoven Inc., Duluth, Ga. For invention and development of manu- Sunnyvale, Calif. For improving our ability to program facturing methods and glass compositions for low- computers by raising the level of abstraction. attenuation glass fibers for optical communication. James J. Padilla, group vice president, global manu- Mordecai Shelef, corporate technical specialist, facturing, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich. For origi- Ford Research Laboratory, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, nal contributions to the improvement of the efficiency Mich. For contributions to the science and engineer- of engineering and manufacturing in the transporta- ing of automotive exhaust catalysis. tion industry. Guy Lewis Steele Jr., distinguished engineer, Sun Paul S. Peercy, dean, College of Engineering, Uni- Microsystems, Burlington, Mass. For contributions to versity of Wisconsin, Madison. For significant funda- the design, specification, and engineering of program- mental discoveries, important new measurement tech- ming languages. niques, and visionary leadership in creating and George L. Stegemeier, president, GLS Engineering managing outstanding laboratories in materials Inc., Houston. For contributions to thermal oil recov- research. ery and in situ remediation. Kurt E. Petersen, president, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, Dwight C. Streit, technical fellow and director, Calif. For contributions to the research and commer- advanced semiconductors, TRW Space & Electronics cialization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Group, Redondo Beach, Calif. For contributions to Albert P. Pisano, FANUC Chair of Mechanical Sys- the development and production of heterojunction tems and director, Electronics Research Laboratory, transistors and circuits. University of California, Berkeley. For contributions Gerald B. Stringfellow, dean, College of Engineering, to the design, fabrication, commercialization, and edu- and distinguished professor of materials science and cational aspects of microelectromechanical systems engineering and electrical engineering, University of (MEMS). Utah, Salt Lake City. For leadership in the development H. Vincent Poor, professor of electrical engineering, of III/V semiconductor alloys, including the organo- Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. For contributions metallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) growth tech- to signal detection and estimation and their applica- nique, for modern electronic and photonic devices. tions in digital communications and signal processing. James M. Tien, professor and chair, Department of The BRIDGE 28

Decision Science and Engineering Systems, Rensselaer den. For innovative fundamental and applied contri- Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y. For contributions to butions to processing complex ores and recycling the development and application of systems engineer- waste materials and for international leadership in ing concepts and methodologies to improve public mineral processing. services and engineering education. Peter Bernhard Hirsch, professor emeritus, Depart- Don Walsh, president, International Maritime Inc., ment of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, Eng- Myrtle Point, Ore. For contributions to the develop- land. For experimentally establishing the role of dis- ment and advancement of deep-sea engineering sys- locations in plastic flow and of electron microscopy as tems. a tool for materials research. Chris G. Whipple, principal, Environ, Emeryville, Suzanne Lacasse, managing director, Norwegian Calif. For developing innovative risk assessment Geotechnical Institute, Oslo. For enlightened direc- methodologies and for their application to issues of tion of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and for national importance. advancements in foundation engineering for offshore Marvin H. White, Sherman Fairchild Professor of structures. Electrical Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Wolfgang Schmidt, director, Aeronautics, Defense, Pa. For contributions to solid-state imagers and for and Space Research Program, DaimlerChrysler Corp., advances in silicon devices and technology. Stuttgart, Germany. For outstanding contributions to computational aerodynamics and air vehicle design Foreign Associates and engineering, and for promoting international Eric Ash, treasurer and vice president, The Royal leadership and cooperation. Society, London, England. For innovations in optics Viggo Tvergaard, professor, Department of Solid and acoustics and for leadership in education. Mechanics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby. P. Ole Fanger, director, International Centre for For contributions to the theory of stability and the Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Ener- understanding of failure phenomena in solids and gy Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyn- structures. gby. For significant interdisciplinary research on the Felix J. Weinberg, professor emeritus of combustion influence of indoor environment on human comfort, physics, Imperial College, London, England. For con- health, and productivity. tributions to the understanding, diagnostics, and Knut Sven Eric Forssberg, professor of mineral pro- applications of a wide range of flame and combustion cessing, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Swe- processes. SPRING 2001 29

Draper, Russ Recipients Honored

2001 Draper Prize Recipients. From left: Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Lawrence Roberts. Photo: Cable Ris- 2001 Russ Prize Recipients Earl Bakken and Wilson Greatbatch. don Photography. Photo: Cable Risdon Photography.

NAE President Wm. A. Wulf hosted the NAE Awards Guest speakers included Vince Vitto, president and Dinner and Presentation Ceremony on 20 February to CEO of the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory; Presi- honor the 2001 recipients of the Charles Stark Draper dent Robert Glidden, Ohio University; Thomas Prize and the first Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize. Budinger, chair of the 2001 Draper Prize selection The formal dinner was held at Washington, D.C.’s, his- committee and head of the Center for Functional toric Union Station. Imaging at the E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab- Vinton G. Cerf, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, oratory; and Robert Nerem, chair of the 2001 Russ and Lawrence G. Roberts received the Draper Prize Prize selection committee and Parker H. Petit Profes- for “principal contributions to the development of sor and director, Institute of Bioengineering and Bio- technologies that are the foundation of the Internet, a science at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Also stunning engineering achievement that profoundly present at the event were Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ, influences people, commerce, communications, pro- benefactors of the Russ Prize. ductivity, and interpersonal relationships throughout Following the presentation of the medals, Dr. Wulf the world.” commented on the National Academy of Engineer- Earl E. Bakken and Wilson Greatbatch were hon- ing’s new advertising campaign. Designed by TGD ored with the Russ Prize “for saving, extending, and Communications, the campaign highlights the Draper improving the quality of human lives through the engi- and Russ prizes and the achievements they recognize, neering development and commercialization of and will be featured in various publications and on implantable heart pacemakers.” National Public Radio. The recipients of the Draper Prize shared the Dr. Wulf also announced the establishment of the $500,000 cash award, and each received a gold medal- NAE’s newest prize, the Bernard M. Gordon Prize for lion and a hand-scribed certificate. The recipients of Innovation in Engineering and Technology Educa- the Russ Prize also shared $500,000, and each received tion. The prize will be awarded for the first time at the a gold medallion and a hand-scribed certificate. NAE Awards Dinner and Presentation Ceremony on The engineers who were honored at the ceremony 19 February 2002. Gordon Prize awardees receive a “invented two of the world’s most significant” tech- $500,000 cash award, gold medallion, and hand- nologies, Dr. Wulf said. “It was certainly an honor to scribed certificate. (For more information on the Gor- recognize them and to share the evening with their don Prize, see article p. 30.) friends, family, and colleagues.” The BRIDGE 30

NAE Hosts Draper Forum for Students

the 2001 recipients of the Draper Prize. Attending the event were nearly 100 middle-school students who were participants in the National Engi- neers Week’s Future City Competition and 20 high- school students from Cardozo High School, Washing- ton, D.C. During the open discussion, the students questioned the recipients about the Internet, its tech- nology, history, and future, and about censorship and e-commerce. Prior to the forum, Ann Kellan joined the recipients The 2001 Draper Prize recipients sign autographs and meet stu- and NAE President Wm. A. Wulf for an hour-long dents at the Draper Prize Forum. Photo: Cable Risdon Photography. media luncheon for reporters of various publications. The luncheon was designed to create an open dia- logue between the recipients and the reporters and to The National Academy of Engineering hosted the convey the importance of engineering and the Nation- first Charles Stark Draper Prize Public Forum at the al Academy of Engineering’s role in recognizing engi- National Academies’ auditorium on 20 February. neering achievement. Moderated by Ann Kellan, science correspondent for The audio portion of the forum is available online CNN, the forum featured Vinton G. Cerf, Robert E. at http://video.national-academies.org/ramgen/ Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, and Lawrence G. Roberts, news/022001.rm.

Gordon Prize Launched

Started this year by the and other high-precision instrumentation. Mr. Gor- National Academy of Engi- don is chairman and CEO of Analogic Corp., Peabody, neering, the Bernard M. Mass., and was elected to membership in 1991. Prior Gordon Prize for Innovation to heading up Analogic, he served as president and co- in Engineering and Technol- founder of Epsco, Inc., and as president of Gordon ogy Education is intended to Engineering. He has more than 200 worldwide encourage the improvement patents. of engineering and technol- “The intent of the prize is to identify experiments in ogy education relevant to teaching and learning that potentially benefit and the practice of engineering, impact engineering and technology education,” NAE maintenance of a strong and President Wm. A. Wulf stated. “The focus is on inno- Bernard M. Gordon diverse engineering work- vations in curricular design, teaching methods, and force, encouragement of technology-enabled learning.” innovation and inventive- Awarded biennially, the Gordon Prize will carry a ness, and promotion of technology development. cash award of $500,000, half of which will go to the The prize is named in honor of its benefactor, recipient and half to the recipient’s institution to sup- Bernard M. Gordon, a leader in analog-to-digital con- port the continued development, refinement, and dis- version, tomography, and the development of medical semination of the recognized innovation. The recipi- SPRING 2001 31 ent also receives a gold medallion and a hand-scribed Nomination information is available online at certificate. www.nae.edu/awards. For additional information, In addition, each recipient will be asked to present a please contact the NAE Awards Office at (202) public lecture during the NAE’s Annual Meeting in 334-1628. the year after his or her selection as an awardee.

NAE Treasurer Gray To Step Down

21st Century?” The background synopsis provided to symposium participants stated the following: Throughout the 20th century, energy pro- duction relied mainly on fossil fuels. With world population expected to double in the next 50 years and developing nations rapidly moving toward industrialized economies, the demand for fossil fuels will continue to grow. The energy and resource needs of the 21st century will require other engineering Paul Gray with NAE National Meeting symposium speakers. From options and solutions. Nuclear energy left: Wm. A. Wulf, Charles Vest, Paul Gray, Gail Marcus, Corbin sources have the potential to provide energy McNeill, Jr., Peter Lyons, John Holdren. Photo: Tom Sullivan. without carbon dioxide emissions and pre- serve fossil fuel resources for other uses, such as the production of chemicals. However, On 8 February, the National Academy of Engineer- the political, social, and safety issues associat- ing (NAE) held its National Meeting at the Beckman ed with building and operating nuclear Center in Irvine, California, in honor of Paul E. Gray plants, waste disposal and proliferation have for his outstanding contributions to the Academy as paralyzed the nuclear power industry. Given treasurer and member of the NAE Council. Dr. Gray the energy, material, and environmental steps down on 30 June 2001 at the completion of the needs of the world in the 21st century, the two-term tenure allowed by the NAE bylaws. His wise future nuclear power option must be counsel on issues of importance to engineering tech- addressed. nology have helped to advance the Academy’s goals and objectives in support of the nation’s technological The symposium committee was chaired by Charles health. He served the Academy with distinction during M. Vest, president, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- a period of change and growth and through several ogy. Speakers were John P. Holdren, Teresa and John transitions in leadership. His advice on institutional Heinz Professor of Environmental Engineering, John management served the Academy well during good F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Universi- times and difficult times alike. In particular, he played ty; Dr. Peter Lyons, Science Advisor to Sen. Pete an important role in keeping the Academy on course Domenici (R-N.M.); Dr. Gail Marcus, principal deputy through a time of crisis in leadership to ensure the con- director, Office of Nuclear Energy Science and Tech- tinuing vitality of the institution. nology, U.S. Department of Energy; and Corbin A. Reflecting Dr. Gray’s personal interest, the sympo- McNeill, Jr., chairman and co-chief executive officer, sium topic was “Nuclear Power: The Option for the Exelon Corp. The BRIDGE 32

From the Home Secretary

With the approval of the formed by the Council to handle this task. NAE Council on 8 February, Third, the Committee on Membership will deter- I am pleased to announce mine whether any of these nominations will appear on a new program—Project the 2003 election ballot. The current quota of 65 slots 2003—that we hope will for the peer committees and 10 members at-large will identify the new directions be expanded to 65 slots for the peer committees and that engineering is taking. 15 members at-large. The additional five slots for The goal is to have these members-at-large will be allocated to the Committee new directions reflected in on Membership to be filled from recommendations the membership of the from the ad hoc committee. Any slots that are not Academy. While we will con- filled from this source cannot be used for other candi- W. Dale Compton tinue to recognize outstand- dates and will not be filled. Individuals elected ing individuals for their con- through this process will be asked to choose member- tributions to the many ship with one of the existing sections. aspects of engineering already represented by the cur- The Delphi study will be undertaken during the rent NAE membership, we hope also to identify and coming weeks with the expectation that the Council reward individuals who are at the forefront of the new will be in a position to identify the areas to be empha- areas in engineering. sized and to appoint the ad hoc peer committee at its The program has three components. First, we will August meeting. ask all members to help identify emerging discipli- The Council considers this to be an experiment in nary and interdisciplinary areas. A Delphi process encouraging the identification of newly emerging will be used to obtain a consensus on the two most areas. After a two-year trial, the Council and the exciting new disciplinary areas relevant to each sec- Membership Policy Committee will analyze how suc- tion and on the two most exciting new areas that cross cessful this effort has been and whether it should be the disciplinary boundaries of the sections. After a continued, modified, or abolished. I encourage your ranking process by the sections, the Council will participation. choose two emerging disciplinary and two emerging interdisciplinary areas that it believes the Academy should emphasize. Second, a search will be undertaken to identify and nominate individuals who are leaders in these new W. Dale Compton areas. An ad hoc peer committee, composed of one Home Secretary individual from each section of the Academy, will be SPRING 2001 33

NAE Thanks Donors

It gives me enormous plea- age girls in middle school to pursue engineering sure to report on another careers. year of outstanding financial And now, in this new century, the NAE is expanding support from NAE members its vision again, adapting to a nation and world being and our corporate friends. reinvented by the knowledge revolution and to new The breadth of support is challenges requiring long-term, systematic, multistake- indicated by the fact that holder solutions. With this broader vision, we’re tak- about 30 percent more ing the lead to identify and contribute to the resolu- members participated in the tion of those “over-the-horizon” issues with high 2000 annual fund drive than science and technology content. The resolution of did so in 1999. The depth of issues requires the sustained interactions of diverse Sheila E. Widnall support is defined by the stakeholders; an orientation toward exploring scenar- growing list of major gift ios rather than finding one “best” answer; and the joint commitments to the Joint efforts of the NAE, the National Academy of Sciences, Campaign, which was formally launched last Novem- and the Institute of Medicine. ber. A campaign is, of course, not an end unto itself; it Examples of our new initiatives include: is a means toward an important end. And the gifts and • Earth Systems Engineering: An integrated approach grants the Academy has received are allowing it to to ecologically sustainable engineering. A key goal: move toward the broadened vision embodied in the making sure that mandated industry reforms NAE Strategic Plan—a vision that expands our histor- are technologically feasible and can be implement- ical mission to include a proactive role helping the ed without reducing the competitiveness of U.S. engineering and technology enterprises anticipate industry. and shape the future. The Strategic Plan, first presented to the member- • Engineer 2020: A look at the competencies industry ship in 1999, represents a significant change in both will demand of engineering graduates in 2020, and the NAE’s mission and business model. For over 36 how these competencies will and should impact years, we have undertaken studies at the federal gov- engineering education. The program will also iden- ernment’s request and with its funding support. In the tify and promote innovations in engineering educa- last decade alone, the NAE and NRC conducted 1,000 tion likely to create value for employers. such studies, on issues ranging as widely as the Depart- • Megacities: An analysis of engineering challenges ment of Energy’s effectiveness at managing nuclear inherent in the creation of huge and expanding new waste sites, to the United States’ high-technology work- cities around the globe, as well as of societal issues force needs over the next 10 years. such as livability, employment, and governance. In the 1990s, the NAE’s leadership began to look beyond the federal government and reach out more • Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs): A frank look at the aggressively to U.S. industry. We developed partner- issues, from growing international friction over the ships with industry to nurture a new generation of assertion and exercise of IPRs, to heated criticism of engineering talent. Those efforts have included pro- “overly” protective mechanisms in the United States. grams such as Frontiers of Engineering, an annual round- The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office is an active table of young engineers doing cutting-edge research stakeholder in this program. in fields from biomedical imaging and robotics to Such initiatives, because they establish a path to the advanced materials and manufacturing simulations, future that is both science-based and collaborative, can and Celebration of Women in Engineering, a web site that be enormously valuable to America. Yet, because they spotlights accomplished women engineers to encour- are necessarily broad in scale and open ended, they The BRIDGE 34 will not receive support from the U.S. government. Golden Bridge Society James N. Krebs Certainly we will continue to respond to the federal The Golden Bridge Society, William W. Lang agencies and their need for answers to clearly defined founded in 1995, recognizes Gerald D. Laubach projects. But to truly fulfill our mission, the NAE the generosity of individuals Kenneth G. McKay increasingly must anticipate major, global issues and who have made cumulative Simon Ostrach be ready with answers before the government even rec- contributions of $20,000 or Charles J. Pankow ognizes the questions, much less the options and con- more, as well as planned gifts Jack S. Parker straints. This effort demands private support—the of any size. Allen E. Puckett Michael P. Ramage commitment of stakeholders like you. George B. Rathmann We have asked our membership to help fund this $1,000,000+ Charles E. Reed new dimension of our mission, and you have begun to Norman R. Augustine Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. Henry M. Rowan step forward in a marvelous fashion. I want to give spe- Arnold O. Beckman H. Guyford Stever cial recognition to some recent, extraordinary com- William R. Hewlett* Morris Tanenbaum mitments from our membership. Ralph Landau Gary L. Tooker • Norm Augustine, who is using a combination of cur- Gordon E. Moore Ivan M. Viest rent and estate funds to support a new industry fel- Robert M. White Sheila E. Widnall lowship for over-the-horizon issues. $100,000 to $999,999 John A. Armstrong ______• Steve Bechtel, whose family foundation is support- William F. Ballhaus, Sr. *Deceased ing the NAE’s Public Understanding of Engineering Ruben F. Mettler initiative. Richard M. Morrow Kenneth H. Olsen Rosette Society • Si Ramo, who is terminating a charitable remainder C. Kumar N. Patel Recognizing individuals who trust and transferring the principal to help build an Robert A. Pritzker contributed $5,000 or more endowment for Frontiers of Engineering. Simon Ramo in 2000. • John A. Armstrong, who made a major commitment Alejandro Zaffaroni to support Frontiers of Engineering. $1,000,000+ $20,000 to $99,999 Norman R. Augustine • Robert Pritzker, who provided generous funding for William F. Allen, Jr. the continued development of the “Greatest Engi- William A. Anders $100,000 - $999,999 neering Achievements” project. Holt Ashley John A. Armstrong Thomas D. Barrow Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. • Morris Tanenbaum, who also is supporting Fron- C. Gordon Bell C. Kumar N. Patel tiers of Engineering. Erich Bloch Robert A. Pritzker These gifts—and yours—are ensuring that the NAE Lewis M. Branscomb Simon Ramo rises to the new challenges before it; that it takes on an W. Dale Compton $20,000 - $99,999 enhanced and expanded mission; and that it works to W. Kenneth Davis Holt Ashley guarantee the technological health of our nation. E. Linn Draper Robert J. Eaton Harold K. Forsen George M.C. Fisher Trevor O. Jones Harold K. Forsen Richard M. Morrow Donald N. Frey Kenneth H. Olsen Edgar J. Garbarini Simon Ostrach Sheila E. Widnall, NAE Vice President Richard L. Garwin Charles J. Pankow Institute Professor Bernard M. Gordon Michael P. Ramage Massachusetts Institute of Technology Thomas V. Jones Henry M. Rowan Trevor O. Jones Morris Tanenbaum Olga Kirchmayer Gary L. Tooker In Memory of Sheila E. Widnall Leon K. Kirchmayer SPRING 2001 35

$5,000 - $19,999 Allan J. Acosta G. Frank Joklik Leo J. Thomas Robert Adler Andreas Acrivos Anita K. Jones Charles H. Townes William F. Allen, Jr. Laurence J. Adams Thomas Kailath Hardy W. Trolander Roman F. Arnoldy Richard E. Adams U. Fred Kocks Michiyuki Uenohara Richard C. Atkinson Clarence R. Allen Robert G. Kouyoumjian Keith W. Uncapher Thomas D. Barrow Betsy Ancker-Johnson James N. Krebs Andrew J. Viterbi C. Gordon Bell Frederick T. Andrews Lester C. Krogh Alan M. Voorhees Harry E. Bovay, Jr. John C. Angus Charles C. Ladd Daniel I.C. Wang Lewis M. Branscomb Earl E. Bakken James L. Lammie Johannes Weertman Fletcher L. Byrom Paul Baran Ralph Landau Julia R. Weertman Robert A. Charpie David K. Barton James F. Lardner John F. Welch, Jr. W. Dale Compton Jordan J. Baruch Charles F. Larson Albert R. C. Westwood E. Linn Draper, Jr. John W. Batchelor David S. Lewis, Jr. Edward Woll Robert J. Eaton Roy H. Beaton Yao Tzu Li Edgar S. Woolard, Jr. Daniel J. Fink Barry W. Boehm Hans W. Liepmann Wm. A. Wulf George M.C. Fisher Oliver C. Boileau Frederick F. Ling Samuel C. Florman H. Kent Bowen John G. Linvill William L. Friend Harvey Brooks Jack E. Little Individual Contributors Charles M. Geschke Kristine L. Bueche John P. Longwell Recognizing gifts up to $999 William T. Golden James R. Burnett Alan M. Lovelace in 2000. William E. Gordon Donald C. Burnham Robert P. Luciano Kenneth W. Hamming Francois J. Castaing Thomas S. Maddock Hubert I. Aaronson Delon Hampton Joseph V. Charyk John L. Mason H. Norman Abramson Robert J. Hermann Harry M. Conger Robert D. Maurer Ronald J. Adrian Gerald D. Laubach Stephen H. Crandall James K. Mitchell William G. Agnew Frank W. Luerssen Malcolm R. Currie Gordon E. Moore Lew Allen, Jr. John B. MacChesney C. Chapin Cutler Dale D. Myers Charles A. Amann Thomas J. Malone Lee L. Davenport John Neerhout, Jr. John E. Anderson James F. Mathis Edward E. David, Jr. Robert M. Nerem Hiroyuki Aoyama Ruben F. Mettler Lance A. Davis Ronald P. Nordgren Frank F. Aplan George E. Mueller Raymond F. Decker Bradford W. Parkinson David H. Archer Jack S. Parker Thomas B. Deen William J. Perry Neil A. Armstrong Allen E. Puckett Elisabeth M. Drake Dennis J. Picard William H. Arnold George A. Roberts James J. Duderstadt Egor P. Popov Irving L. Ashkenas Warren G. Schlinger Thomas V. Falkie Donald E. Procknow David Atlas Raymond S. Stata Michael Field George B. Rathmann Ken Austin H. Guyford Stever G. David Forney, Jr. Ronald L. Rivest Stanley Backer Louise R. Stever Robert C. Forney Walter L. Robb Arthur B. Baggeroer Stanley D. Stookey George A. Fox Bernard I. Robertson Grigory I. Barenblatt Peter B. Teets Robert A. Frosch Brian H. Rowe Robert F. Bauer Milton H. Ward Douglas W. Fuerstenau Rustum Roy Richard T. Baum Jasper A. Welch, Jr. B. John Garrick Linda S. Sanford Robert R. Beebe Robert M. White Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Harvey W. Schadler Manson Benedict Mary L. Good Richard P. Simmons Bernard B. Berger* Joseph W. Goodman Massoud T. Simnad David P. Billington Charter Society Paul E. Gray Robert M. Sneider Joel S. Birnbaum Recognizing individuals who William A. Gross Joel S. Spira W. Spencer Bloor contributed between $1,000 Hermann K. Gummel Chauncey Starr Jack L. Blumenthal and $4,999 in 2000. Edward E. Hagenlocker Richard J. Stegemeier Seymour M. Bogdonoff Michel T. Halbouty John E. Swearingen P. L. Thibaut Brian Malcolm J. Abzug David A. Hodges Gerald F. Tape Peter R. Bridenbaugh The BRIDGE 36

Alan C. Brown Alan B. Fowler Theodore C. Kennedy James J. Mikulski Harold Brown Charles A. Fowler C. Judson King Francis C. Moon Jack E. Buffington Gerard F. Fox Leonard Kleinrock Duncan T. Moore James D. Callen E. Montford Fucik Riki Kobayashi John R. Moore Federico Capasso Theodore V. Galambos Robert M. Koerner Richard K. Moore Don B. Chaffin Haren S. Gandhi Bernard L. Koff Douglas C. Moorhouse Edmund Y.S. Chao C. William Gear Max A. Kohler Joel Moses Harold Chestnut Ronald L. Geer Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf E. Phillip Muntz Richard M. Christensen Ralph S. Gens Way Kuo Peter Murray Jack V. Christiansen Ben C. Gerwick, Jr. William W. Lang Gerald Nadler Robert P. Clagett Ivan A. Getting Robert C. Lanphier III Venkatesh Narayanamurti Philip R. Clark John H. Gibbons Louis J. Lanzerotti Stuart O. Nelson G. Wayne Clough Elmer G. Gilbert Alan Lawley Roberta J. Nichols Louis F. Coffin, Jr. Paul H. Gilbert Thomas H. Lee* Karl H. Norris Seymour B. Cohn James Gillin Margaret A. LeMone Daniel A. Okun Richard A. Conway Norman A. Gjostein Johanna M. H. Levelt Bruce S. Old Esther M. Conwell William C. Goins, Jr. Sengers Un-Chul Paek George E. Cooper Ralph E. Gomory Humboldt W. Leverenz Jacques I. Pankove Fernando J. Corbato Robert S. Hahn Herbert S. Levinson Frank L. Parker Douglass D. Crombie Carl W. Hall Paul A. Libby Norman F. Parker Lawrence B. Curtis Robert N. Hall Tung H. Lin J. Randolph Paulling James W. Dally William J. Hall Ludwig F. Lischer Harold W. Paxton Ernest L. Daman Robert C. Hansen C. Gordon Little Alan W. Pense Frank W. Davis Howard R. Hart, Jr. Robert G. Loewy Thomas K. Perkins Don U. Deere George A. Harter Ralph A. Logan Stewart D. Personick John E. Dolan Julius J. Harwood Fred E. Luborsky Thomas L. Phillips Coleman duPont Henry J. Hatch J. Ross Macdonald Frank E. Pickering Donaldson Hermann A. Haus Christopher L. Magee William H. Pickering Nicholas M. Donofrio David R. Heebner Robert Malpas Karl S. Pister Albert A. Dorman Adam Heller Frederick J. Mancheski Robert Plonsey Irwin Dorros Abraham Hertzberg I. Harry Mandil William R. Prindle Earl H. Dowell Stanley Hiller, Jr. Robert W. Mann Nathan E. Promisel Harry G. Drickamer James Hillier Robert C. Marini Robert H. Rediker Daniel C. Drucker George J. Hirasaki Hans Mark Charles E. Reed Carroll H. Dunn David G. Hoag James J. Markowsky Cordell Reed Floyd Dunn David C. Hogg Edward A. Mason Jean-Michel M. Rendu Lloyd A. Duscha Charles H. Holley Hudson Matlock John R. Rice Dean E. Eastman Jeremy Isenberg William C. Maurer Jerome G. Rivard Lewis S. Edelheit Robert B. Jansen William L. Maxwell Richard J. Robbins Helen T. Edwards David Japikse Walter G. May Robert K. Roney Gerard W. Elverum, Jr. Edward G. Jefferson David W. McCall Walter A. Rosenblith Richard E. Emmert George W. Jeffs William J. McCroskey Murray W. Rosenthal Joel S. Engel Paul C. Jennings Ross E. McKinney Anatol Roshko Fazil Erdogan Amos E. Joel, Jr. John L. McLucas Donald E. Ross James R. Fair Donald L. Johnson Eugene S. Meieran Joseph E. Rowe Robert M. Fano Howard S. Jones, Jr. Seymour L. Meisel Paul E. Rubbert John D. Ferry Joseph M. Juran M. Eugene Merchant William B. Russel A. J. Field Eugenia Kalnay Dwight F. Metzler Jerome L. Sackman Fred N. Finn Ivan P. Kaminow Henry L. Michel Steven B. Sample Nancy D. Fitzroy Paul G. Kaminski David Middleton Maxine L. Savitz Gordon E. Forward Thomas J. Kelly Angelo Miele John A. Schey SPRING 2001 37

Roland W. Schmitt Alvin W. Trivelpiece American Electric Power The Marmon Group William R. Schowalter Howard S. Turner Company, Inc. Microsoft Corporation William F. Schreiber Anestis S. Veletsos Applied Materials, Inc. Milliken & Company Frank J. Schuh Charles M. Vest AT&T Corporation Newmont Mining Herman P. Schwan Oswald G. Villard, Jr. Berwind Corporation Corporation Mischa Schwartz Raymond Viskanta BIOMEC, Inc. Phillips Petroleum Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Irving T. Waaland The Boeing Company Company Laurence C. Seifert Harvey A. Wagner CDM, Inc. Pratt & Whitney Robert J. Serafin Steven J. Wallach The Chevron QUALCOMM, Inc. F. Stan Settles Dianzuo Wang Corporation Raytheon Company Maurice E. Shank John T. Watson Consolidated Edison Schering-Plough Claude E. Shannon* Wilford F. Weeks Company Corporation Ascher H. Shapiro Robert J. Weimer of New York, Inc. Science Applications Herman E. Sheets Max T. Weiss Cummins Engine International Freeman D. Shepherd Irwin Welber Company, Inc. Corporation William G. Shepherd Jack H. Wernick DaimlerChrysler Southern Company Reuel Shinnar John R. Whinnery Corporation Fund Services, Inc. Michael L. Shuler Robert M. White Delphi Automotive Sun Microsystems, Inc. Arnold H. Silver Robert V. Whitman Systems Texaco, Inc. Abe Silverstein Charles R. Wilke The Dow Chemical Texas Utilities Company Peter G. Simpkins J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. Company Union Carbide Jack M. Sipress Ward O. Winer E. I. du Pont de Nemours Corporation Ernest T. Smerdon John J. Wise & Company Xerox Corporation Franklin F. Snyder Bertram Wolfe Eastman Kodak Company Charles P. Spoelhof Savio L-Y. Woo General Electric Rangaswamy Srinivasan David A. Woolhiser Company Foundations and Other Arnold F. Stancell A. Thomas Young General Motors Organizations Edgar A. Starke, Jr. Ben T. Zinn Corporation AT&T Foundation Dale F. Stein ______Hewlett-Packard The Buffalo News Gunter Stein *Deceased Company Exxon Mobil Foundation Beno Sternlicht IBM Corporation Generation Foundation Richard G. Strauch Lockheed Martin German-American Simon M. Sze Corporations Corporation Academic Council Lewis M. Terman Allegheny Technologies, Lucent Bell Laboratories Science Service, Inc. Neil E. Todreas Inc. Lutron Electronics Stratford Foundation Paul E. Torgersen Company, Inc. The BRIDGE 38

Committee on Engineering Education Adds Staff

Patricia F. Mead, Ph.D., components, semiconductor lasers, and light-emitting accepted a full-time position diodes. Dr. Mead was also actively engaged in several as senior program officer for engineering education research initiatives and was a NAE’s standing Committee principle investigator in the Building Engineering Stu- on Engineering Education dent Team Effectiveness and Management System in January 2001. Dr. Mead (BESTEAMS) Teaching Center. In 1997, Dr. Mead previously was an assistant received the NSF Faculty Early CAREER Award for her professor of mechanical work in packaging and reliability of photonic compo- engineering at the University nents. She has been a faculty fellow of the Hewlett of Maryland, College Park. Packard Company (San Jose, Calif.), a doctoral fellow During her tenure at the of the Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, N.Y.), and Patricia F. Mead University of Maryland, Dr. has published numerous journal and conference Mead was actively involved in papers in photonics and engineering education the Computer Aided Life research. She looks forward to her new role with the Cycle Engineering Electronic Products and Systems Committee on Engineering Education and is excited Center (CALCE). Her research activities involved the about the prospect of participating in the development development of physical models for life-cycle perfor- of policies impacting engineering education. mance of photonic components, including fiber-optic

NAE Fellow On Board

Margaret E. (Peggy) Layne, solid and hazardous waste policy issues. She has 17 P.E., accepted a two-year fel- years of consulting experience and was formerly a lowship position as director principal at Harding Lawson Associates in Tallahassee, of the Program on Diversity Fla., where she managed the office and directed haz- in the Engineering Work- ardous waste site investigation and cleanup projects. force at the National Aca- Ms. Layne has degrees in environmental engineering demy of Engineering in from Vanderbilt University and the University of North November 2000. Ms. Layne Carolina School of Public Health. She served as pres- previously spent a year as an ident of the Society of Women Engineers in 1996–97 AAAS Science and Technol- and is currently a member of the American Society of ogy Fellow in the office of Civil Engineer’s Committee on Diversity and Women Margaret E. Layne Sen. Bob Graham (D-Fla.), in Civil Engineering. She is a registered professional where she was responsible engineer in three states. for water, wastewater, and SPRING 2001 39

NAE Newsmakers

Arthur E. Bergles, Clark and Crossan Professor of “discovery of environmentally benign materials for Engineering, Emeritus, Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti- high-energy density rechargeable lithium batteries.” tute, received the 2000 F. Paul Anderson Medal, the Keith E. Gubbins, W. H. Clark Distinguished Uni- highest technical award of the American Society of versity Professor of Chemical Engineering, North Car- Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi- olina State University, received the William H. Walker neers. He was also elected a foreign member of the Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engi- Royal Academy of Engineering in the United King- neers for excellence in contributions to chemical engi- dom. In November 2000 he received the ASME Medal neering literature. from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Matthys P. Levy, executive vice president and direc- “for leading research and experimentation in thermal tor, structural division, Weidlinger Associates, and control of electronic components and dissemination Richard Panchyk are the authors of a new book titled of his findings worldwide.” Engineering the City: How Infrastructure Works, published Charles Elachi has been appointed director of by Chicago Review Press. Geared toward ages 9 and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He previously up, it introduces the principles that explain how struc- served as director of the lab’s space and Earth science tures are built, how they work, and how they affect the programs. environment of the city and land outside it. John W. Fisher, Joseph T. Stuart Professor of Civil Gordon E. Moore, co-founder and chairman emer- Engineering and co-director, ATLSS Engineering itus, Intel Corporation, has been selected to receive Research Center, Lehigh University, is the recipient of the fifth annual Othmer Gold Medal from the Chemi- the 2001 International Award of Merit, presented on cal Heritage Foundation. He received the award on 27 21 March 2001 by the International Association for April 2001 in New York in recognition of his seminal Bridge and Structural Engineering. The award recog- roles in the semiconductor world and on a wider stage, nizes Dr. Fisher’s “contributions to the advancement of thus broadening and furthering the chemical enter- the knowledge of fatigue and brittle fracture of steel prise and its heritage. structure failures and to the applications of scientific Shirley E. Schwartz, materials engineer, General research and technological developments in the fields Motors Powertrain, received the Forest R. McFarland of civil engineering structures.” On 10 January 2001, Award at the 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers Dr. Fisher received the Roy W. Crum Distinguished (SAE) meeting in Detroit. She was recognized for out- Service Award presented by the Transportation standing service in the organization of technical ses- Research Board of the National Research Council. sions or professional development seminars for SAE The award recognizes his outstanding contributions to international meetings and conferences. bridge engineering and research. On 9 May 2000, Dr. Arnold H. Silver, independent consultant and for- Fisher received the John Fritz Medal at the Structures mer manager, superconductor electronics and techni- Congress 2000 for his “extraordinary vision in cal fellow, TRW Space and Electronics Group; Z. J. researching safety and performance of steel structures, John Stekly (1981), consultant and former vice presi- and leadership in making discerning judgments for dent, advanced programs, Intermagnetics General the public good.” Corporation; and Theodore Van Duzer, professor in John B. Goodenough, Centennial Professor of Engi- the graduate school, Department of Electrical Engi- neering, University of Texas at Austin, received the neering and Computer Science, University of Califor- 2001 Japan Prize from the Science and Technology nia, Berkeley, received the 2000 IEEE Award for signif- Foundation of Japan at an April 2001 ceremony in icant and continuing contributions in the field of Tokyo. Dr. Goodenough is being recognized for his applied superconductivity. The BRIDGE 40

Ponisseril Somasundaran, La Von Duddleson Savio L-Y. Woo, A. B. Ferguson Professor and direc- Krumb Professor and director of the NSF/IUCR Cen- tor, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of ter for Advanced Studies in Surfactants and the Lang- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School muir Center for Colloids & Interfaces, Columbia Uni- of Medicine, was recently appointed to the position of versity, was elected a foreign member of the Russian general secretary for the International Olympic Com- Academy of Natural Sciences on 11 November 2000. mittee (IOC) Olympic Academy on Sport Sciences.

NAE Calendar of Meetings

2001 7–8 May NAE Convocation of Professional Engineering Societies 8 March NAE Regional Meeting Harvard University, Cambridge, 8 May NRC Governing Board Executive Mass. Committee 13 March NRC Governing Board Executive 8–9 May NRC Governing Board Committee 10 May NAE Audit Committee 17–18 March Committee on Technological 10–11 May NAE Council Meeting Literacy 21–22 May Engineering and Healthcare 19 March NAE Regional Meeting Delivery Systems Workshop Texas A&M University, College 31 May NAE/AAES International Station, Tex. Advisory Committee 23 March NAE Congressional Lunch NAE Regional Meeting 29–30 March Forum on Diversity in the Columbia University Engineering Workforce 8 June NAE Regional Meeting Smith College, Northhampton, Lawrence Berkeley National Mass. Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif. 10 April NRC Governing Board Executive 11 June Council of Academies of Committee Engineering and Technological 26 April NAE Regional Meeting Sciences (CAETS) Governing Northwestern University, Board Evanston, Ill. Helsinki, Finland 28 April–1 May NAS 2001 Annual Meeting 12–15 June 13th CAETS Convocation Helsinki, Finland 2–3 May Committee on Diversity in the Engineering Workforce 14 June NRC Governing Board Executive Beckman Center, Irvine, Calif. Committee 4 May NAE Finance and Budget ______Committee Meeting All meetings are held in the Academies Building, Washington, D.C., unless otherwise noted. SPRING 2001 41

In Memoriam

T. LOUIS AUSTIN, JR., 78, retired chairman and WILLIAM R. HEWLETT, 87, director emeritus, CEO, Brown & Root, Inc., died on 16 September Hewlett-Packard Company, died on 12 January 2001. 2000. Mr. Austin was elected to the NAE in 1979 for Mr. Hewlett was elected to the NAE in 1965 for his con- leadership in developing advanced power generations tributions to electronics. capabilities. HIROSHI INOSE, 73, director general, National CHARLES F. AVILA, 94, retired chairman, Boston Institute of Informatics, died on 11 October 2000. Mr. Edison Company, died on 29 October 2000. Dr. Avila Inose was elected a foreign associate of the NAE in was elected to the NAE in 1968 for inventive solutions 1985 for outstanding contributions to digital commu- to electric utility problems and contributions to optical nications and road traffic control, and for unflagging science. service to his profession.

BERNARD B. BERGER, 88, professor emeritus of TOM KILBURN, 79, emeritus professor, University civil engineering, University of Massachusetts, died on of Manchester, died on 17 January 2001. Professor Kil- 8 December 2000. Dr. Berger was elected to the NAE burn was elected a foreign associate of NAE in 1980 for in 1979 for contributions to the solution of complex contributions to computer hardware design, including water resource problems. floating point arithmetic, paging, and read-only store.

LINCOLN ELKINS, 82, petroleum consultant, died LEE A. KILGORE, 95, retired consultant, died on on 27 January 2001. Mr. Elkins was elected to the NAE 23 October 2000. Dr. Kilgore was elected to the NAE in 1980 for achievements in the field of petroleum in 1976 for contributions in electromechanical engi- reservoir mechanics and the use of these principles in neering, particularly in the development and design of establishing crude oil reserves. large rotating electric machinery.

RALPH E. FADUM, 87, dean emeritus, School of RAY B. KRONE, 78, professor emeritus of civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, died on and environmental engineering, University of Cali- 12 July 2000. Dr. Fadum was elected to the NAE in fornia, Davis, died on 7 December 2000. Dr. Krone 1975 for contributions as a civil engineer, educator, was elected to the NAE in 1995 for theoretical devel- consultant, researcher, and author; a pioneer in soil opment and experimental verification of cohesive mechanics and foundation engineering. sediment dynamics and applications in design of control facilities in estuaries and coastal systems. WALLACE D. HAYES, 83, professor emeritus, Princeton University, died on 2 March 2001. Dr. Hayes THOMAS H. LEE, 77, president emeritus, Center was elected to the NAE in 1975 for contributions to the for Quality of Management, died on 3 February 2001. basic understanding of transonic and supersonic flow, Dr. Lee was elected to the NAE in 1975 for leadership and the Hayes equivalence principle for hypersonic in better understanding and the advancement of high similitude. power switching devices through physics and engi- neering. ALLAN F. HENRY, 76, professor emeritus of nuclear engineering, Massachusetts Institute of EUGENE F. MURPHY, 87, retired director, office Technology, died on 28 January 2001. Dr. Henry was of technology transfer, U.S. Department of Veterans elected to the NAE in 1985 for continuous outstand- Affairs, and retired consultant, died on 18 December ing achievements in the understanding of reactor 2000. Dr. Murphy was elected to the NAE in 1968 for kinetics and in the development of methods for reac- pioneering developments in artificial limbs, braces, tor analysis. hearing aids, and aids to the blind. The BRIDGE 42

WARREN H. OWEN, 73, retired executive vice pres- opment of apparatus and systems for fossil and nuclear ident, Duke Power Company, died on 30 September fuel conversion. 2000. Mr. Owen was elected to the NAE in 1985 for pioneering the first digital control of a coal power A. RICHARD SEEBASS, 64, professor, Aerospace plant, designing the nation’s highest efficiency gener- Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, died on ating plants, and for leadership in industry and the 14 November 2000. Dr. Seebass was elected to the engineering profession. NAE in 1985 for fundamental contributions in aerody- namic theory related to development of computation- C. DWIGHT PRATER, 83, retired senior scientist al fluid mechanics and for service in engineering edu- and consultant, Mobil Research & Development Cor- cation. poration, died on 1 January 2001. Dr. Prater was elect- ed to the NAE in 1977 for contributions to chemical CLAUDE E. SHANNON, 84, Donner Professor of kinetic theory, which helped delineate the effects of Science, emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- diffusion on chemical reactions. ogy, died on 24 February 2001. Dr. Shannon was elected to the NAE in 1985 for devising a mathemati- WILL H. ROWAND, 92, retired vice president, Bab- cal theory of communication, now called information cock & Wilcox Company, died on 21 February 2001. theory. Mr. Rowand was elected to the NAE in 1968 for devel- National Research Council Update

High-Tech Labor Squeeze

A recent congressionally mandated report by the some difference in the experiences of workers over the National Research Council’s Committee on Workforce age of 40 and younger workers, the committee could Needs in Information Technology says that while not determine whether such differences were the skilled foreign workers can help relieve a tight high- result of illegal age discrimination, legal conduct by tech labor market in the United States, cultivating ade- employers that may be perceived as discriminatory, quately trained U.S. workers is a critical element as personal choices, or the ramifications of a rapidly well. The report focuses primarily on professional changing industry. occupations in information technology, such as sys- The committee’s recommendations include estab- tems analysts, computer scientists, and programmers. lishing more diversified corporate recruiting practices, Congress recently responded to concerns about the improving secondary mathematics education, upgrad- availability of skilled workers in the high-tech industry ing the skills of existing college and university faculty, by increasing the number of H-1B visas, which allow and more flexible government hiring policies. highly skilled foreigners to work in the United States NAE member Joel Moses, Massachusetts Institute of on a temporary basis. The report calls for changes to Technology, was a member of the committee that pro- the government’s policies on foreigners who work in duced the report Building a Workforce for the Information the United States temporarily and permanently. Economy. The report can be purchased or read online The committee also examined claims of age dis- at www.nap.edu/catalog/9830.html. crimination in the high-tech industry. While it found SPRING 2001 43

An Agenda for Environmental Sciences

To help the U.S. government identify new environ- • Biogeochemical cycles. A major challenge is to mental science projects that should receive high prior- understand how changes in the balance of carbon, ity, a recent NRC report identifies eight important oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus areas of environmental research for the next genera- in soil, water, and air affect the functioning of tion. Produced by the Committee on Grand Chal- ecosystems, atmospheric chemistry, and human lenges in Environmental Sciences, the report further health. narrows this list to four areas of research that merit • Climate variability. More needs to be learned immediate investment. The committee did not prior- about how the Earth’s climate varies over a wide itize the challenges, briefly described below, saying range of time scales, from extreme storms that that they were of equal importance. However, the first develop quickly to changes in weather patterns that four listed are those that should receive immediate occur over several decades. attention, according to the committee. • Institutions and resource use. More information is • Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. An needed about how the condition of natural improved understanding is needed of the factors— resources is shaped by markets, governments, inter- including human activities—that affect biodiversity national treaties, laws, and informal rules that gov- and of how biodiversity relates to the overall func- ern environmentally significant human activities. tioning of an ecosystem. • Reinventing the use of materials. Additional data • Hydrologic forecasting. More research is needed to are needed on the forces driving human use of help predict changes in freshwater resources and in reusable metals such as copper and zinc, hazardous the environment caused by floods, droughts, sedi- metals such as mercury and lead, reusable plastics mentation, and contamination. and alloys, and ecologically dangerous compounds • Infectious disease and the environment. To prevent such as CFCs and pesticides. outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants, animals, NAE member Robert A. Frosch, Harvard University, and humans, better understanding is needed of how was a member of the committee, which solicited nom- pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species, inations for “grand” challenges from the United States as well as the humans and other species they infect, and abroad. The report, Grand Challenges in Environ- are affected by changes in environments. mental Sciences, can be purchased or read online at • Land-use dynamics. Recent advances in data collec- www.nap.edu/catalog/9975.html. tion and analysis should be used to document and understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use. The BRIDGE 44 Publications of Interest

The following publications result from the program Female Engineering Faculty at U.S. Institutions: A Data- activities of the National Academy of Engineering or book. Contains statistical information about the status the National Research Council. Except where noted, and careers of women on U.S. engineering faculties. each publication is for sale (prepaid) from the Nation- Includes information on race/ethnicity, degrees held, al Academy Press (NAP), 2101 Constitution Avenue, employment history, work activities, and tenure status. N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055. For more Forthcoming. Paperbound, $36.00. information or to place an order, contact NAP online at http://www.nap.edu or by phone at (800) 624-6242. Grand Challenges in Environmental Sciences. Identifies a (Note: Prices quoted by NAP are subject to change without handful of important areas for environmental research notice. Online orders receive a 20 percent discount. Please add in the coming decades, including four that merit imme- $4.50 for shipping and handling for the first book ordered and diate investment: biodiversity and ecosystem function- $0.95 for each additional book. Add applicable sales tax or ing; hydrologic forecasting; infectious disease and the GST if you live in CA, DC, FL, MD, MO, TX, or Canada.) environment; and land-use dynamics. Forthcoming. Paperbound, $35.00. Biobased Industrial Products: Research and Commercial- ization Priorities. Discusses the concept of the biorefin- LC21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress. Exam- ery and outlines proven and potential thermal, mechan- ines the impact of digital information on the Library of ical, and chemical technologies for conversion of Congress and makes recommendations for developing natural resources to industrial applications; illustrates a new system for digital objects that is integrated with the developmental dynamics of biobased products the existing systems for acquiring and archiving physical through existing examples, as well as products still on formats. Paperbound, $37.00. the drawing board; and identifies priorities for research and development. Paperbound, $35.00. Making IT Better: Expanding Information Technology Research to Meet Society’s Needs. Highlights the funda- Building a Workforce for the Information Economy. Offers mental importance of research to ensure that informa- an in-depth look at information technology workers— tion technology, a critical underpinning to our nation’s where they work, what they do, and the policy issues success, keeps pace with society’s expanding needs. they inspire. The report suggests a number of steps—in Paperback, $34.95. government, education, and industry—for reducing the current shortage of IT workers. Paperbound. Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable $39.95. Future. Over the next 100 years, two-thirds of all life forms on Earth face extinction, largely because of Design in the New Millennium: Advanced Engineering Envi- uncontrolled development by humans. This summary ronments: Phase 2. Advanced simulation, computing, of the second National Forum on Biodiversity describes and telecommunications technologies will someday the crisis ahead and the need to build a sustainable enable teams of widely scattered researchers, designers, world in which animals, plants, fungi, microorganisms, manufacturers, and customers to develop new products and people coexist harmoniously. Hardcover, $79.95. and carry out new missions with unprecedented effec- tiveness. This report describes organizational and pro- Renewable Power Pathways: A Review of The U.S. Depart- cedural changes that government, industry, and acade- ment of Energy’s Renewable Energy Programs. Reviews mic organizations can make to take advantage of the DOE Office of Power Technologies (OPT) and existing and soon-to-be-available technologies. Print on makes recommendations for OPT as a whole as well as demand, $23.00. for individual OPT programs, including research into biopower, hydropower, geothermal, solar, and hydro- gen energy generation methods. Paperbound, $30.75.