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Home , Chinese pangolin, Pangolin, Pangolin trade

t t t t KEYpoints: SEPTEMBER 2016   . and , were scales smuggled for sources main while ; whole for countries source major were NamViet and Malaysia, these, Amongst seized. were scales of kg 946 34 and pangolins dead 419 11 pangolins, live 2405 ; in seizures pangolin 209 were there 2016, and 2007 Between countries; African by followed countries, Asian east China were from South- in markets at sold scales pangolin illegal Most scales. pangolin selling illegally be to found were advertisements online 153 and shops, retail TCM of 62% wholesalers, medicine of 35% 2016, June/July In kg; 600 26 was China in scales pangolin of consumption legal annual average the period, 2008-2015 the During medicines. patented Chinese of manufacturing and hospitals designated at applications clinical for used be only can scales pangolin 2007, Since scales. pangolin of use the regulated has China place; in is species pangolin Asian four the of trade commercial international the for quota export zero a and II, Appendix CITES in listed are species pangolin African and Asian All BRIEFING Ling Xu,JingGuan,WilsonLauandYuXiao in China Trade Pangolin of Overview An is consumed as a luxury food item, o item, food luxury a as consumed is pangolin while pus, expel and swelling disperse lactation, stimulate circulation, with other materials, are used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to promote (Wu food and medicine ! consumers inAsia, inChina. particularly and illegally traded globally over the past decade (IUCN, 2014) to satisfy demand from more than a million pangolins (including Asian and African species) restrictions, trade have the Despite been pangolins. Asianpoached of trade commercialinternational all M.crassicaudata, and a “zero quota” has been in place since 2000 for trade in the Asian pangolin species: All pangolin species ( INTRODUCTION ANDMETHODS M. giganteapangolin(M. four African species andall , China’sin listed ProtectionLaw.AnimalWild 2014). Yin, and (Zhang information and analyses of the in China, in order to assess the need need the assess to order in China, in trade pangolin the of analyses and information inpangolintrade Research parts. for current the brie$ e" how on evidence of lack a is there o to retailers TCM and wholesalers medicine animal both for illegal is It 2016). Hu, 2008; (SFA, only companies pharmaceutical in ~700 licensed hospitals and in ~70 patented medicines manufactured by authorized used directly be to countries, African from imports legal as such sources, legal other (SFA, use 2007). system marking special a established of by issuing the the State with Forestry China, Administration in continue(SFA) scales in pangolin 2007 of to regulate their medicinal e" in completelywas lawprohibited the since been thereforehas andexceptions these within not is pangolins Eating departments. pangolins and their products) needs to be approved by provincial (e.g. managementproducts their and second-protected national of use and purchase sale, the TCM), in use (e.g. cases special other and exhibition breeding, captive research, class protected species) is prohibited. However, if it is nationalused for (including the purposes productsof scienti $ their and animals wild protected national Article 22 of China’sto According Wild 1993). Animal (SFA,Protection trade Law their issued in of enforcement1988, selling and and managementimprove purchasing to classi $ been have tetradactyla) roughout Chinese history, pangolins have been viewed as an important source of source important an as viewed been have pangolinshistory, Chinese roughout M. pentadactyla, ! is system allows pangolin scales fromveri$ pangolin allowssystem scales is is a national second-class protected species species protected second-class national a is pentadactyla M. , 2004; Wu and Ma, 2007). Pangolin scales, combined scales, Pangolin 2007). Ma, Wuand 2004; al., et spp.) have been included in CITES Appendix II since 1975 ed as national second-class protected species in order in species protected second-class national as ed M. javanica and # ective the regulations are in preventing illegal illegal preventing in are regulations the ective en as a display of social status and hospitality and status social of display a as en ect in 1989. However, use and 1989. trade in the ect " ! er pangolin scales for sale. However, sale. for scales pangolin er e other three Asian pangolin species species pangolinAsian three other e M. culionensis. M. tricuspisM. , ng paper provides fundamental ed stockpiles ofSFAed or M. temminckiiM. and ! is e" ectively bans $ rst/second- M. c

© WWF 1 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 2 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER and involved of: surveys rapidA assessmentoutJunedomestic pangolinin of the carried marketwasand Julymainland China in 2016 and international levels. and urgency for enacting stricter trade regulations and strengthening relevant law enforcement at the domestic 1 Yunnan and Guangdong, of outside restaurants in identi "ed even never “pangolin”“grounddragon”wasand or 2006/2007, in sale for o was meat pangolin consumption the of PGQBOHPMJONFBU0OMZUXP  SFTUBVSBOUTTVSWFZFEDMFBSMZTUBUFEUIBU terms in seen been has change positive a However, the illegal trade of pangolin scales is still on-going in China’s TCM selling markets. that indicating 2016, markets in 35% to 2006/2007 wholesale in 12.5% from increased TCM scales in stalls of percentage the Meanwhile, 2016. in 62% to 2006/2007 in 82% from decreased shopsscales pangolin selling retail TCM of percentage the 2009), (Xu, ago years ten TRAFFIC by conducted survey a with Compared carvings. / pangolin sell o to found were shops retail TCM 67 and wholesalers medicine animal 74 Intotal, carvings. powderandscale/nail scale scales, processed rawscales, ! Physical marketsurveyresults KEY FINDINGS In addition, China’s current role in international trade in pangolin products, and the legal basis for China China for basis legal pangolin trade, were through: reviewed the and products, pangolin in trade international in role China’scurrent addition, In inpangolin trade concerning legal/illegal products, and contacts for revisiting the infuture. including traders’ knowledge/perception/awareness of the status of the market and ! regulations survey. the of part as purchased was product pangolin No possible. wherever taken photos and Dictaphone, as potential teamand here—theposed interested surveying buyers, notes using taken being mobilea phone or products aroundwildlife otherby in worldTRAFFIC replicatedthat the towasused similar method survey A Markets mostly antique selling and cra $ er pangolin scales for sale, and 13 shops for collectibles were found to found were collectibles for shops 13 and sale, for scales pangolin er e survey found that the major types of pangolin products on sale were sale on products pangolin of types major the that found survey e e "c speci product type, price, quantity and source were recorded. Additional information was also collected, t1IZTJDBMNBSLFUT t$POTVMUBUJPOTXJUI$IJOFTFHPWFSONFOUBMPďDFSTBOEFYQFSUTGPSBEEJUJPOBMJOGPSNBUJPOBOEWFSJĕDBUJPO t"WBJMBCMFMJUFSBUVSFHVJEBODFPOSFMFWBOUMFHJTMBUJPOBOE t.FEJBSFQPSUTPGQBOHPMJOTFJ[VSFTJO$IJOBEVSJOHo JODMVEJOHNBJOMBOE$IJOB )POH,POH t"OBMZTJTPG$*5&4USBEFEBUBPOJNQPSUBOEFYQPSUPGQBOHPMJOTBOEUIFJSQSPEVDUTGSPN$IJOBEVSJOH t0OMJOFPČFSTGPSTBMFPO$IJOBCBTFEFDPNNFSDFXFCTJUFT 35 220 stalls in 97 collectibles markets in97collectibles - 35220stalls - 110retail TCM shops in19cities; that- 209stalls animal sold products ineight major TCM markets; wholesale SAR, MacaoSAR, SARand ; 2001–2014; - 51restaurants in12cities. $ ered while 9 (18%) restaurants had pangolin meat pangolin had restaurants (18%) 9 while ered # products. 1 ; and

© TRAFFIC markets was USDmarketswas According to the price data collected during the survey, the average price of processed scales in TCM wholesale also quite common, according to information shared by local taxi drivers in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. Special Region 4 in Myanmar, a noted hotspot of illegal (Nijman providefavourable conditions for smuggling, such asDaluo, Yunnanin Province, neighbours which Mong La, 2016. in provinces 2 0GUIFBEWFSUJTFNFOUTPO8FCTJUF# TPVSDFDPVOUSJFTGPSUIFQBOHPMJOTDBMFTBEWFSUJTFEJODMVEFE7JFU “Website B” report). inthis “Website platform(called retail website(called market online popularTCMfamous A” a a and report) this in UXPBEWFSUJTFNFOUTGPSMJWFQBOHPMJOTXFSFBMTPSFDPSEFE0GBMMPOMJOFBEWFSUJTFNFOUT XFSFGPVOEPO XFSFQVCMJTIFECZUSBEFSTPOTJYJOUFSOFUQMBUGPSNTJO+VOF0OFBEWFSUJTFNFOUGPSQBOHPMJONFBUBOE which total, in scales pangolin for advertisements 153 recorded researchers websites, surveyed 39 the From online. sale for identi #ed also were pangolins live and meat pangolin ofamounts Small carved). be to scales Two types of pangolin products are o 2QOLQHVXUYH\ÀQGLQJV is illegal foris illegal animal both medicine and wholesalers TCM retailers to o be tolerated, because itto cureserves sickness and save lives. Regardless, under the current legal framework, it pro by driven is markets wholesale TCMshouldTCMitsin retail therefore use shops while asprescriptive curtailed, be medicineisacceptable, and atcan scales pangolin in trade that be to seems belief andmanagement misperceptiona asamongst wellpersonnel, as practitioners/consumers.TCM the TCM wholesale markets (34%). scales. pangolin of illegality the includinginformation, sharedproactively BęFSSFBMJ[JOHUIFSFTFBSDIFSTJOUFSFTUTJOQBOHPMJOTDBMFT0OMZ5$.SFUBJMTIPQT  XJUITDBMFTGPSTBMF “prohibited”,as them described 209) “risky” is ofand out“illegal” (71 traders surveyed it of 34% scales. pangolin 2007, since hospitals non-designated in scales pangolin surprising of that traders in TCM markets sale have shown varying the levels of understanding prohibitedabout the legality of has selling China that Given from pharmaceutical companies. designated scales pangolin source to able be in legally not should byshops retail TCM companies, pharmaceutical medicine sold authorized patented into be manufactured be to to and allowed hospitals TCM only are scales pangolin Since Nam. Viet from them sourced that shop one for except companies, pharmaceutical from bought were scales that revealed sale forwith scales shops retail TCM of 18% Pakistan. from sourced fact scales in of were lot a and scales, pangolin for country transit a merely was Nam Viet Guangxi, in traders to accordingHowever, respectively). Guangxi and Yunnan provinces (which border Viet Nam and Myanmar fromdomesticsourceswerefrommainly Scales countries. African as includingcountries,AsianMyanmarSoutheast Viet andwell Nam, as pangolin scales sourced from overseas were mainly source—claimed to be from their reveal to willing were sale for scales with wholesalers UIFMBXTBOEUIFJMMFHBMJUZPGUIFUSBEF0OMZPGBOJNBMNFEJDJOF of knowledge their illustrating clearly evasively,answered to or answer refused traders most scales, the of source the about asked When almost four-fold at markets wholesale and six-fold at retail markets. increased have prices 2016 the markets, retail at USD160/kg and markets wholesale at USD132/kg for selling werefromTRAFFIC’s prices Comparedscales markets. the processedwhere to wholesale surveys, 2006/2007 o only shops retail TCM processing.of cost additional the to due scales raw than expensivemore slightly were Aconversion rate of USDollar (USD) Renminbi 1= 6.68Chinese (RMB)/1RMB=0.15USD (https://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/accessed on 25July 2016)was used. " ered processed scales for sale, with an average price of USD984±303/kg (n=67), apparently higher than TCM 2 534±138/kg (n=35), while that of raw scales was USD501±155/kg (n=37). Processed scales scales Processed (n=37). USD501±155/kg was rawscales thatof while (n=35), 534±138/kg ! ere were still a few law enforcement blind spots, for instance, at border villages that villages border at instance, for spots, blind enforcement law few a still were ere !is could be an indication of selective enforcement by market supervisory " ered for sale online—scales for medicinal use and scales/nails carved (or " er pangolin for scales sale. is was far lower than traders in traders than lower far was !is et al., 2016). Eating pangolins is # t-making and t-making ! e majoritye

© TRAFFIC 3 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 4 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER

© TRAFFIC hn’ ipr dt hd ee ipr rcrs oprd o xotr’ aa ewe 20 ad 04 2014. and 2001 between data following records from exporters’ data exporter were not reported inChina’s to import data: compared records import fewer had data China’s import According to importer data, China reported nine imports involving pangolins between 2001 and 2014, including: 2001–2014, were analysed. (UNEP-WCMC)’s China’sTradeperiod to CITES the pertaining pangolins Database,in of export and import Trade data records from the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre CITES tradeinpangolins violators closed. would be also a violation, and the advertisement would be “pangolin years.advertised Ifdirectly traders scales” website,on systemthis would have itssecurity identi #ed e" its up scaling continuously has been which screening, the picture and/or product description provided. By doing this, traders were able to evade Website A’s security indicatedby genuine pangolinscales, be outto turnedadvertisements the swereopened, link web these when emulation”,researchersentered when “pangolin bar.“skinsearchscales”and However, the scraping scales”in Advertisements for pangolin scales on Website A had titles containing terms such as “resin”, “emulation” or “high captive for breeding purposes. pangolin for advertisements two and (USD180/kg) meat pangolin for advertisement one across o on scales Pangolin ingredients medicine valuable o on scales “African pangolin as such phrases scales included pangolin for Advertisements “others”. “Medicine”, “Animal” and categories the under shown scales 3) in2013,Togo 30kgof exported M.gigantea to for China scales commercial purposes. of specimens 112 U.S. exported the 2013, to 2012 during 2) 1) in2009,Singapore re-exported 1000kgof M.javanicasca lesto for China commercial purposes; an from trophies hunting and specimens pangolin of import the for 2014 and 2011 in records two 4) forCongo the UgandaoffromRepublic Democratic andscales of kg 3948 totalling 2014 recordsin two 3) 2) two records in 2002 of products containing scales and ten whole of skins whole ten and scales containing products of 2002 in records two 2) 1) three records in 2010 and 2012 totalling 2300 kg of scienti#c research purposes; unidenti andfor country #ed South Africa educational purposes. commercial purposes; Japan for commercial purposes; obtained before zero the 2000,when quota came into e" purposes (where Singapore is a re-export country of pangolin scales, and traded with an export #catecerti # ltered, reported, and ultimately removed. " er”, etc. Besides pangolin scales, researchers also came also researchers scales, pangolin Besides er”,etc. M. javanica imported from Singapore for commercial " orts to crack down on wildlife cybercrimes in recent in cybercrimes wildlife on down crack to orts r, Mamr id agln o o on pangolins wild er”, “Myanmar ect); M. javanicaandM. on vros detsmns o pangolin for advertisements various found researchers website, the on box search the entering“pangolin”When shops.retail into TCM in pricesthatof half than lessand kg), USD74-107/ (by markets wholesale TCM USD427±150/kg (n=56), which was is lower than prices at B physical Website on price provinces. Hebei and Guizhou Guangdong, Shaanxi, by followed total), in (55% provincesYunnan and Guangxi from sourced mainly were scales China, Within Indonesia. and Myanmar as as well as (10%) sources Guinea), Equatorial and the Nigeria named two advertisements (16%: countries African (26%), Nam to China for China pentadactylato M. imported from imported javanica M. ! e accounts of serious " r, rr and er”, “rare ! e average e ! ailand ! e EBUB XFSF(VBOHEPOH (VBOHYJBOE:VOOBOQSPWJODFT BTXFMMBT)POH,POH4"3 and Myanmar (2292.61 kg). Major destinations in China for the illegal trade in pangolins, according to seizure kg) followedCameroon(6340 bykg), 300 wereNigeria(11 pangolinscales forsmuggledcountries source top the while pangolins, dead for countries sourcemajor the as revealed wereVietNam and Indonesia Malaysia, individuals con# pangolin scales of andnumber the considering However, when Africa. in 4%) cases, Southeast (8 in Nigeria 10%) and Asia,cases, (21 Myanmar and 25%) source cases, largest (52 Nam three Viet were the cases) seizures, of number pangolin (by of countries sources known the about information available all on Based of Zhou et al. (2012) dead 419 11 pangolins,QBOHPMJOTBOELHPGTDBMFT JODMVEJOHLHTFJ[FEJO)POH,POH4"3 6TJOHUIFDPOWFSTJPONPEFM live 2406 of total a involved 2014 and 2001 between media the in reported Seizures interest by media. the capacity of China’s law enforcement agencies, as well as improved transparency other,of improvements the the seizure on in andreports hand, andone the reporting on scales pangolinfor demandmarket and trade illegal previouson the increase ! of 18 August 2016). Fi$ )POH,POH4"3 .BDBP4"3BOE5BJXBO NBEFTFJ[VSFTJOWPMWJOHQBOHPMJOTJOUIFQFSJPEo BT Incomplete statistics on based seizure data indicate that law enforcement agencies (including mainland China, China pangolinseizures in the legal trade for trade legal in the production. medicinal werethatpangolin are China in madepangolinfact from the highlights seized which seized used scales scales, #catescerti CITES with traded medicine pangolinderivativesrecords)andofof majority (95% the packaging, record each for live pangolins, pangolin scale powder and specimens. According to the information on product composedof derivatives records,(31 followed63%), (14%). byand (16%) medicinescales mainlywere China frompangolinsimported data,importer According data.CITES to exporter and importer Clearly further review and investigation is needed to identify the reasons for the #cantsigni discrepancy between from China. by both the exporter and the importer in di" *ODPOUSBTU JNQPSUFSTSFDPSETUPUBMMFEFYQPSUTGSPN$IJOB0OFSFDPSEXBTĕMUFSFEPVU TJODFJUXBTSFQPSUFE pentadactylaUP4PVUI,PSFBGPSiFEVDBUJPOwQVSQPTFTJO twolivein trade Between 2001 and 2014, only two pangolin records were reported in China’s export data, namely a record of the importingthe country’s data were missing. di" Database, which TradeCITES amount the this toreported andapproved had permit amount,country givenexport ana issued and importing exporting countries were reportingbecause the same transactions possiblybe in di" could data exporter and importer between discrepancies the for Reasons 3

! report, considering lack the of description from species on public particular information. case e period 2012–2016 had 154 seizure cases, i.e. on average 30.8 cases per year (±6.38), an almost three-fold almost an (±6.38), year per cases 30.8 averageon i.e. cases, seizure 154 had 2012–2016 period e e conversion standard to convert dry scales of mixed Chinese pangolin and Java pangolin is 466.99g/individual. 466.99g/individual. is pangolinJava and pangolin Chinese mixed of scales dry convert to standardconversion e scated, focusing on the 15 largest seizure cases (>1000 individuals and >1000 kg of scales), scales), of kg >1000 and individuals (>1000 cases seizure largest 15 the on focusing scated, M. pentadactylaM. to Japan for “zoo” display and2003; in another record of one of specimen ered from the actual traded amount, as reported by the importing country; or that part oforthat amount, part traded importingbyreportedactual eredfromcountry; as the the 3 , 34 946 kg of scales equates, 34946kgof scales to 74832pangolins. y-# # ve-year period. ve-yearperiod. ve seizures occurred between 2007 and 2011, i.e. on average 11 cases per year (±3.94). is rise in the number of cases may be explainedbyin increasemayan number be ofthe cases in rise !is erent years, leaving a revised total of 49 records of pangolin exports erent years, or that authorities in the exporting ! e standard is adopted by this this by adopted is standard e ! ereonlywas one M. 5 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 6 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 7 6 5 4 Source: TRAFFIC GD-Guangdong Province (CN);GX-Guangxi Province (CN);LA-; YN-Yunnan Source: TRAFFIC $.$BNFSPPO&5&UIJPQJB*%*OEPOFTJB()(IBOB(2&RVBUPSJBM(VJOFB,&,FOZB...ZBONBS.:.BMBZTJB/(/JHFSJB1,1BLJTUBO Figure 2:Smuggling routes from Southeast Asia for whole pangolins on 2007-2016 seizures based between PH-! ePhilippines; QA-Qatar; VN-. Figure 1:Major smuggling routes for on pangolin 2007–2016 seizures based between scales 4,5 6,7

the media and media the therefore not included brie inthis !ng. tally inthe amount the of con ! Indeed, stocks. available exceed still would consumptionlevels current that likely is it mix, stock legal the in con! all replenishment.Evenif haveshouldconsiderablyreduced which now,by2007, in Noticeissued beforewas the a wild. Legal use and consumption of pangolins thus relies on the remaining stockpiles that were veri!ed by SFA wild pangolin resources, all provinces in China have stopped issuing permits for the hunting of pangolins in the Given that there are no successful conservation breeding programmes for pangolins, and with depletionthe of )V  "UQSFTFOU UIFSFBSFOPPďDJBM QVCMJDMZBWBJMBCMFEBUBPOTUPDLQJMFTPGQBOHPMJOTDBMFTJO$IJOB di$ 66 produce to approved been have SFA, 2008; SFA, 2009; SFA, 2010; SFA, 2011; SFA, 2012; SFA,# 2013; SFA, 2014). Currently 209 medical companies 2013). kg, of which 70% can be made into products,decocted and 30% made into patented medicines (Yin and Meng, consultation, deciding to allow annual domestic consumption of pangolin within a thresholdscales Aof ~25 000 medicines. patented for Chinese and of hospitals, manufacturing designated the applicationsat clinical for used be to only scales pangolin requiring Notice”), UseMedicine for Products their on Regulating the as well as Snake, Rare and In November 2007, China issued Legal consumptionofpangolinscales No.(Deal GJB2013-64) TFJ[FECZMPDBMBOUJTNVHHMJOHPďDFw XJUIBSFTFSWFQSJDFPG64% XBTFWFOUVBMMZTPMEGPS64% “electronicscales pangolinand titled lot auction devices TradeResources an HuizhouthatPublic CenterCity Guangdongfrom information trade public from known is it example,For past. the in auctions at sold been con! of transfer administrationdepartments(# the mandates regulation 2006 a although authorities, o were scales pangolin Seized are pangolins In dead seized. these China, are subsequently euthanized. yam powder to increase their weight !cially.arti As a result, many of the smuggled wild and/orpangolinspowder gypsum die amountsof soon large a with fed be to found been Pangolins also have transportation. during health maintain their toorder antibiotics hormones,in orwith injected havebeen tofound havebeen however,pangolins live cases, many In institutions. research scienti!c by up taken or free set generally were pangolins live healthy that suggest online data public and agencies government cases, seizure from available # on intelligence information. accident. Detection of smuggled pangolin items sent via courier or other logistics services were primarily based XFSFVODPWFSFEUISPVHISFHVMBSTFDVSJUZDIFDLTBOE JOBGFXJOTUBODFT EJTDPWFSFEEVSJOHJOTQFDUJPOPGBUSBďD BOENPUPSDZDMFT PSWJBDPVSJFSBOEMPHJTUJDTDPNQBOJFT0OQSJWBUFUSBOTQPSUPSQVCMJDCVTFT TNVHHMFEHPPET o China within contrabandpangolin Moving steel/wooden ! from smuggled products 4PVUIFBTU"TJBPS)POH,POH4"3JOUP(VBOHEPOH1SPWJODF UIFNPTUUZQJDBMNFBOTPGUSBOTQPSUBUJPOXBTCZFor goods. other with led coming or hidden and items, other or items”“recycled from further a tended to declaredbe as “nuts” or other items and were detected via x-ray checks. For large shipments derived andbrought “nothinggreenthrough the todeclare” Customs channel. were Whensent by scales airmail, they luggage in carried typically were scales pangolinamountsof Small seizure. the of location the involved,on or From past seizure cases, smuggling methods varied depending on the type and amount of pangolin contraband 8 http://zwgk.huizhou.gov.cn/public! e average annual pangolin scale consumption was around 26 600 kg, during the period 2008–2015 (Hu, 2016; e handling of seized live pangolins di$ !eld (e.g. from Africa), they would typically be shipped as marine cargo and declared as “timber”, shing boat or speedboats. scatedpangolins much be larger,could also were they notif reportedpublicly especially in 8 ćF)POH,POH4"3(PWFSONFOUEFTUSPZTBMMTFJ[FEQBOHPMJOTDBMFT les/business/html! " scated pangolin scales (15 548 kg in mainland China since 2007) areincluded 2007) since China mainland in kg 548 (15 pangolinscales scated e State Council, 2006). Research has shownResearchhasState that consomee 2006). ! Council, n et y nocmn dprmns ised f en hne t forestry to handed being of instead departments, enforcement by kept en A Notice on Enhancing the Protection on Resources of Saiga Antelope, Pangolin erent kinds of Chinese patented medicine containing pangolin scales scales pangolin containing medicine patented Chinese of kinds erent ered according to the condition of the con ! les/0341/4.5/201401/264114.html " en involved the use of long-distance public buses, private cars private buses, public long-distance of use the involved en " er the Notice was issued, SFA organized an expert expert an organized SFA issued, was Notice the er scated wildlife products to wildlife wildlife to products wildlife scated (hereina scated animals. Information " er referred to as “the as to referred er " er ten yearswithoutten er scated scales have scales scated " er they 7 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 8 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER RECOMMENDATIONS to import 500 kg of ! XIJDIJTTUJMMNVDIMFTTUIBOUIFBWFSBHFSFDPSEFEPďDJBMDPOTVNQUJPOMFWFMT LH CFUXFFOo  available),wereyetnotdata CITES 2016 and (2015 2001–2014 during scales of kg 6248 imported China data, available on building for source key stockpilesa and to be meet the currentalso demand could in China’scountries range TCM from market. scales According pangolin to UNEP-WCMC’sof imports CITES Legal trade 10 9 giganteaUgandafrom2016 in platforms, providing that evidence pangolin fromsources illegal scales are openly being inChina. sold this onlinefor and shops retailconducted TCM markets, wholesale surveys TCM at sale the for Meanwhile,scales pangolin illegal found paper brie"ng years. two recent the in least at countries, African from scales https://www.gdf.gov.cn/index.php?controller=front&action=xzxkview&id=214” 7. 6. Discrepancies in reported CITES trade data between importing and exporting countries from 2001 onwards 5. ćF$IJOFTFHPWFSONFOUTIPVMEQSPBDUJWFMZGPMMPXVQXJUIDPNNJUNFOUTNBEFEVSJOHUIF,BTBOF4VNNJU support provide to encouraged is government Chinese the enforcement, wildlife in experience its With 3. 2. A global pangolin seizure database should be established and maintained by TRAFFIC, so that contributions pangolin Asian for quota zero a with and II, Appendix CITES in listed being species pangolin all Despite 1. 10. innovative develop and research further conduct to companies e-commerce encourage will TRAFFIC 9. comprehensive and systematic develop should TRAFFIC agencies, enforcement with collaboration In 8. https://www.gdf.gov.cn/index.php?controller=front&action=xzxkview&id=241” e Department of Forestry in Guangdong Province gave permission for Luoding Chengshan TradeLtdChengshanLuoding Co., for Guangdongpermission gaveProvincein Forestry of Department e ! public. Stricter measures, such as the establishment of an e# an establishmentof the as such measures, Stricter public. should examined and be clari importers with both "ed and exporters; be should species pangolin seven, other the and this, of strengthened use at national the level; and trade the of Management China. in FOGPSDFNFOUBDUJPOTBHBJOTUQBOHPMJOUSBďDLJOH jointinternational take to pangolincounterpartsitssourceAfrica in transitandandAsia with countries in BOEUIF'PSVNPO$IJOB"GSJDB$PPQFSBUJPO '0$"$ +PIBOOFTCVSH"DUJPO1MBOBOEBDUJWFMZDPMMBCPSBUF USBďDLJOH pangolin illegal combat to ability their improve to countries range/transit pangolin in capacity build and developed to combatbe pangolin illegal the trade; e# VOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUSBEFQBUUFSOTBOEUIFNBQQJOHPGUSBďDLJOHSPVUFTBOENFUIPET BOETQFDJFTNPTUMZ shared source,canbe by species, transit and destination countries alongsupply the chain, enabling bettera ratify this and impose higher mechanisms. However, this can only happen if national legislation in both source and destination countries safeguard pangolins by elevating international protection for these species and associated regulatory control proposed the inclusion AppendixpangolinCITES ofin all species couldgreatly which I, enhance e# species, illegal trade appears to be continuing unabated. Parties to CITES CoP17 should consider supporting raise public awareness about inChina pangolin conservation. and change, behaviour consumer drive to activities substitutes, alternative of development the including approaches to prevent online inpangolin trade illegal and other scales products future; inthe in order to prevent on platforms trade these illegal to proliferate; to surveys monitor the sale of pangolin products in both physical and online markets in China periodically, to prevent pangolin illegally-sourced products from entering markets; legal the pangolin products and rate of consumption at each authorized TCM manufacturer should be adopted, so as ! ! ected. ected. e Chinese government should upgrade should government Chinese e e dynamics of China’s pangolin scale stockpiles should be made more transparent by the SFA to the the to SFA the by transparent more made be should stockpiles scale China’spangolin of dynamics e e Chinese government should take actions to remove or reduce the use of pangolin scales in TCM, in scales pangolin of use the reduce or remove to actions take should government Chinese e !is would helpthen enable more targeted and e# M. tricuspis from scales the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2015 10 . . "nes and other punitive measures for illegal trade in Appendix I‐listed species; is shows that Chinese companies are able to continuecompaniestoareable pangolin importingshowsChinese that !is Manis pentadactylatoManis ective enforcementective and management actions to ective tracking system to monitor the to system tracking ective be a national a be rst-class protected species species protected "rst-class 9 and 1000 kg of ow of %ow orts toorts M. WildAid. 1SFQBSBUJPOBOEJNQMFNFOUBUJPOPGUIJTSFQPSUXBTNBEFQPTTJCMFXJUIGVOEJOHTVQQPSUGSPN88'6,BOE scales. Conservation and Green Development Foundation for information provided on Biodiversity legal consumption China of ofFund pangolinSpecies Endangered from Hu Chunmei and reviews expert external for WildAid BVUIPSTBMTPUIBOL)FBUIFS4PIMGSPN88'6, BOE4VTJF8BUUT $ISJTUJOB7BMMJBOPTBOE.JDIFMMF;IBOHGSPN )V $.  0WFSWJFXPGCJHEBUBGPSQBOHPMJO IUCN. (2014). REFERENCES ! ćFBVUIPSTUIBOL53"''*$DPMMFBHVFT FTQFDJBMMZ:BOOJDL,VFIM $ISJT4IFQIFSE 3PMBOE.FMJTDI 3JDIBSE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SFA.(2014). SFA. (2013). SFA. (2012). SFA. (2011). SFA.(2010). SFA.(2009). SFA.(2008). (2008). SFA. SFA. (2007). SFA. (1993). Nijman, V., Zhang, M.X. and Shepherd, C.R. (2016). Pangolin trade in the Mong La wildlife market and the role pangolins-. 29July. gov.cn/upload/wb_user/ouyn/ DO[SCIDPOUFOUIUNM0DUPCFS cn/main/4818/content-797353.html. 19September. cn/main/4818/content-797383.html. 10August. cn/article/glgb20100404.html. 26September. www.forestry.gov.cn/zrbh/1472/content-885617.html. 10September. www.forestry.gov.cn/main/4818/content-796975.html. 27November. DPOUFOUIUNM0DUPCFS gov.cn/main/4818/content-796751.html. 12November. as the regulating on their products for medicine use (Linhufa[2007] No.242) [in Chinese]. http://www.forestry. http://www.arq.gov.cn/Article/"fg/jjf/nlzrzyhjbh/200701/8163.html. 14April. of Myanmar in the smuggling of pangolins into China. by Endangered Species Fund of China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation July. omas, Fei Zhou, Sammi Li and Julie Gray for the ongoing support provided and for their reviews. reviews. their for and provided support ongoing the for Gray Julie and Li Sammi Zhou, Fei omas, .pdf. 19December..pdf. A notice on verifying some endangered wild animals as China’s national protected species [in Chinese]. Notice on Consumption Rate of Pangolin Scales in 2013-2014 [in Chinese]. http://www.forestry.gov. Notice on Consumption Rate of Pangolin Scales in 2012-2013 [in Chinese]. http://www.forestry.gov. 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A report prepared ! e 9 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER 10 TRAFFIC BRIEFING PAPER SEPTEMBER 2016 Zhou, Z.M., Zhao, H., Zhang Z.X., Wang, Z. H. and Wang, H. (2012). of Allometry in scales Chinese pangolins go. to way long a China: in awareness conservation and consumptionWildlife F.(2014). Yin, and L. Zhang, Yin, F. and Meng, M. (2013). M. Meng, F.and Yin, (2009). L. Xu, Wu, S.B. and Ma, G.Z. (2007). Pangolin Chinese of status threatened of Assessment (2004). G.Z. Ma, Y.M.and N.F.,Zhang, Liu, Wu,S.B., ! Registered Limited Company No. 3785518. UK Registered Charity No. 1076722, 8FCTJUFXXXUSBďDPSH &NBJMUSBďD!USBďDPSH Telephone: (44)(0)1223277427 6, Cambridge CB23QZ Pembroke Street Building )FBERVBSUFST0ďDF TRAFFIC For information further contact: animals and plants context inthe of biodiversity both conservation and sustainable development. monitoringTRAFFIC, trade wildlife the network, is leading the non-governmental organization working on in wild globally trade e State e (2006). Council. 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