Super Species Live! Educational Demonstration Including Large Hairy Armadillos
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Learning About Mammals
Learning About Mammals The mammals (Class Mammalia) includes everything from mice to elephants, bats to whales and, of course, man. The amazing diversity of mammals is what has allowed them to live in any habitat from desert to arctic to the deep ocean. They live in trees, they live on the ground, they live underground, and in caves. Some are active during the day (diurnal), while some are active at night (nocturnal) and some are just active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular). They live alone (solitary) or in great herds (gregarious). They mate for life (monogamous) or form harems (polygamous). They eat meat (carnivores), they eat plants (herbivores) and they eat both (omnivores). They fill every niche imaginable. Mammals come in all shapes and sizes from the tiny pygmy shrew, weighing 1/10 of an ounce (2.8 grams), to the blue whale, weighing more than 300,000 pounds! They have a huge variation in life span from a small rodent living one year to an elephant living 70 years. Generally, the bigger the mammal, the longer the life span, except for bats, which are as small as rodents, but can live for up to 20 years. Though huge variation exists in mammals, there are a few physical traits that unite them. 1) Mammals are covered with body hair (fur). Though marine mammals, like dolphins and whales, have traded the benefits of body hair for better aerodynamics for traveling in water, they do still have some bristly hair on their faces (and embryonically - before birth). Hair is important for keeping mammals warm in cold climates, protecting them from sunburn and scratches, and used to warn off others, like when a dog raises the hair on its neck. -
Xenarthrans: 'Aliens'
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk XENARTHRANS: ‘ALIENS’ ON EARTH Author : JONATHAN CRACKNELL Categories : Vets Date : August 4, 2008 JONATHAN CRACKNELL finds that hanging around with sloths and their fellow Xenarthrans offers up exciting challenges XENARTHRANS: the name sounds like a race from a low-budget science fiction film. This is actually a super-order of mammals that get their name from their “alien” joint, which is exhibited in the vertebral joints. The Xenarthrans include 31 living species: six species of sloth, four anteaters and 21 species of armadillos – all of which originated in South America. Historically, these animals were classified within the order Edentata (meaning “without teeth”), which included pangolins and aardvarks. It was realised that this was a polyphyletic group, containing unrelated families. Therefore, the Xenarthra order was created. The Xenarthrans are a well-represented order in captivity, with banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) becoming one of the new “exotic” exotics to be presented to clinicians. In zoological collections, giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), southern tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla), and sloths (typically the southern two-toed sloth – Choloepus didactylus – although others are present) are among the more common species housed in captivity. Every species has its own needs and oddities. With this brief review of each species, the author will look at basic anatomy and physiology, along with a quick review of some of the more commonly reported complaints for this group of animals. 1 / 14 Giant anteater The giant anteater’s most obvious feature is its long tongue and bushy tail. They are approximately 1.5 to two metres long and weigh in the region of 18kg to 45kg. -
Introduction Recent Classifications Regard the Order Pilosa, Anteaters
Introduction Recent classifications regard the order Pilosa, anteaters and sloths, and order Cingulata, the armadillos, within the superorder Xenarthra meaning “strange joints”. In the past, Pilosa and Cingulata wer regarded as suborders of the order Xenarthra, with the armadillos. Earlier still, both armadillos and pilosans were classified together with pangolins and the aardvark as the order Edentata meaning “toothless”. The orders Pilosa and Cingulata are distinguishable as the cingulatas have an armoured upper body and the pilosa have fur. Studies have concluded that sloths, anteaters, and armadillos diverged at least 75-80 million years ago and that they are as different from one another as are carnivores, bats and primates. The Pilosa are now considered almost exclusively a New World order, however, fossil records indicate that they were once found in Europe and possibly Asia. This order may have been distributed worldwide in the Cretaceous period, but became limited to South America and have remained there for most of their history and evolved into numerous groups. The Pilosa were once far more diverse than they are today; there are known to be 10 times as many fossil as living genera. The superorder is distinguished from all others by what are known as the xenarthrous vertebrae. There are secondary and sometimes even more, articulations between the vertebrae of the lumbar (lower back) series. In other words, consecutive vertebrae connect in more than one place. In addition, the pelvis connects with more of the spine than in other mammals. These adaptations to the spine give support, particularly to the hips. The name Xenarthra refers to this peculiarity of the spine and modem taxonomy places these three groups of animals together, even though they are very different from one another and they are highly specialized. -
PROCEEDINGS of the WORKSHOP on TRADE and CONSERVATION of PANGOLINS NATIVE to SOUTH and SOUTHEAST ASIA 30 June – 2 July 2008, Singapore Zoo Edited by S
PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON TRADE AND CONSERVATION OF PANGOLINS NATIVE TO SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 30 June – 2 July 2008, Singapore Zoo Edited by S. Pantel and S.Y. Chin Wildlife Reserves Singapore Group PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON TRADE AND CONSERVATION OF PANGOLINS NATIVE TO SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 30 JUNE –2JULY 2008, SINGAPORE ZOO EDITED BY S. PANTEL AND S. Y. CHIN 1 Published by TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia © 2009 TRAFFIC Southeast Asia All rights reserved. All material appearing in these proceedings is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction, in full or in part, of this publication must credit TRAFFIC Southeast Asia as the copyright owner. The views of the authors expressed in these proceedings do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC Network, WWF or IUCN. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership is held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint programme of WWF and IUCN. Layout by Sandrine Pantel, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Suggested citation: Sandrine Pantel and Chin Sing Yun (ed.). 2009. Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia, 30 June-2 July -
Inspection Report
PGLADUE United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2016082569255248 Insp_id Inspection Report Rhode Island Zoological Society Customer ID: 2245 1000 Elmwood Avenue Certificate: 15-C-0004 Providence, RI 02907 Site: 001 RHODE ISLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Type: ROUTINE INSPECTION Date: 27-AUG-2018 There were no non-compliant items identified during the inspection. NOTE - Exit briefing held 8/27/18 on-site with facility representative. Report delivered by e-mail 8/28/18. *END OF REPORT* Prepared By: Date: GLADUE PAULA, V M D USDA, APHIS, Animal Care 28-AUG-2018 Title: VETERINARY MEDICAL OFFICER 1054 Received By: TIM FRENCH - DEPUTY DIRECTOR Date: Title: REPORT DELIVERED BY EMAIL 8/28/18 28-AUG-2018 Page 1 of 1 United States Department of Agriculture Customer: 2245 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Inspection Date: 27-AUG-18 Species Inspected Cust No Cert No Site Site Name Inspection 2245 15-C-0004 001 RHODE ISLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 27-AUG-18 Count Scientific Name Common Name 000004 Acinonyx jubatus CHEETAH 000002 Ailurus fulgens RED PANDA 000002 Alouatta caraya BLACK HOWLER 000003 Ammotragus lervia BARBARY SHEEP 000004 Antilocapra americana PRONGHORN 000002 Arctictis binturong BINTURONG 000003 Artibeus jamaicensis JAMAICAN FRUIT-EATING BAT / JAMAICAN FRUIT BAT 000004 Atelerix albiventris FOUR-TOED HEDGEHOG (MOST COMMON PET HEDGEHOG) 000001 Babyrousa babyrussa BABIRUSA 000003 Bison bison AMERICAN BISON 000002 Bos taurus CATTLE / COW / OX / WATUSI 000001 Budorcas taxicolor TAKIN 000003 Callicebus -
Proving: Two-Toed Sloth (Choloepus Didactylus) Date: October 2017 by Mani Norland, Luke Norland & the School of Homeopathy
Orchard Leigh · Rodborough Hill · Stroud · Gloucestershire · GL5 3SS T: +44 (0)1453 765 956 · E: [email protected] www.homeopathyschool.com Proving: Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus didactylus) Date: October 2017 By Mani Norland, Luke Norland & The School of Homeopathy. The Homeopathic Proving of Choloepus didactylus 2 Latin Name Choloepus didactylus. Common Names Two-toed sloth. Hoffmann's two-toed sloth. Linnaeus's two-toed sloth. Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Pilosa Suborder: Folivora Family: Choloepodidae Genus: Choloepus Sophia Müller, Unsplash(1) About (1, 2) The remedy was prepared from a hair sample and run-up to the 30th centesimal potency by the proving group led by Mani Norland and John Morgan. There were 13 female and 2 male provers; each taking a single dose. The proving was fully supervised for a period of 2 months. The diaries were then collated and repertorised by Luke Norland. Whilst the name "sloth" means lazy or idle, the slow movements of this mammal are a useful adaptation for surviving on a low-energy diet of leaves. They are so solitary in their nature that it is even uncommon for two to be found together in the same tree. The sloth spends almost its entire life, including eating, sleeping, mating, and giving birth, hanging upside down from tree branches. However, when the time comes for urination and defecation they slowly make their way to the ground. This seems to be rather a behavioural quirk, as whilst earthbound they are almost defenceless. Their shaggy coat has grooved hair which plays host to a symbiotic green algae, providing both camouflage and nutrients. -
Taphonomy and Significance of Jefferson's Ground Sloth (Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from Utah
Western North American Naturalist Volume 61 Number 1 Article 9 1-29-2001 Taphonomy and significance of Jefferson's ground sloth (Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from Utah H. Gregory McDonald Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Hagerman, Idaho Wade E. Miller Thomas H. Morris Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation McDonald, H. Gregory; Miller, Wade E.; and Morris, Thomas H. (2001) "Taphonomy and significance of Jefferson's ground sloth (Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from Utah," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 61 : No. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol61/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 61(1), © 2001, pp. 64–77 TAPHONOMY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF JEFFERSON’S GROUND SLOTH (XENARTHRA: MEGALONYCHIDAE) FROM UTAH H. Gregory McDonald1, Wade E. Miller2, and Thomas H. Morris2 ABSTRACT.—While a variety of mammalian megafauna have been recovered from sediments associated with Lake Bonneville, Utah, sloths have been notably rare. Three species of ground sloth, Megalonyx jeffersonii, Paramylodon har- lani, and Nothrotheriops shastensis, are known from the western United States during the Pleistocene. Yet all 3 are rare in the Great Basin, and the few existing records are from localities on the basin margin. The recent discovery of a partial skeleton of Megalonyx jeffersonii at Point-of-the-Mountain, Salt Lake County, Utah, fits this pattern and adds to our understanding of the distribution and ecology of this extinct species. -
(Dasypus) in North America Based on Ancient Mitochondrial DNA
bs_bs_banner A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA BETH SHAPIRO, RUSSELL W. GRAHAM AND BRANDON LETTS Shapiro, B. Graham, R. W. & Letts, B.: A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA. Boreas. 10.1111/bor.12094. ISSN 0300-9483. The large, beautiful armadillo, Dasypus bellus, first appeared in North America about 2.5 million years ago, and was extinct across its southeastern US range by 11 thousand years ago (ka). Within the last 150 years, the much smaller nine-banded armadillo, D. novemcinctus, has expanded rapidly out of Mexico and colonized much of the former range of the beautiful armadillo. The high degree of morphological similarity between these two species has led to speculation that they might be a single, highly adaptable species with phenotypical responses and geographical range fluctuations resulting from environmental changes. If this is correct, then the biology and tolerance limits for D. novemcinctus could be directly applied to the Pleistocene species, D. bellus. To investigate this, we isolated ancient mitochondrial DNA from late Pleistocene-age specimens of Dasypus from Missouri and Florida. We identified two genetically distinct mitochondrial lineages, which most likely correspond to D. bellus (Missouri) and D. novemcinctus (Florida). Surprisingly, both lineages were isolated from large specimens that were identified previously as D. bellus. Our results suggest that D. novemcinctus, which is currently classified as an invasive species, was already present in central Florida around 10 ka, significantly earlier than previously believed. Beth Shapiro ([email protected]), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Russell W. -
Edentatathe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5
ISSN 1413-4411 EdentataThe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5 Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. Rylands Assistant Editors: John M. Aguiar and Jennifer Pervola ESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Edentata e Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA ISSN 1413-4411 Editors Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Assistant Editors John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Jennifer Pervola, formerly with the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Edentate Specialist Group Chairman Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Design Ted Goodridge, Conservation International, Global Communications, Washington, DC Layout Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Front Cover Photo: Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Photo ©Haroldo Castro, Conservation International Editorial Assistance Mariella Superina, University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA Please direct all submissions and other editorial correspondence to John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel. (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: <[email protected]>. is issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin (ZMB). São ARTICLES analisadas evidências históricas sobre a origem do material utilizado na descrição original da espécie, com a proposta da restrição de sua localidade tipo. -
Exploring the Natural Origins of SARS-Cov-2
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427830; this version posted January 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Exploring the natural origins of SARS-CoV-2 1 1 2 3 1,* Spyros Lytras , Joseph Hughes , Wei Xia , Xiaowei Jiang , David L Robertson 1 MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, UK. 2 National School of Agricultural Institution and Development, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou, China. * Correspondence: [email protected] Summary. The lack of an identifiable intermediate host species for the proximal animal ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 and the distance (~1500 km) from Wuhan to Yunnan province, where the closest evolutionary related coronaviruses circulating in horseshoe bats have been identified, is fueling speculation on the natural origins of SARS-CoV-2. Here we analyse SARS-CoV-2’s related horseshoe bat and pangolin Sarbecoviruses and confirm Rhinolophus affinis continues to be the likely reservoir species as its host range extends across Central and Southern China. This would explain the bat Sarbecovirus recombinants in the West and East China, trafficked pangolin infections and bat Sarbecovirus recombinants linked to Southern China. Recent ecological disturbances as a result of changes in meat consumption could then explain SARS-CoV-2 transmission to humans through direct or indirect contact with the reservoir wildlife, and subsequent emergence towards Hubei in Central China. -
Structure and Binding Properties of Pangolin-Cov Spike Glycoprotein Inform the Evolution of SARS-Cov-2 ✉ ✉ Antoni G
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21006-9 OPEN Structure and binding properties of Pangolin-CoV spike glycoprotein inform the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 ✉ ✉ Antoni G. Wrobel 1,5 , Donald J. Benton 1,5 , Pengqi Xu2,1, Lesley J. Calder3, Annabel Borg4, ✉ Chloë Roustan4, Stephen R. Martin1, Peter B. Rosenthal 3, John J. Skehel1 & Steven J. Gamblin 1 1234567890():,; Coronaviruses of bats and pangolins have been implicated in the origin and evolution of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2. We show that spikes from Guangdong Pangolin-CoVs, closely related to SARS-CoV-2, bind strongly to human and pangolin ACE2 receptors. We also report the cryo-EM structure of a Pangolin-CoV spike protein and show it adopts a fully-closed conformation and that, aside from the Receptor-Binding Domain, it resembles the spike of a bat coronavirus RaTG13 more than that of SARS-CoV-2. 1 Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK. 2 Precision Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. 3 Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK. 4 Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK. 5These authors contributed equally: Antoni G. ✉ Wrobel, Donald J. Benton. email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:837 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21006-9 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21006-9 espite intensive research into the origins of the COVID- 19 pandemic, the evolutionary history of its causative A SARS-CoV-2 S D 1,2 agent SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear . -
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2019 Report Mariella Superina Chair Mission statement Plan Mariella Superina (1) The mission of the IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Planning: plan for protection of Brazilian Three- Armadillo Specialist Group is to promote the banded Armadillo and Pygmy Three-toed Sloth. Red List Authority Coordinator long-term conservation of the extant species of Act Agustín M. Abba (2) xenarthrans (anteaters, sloths and armadillos) Conservation actions: effective protection of and their habitats. Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo and Pygmy Location/Affiliation Three-toed Sloth. (1) IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Projected impact for the 2017-2020 Network quadrennium Argentina Capacity building: (1) teach five training courses; (2) CEPAVE, La Plata, Argentina By the end of 2020, we envision the Anteater, (2) train Argentinean mammalogists in Red List Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group (ASASG) assessments. Number of members will have achieved increased protection for Proposal development and funding: secure 26 our priority species, the Critically Endangered funding to replenish the Xenarthra Conserva- Pygmy Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) tion Fund. Social networks and the Vulnerable Brazilian Three-banded Synergy: enter into partnership with zoological Armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus). We aim to Facebook: institutions. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo reach this goal by increasing scientific knowl- Communicate Specialist Group edge, raising awareness, developing and imple- Communication: (1) publish four issues of the Website: www.xenarthrans.org menting comprehensive action plans and securing protection of their habitat. Capacity ASASG Newsletter; (2) increase awareness building through training courses will allow us to through campaigns at zoos and other institu- increase the number of researchers dedicated tions; (3) increase awareness for Xenarthra.