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PGLADUE United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2016082569255248 Insp_id Inspection Report Rhode Island Zoological Society Customer ID: 2245 1000 Elmwood Avenue Certificate: 15-C-0004 Providence, RI 02907 Site: 001 RHODE ISLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Type: ROUTINE INSPECTION Date: 27-AUG-2018 There were no non-compliant items identified during the inspection. NOTE - Exit briefing held 8/27/18 on-site with facility representative. Report delivered by e-mail 8/28/18. *END OF REPORT* Prepared By: Date: GLADUE PAULA, V M D USDA, APHIS, Animal Care 28-AUG-2018 Title: VETERINARY MEDICAL OFFICER 1054 Received By: TIM FRENCH - DEPUTY DIRECTOR Date: Title: REPORT DELIVERED BY EMAIL 8/28/18 28-AUG-2018 Page 1 of 1 United States Department of Agriculture Customer: 2245 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Inspection Date: 27-AUG-18 Species Inspected Cust No Cert No Site Site Name Inspection 2245 15-C-0004 001 RHODE ISLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 27-AUG-18 Count Scientific Name Common Name 000004 Acinonyx jubatus CHEETAH 000002 Ailurus fulgens RED PANDA 000002 Alouatta caraya BLACK HOWLER 000003 Ammotragus lervia BARBARY SHEEP 000004 Antilocapra americana PRONGHORN 000002 Arctictis binturong BINTURONG 000003 Artibeus jamaicensis JAMAICAN FRUIT-EATING BAT / JAMAICAN FRUIT BAT 000004 Atelerix albiventris FOUR-TOED HEDGEHOG (MOST COMMON PET HEDGEHOG) 000001 Babyrousa babyrussa BABIRUSA 000003 Bison bison AMERICAN BISON 000002 Bos taurus CATTLE / COW / OX / WATUSI 000001 Budorcas taxicolor TAKIN 000003 Callicebus donacophilus REED TITI 000001 Camelus dromedarius DROMEDARY CAMEL 000002 Canis rufus RED WOLF 000011 Capra hircus DOMESTIC GOAT 000003 Choloepus didactylus LINNAEUS'S TWO-TOED SLOTH 000004 Coendou prehensilis PREHENSILE-TAILED PORCUPINE 000002 Connochaetes taurinus BRINDLED WILDEBEEST 000002 Dasyprocta leporina BRAZILIAN AGOUTI 000002 Dasypus novemcinctus NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO 000002 Dendrolagus matschiei MATSCHIE'S TREE KANGAROO 000003 Didelphis virginiana VIRGINIA OPOSSUM 000002 Echinops telfairi LESSER MADAGASCAR HEDGEHOG TENREC 000003 Equus quagga BURCHELL’S / GRANT’S / CHAPMAN’S / PLAINS ZEBRA 000003 Erethizon dorsatum NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE 000001 Euphractus sexcinctus YELLOW ARMADILLO 000003 Giraffa camelopardalis GIRAFFE 000003 Lama pacos ALPACA 000002 Leontopithecus rosalia GOLDEN LION TAMARIN 000005 Lontra canadensis NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTER 000003 Loxodonta africana AFRICAN ELEPHANT 000001 Macropus giganteus EASTERN GREY KANGAROO 000001 Mephitis mephitis STRIPED SKUNK 000003 Muntiacus reevesi REEVE'S MUNTJAC 000003 Mustela putorius EUROPEAN POLECAT 000002 Myrmecophaga tridactyla GIANT ANTEATER 000002 Nomascus leucogenys WHITE-CHEEKED GIBBON 000003 Notamacropus rufogriseus BENNETT'S WALLABY / RED-NECKED WALLABY 000006 Oryctolagus cuniculus DOMESTIC RABBIT / EUROPEAN RABBIT Page 1 of 2 United States Department of Agriculture Customer: 2245 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Inspection Date: 27-AUG-18 Species Inspected Cust No Cert No Site Site Name Inspection 2245 15-C-0004 001 RHODE ISLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 27-AUG-18 Count Scientific Name Common Name 000005 Ovis aries aries SHEEP INCLUDING ALL DOMESTIC BREEDS 000002 Phoca vitulina HARBOR SEAL 000003 Pithecia pithecia WHITE-FACED SAKI 000002 Potamochoerus porcus RED RIVER HOG 000001 Potos flavus KINKAJOU 000002 Pteronura brasiliensis GIANT OTTER 000002 Saguinus bicolor BARE-FACED TAMARIN 000001 Saguinus oedipus COTTON-TOP TAMARIN 000003 Sus scrofa domestica DOMESTIC PIG / POTBELLY PIG / MICRO PIG 000043 Sylvilagus transitionalis NEW ENGLAND COTTONTAIL RABBIT 000001 Tamandua tetradactyla SOUTHERN TAMANDUA 000002 Uncia uncia SNOW LEOPARD 000002 Ursus thibetanus ASIATIC BLACK BEAR 000181 Total Page 2 of 2.

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Xenarthrans: 'Aliens'
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk XENARTHRANS: ‘ALIENS’ ON EARTH Author : JONATHAN CRACKNELL Categories : Vets Date : August 4, 2008 JONATHAN CRACKNELL finds that hanging around with sloths and their fellow Xenarthrans offers up exciting challenges XENARTHRANS: the name sounds like a race from a low-budget science fiction film. This is actually a super-order of mammals that get their name from their “alien” joint, which is exhibited in the vertebral joints. The Xenarthrans include 31 living species: six species of sloth, four anteaters and 21 species of armadillos – all of which originated in South America. Historically, these animals were classified within the order Edentata (meaning “without teeth”), which included pangolins and aardvarks. It was realised that this was a polyphyletic group, containing unrelated families. Therefore, the Xenarthra order was created. The Xenarthrans are a well-represented order in captivity, with banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) becoming one of the new “exotic” exotics to be presented to clinicians. In zoological collections, giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), southern tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla), and sloths (typically the southern two-toed sloth – Choloepus didactylus – although others are present) are among the more common species housed in captivity. Every species has its own needs and oddities. With this brief review of each species, the author will look at basic anatomy and physiology, along with a quick review of some of the more commonly reported complaints for this group of animals. 1 / 14 Giant anteater The giant anteater’s most obvious feature is its long tongue and bushy tail. They are approximately 1.5 to two metres long and weigh in the region of 18kg to 45kg.
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Edentatathe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5
ISSN 1413-4411 EdentataThe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5 Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. Rylands Assistant Editors: John M. Aguiar and Jennifer Pervola ESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Edentata e Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA ISSN 1413-4411 Editors Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Assistant Editors John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Jennifer Pervola, formerly with the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Edentate Specialist Group Chairman Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Design Ted Goodridge, Conservation International, Global Communications, Washington, DC Layout Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Front Cover Photo: Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Photo ©Haroldo Castro, Conservation International Editorial Assistance Mariella Superina, University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA Please direct all submissions and other editorial correspondence to John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel. (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: <[email protected]>. is issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin (ZMB). São ARTICLES analisadas evidências históricas sobre a origem do material utilizado na descrição original da espécie, com a proposta da restrição de sua localidade tipo.
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A New Genus and Species of Ground Sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from the Hemphillian (Late Miocene) of Jalisco, Mexico
Journal of Paleontology, 91(5), 2017, p. 1069–1082 Copyright © 2017, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/17/0088-0906 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2017.45 Increased xenarthran diversity of the Great American Biotic Interchange: a new genus and species of ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from the Hemphillian (late Miocene) of Jalisco, Mexico H. Gregory McDonald1 and Oscar Carranza-Castañeda2 1Bureau of Land Management, Utah State Ofﬁce, 440 West 200 South, Salt Lake City, Utah USA 84101-1345 〈[email protected]〉 2Centro de Geociencias, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 76230, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México 〈[email protected]〉 Abstract.—A new genus and species of megalonychid sloth, Zacatzontli tecolotlanensis n. gen. n. sp., is described from the late Hemphillian of Jalisco, Mexico. Comparison and analysis of the type specimen, a mandible, with other megalonychid sloths shows a closer relationship to South American taxa than those from North America or the Caribbean. This suggests that during the early stages of the Great American Biotic Interchange there were two separate dispersal events of megalonychid sloths—an earlier one represented by Pliometanastes and the later one by Zacatzontli n. gen. While the morphology of the spout of Zacatzontli more closely resembles that of Megalonyx, based on the current record, Zacatzontli does does not enter North America until after the evolution of Megalonyx from Pliometanastes. The role of the northern neotropics in South America as a staging area for South American taxa that entered North America is discussed. Introduction various early Blancan localities, dated at 4.7 Ma. We note that the Hemphillian-Blancan boundary as used here (4.8–4.7 Myr; Ongoing research of the geology and paleontology of the late Flynn et al., 2005) is later than that of Lindsay et al.
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Evolution of Body Size in Anteaters and Sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): Phylogeny, Metabolism, Diet and Substrate Preferences N
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 106, 289–301, 2017 Evolution of body size in anteaters and sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): phylogeny, metabolism, diet and substrate preferences N. Toledo1,2, M.S. Bargo2,3, S.F. Vizcaıńo1,2, G. De Iuliis4 and F. Pujos5 1 CONICET – La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected] 2 Divisioń Paleontologıá Vertebrados, Unidades de Investigacioń Anexo Museo FCNyM-UNLP, Av. 60 y 122, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. 3 Comisioń de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto M5S 3G5, Ontario, Canada; Section of Palaeobiology, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park Crescent, Toronto M5S 2C6, Ontario, Canada. 5 IANIGLA,CCT-CONICET-Mendoza,Av.RuizLeals/n,ParqueGral.SanMartıń, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina. ABSTRACT: Pilosa include anteaters (Vermilingua) and sloths (Folivora). Modern tree sloths are represented by two genera, Bradypus and Choloepus (both around 4–6 kg), whereas the fossil record is very diverse, with approximately 90 genera ranging in age from the Oligocene to the early Holocene. Fossil sloths include four main clades, Megalonychidae, Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae, and Mylo- dontidae, ranging in size from tens of kilograms to several tons. Modern Vermilingua are represented by three genera, Cyclopes, Tamandua and Myrmecophaga, with a size range from 0.25 kg to about 30 kg, and their fossil record is scarce and fragmentary. The dependence of the body size on phylo- genetic pattern of Pilosa is analysed here, according to current cladistic hypotheses.
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Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009 1
Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009 Xenarthra Orders Xenarthra, Pholidata, and Tubulidentata Dasypodidae: Armadillos Xenarthra: Armadillos, sloths, anteaters Myrmecophagidae: Anteaters Pholidata: Pangolins Megalonichidae: three-toed sloths Tubulidentata: Aardvarks Bradypodidae: two-toed sloths Orginally Xenarthra and Pholidata a single order (Edentata) Not all Xenarthrans are truly “edentate”. Neotropical region None of living Xenarthrans has incisors or canines Insectivorous or folivorous Cheekteeth open rooted lack enamel Geographic origin different: Xenarthrous vertebrae Xenarthrans in Neotropical region, Pholidata in Paleartic region Ground sloths Family Myrmecophagidae: anteaters of S. America 4 species from Southeastern US into S. America Eremotherium sp. Edentate, highly specialized for eating ants/termites Almost Elephant size! Long tongues anchored to sternum, viscous secretion Giant anteater (Myrmecophagidae: Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Fig. 9.4 Collared anteater Glyptodontidae: Panochthus (Myrmecophagidae: Tamandua tetradactyla) Skeleton / Tongue muscles Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths 2 recent species of S. America Medium-sized animals 3-5 kg in mass Lack canines, incisors Greenish hue from symbiotic algae Three-toed sloth Bradypus variegatus Fig. 9.4 1 Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009 Dasypodidae: armadillos Megalonichidae: Two-toed sloths 20 species from Southeastern US into S. America 2 species Primarily terrestrial, powerful diggers Up to 9 kg Unique armored carapace Lack canines, incisors Greenish hue from symbiotic algae Giant armadillo – 60 kg Priodontes maximus Two-toed sloth Choloepus hoffmannii Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Order Pholidata: Scaly anteaters Order Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae, Manidae (1 family) with 7 species Orycteropus afer (1 species) North Africa and Orient Earliest record about 35 mya Imbricate scales Africa and Europe Edentate Dig in ground or ants and termites Skull long, slender, Up to 65 kg incomplete zygomatic arch Long-tailed pangolin Manis tetradactyla Savage and Long 1986 2.
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First Fossil Skull of an Anteater (Vermilingua, Myrmecophagidae) From
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/793307; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 First fossil skull of an anteater (Vermilingua, Myrmecophagidae) from 2 northern South America, a taxonomic reassessment of Neotamandua and 3 a discussion of the myrmecophagid diversification 4 5 Kevin Jiménez-Laraa,b*, Jhon González 6 a División de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias 7 Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA 8 La Plata, Argentina. 9 b CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. 10 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 11 12 The evolutionary history of the South American anteaters, Vermilingua, is incompletely 13 known as consequence of the fragmentary and geographically biased nature of the fossil 14 record of this group. The only record of a nominal extinct species for northern South 15 America is Neotamandua borealis, from the Middle Miocene of La Venta area, 16 southwestern Colombia (Hirschfeld 1976). A new genus and species of myrmecophagid for 17 La Venta is described here from a new partial skull. Additionally, the taxonomic status of 18 the genus to which was referred the co-occurrent species of Gen. et sp. nov., i.e. 19 Neotamandua, is revised. The morphological and taxonomic analyses of these taxa indicate 20 that Gen.
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Mastozoología Neotropical. the Xenarthrans of Nicaragua. Los
Mastozoología Neotropical Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Aridas [email protected] ISSN (Versión impresa): 0327-9383 ISSN (Versión en línea): 1666-0536 ARGENTINA 2003 Hugh H. Genoways / Robert M. Timm THE XENARTHRANS OF NICARAGUA. LOS XENARTHRA DE NICARAGUA Mastozoología Neotropical, julio-diciembre, año/vol. 10, número 002 Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Aridas San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina pp. 321-253 Red de Revistas Científicas de América Látina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Mastozoología Neotropical / J. Neotrop. Mammal.; 10(2):231-253 ISSN 0327-9383 ©SAREM, 2003 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 THE XENARTHRANS OF NICARAGUA Hugh H. Genoways and Robert M. Timm University of Nebraska State Museum and School of Natural Resource Sciences, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514, USA. Natural History Museum & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045- 7561, USA. ABSTRACT. The mammalian fauna of Nicaragua includes seven species in the order Xenarthra, including the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) in the family Bradypodidae, Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) in the family Megalonychidae, the northern naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous centralis) and nine-banded armadillo (Dasy- pus novemcinctus) in the family Dasypodidae, and the silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) and northern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) in the family Myrmecophagidae. Additionally, the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in the family Myrmecophagidae is (or was) certainly part of the fauna of Nicaragua but has yet to be documented there. Based on 133 xenarthran specimens available in museums and our observations, we herein review and provide new information on distributions, systematics, morphometrics, and natural history of these species in Nicaragua.
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Evaluating the Influence of Conspecifics on a Male Giant Anteater's (Myrmecophaga Tridactyla) Pacing Behavior
ABC 2020, 7(4):556-566 Animal Behavior and Cognition DOI: https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.07.04.07.2020 ©Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) Evaluating the Influence of Conspecifics on a Male Giant Anteater’s (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Pacing Behavior Adrienne E. Eyer1, 2 and Lance J. Miller2,* 1Project Dragonfly, Miami University 2Animal Welfare Research, Chicago Zoological Society *Corresponding author (Email: [email protected]) Citation – Eyer, A. E., & Miller, L. J. (2020). Evaluating the influence of conspecifics on a male giant anteater’s (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) pacing behavior. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7(4), 556-566. doi: https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.07.04.07.2020 Abstract – Stereotypic behavior has been studied in various species, but little information exists on stereotypies in giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) under professional care. Giant anteaters are known for their solitary nature and well-developed sense of smell. This study examined the effect of conspecifics who were housed off- exhibit on a male giant anteater’s rate of pacing and pacing intensity when he was on-exhibit. Instantaneous sampling was used to determine the percentage of time pacing, the number of pacing bouts and pacing bout duration. Randomization tests determined that the reduction in the male giant anteater’s rate of pacing significantly decreased after conspecifics were relocated to a different building. Pacing bout duration, a potential measure of intensity, also significantly decreased during the treatment phase. In addition, the giant anteater changed his pacing location after the removal of conspecifics. He transitioned from pacing near the conspecifics’ off-exhibit location during the baseline to the opposite quadrant of the exhibit after their departure.
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The Evolution of Armadillos, Anteaters and Sloths Depicted by Nuclear and Mitochondrial Phylogenies: Implications for the Status of the Enigmatic Fossil Eurotamandua
The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Frédéric Delsuc, François Catzeflis, Michael Stanhope, Emmanuel Douzery To cite this version: Frédéric Delsuc, François Catzeflis, Michael Stanhope, Emmanuel Douzery. The evolution of armadil- los, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Royal Society, The, 2001, 268 (1476), pp.1605-15. 10.1098/rspb.2001.1702. halsde-00192975 HAL Id: halsde-00192975 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00192975 Submitted on 30 Nov 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Final version accepted for publication in The Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B [20.04.2001] Main text = 4753 words ______________________________________________________________________ The evolution of armadillos, anteaters, and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua . Frédéric DELSUC 1* , François M. CATZEFLIS 1, Michael J. STANHOPE 2 and Emmanuel J. P. DOUZERY 1 1 Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Paléobiologie et Phylogénie, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France 2 Biology and Biochemistry, Queens University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Convergence of Gut Microbiomes in Myrmecophagous Mammals
Molecular Ecology (2013) doi: 10.1111/mec.12501 Convergence of gut microbiomes in myrmecophagous mammals FREDERIC DELSUC,*†‡ JESSICA L. METCALF,‡ LAURA WEGENER PARFREY,‡ SE JIN SONG,‡§ ANTONIO GONZALEZ‡ and ROB KNIGHT†‡¶** *Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554-CNRS-IRD, Universite Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France, †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, ‡Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, §Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, ¶Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Abstract Mammals have diversified into many dietary niches. Specialized myrmecophagous (ant- and termite-eating) placental mammals represent a textbook example of evolu- tionary convergence driven by extreme diet specialization. Armadillos, anteaters, aard- varks, pangolins and aardwolves thus provide a model system for understanding the potential role of gut microbiota in the convergent adaptation to myrmecophagy. Here, we expand upon previous mammalian gut microbiome studies by using high-through- put barcoded Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the composi- tion of gut microbiota in 15 species representing all placental myrmecophagous lineages and their close relatives from zoo- and field-collected samples. We confirm that both diet and phylogeny drive the evolution of mammalian gut microbiota, with cases of convergence in global composition, but also examples of phylogenetic inertia. Our results reveal specialized placental myrmecophages as a spectacular case of large- scale convergence in gut microbiome composition. Indeed, neighbour-net networks and beta-diversity plots based on UniFrac distances show significant clustering of myr- mecophagous species (anteaters, aardvarks and aardwolves), even though they belong to phylogenetically distant lineages representing different orders.
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Behavioral Repertoire of Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga Tridactyla
Revista de Etologia 2010, Vol.9, N°2,Giant 21-30. anteaters behavior in the wild and in captivity Behavioral repertoire of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus 1758) in nature at Serra da Canastra National Park, MG and in captivity at Curitiba Zoo, PR, Brazil ALESSANDRA BERTASSONI1 E LENY C. MILLÉO COSTA2 ¹Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul ²Instituto de Pesquisas Cananeia Repertório Comportamental de tamanduás-bandeiras (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus 1758) em vida livre no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG e em cativeiro no Zoológico de Curitiba, PR, Brasil. O repertório comportamental do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), mamífero da Ordem Pilosa, foi estudado no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG e no Zoológico de Curitiba, PR. Foram determinadas as categorias comportamentais de manutenção, deslocamento, alerta, inter e intraespecífica, totalizando 24 padrões motores na natureza e 27 no cativeiro. A compreensão e a análise do comportamento da espécie são relevantes, uma vez que são poucas as descrições das categorias comportamentais tanto em campo quanto em cativeiro. Ainda, estudos etológicos auxiliam no manejo da vida silvestre e no bem-estar das populações cativas. O comportamento mais frequente, tanto para os animais silvestres como para os cativos, foi o de forrageamento. Os tamanduás-bandeiras cativos demonstraram plasticidade comportamental através de padrões motores intraespecíficos, denotando adaptação para uma espécie considerada como solitária no ambiente natural. Palavras-chave: Tamanduá-bandeira. Comportamento. Cativeiro. Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra. Forrageamento. Behavioral repertoire of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus 1758) in nature at Serra da Canastra National Park, MG and in captivity at Curitiba Zoo, PR, Brazil.
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The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida
Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2005) 45(4): 271-311 271 THE GREAT AMERICAN BIOTIC INTERCHANGE IN FLORIDA Gary S. Morgan1 Late Neogene vertebrate faunas from Florida provide the most complete record of South American mammals and birds that arrived in temperate North America during the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI). The first major pulse of the GABI began in the early Hemphillian (late Miocene, ~9 Ma), defined in part on the first appearance of two sloths of South American origin, the megalonychid Pliometanastes and the mylodontid Thinobadistes. The type localities of Pliometanastes protistus (McGehee Farm) and Thinobadistes segnis (Mixson’s Bone Bed) are both earliest Hemphillian (8-9 Ma) sites from northern Florida. Pliometanastes evidently gave rise to Megalonyx in the late Hemphillian. The latest Hemphillian (~5 Ma) Palmetto Fauna documents the earliest occurrence of Megalonyx in Florida. The second major pulse of the GABI occurred during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, from 2.7 to1.5 Ma. The late Blancan is defined by the first appearance in temperate North America of a diverse assemblage of vertebrates from South America, including ten genera, all of which occur in Florida during the late Blancan: the giant flightless bird Titanis, the glyptodont Glyptotherium, the armadillos Dasypus and Pachyarmatherium, the pampathere Holmesina, the mylodontid Glossotherium, the megatheriid Eremotherium, the porcupine Erethizon, and the capy- baras Hydrochaeris and Neochoerus. During the late Blancan, Titanis, Dasypus, Pachyarmatherium, Holmesina, Eremotherium, and Hydrochaeris are primarily restricted to Florida, whereas Glyptotherium, Glossotherium, Erethizon, and Neochoerus are more widespread, occurring in Florida as well as the western United States.
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