EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS PROCESSES and LANDFORMS REVISION Access the Processes and Landforms Quizlet Flashcards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS REVISION Access the processes and landforms Quizlet flashcards. Categorise each of the cards into the boxes below Process? Landform? Glacial? Periglacial? Hot, Arid? Erosion? Deposition? Both erosion and deposition? https://quizlet.com/341947855/extreme-environments-processes-and-landforms-ib-geog-flash-cards/ EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS REVISION [ANSWERS] Access the processes and landforms Quizlet flashcards. Categorise each of the cards into the boxes below Process? Landform? Solifluction Arête / Canyon / Cirque/Corrie / Drumlin / Erratic / Moraine / Lateral moraine / Medial Salt crystallisation moraine / Terminal moraine / Patterned ground / Permafrost / Ping / Plateau / Sand dune / Deflation Solifluction lobes / Thermokarst / U-shaped valleys / Wadi / Yardang / Zeugen / Butte / Abrasion Mesa / Pyramidal peak Frost heave Glacial? Periglacial? Hot, Arid? Arête / Cirque / Drumlin / Erratic / Morraine Drumlin / Erratic / Terminal Moraine / Patterned Canyon / Plateau / Sand dune / Wadi / Lateral Morraine / Medial Morraine / Terminal ground / Permafrost / Pingo / Solifluction / Yardang / Zeugen / Butte / Mesa Salt moraine / Permafrost / U-shaped valley / Thermokarst / U-shaped valley / Frost heave crystallisation / Deflation / Abrasion Abrasion Pyramidal peak Erosion? Deposition? Both erosion and deposition? Arête / Canyon / Cirque / Plateau / Drumlin / Erratic / Moraine / Lateral moraines Drumlin / Erratic / Moraine / Permafrost / U-shaped valley / Wadi / Yardang / Zeugen / Medial moraine / Terminal moraine / Pingo / Solifluction / Thermokarst / Salt / Butte / Mesa / Deflation / Abrasion / Patterned ground / Sand dune crystallisation Frost heave https://quizlet.com/341947855/extreme-environments-processes-and-landforms-ib-geog-flash-cards/ .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

1 Recognising Glacial Features. Examine the Illustrations of Glacial Landforms That Are Shown on This Page and on the Next Page
1 Recognising glacial features. Examine the illustrations of glacial landforms that are shown on this C page and on the next page. In Column 1 of the grid provided write the names of the glacial D features that are labelled A–L. In Column 2 indicate whether B each feature is formed by glacial erosion of by glacial deposition. A In Column 3 indicate whether G each feature is more likely to be found in an upland or in a lowland area. E F 1 H K J 2 I 24 Chapter 6 L direction of boulder clay ice flow 3 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 A Arête Erosion Upland B Tarn (cirque with tarn) Erosion Upland C Pyramidal peak Erosion Upland D Cirque Erosion Upland E Ribbon lake Erosion Upland F Glaciated valley Erosion Upland G Hanging valley Erosion Upland H Lateral moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) I Frontal moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) J Medial moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) K Fjord Erosion Upland L Drumlin Deposition Lowland 2 In the boxes provided, match each letter in Column X with the number of its pair in Column Y. One pair has been completed for you. COLUMN X COLUMN Y A Corrie 1 Narrow ridge between two corries A 4 B Arête 2 Glaciated valley overhanging main valley B 1 C Fjord 3 Hollow on valley floor scooped out by ice C 5 D Hanging valley 4 Steep-sided hollow sometimes containing a lake D 2 E Ribbon lake 5 Glaciated valley drowned by rising sea levels E 3 25 New Complete Geography Skills Book 3 (a) Landform of glacial erosion Name one feature of glacial erosion and with the aid of a diagram explain how it was formed.
[Show full text]
Trip F the PINNACLE HILLS and the MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A
F-1 Trip F THE PINNACLE HILLS AND THE MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A. Sanders Department of Geosciences Monroe Community College INTRODUCTION The Pinnacle Hills, fortunately, were voluminously described with many excellent photographs by Fairchild, (1923). In 1973 the Range still stands as a conspicuous east-west ridge extending from the town of Brighton, at about Hillside Avenue, four miles to the Genesee River at the University of Rochester campus, referred to as Oak Hill. But, for over thirty years the Range was butchered for sand and gravel, which was both a crime and blessing from the geological point of view (plates I-VI). First, it destroyed the original land form shapes which were subsequently covered with man-made structures drawing the shade on its original beauty. Secondly, it allowed study of its structure by a man with a brilliantly analytical mind, Herman L. Fair child. It is an excellent example of morainal deposition at an ice front in a state of dynamic equilibrium, except for minor fluctuations. The Mendon Kame area on the other hand, represents the result of a block of stagnant ice, probably detached and draped over drumlins and drumloidal hills, melting away with tunnels, crevasses, and per foration deposits spilling or squirting their included debris over a more or less square area leaving topographically high kames and esker F-2 segments with many kettles and a large central area of impounded drainage. There appears to be several wave-cut levels at around the + 700 1 Lake Dana level, (Fairchild, 1923). The author in no way pretends to be a Pleistocene expert, but an attempt is made to give a few possible interpretations of the many diverse forms found in the Mendon Kames area.
[Show full text]
Crag-And-Tail Features on the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf, West Antarctica
Downloaded from http://mem.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on November 30, 2016 Crag-and-tail features on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, West Antarctica F. O. NITSCHE1*, R. D. LARTER2, K. GOHL3, A. G. C. GRAHAM4 & G. KUHN3 1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA 2British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK 3Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 4College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) On parts of glaciated continental margins, especially the inner leads to its characteristic tapering and allows formation of the sec- shelves around Antarctica, grounded ice has removed pre-existing ondary features. Multiple, elongated ridges in the tail could be sedimentary cover, leaving subglacial bedforms on eroded sub- related to the unevenness of the top of the ‘crags’. Secondary, strates (Anderson et al. 2001; Wellner et al. 2001). While the smaller crag-and-tail features might reflect variations in the under- dominant subglacial bedforms often follow a distinct, relatively lying substrate or ice-flow dynamics. uniform pattern that can be related to overall trends in palaeo- While the length-to-width ratio of crag-and-tail features in this ice flow and substrate geology (Wellner et al. 2006), others are case is much lower than for drumlins or elongate lineations, the more randomly distributed and may reflect local substrate varia- boundary between feature classes is indistinct.
[Show full text]
Glacial Processes and Landforms-Transport and Deposition
Glacial Processes and Landforms—Transport and Deposition☆ John Menziesa and Martin Rossb, aDepartment of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction 2 2 Towards deposition—Sediment transport 4 3 Sediment deposition 5 3.1 Landforms/bedforms directly attributable to active/passive ice activity 6 3.1.1 Drumlins 6 3.1.2 Flutes moraines and mega scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) 8 3.1.3 Ribbed (Rogen) moraines 10 3.1.4 Marginal moraines 11 3.2 Landforms/bedforms indirectly attributable to active/passive ice activity 12 3.2.1 Esker systems and meltwater corridors 12 3.2.2 Kames and kame terraces 15 3.2.3 Outwash fans and deltas 15 3.2.4 Till deltas/tongues and grounding lines 15 Future perspectives 16 References 16 Glossary De Geer moraine Named after Swedish geologist G.J. De Geer (1858–1943), these moraines are low amplitude ridges that developed subaqueously by a combination of sediment deposition and squeezing and pushing of sediment along the grounding-line of a water-terminating ice margin. They typically occur as a series of closely-spaced ridges presumably recording annual retreat-push cycles under limited sediment supply. Equifinality A term used to convey the fact that many landforms or bedforms, although of different origins and with differing sediment contents, may end up looking remarkably similar in the final form. Equilibrium line It is the altitude on an ice mass that marks the point below which all previous year’s snow has melted.
[Show full text]
Glacier Mass Balance This Summary Follows the Terminology Proposed by Cogley Et Al
Summer school in Glaciology, McCarthy 5-15 June 2018 Regine Hock Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Glacier Mass Balance This summary follows the terminology proposed by Cogley et al. (2011) 1. Introduction: Definitions and processes Definition: Mass balance is the change in the mass of a glacier, or part of the glacier, over a stated span of time: t . ΔM = ∫ Mdt t1 The term mass budget is a synonym. The span of time is often a year or a season. A seasonal mass balance is nearly always either a winter balance or a summer balance, although other kinds of seasons are appropriate in some climates, such as those of the tropics. The definition of “year” depends on the measurement method€ (see Chap. 4). The mass balance, b, is the sum of accumulation, c, and ablation, a (the ablation is defined here as negative). The symbol, b (for point balances) and B (for glacier-wide balances) has traditionally been used in studies of surface mass balance of valley glaciers. t . b = c + a = ∫ (c+ a)dt t1 Mass balance is often treated as a rate, b dot or B dot. Accumulation Definition: € 1. All processes that add to the mass of the glacier. 2. The mass gained by the operation of any of the processes of sense 1, expressed as a positive number. Components: • Snow fall (usually the most important). • Deposition of hoar (a layer of ice crystals, usually cup-shaped and facetted, formed by vapour transfer (sublimation followed by deposition) within dry snow beneath the snow surface), freezing rain, solid precipitation in forms other than snow (re-sublimation composes 5-10% of the accumulation on Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica).
[Show full text]
GLACIERS and GLACIATION in GLACIER NATIONAL PARK by J Mines Ii
Glaciers and Glacial ion in Glacier National Park Price 25 Cents PUBLISHED BY THE GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION IN COOPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Cover Surveying Sperry Glacier — - Arthur Johnson of U. S. G. S. N. P. S. Photo by J. W. Corson REPRINTED 1962 7.5 M PRINTED IN U. S. A. THE O'NEIL PRINTERS ^i/TsffKpc, KALISPELL, MONTANA GLACIERS AND GLACIATTON In GLACIER NATIONAL PARK By James L. Dyson MT. OBERLIN CIRQUE AND BIRD WOMAN FALLS SPECIAL BULLETIN NO. 2 GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION. INC. GLACIERS AND GLACIATION IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK By J Mines Ii. Dyson Head, Department of Geology and Geography Lafayette College Member, Research Committee on Glaciers American Geophysical Union* The glaciers of Glacier National Park are only a few of many thousands which occur in mountain ranges scattered throughout the world. Glaciers occur in all latitudes and on every continent except Australia. They are present along the Equator on high volcanic peaks of Africa and in the rugged Andes of South America. Even in New Guinea, which many think of as a steaming, tropical jungle island, a few small glaciers occur on the highest mountains. Almost everyone who has made a trip to a high mountain range has heard the term, "snowline," and many persons have used the word with out knowing its real meaning. The true snowline, or "regional snowline" as the geologists call it, is the level above which more snow falls in winter than can he melted or evaporated during the summer. On mountains which rise above the snowline glaciers usually occur.
[Show full text]
Brief Communication: Collapse of 4 Mm3 of Ice from a Cirque Glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina
The Cryosphere, 13, 997–1004, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-997-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Brief communication: Collapse of 4 Mm3 of ice from a cirque glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina Daniel Falaschi1,2, Andreas Kääb3, Frank Paul4, Takeo Tadono5, Juan Antonio Rivera2, and Luis Eduardo Lenzano1,2 1Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina 2Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina 3Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371, Norway 4Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland 5Earth Observation research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan Correspondence: Daniel Falaschi ([email protected]) Received: 14 September 2018 – Discussion started: 4 October 2018 Revised: 15 February 2019 – Accepted: 11 March 2019 – Published: 26 March 2019 Abstract. Among glacier instabilities, collapses of large der of up to several 105 m3, with extraordinary event vol- parts of low-angle glaciers are a striking, exceptional phe- umes of up to several 106 m3. Yet the detachment of large nomenon. So far, merely the 2002 collapse of Kolka Glacier portions of low-angle glaciers is a much less frequent pro- in the Caucasus Mountains and the 2016 twin detachments of cess and has so far only been documented in detail for the the Aru glaciers in western Tibet have been well documented. 130 × 106 m3 avalanche released from the Kolka Glacier in Here we report on the previously unnoticed collapse of an the Russian Caucasus in 2002 (Evans et al., 2009), and the unnamed cirque glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina recent 68±2×106 and 83±2×106 m3 collapses of two ad- in March 2007.
[Show full text]
Cirques Have Growth Spurts During Deglacial and Interglacial Periods: Evidence from 10Be and 26Al Nuclide Inventories in the Central and Eastern Pyrenees Y
Cirques have growth spurts during deglacial and interglacial periods: Evidence from 10Be and 26Al nuclide inventories in the central and eastern Pyrenees Y. Crest, M Delmas, Regis Braucher, Y. Gunnell, M Calvet, A.S.T.E.R. Team To cite this version: Y. Crest, M Delmas, Regis Braucher, Y. Gunnell, M Calvet, et al.. Cirques have growth spurts during deglacial and interglacial periods: Evidence from 10Be and 26Al nuclide inventories in the central and eastern Pyrenees. Geomorphology, Elsevier, 2017, 278, pp.60 - 77. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.035. hal-01420871 HAL Id: hal-01420871 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01420871 Submitted on 21 Dec 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Geomorphology 278 (2017) 60–77 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Cirques have growth spurts during deglacial and interglacial periods: Evidence from 10Be and 26Al nuclide inventories in the central and eastern Pyrenees Y. Crest a,⁎,M.Delmasa,R.Braucherb, Y. Gunnell c,M.Calveta, ASTER Team b,1: a Univ Perpignan Via-Domitia, UMR 7194 CNRS Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France b Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS–IRD–Collège de France, UMR 34 CEREGE, Technopôle de l'Environnement Arbois–Méditerranée, BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France c Univ Lyon Lumière, Department of Geography, UMR 5600 CNRS Environnement Ville Société, 5 avenue Pierre Mendès-France, F-69676 Bron, France article info abstract Article history: Cirques are emblematic landforms of alpine landscapes.
[Show full text]
Cirques As Glacier Locations William L
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Geography, Department of 1976 Cirques as Glacier Locations William L. Graf [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/geog_facpub Part of the Geography Commons Publication Info Arctic and Alpine Research, Volume 8, Issue 1, 1976, pages 79-90. This Article is brought to you by the Geography, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 8, No.1, 1976, pp. 79-90 Copyrighted 1976. All rights reserved. CIRQUES AS GLACIER LOCATIONS WILLIAM L. GRAF Department of Geography University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ABSTRACT A comparison between the 319 cirques that width greater than length, high steep walls, a contain glaciers and a sample of 240 empty pass located to the windward, and a peak to the cirques in the Rocky Mountains shows that in the southwest. Glaciers survive in the present cli present climatic situation, landforms are strong matic conditions because of a geomorphic feed factors in determining the locations of glaciers. back system, whereby glaciers are protected by An optimum glacier location is a large cirque cirque forms that owe their morphology to gla facing northeast, with a planimetric shape of cial processes. INTRODUCTION During the Pleistocene period, huge valley were recognized as products of glacial activity. and plateau glaciers covered large portions of The activities of cirque glaciers in developing the American Rocky Mountains, but as climate cirque morphology have been explored (Lewis, changed, glaciers receded and in most cases 1938) but, with one notable exception, the pro vanished.
[Show full text]
Glaciers I: Intro, Geology and Mass Balance
T. Perron – 12.001 – Glaciers 1 Glaciers I: Intro, Geology and Mass Balance I. Why study glaciers? • Role in freshwater budget o Fraction of earth’s water that is fresh (non-saline): 3% o Fraction of earth’s freshwater that is ice: ~2/3 o Fraction of earth’s surface covered by ice: ~8% • Climate records, climate effects & feedbacks: more in climate lecture • Postglacial rebound helps constrain mantle viscosity • Major driver of erosion, sediment transport, and landscape evolution • But how important have glaciers been over Earth’s history? o Over very long timescales, there seems to be a rhythm to glaciations . From geologic evidence: 950 Ma, 750, 650, 450, 350-250, 4-? . Proposed to reflect arrangement of continents (supercontinents promote accumulation of continental ice). But we don’t even have a very good record of this beyond a few hundred Myr, let alone precise climate records o We have better records for more recent intervals . Antarctic glaciation began 25 Ma, Greenland 20Ma, Alaska 7Ma. Major Northern hemisphere glaciations began ~4Myr. And this has been the typical climate state since! . Again, more in climate lecture. For now, suffice to say that glacial periods have dominated recent climate history. We’re in an interglacial, the first major one since ~125 ka. And our interglacial is an anomalously warm one. We must remind ourselves of this when examining landforms today. o What was North America like during glacial conditions? During LGM, we know there were . Extensive ice sheets [PPT] . Alpine glaciers in mountains beyond the ice margin . Large glacially-dammed lakes (Missoula, Bonneville) [PPT] .
[Show full text]
Alphabetical List of the Glaciers of Iceland
Alphabetical List of the Glaciers of Iceland Alphabetical List of the Glaciers of Iceland 45 A Afglapaskarðsjökull* Norðurland 65°35′N., 18°53′W. Snow patch in Afglapaskarð pass (table 11), for which it is named, between Hjaltadalur and Hörgárdalur, Tröllaskagi. Cited by Häberle (1991, p. 185). AINCOPELTZ HOKEL Hofsjökull Group 64°59′N., 19°10′W. 64°38′N., 18°25′W. Probably a misspelling of ARNARFELLSJÖKULL (HOFSJÖKULL) (fig. 4A). On the 1595 map of Islandia which was probably drawn by Guðbrandur Þorláksson. It was included in Mercator’s 1595 Atlas (Sigurðsson, 1978, ff p. 24). Akstaðajökull Mýrdalsjökull Group 63°39′N., 19°45′W. Outlet glacier in northwestern EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL (figs. 3B, 11, 42A). Kaplaskarðsjökull is an alternative name. On a map by Alfreðsson (1995). Named for the abandoned Akstaðir farmstead. ARNAFELDS IOKUL Hofsjökull Group 64°59′N., 19°10′W. 64°38′N., 18°25′W. Foreign spelling of ARNARFELLSJÖKULL (HOFSJÖKULL) (fig. 4A). On the 1590 map of Islandia; it was included on Abraham Ortelius’ 1590 Theatrum orbis terrarum map (Sigurðsson, 1978, ff p. 16). Akstaðajökull Figure 11. Oblique aerial photograph of the Akstaðajökull outlet glacier on 11 September 1992. View looking to the southeast across the EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL ice cap. The outlet glacier protrudes from the northwestern margin of the ice cap. The MÝRDALSJÖKULL ice cap is in the distance on the left side of the photograph. Photograph no. 14660h by O.S., NEA. 46 Geographic Names of Iceland’s Glaciers: Historic and Modern ARNARFELLSJÖKULL Hofsjökull Group 64°59′N., 19°10′W. 64°38′N., 18°25′W.
[Show full text]
Geographical Terms A
Geographical Terms A abrasion Wearing of rock surfaces by agronomy Agric. economy, including friction, where abrasive material is theory and practice of animal hus transported by running water, ice, bandry, crop production and soil wind, waves, etc. management. abrasion platform Coastal rock plat aiguille Prominent needle-shaped form worn nearly smooth by abrasion. rock-peak, usually above snow-line and formed by frost action. absolute humidity Amount of water vapour per unit volume ofair. ait Small island in river or lake. abyssal Ocean deeps between 1,200 alfalfa Deep-rooted perennial plant, and 3,000 fathoms, where sunlight does largely used as fodder-crop since its not penetrate and there is no plant life. deep roots withstand drought. Pro duced mainly in U.S.A. and Argentina. accessibility Nearness or centrality of one function or place to other functions allocation-location problem Problem or places measured in terms ofdistance, of locating facilities, services, factories time, cost, etc. etc. in any area so that transport costs are minimized, thresholds are met and acre-foot Amount of water required total population is served. to cover I acre of land to depth of I ft. (43,560 cu. ft.). alluvial cone Form of alluvial fan, consisting of mass of thick coarse adiabatic Relating to chan~e occurr material. ing in temp. of a mass of gas, III ascend ing or descending air masses, without alluvial fan Mass of sand or gravel actual gain or loss ofheat from outside. deposited by stream where it leaves constricted course for main valley. afforestation Deliberate planting of trees where none ever grew or where alluvium Sand, silt and gravel laid none have grown recently.
[Show full text]