DOCSLIB.ORG

The Mendon Kame Area, by H. L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Vol. 6 J No.6 PROCEEDINGS OF" THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF" SCIENCE VOL, 6, PP. 19S-21!!, PLATES 76-61 THE ~mXDOX KA)'lE AREA BY HERMAN L, FAIRCHILD ROCHESTER, N, y, Pl'BT,TSHJW BY THE SOCnn'Y ArGI'ST, 1926 PROCEEDINGS O F THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL 6 . PP . 195- 215 PLATES 76-8 1 AU G U ST , 1926 T HE ~ I El\D()1'\ Ki\i\IE ARG: \ Ih I-h R.\I.\ N L. FAIR ']IILD CONTEI TS 1'.\ (;E5 l"o rclI' ord ... .. .... ...... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. 1')5 Locati on ; .\rea .... .. .. .. .. .... ... ... .. .... )98 Origin ; Lake 11 istory . ... ... .... .. ......... .. .. .... ....... .. 199 Relations . ...... ...... ... .... .. ... .... ..... .. ...... .... .. .. .. ... .. 202 Topography ...... ....... .... ... .. .. ...... ..... ..... .. .. 203 Composition ; Structure . .. ... ... .. .. ..... ... ..... ... ..... .... .. 204 Features ...... .... .......... .. .. ... ... ... .... ... ..... ... .. 206 D rumlin s .... .. .. .. .. .............. ..... ... .... 206 Eskers . .. 206 Kettles ...... .... .. ...... ... ........ ..... .... .. ...... .. ... 208 Lakes . ..... .. ... .. .. ... .... ..... ... .. ...... .. ..... .. 209 Botanical Interest . .... ... .... .... ...... ... ........... .. 210 Aboriginal Occupation 2 11 List of \Vritings . ... 2 14 ]70 1 ~E \\" OIW T he nUl1l erous and striking g lacial features of western "t\ew York have been the subject of many scienti fic papers, and the re­ ma rkable g rol1p o f g ravel hills in the to\\"n o f l\Iendon, 10 miles south or l~oc h este r , has not been overlooked. B ut the hills a re deserving of special cl escri ption, because they have n6 superior in their display of the peculiar cha racters o f morainal deposits. T he pi ctorial record is made in a nticipation of the possible defacement by the g rO\\"th of population ;\lld the march o f improve l11 ent(!) The destrl1 ction o f some of the most beautiful portions of the P innacle l~a n ge is a w ~lrnin g of the danger to other features o f our fin est scenery. In the varied and beautiful topograplw o f western Kew York there is nothing 1110 re l1111I SUal a nd attractive than the lVle ndon kame, wi th their included phenomena. T he area is not appreciated because the features are not reall y seen from the high ways. ]7e w 195 I·· 1% ROCl IESTEl< J\ Ci\DE~ [ \" OF SelENC!:: people today see anything that is invisibl e from their automobile. T he three roads which li e alongside the ranges of hills afford mere­ ly a suggestion of their singular cha racters. But a little climb up Fi gllre I. MENDON KAME AREA AND SURRO U NDING TERRITORY From th e Hochester topographic sheet almost a ny of the higher roadsid e knoll s will give a vi ew of hills and holl ows with surprising form and relief. T he four most singul a r and romantic geologic products of the continental ice sheet are foulld here in excellent di srlay. T hese a re the drumlins, which surround the kame a rea (figure 1) , and 11 . L . F A [J~ CJ I(L1 )-TnE ~r EN Il():,\ .K !\ .\IE AI~I '. \ 197 the kames and eskers which constitute the g roups o f hills, with their included basin s, or kettles. A ccntury ago these objects were in­ soluble puzzles. A nd even with the rise o f the new science o f F i gure 2. MENDON KAME AREA Enlarged from th e Rochester sheet. O ll e and olle-half inches eq ual oll e mile g laciology these phenomena \\' ere 11 0t read i Iy unel erstood, beca lise they are not produced by mOllntain or strcam glaciers, \\'hich \\'ere the early subject o f O" lacial study. T hese feat1..lres a re the work 198 HOC Jl ESTER ACADEM Y OF SClE NC E only of extensiv e ice sheets or continental glaciers, and probably uncl er temperature conditions not found in the ice caps of Green­ land and A nta rcti ca. Concerning the ori"in of drumlins, ka1l1 es and kettles 1 there i­ no longe1' any doubt. A nd the only question rela ting to eskers is whether they were sO lll etimes built in open trenches, ice-walled canyons of the glacier, or \\' ere ah\'ays laid in tunnels beneath the ice sheet, subglaciall y. The few published references to or brief descriptions of the l\ fen­ clon morain e a re in the papers li sted at the cl ose of this writing. The Mendon kame a rea, with its unusual di splay of glacial topog­ raphy and phenomena; its group of lakes, '0 rare in this region ; its peculiar botanical interest; its elevation above the surrounding country; its definite and limited area ; its Indian trails and camp sites and its high educational value in the study of nature, should be preserved inviola te as either a State or a County park. LOCATION ; AREA This g roup of mounds and basins, knobs and kettles, piled abollt two large eskers, li es in the towns o f Pitts ford and Mendon some ten miles south of the City of Rochester. The a rea is bounded on the west by the Clover Road and on the east by the P itts ford Road. It covers about two miles east and west by two and one-half miles north a nd south. The features with high reli ef, sharp knoll s and deep kettles, form two north and south belts \\' ith a low and smoother inter ven ing tract. This rniddle tract hold s four lakes, and is traversed along the east side by the Douglas Road. T wo roads cross the a rea, the Canfi eld Road north of the large ( iVIendon) lake, and the Pond Road in the southern part of the area. T hese geo­ graphic features a re shown in the maps, figures 1 and 2. These l\ Iendon lakes, locally call ed "ponds," a re the only nat­ ural bodies of standing water in Monroe County, excepting three lakelets nea r Bushnell Basin, in the Irondequoit Vall ey, and DI ue Pond, three miles west of Scottsville. A fair imitation of the l\Jendon kames and kettles is seen in the higher g round of l\'fount Hope Cemetery, with suggestion s in other parts of the P innacle range o f morainic hills (see paper 9 of the 1 For a glossary of technica l terms in glacial science see pages 144-148 of this volume. (Paper lIl1lnb er 9 o f the appended li st o f writings.) 11 . I.. F.\ 1I<C lIll.l l- TIII-: :\ I ENDO:\" K;\ :\[ E AREA 109 a ppended li st of wri tings). In the axis o f the upper Irondequoit Valley is another example o f this striking topography. T he kallle­ morain e area having more general resemblance is that o f the Junius P onds, in the town of Junius, midway between Lyons and Geneva. \ feeble imita ti on li es east a nd northeast of nata via, tra versed by the "0:e w York Central R ailroad. As the kames are hills of g ravel built by strea ms pouring out o f the mel ting ice sheet, it would be expected that the drainage \\·ottld be · guided by the va ll eys or depressions beneath the thinning ice. S uch is the case with the Irondequoit area. B ut the :\ lendon a rea, lik e the P innacl e morain e, stands high on a plain, with no sugges­ ti on o f subglacial or topographi c control o f the drain age. W i:h the bold relie f and the deep and stee p-walled basins the :\ lendon ka mes, and their included eskers, a re the choicest example o f the pec ulia r product o f glacial ice and water actin g in conce rt. O RIG I N; L A KE H IST ORY T he ka mes a re a product o f the constructi onal (depositional ) work of the ma rginal ice during the melting phase o f th e ice sheet. They were built by streams Rowing from the ice front, and emerg­ ing frolll beneath the ice ( subglacial ), and perhaps under hydrauli c pressure. During it s long jourlley from the north the glacier had gathered great quantity o f rock-rubbish from the land over which it rubbed. i\ lost o f this load o f drift was held in the basal portion o f the ice sheet. D uring the waning and disappearance o f the ice cap, by ma rgin al melting and recession ( northwa rd ) o f the ice front, the burden 0 f d ri ft was dropped on the la nd. ( See fi gure 1, page 1.;0 o f thi s volume, paper i\'o. 9.) C Il c1e r ullusual combination o f mechani cal concli tions the basal, or subglacial, load of c1 ri ft was piled as clrumlins by the overriding act ion o f the ice sheet. I n the Rochester-Syracuse region we have the fin est displ ay o f drumlins in the world. T he il Ienclo n ka mes li e in the southern ma rgin o f the heavier drumlin a rea. Another la rge pa rt of the drift load fell within the grasp o f water, Rowing beneath the ice sheet, and some part of thi s, the coarser materi al, was deposited in the beel s o f the subglacial streams, as eskers. (Plates 80, 8 1. ) T he remaincler o f the glacier's drift load, which had escaped deposition beneath the ice as drumlin and eskel-, was bound to be 200 ROCJT ESTER ACADE.\IY or SCI I': NCr:: clropped at the melting ice margin .
Recommended publications
  • Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park

    Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park

    Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park Laurel A. Bennett National Park Service Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network 240 W. 5th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 April 2005 Report Number: NPS/AKRSWAN/NRTR-2005/02 Funding Source: Southwest Alaska Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service File Name: BennettL_2005_KEFJ_WQInventory_Final.doc Recommended Citation: Bennett, L. 2005. Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park. USDI National Park Service, Anchorage, AK Topic: Inventory Subtopic: Water Theme Keywords: Reports, inventory, freshwater, water quality, core parameters Placename Keywords: Alaska, Kenai Fjords National Park, Southwest Alaska Network, Aialik Bay, McCarty Fjord, Harrison Bay, Two Arm Bay, Northwestern Fjord, Nuka River, Delight Lake Kenai Fjords Water Quality Inventory - SWAN Abstract A reconnaissance level water quality inventory was conducted at Kenai Fjords National Park during May through July of 2004. This project was initiated as part of the National Park Service Vital Signs Inventory and Monitoring Program in an effort to collect water quality data in an area where little work had previously been done. The objectives were to collect baseline information on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water resources, and, where possible, relate basic water quality parameters to fish occurrence. Water temperatures in Kenai Fjords waters generally met the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) regulatory standards for both drinking water and growth and propagation of fish, shellfish, other aquatic life and wildlife. Water temperature standard are less than or equal to 13° C for spawning and egg and fry incubation, or less than or equal to 15° C for rearing and migration (DEC 2003).
  • 1 Recognising Glacial Features. Examine the Illustrations of Glacial Landforms That Are Shown on This Page and on the Next Page

    1 Recognising Glacial Features. Examine the Illustrations of Glacial Landforms That Are Shown on This Page and on the Next Page

    1 Recognising glacial features. Examine the illustrations of glacial landforms that are shown on this C page and on the next page. In Column 1 of the grid provided write the names of the glacial D features that are labelled A–L. In Column 2 indicate whether B each feature is formed by glacial erosion of by glacial deposition. A In Column 3 indicate whether G each feature is more likely to be found in an upland or in a lowland area. E F 1 H K J 2 I 24 Chapter 6 L direction of boulder clay ice flow 3 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 A Arête Erosion Upland B Tarn (cirque with tarn) Erosion Upland C Pyramidal peak Erosion Upland D Cirque Erosion Upland E Ribbon lake Erosion Upland F Glaciated valley Erosion Upland G Hanging valley Erosion Upland H Lateral moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) I Frontal moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) J Medial moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) K Fjord Erosion Upland L Drumlin Deposition Lowland 2 In the boxes provided, match each letter in Column X with the number of its pair in Column Y. One pair has been completed for you. COLUMN X COLUMN Y A Corrie 1 Narrow ridge between two corries A 4 B Arête 2 Glaciated valley overhanging main valley B 1 C Fjord 3 Hollow on valley floor scooped out by ice C 5 D Hanging valley 4 Steep-sided hollow sometimes containing a lake D 2 E Ribbon lake 5 Glaciated valley drowned by rising sea levels E 3 25 New Complete Geography Skills Book 3 (a) Landform of glacial erosion Name one feature of glacial erosion and with the aid of a diagram explain how it was formed.
  • An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250

    An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250

    The Ohio Naturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Volume VIII. JANUARY. 1908. No. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SCHEPFEL—An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250 AN ESKER GROUP SOUTH OF DAYTON, OHIO.1 EARL R. SCHEFFEL Contents. Introduction. General Discussion of Eskers. Preliminary Description of Region. Bearing on Archaeology. Topographic Relations. Theories of Origin. Detailed Description of Eskers. Kame Area to the West of Eskers. Studies. Proximity of Eskers. Altitude of These Deposits. Height of Eskers. Composition of Eskers. Reticulation. Rock Weathering. Knolls. Crest-Lines. Economic Importance. Area to the East. Conclusion and Summary. Introduction. This paper has for its object the discussion of an esker group2 south of Dayton, Ohio;3 which group constitutes a part of the first or outer moraine of the Miami Lobe of the Late Wisconsin ice where it forms the east bluff of the Great Miami River south of Dayton.4 1. Given before the Ohio Academy of Science, Nov. 30, 1907, at Oxford, O., repre- senting work performed under the direction of Professor Frank Carney as partial requirement for the Master's Degree. 2. F: G. Clapp, Jour, of Geol., Vol. XII, (1904), pp. 203-210. 3. The writer's attention was first called to the group the past year under the name "Morainic Ridges," by Professor W. B. Werthner, of Steele High School, located in the city mentioned. Professor Werthner stated that Professor August P. Foerste of the same school and himself had spent some time together in the study of this region, but that the field was still clear for inves- tigation and publication.
  • Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA

    Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA

    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2019-07-01 Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Barkdull, Natalie Shepherd, "Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 8590. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8590 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Gregory T. Carling, Chair Barry R. Bickmore Stephen T. Nelson Department of Geological Sciences Brigham Young University Copyright © 2019 Natalie Shepherd Barkdull All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull Department of Geological Sciences, BYU Master of Science Shrinking alpine glaciers alter the geochemistry of sensitive mountain streams by exposing reactive freshly-weathered bedrock and releasing decades of atmospherically-deposited trace elements from glacier ice. Changes in the timing and quantity of glacial melt also affect discharge and temperature of alpine streams.
  • Trip F the PINNACLE HILLS and the MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A

    Trip F the PINNACLE HILLS and the MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A

    F-1 Trip F THE PINNACLE HILLS AND THE MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A. Sanders Department of Geosciences Monroe Community College INTRODUCTION The Pinnacle Hills, fortunately, were voluminously described with many excellent photographs by Fairchild, (1923). In 1973 the Range still stands as a conspicuous east-west ridge extending from the town of Brighton, at about Hillside Avenue, four miles to the Genesee River at the University of Rochester campus, referred to as Oak Hill. But, for over thirty years the Range was butchered for sand and gravel, which was both a crime and blessing from the geological point of view (plates I-VI). First, it destroyed the original land form shapes which were subsequently covered with man-made structures drawing the shade on its original beauty. Secondly, it allowed study of its structure by a man with a brilliantly analytical mind, Herman L. Fair­ child. It is an excellent example of morainal deposition at an ice front in a state of dynamic equilibrium, except for minor fluctuations. The Mendon Kame area on the other hand, represents the result of a block of stagnant ice, probably detached and draped over drumlins and drumloidal hills, melting away with tunnels, crevasses, and per­ foration deposits spilling or squirting their included debris over a more or less square area leaving topographically high kames and esker F-2 segments with many kettles and a large central area of impounded drainage. There appears to be several wave-cut levels at around the + 700 1 Lake Dana level, (Fairchild, 1923). The author in no way pretends to be a Pleistocene expert, but an attempt is made to give a few possible interpretations of the many diverse forms found in the Mendon Kames area.
  • Crag-And-Tail Features on the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf, West Antarctica

    Crag-And-Tail Features on the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf, West Antarctica

    Downloaded from http://mem.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on November 30, 2016 Crag-and-tail features on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, West Antarctica F. O. NITSCHE1*, R. D. LARTER2, K. GOHL3, A. G. C. GRAHAM4 & G. KUHN3 1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA 2British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK 3Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 4College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) On parts of glaciated continental margins, especially the inner leads to its characteristic tapering and allows formation of the sec- shelves around Antarctica, grounded ice has removed pre-existing ondary features. Multiple, elongated ridges in the tail could be sedimentary cover, leaving subglacial bedforms on eroded sub- related to the unevenness of the top of the ‘crags’. Secondary, strates (Anderson et al. 2001; Wellner et al. 2001). While the smaller crag-and-tail features might reflect variations in the under- dominant subglacial bedforms often follow a distinct, relatively lying substrate or ice-flow dynamics. uniform pattern that can be related to overall trends in palaeo- While the length-to-width ratio of crag-and-tail features in this ice flow and substrate geology (Wellner et al. 2006), others are case is much lower than for drumlins or elongate lineations, the more randomly distributed and may reflect local substrate varia- boundary between feature classes is indistinct.
  • Eemian Interglacial Deposits at Haćki Near Bielsk Podlaski: Implications for the Limit of the Last Glaciation in Northeastern Poland

    Eemian Interglacial Deposits at Haćki Near Bielsk Podlaski: Implications for the Limit of the Last Glaciation in Northeastern Poland

    Geological Quarterly, 2002, 46 (1): 75-80 Eemian Interglacial deposits at Haćki near Bielsk Podlaski: implications for the limit of the last glaciation in northeastern Poland Stanisław BRUD and Mirosława KUPRYJANOWICZ Brud S. and Kupryjanowicz M. (2002) — Eemian Interglacial deposits at Haćki near Bielsk Podlaski: implications forthe limit of the last glaciation in northeastern Poland. Geol. Quart., 46 (1): 75-80. Warszawa. Pollen analysis was conducted on organic deposits on a kame ridge at Haćki in northeastern Poland. The deposits are referred to the Eemian Interglacial. Slope sediments only covered these Biogenic deposits. The glacigenic landforms therefore relate to the Wartanian Glaciation, and so this area has not been occupied By an ice sheet of the Vistulian Glaciation. Stanisław Brud, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2A, PL-30-063 Kraków, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]; Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Department o f Botany, Institute o f Biology, University o f Białystok, Świerkowa 20b, PL-15-950 Białystok, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] (received: November 3, 2000; accepted: February 26, 2001). Key words: NE Poland, Wartanian Glaciation, Eemian Interglacial, Vistulian, kames, pollen analysis. INTRODUCTION (Mojski, 1969) (Fig. 2). This deglaciation consisted of gradual reduction in ice sheet thickness, its dismembering into individ­ ual dead ice blocks, and their further melting. The most com­ mon landforms occurring north of Bielsk Podlaski are kames Numerous sites with biogenic deposits have Been found (Mojski and Nowicki, 1961). They rise from a few to aBout a during geological mapping of the Bielsk Podlaski sheet De­ dozen metres above melt-out depressions, marking an accumu­ tailed Geological Map of Poland, 1:50 000 scale.
  • Glacial Processes and Landforms-Transport and Deposition

    Glacial Processes and Landforms-Transport and Deposition

    Glacial Processes and Landforms—Transport and Deposition☆ John Menziesa and Martin Rossb, aDepartment of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction 2 2 Towards deposition—Sediment transport 4 3 Sediment deposition 5 3.1 Landforms/bedforms directly attributable to active/passive ice activity 6 3.1.1 Drumlins 6 3.1.2 Flutes moraines and mega scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) 8 3.1.3 Ribbed (Rogen) moraines 10 3.1.4 Marginal moraines 11 3.2 Landforms/bedforms indirectly attributable to active/passive ice activity 12 3.2.1 Esker systems and meltwater corridors 12 3.2.2 Kames and kame terraces 15 3.2.3 Outwash fans and deltas 15 3.2.4 Till deltas/tongues and grounding lines 15 Future perspectives 16 References 16 Glossary De Geer moraine Named after Swedish geologist G.J. De Geer (1858–1943), these moraines are low amplitude ridges that developed subaqueously by a combination of sediment deposition and squeezing and pushing of sediment along the grounding-line of a water-terminating ice margin. They typically occur as a series of closely-spaced ridges presumably recording annual retreat-push cycles under limited sediment supply. Equifinality A term used to convey the fact that many landforms or bedforms, although of different origins and with differing sediment contents, may end up looking remarkably similar in the final form. Equilibrium line It is the altitude on an ice mass that marks the point below which all previous year’s snow has melted.
  • Mountain-Derived Versus Shelf-Based Glaciations on the Western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2

    Mountain-Derived Versus Shelf-Based Glaciations on the Western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2

    Mountain-derived versus shelf-based glaciations on the western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2 1 Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, GeoCenter II, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden 2 Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Keywords Abstract Siberian geology; glacial inception; glacial history. The early Russian researchers working in central Siberia seem to have preferred scenarios in which glaciations, in accordance with the classical gla- Correspondence ciological concept, originated in the mountains. However, during the last 30 C. Hjort, Quaternary Sciences, Lund years or so the interest in the glacial history of the region has concentrated on University, GeoCenter II, Sölvegatan 12, ice sheets spreading from the Kara Sea shelf. There, they could have originated SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. E-mail: from ice caps formed on areas that, for eustatic reasons, became dry land [email protected] during global glacial maximum periods, or from grounded ice shelves. Such ice doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00068.x sheets have been shown to repeatedly inundate much of the Taymyr Peninsula from the north-west. However, work on westernmost Taymyr has now also documented glaciations coming from inland. On at least two occasions, with the latest one dated to the Saale glaciation (marine isotope stage 6 [MIS 6]), warm-based, bedrock-sculpturing glaciers originating in the Byrranga Moun- tains, and in the hills west of the range, expanded westwards, and at least once did such glaciers, after moving 50–60 km or more over the present land areas, cross today’s Kara Sea coastline.
  • Glaciers I: Intro, Geology and Mass Balance

    Glaciers I: Intro, Geology and Mass Balance

    T. Perron – 12.001 – Glaciers 1 Glaciers I: Intro, Geology and Mass Balance I. Why study glaciers? • Role in freshwater budget o Fraction of earth’s water that is fresh (non-saline): 3% o Fraction of earth’s freshwater that is ice: ~2/3 o Fraction of earth’s surface covered by ice: ~8% • Climate records, climate effects & feedbacks: more in climate lecture • Postglacial rebound helps constrain mantle viscosity • Major driver of erosion, sediment transport, and landscape evolution • But how important have glaciers been over Earth’s history? o Over very long timescales, there seems to be a rhythm to glaciations . From geologic evidence: 950 Ma, 750, 650, 450, 350-250, 4-? . Proposed to reflect arrangement of continents (supercontinents promote accumulation of continental ice). But we don’t even have a very good record of this beyond a few hundred Myr, let alone precise climate records o We have better records for more recent intervals . Antarctic glaciation began 25 Ma, Greenland 20Ma, Alaska 7Ma. Major Northern hemisphere glaciations began ~4Myr. And this has been the typical climate state since! . Again, more in climate lecture. For now, suffice to say that glacial periods have dominated recent climate history. We’re in an interglacial, the first major one since ~125 ka. And our interglacial is an anomalously warm one. We must remind ourselves of this when examining landforms today. o What was North America like during glacial conditions? During LGM, we know there were . Extensive ice sheets [PPT] . Alpine glaciers in mountains beyond the ice margin . Large glacially-dammed lakes (Missoula, Bonneville) [PPT] .
  • Glacial Landforms of the Puget Lowland

    Glacial Landforms of the Puget Lowland

    Oak Harbor i t S k a g Sauk Suiattle Suiattle River B a y During the advance and retreat of Indian Reservation Glacial Landforms of the the Puget lobe, drainages around the ice sheet were blocked, forming multiple proglacial Camano Island Stillaguamish lakes. The darker colors on this Indian map indicate lower elevations, Reservation Puget Lowland and show many of these t S Arlington Spi ss valleys. The Stillaguamish, e a en P g n o Snohomish, Snoqualmie, and Striped Peak u r D r Hook a Puyallup River valleys all once t z US Interstate 5 Edi Sauk River Lower Elwha t S contained proglacial lakes. Klallam o u s There are many remnants of Indian g Port a Reservation US Highway 101 Jamestown Townsend a n these lakes left today, such as S’Klallam A Quimper Peninsula Port Angeles Indian Lake Washington and Lake d Reservation Sequim P Sammamish, east of Seattle. o m H P Miller Peninsula r t o a S T l As the Puget lobe retreated, i m Tulalip e o s w McDonald Mountain q r e Indian lake outflows, glacial D n s u i s s s Reservation i c e a m o a H S. F. Stillaguamish River v n meltwater, and glacial outburst e d a g Marysville B r B l r e a y a b flooding all contributed to y o y t Elwha River B r dozens of channels that flowed y a y southwest to the Chehalis River Round Mountain Lookout Hill Lake Stevens I Whidbey Island at the southwest corner of this n d map.
  • Concepts & Synthesis

    Concepts & Synthesis

    CONCEPTS & SYNTHESIS EMPHASIZING NEW IDEAS TO STIMULATE RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY Ecological Monographs, 78(1), 2008, pp. 41–67 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America GLACIAL ECOSYSTEMS 1,9 2 3 4 5 ANDY HODSON, ALEXANDRE M. ANESIO, MARTYN TRANTER, ANDREW FOUNTAIN, MARK OSBORN, 6 7 8 JOHN PRISCU, JOHANNA LAYBOURN-PARRY, AND BIRGIT SATTLER 1Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom 2Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA United Kingdom 3School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS United Kingdom 4Departments of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751 USA 5Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom 6Department of Biological Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA 7Office of the PVC Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tas 7001 Australia 8Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruk, Technikerstrabe 25 A-0620 Austria Abstract. There is now compelling evidence that microbially mediated reactions impart a significant effect upon the dynamics, composition, and abundance of nutrients in glacial melt water. Consequently, we must now consider ice masses as ecosystem habitats in their own right and address their diversity, functional potential, and activity as part of alpine and polar environments. Although such research is already underway, its fragmentary nature provides little basis for developing modern concepts of glacier ecology. This paper therefore provides a much-needed framework for development by reviewing the physical, biogeochemical, and microbiological characteristics of microbial habitats that have been identified within glaciers and ice sheets. Two key glacial ecosystems emerge, one inhabiting the glacier surface (the supraglacial ecosystem) and one at the ice-bed interface (the subglacial ecosystem).