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Geographical Terms A Geographical Terms A abrasion Wearing of rock surfaces by agronomy Agric. economy, including friction, where abrasive material is theory and practice of animal hus­ transported by running water, ice, bandry, crop production and soil wind, waves, etc. management. abrasion platform Coastal rock plat­ aiguille Prominent needle-shaped form worn nearly smooth by abrasion. rock-peak, usually above snow-line and formed by frost action. absolute humidity Amount of water vapour per unit volume ofair. ait Small island in river or lake. abyssal Ocean deeps between 1,200 alfalfa Deep-rooted perennial plant, and 3,000 fathoms, where sunlight does largely used as fodder-crop since its not penetrate and there is no plant life. deep roots withstand drought. Pro­ duced mainly in U.S.A. and Argentina. accessibility Nearness or centrality of one function or place to other functions allocation-location problem Problem or places measured in terms ofdistance, of locating facilities, services, factories time, cost, etc. etc. in any area so that transport costs are minimized, thresholds are met and acre-foot Amount of water required total population is served. to cover I acre of land to depth of I ft. (43,560 cu. ft.). alluvial cone Form of alluvial fan, consisting of mass of thick coarse adiabatic Relating to chan~e occurr­ material. ing in temp. of a mass of gas, III ascend­ ing or descending air masses, without alluvial fan Mass of sand or gravel actual gain or loss ofheat from outside. deposited by stream where it leaves constricted course for main valley. afforestation Deliberate planting of trees where none ever grew or where alluvium Sand, silt and gravel laid none have grown recently. down by rivers, especially when in flood or when their velocity IS checked. aftershock Vibration of earth's crust caused by minor adjustments of rocks almwind Warm Fohn type wind, after main earthquake waves have blowing s over Tatra Mountains into s passed. Poland. age-sex pyramid Graphical represen­ alp High summer pasture on shoulder tation of population structure showing of mountain , especially in Switzerland, number of males and females by age where marked change of slope occurs groups. above glaciated valley. agglomerate Angular fragmented vol­ altocumulus Layer of fleecy cloud, canic material cemented together by at altitude of 8,000-20,000 ft. (2,380- heat. 6,096 metres) in groups or lines, often sign ofgood weather. agglomeration Large tract of essen­ tially urban and industrial land result­ altostratus Mid-altitude cloud in ing from growth and physical expan­ form of extensive grey sheet, usually sion of formerly separate neighbouring heralding rain associated with warm settlements. front. 627 A aluminium Geographical Terms aluminium Extracted from bauxite; Arctic Circle Parallel oflat. 66°32' N, metal of remarkable lightness, high enclosing N Polar Regions. strength and resistant to corrosion. areal differentiation Differences bet­ aluminum see aluminium ween areas in terms of relief, climate, soils, vegetation, population, economy anabatic wind Local wind blowing etc. Geography is often defmed as the up-valley in afternoon, when convec­ study ofareal differentiation. tion currents on mountain slopes draw air upwards. arete Narrow ridge of spur or mountain, usually above snow-line and anemometer Instrument for measur­ formed at crest between two cirques. ing or recording force ofwind. arroyo Small stream channel made by aneroid barometer Instrument for occasional rainfall in arid districts measuring atmospheric pressure, com­ (Latin America, sw U.S.A.). prising metallic box, almost exhausted of air, whose flexible sides expand and artesian basin Synclinal structure contract with changing air pressure. containing aquifer between two im­ Such movements are magnified and permeable beds. recorded on calibrated dial. artesian well Boring put down into Antarctic Circle Parallel onat. 66°32' aquifer in artesian basin; named from s, enclosing s Polar Regions. wells ofthis type in Artois, N France. anthracite Hard, shiny smokeless coal asbestos Fibrous mineral which can of high carbon content, producing great be spun and woven into material which heat. is fire-proof, heat-resistant and of low conductivity. anticline Arch or crest of fold in rock strata. asteroids Belts of small heavenly bodies revolving in Solar System bet­ anticyclone Area of high pressure ween Mars and Jupiter. with winds blowing clockwise round it in N hemisphere and anti-clockwise in s Atlantic coast see discordant coast hemisphere. Moves slowly in tem­ perate lat., with winds light or variable atmosphere Envelope of air sur­ near centre. Produces fme settled rounding earth, consisting of 78% weather in summer, but cold frosty nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, very small weather or fog in winter. quantities of carbon dioxide and other gases and varying quantities of water antipodes Any two places on opposite vapour. sides of earth, so that line joining them passes through centre ofearth. atoll Circular or irregularly-shaped coral reef, partly submerged to enclose apogee Part oforbit ofmoon or planet lagoon. which is farthest from earth. attrition Constant wearing-down of Appleton Layer Part of ionosphere, load of rock-material by friction when about 150 m. (240 km.) above earth, transported by running water, wind and reflecting short radio-waves back to waves. earth. aurora Luminous phenomena caused aqnifer Rock holding or allowing the by electrical discharge and visible in sky passage ofwater. in high lat. archipelago (i) sea studded with avalanche Fall of mass of snow, ice islands; (iz) group of many islands, or rock down mountainside and cap­ continental or oceanic. able ofgreat destruction. 628 Geographical Terms basalt B axis (I) diameter between Nand s Awres high Sub-tropical anti­ Poles, about which earth rotates; (i/) cyclone situated over E side OfN Atlan­ central line of fold from which strata tic, often extending to affect Britain and dip or rise in opposing directions. wEurope. Ayala Strong, warm wind in Massif Central, France. B bad German, bath. Common prefix transverse to wind direction, with horns attached to German towns which are extending down-wind. spas. barkhan see barchan badlands High barren country in semi-arid regions with dry loose soils. barograph Self-recording aneroid Rain, when it falls, is heavy and washes barometer tracing ink line on moving out deep gullies so that little vegetation drum. or animal life remains. barometer Instrument for measuring Bagnio Tropical storm of Philippine atmospheric pressure, also heights, and Islands, mainly occurring between July indicating weather changes. Common­ and Nov. est type employs column of liquid, usually mercury, in graduated tube. See bahada Sloping expanse of scree, also aneroid barometer gravel and sand round margins of inland basin or at foot of mountains in barrage Natural or artificial obstacle semi-arid regions, formed by coales­ to flow ofstream. cence of series of adjacent alluvial cones. barrier lake L. produced by forma­ tion of natural dam across valley, bajada see bahada caused by landslides, avalanches, deltas, terminal moraines, or dams of Bantu Native oftribe speaking one of vegetation, ice, lava or calcium car­ 200 languages or dialects used in Africa bonate. s ofline Cameroon-L. Victoria. barrier reef (i) coral reef parallel to bar (i) unit of atmospheric pressure coast but separated from it by lagoon; equal to I m. dynes per sq. cm. At 45' (ii) coral reef wholly or partly enclosing N., in temp. ofO'C. at sea level, I bar= coral island. 29.53 ins. or750.1 mm. of mercury. It is divided into 1,000 millibars (mb.) for barrow Mound of earth or stones, weather map purposes; (ii) ridge ofsand covering anc. burial chamber, particu­ and rock fragments across mouth of larly common on chalk land of SE river or entrance to bay, see off-shore England. bar, tombolo; (iii) navigational obstruc­ tion where alluvium, sand and gravel barysphere Heavy central core of deposits occur in stream channels. earth below lithosphere. barchan Crescent-shaped sand dune basalt Fine-grained, dark-coloured 629 B base-level Geographical Terms igneous rock, formed of solidifIed lava beck Small rapid stream. extruded by volcanic and fIssure erup­ tions: flows readily to form extensive bed-rock Solid rock of earth's surface, sheets and may solidifY to form hexago­ usually covered by soil or other super­ nal columns. fIcial deposits. base-level Lowest level to which bedding Arrangement of rock strata stream can erode its bed. Permanent in bands of varying thickness and base-level is the sea, but lake may character. provide temporary base-level. bedding-plane Structural feature of basic slag Blast-furnace by-product in sedimentary rocks parallel to the iron smelting, contains phosphates and original surface ofdeposition. is crushed for fertilizers. beet sugar Sugar from variety of beet basin (i) large-scale depression occu­ grown in temperate zone; after sugar pied by ocean; (il) area ofland drained extraction, refuse, leaves and tops are by single river system; (iii) area pulped for cattle food, molasses and enclosed by higher land, with or with­ alcohol. out outlet to sea; (iv) part ofdock system or canal ornavigable river. bench Narrow terrace, step or ledge produced by denudation, wave-cut batholith Very large intrusion of bench, step-fault, or by mining and igneous rock, usually granite, originat­ quarrying. ing at great depth and extending over many miles. Upper surface may ulti­ bench-mark Defmed and located mately be exposed by erosion. point of reference used in triangulation survey. bathylith see batholith berg German hill or mountain, Afri­ bathyorography Map detail depict­ can range. Also used in combinations ing altitude of land and depth of sea by for physical features, see bergschrund, layer-colouring. Berg wind. bathysphere (I) central core of earth; bergschrund Gap left round upper (iz) diving apparatus used for submarine rim of snowfIeld or glacier as snow or operations. ice moves downstream.
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