Glacier Lake, Saddle, & Blue Ice Trails
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Isotopic Oxygen-18 Results from Blue-Ice Areas
Isotopic oxygen-18 results Tongue blue-ice field ranges in 8180 from –40.7 to –58.8 parts per thousand. In a 200-meter transect with a sample every 10 from blue-ice areas meters, a 60-meter area of "yellow" or "dirty" ice has an av- erage 8180 value of –42.8 ± 1.4 parts per thousand, while the average for the blue-ice is –54.4 ± 0.3 parts per thousand. P.M. GROOTES and M. STUIVER Lighter 8110 values seem also to be associated with the me- teorite-carrying ice. Detailed sampling on five large sample Quaternary Isotope Laboratory blocks showed no signs of sample contamination and enrich- University of Washington ment. Seattle, Washington 98195 The observed i8O range is more than triple the glacial/in- terglacial 8180 change and the isotopically light ice, therefore, We measured the oxygen isotope abundance ratio oxygen - must have originated in the high interior of East Antarctica. 18/oxygen-16 in three sets of samples from blue-ice ablation The most negative value of –58.8 parts per thousand is, how- areas west of the Transantarctic Mountains. Samples were col- ever, still lighter than present snow accumulating at the Pole lected at the Reckling Moraine (by C. Faure), the Lewis Cliff of Relative Inaccessibility (-57 parts per thousand, Lorius 1983). Ice Tongue (by W.A. Cassidy, submitted by P. Englert), and If this ice had been formed during a glacial period, the source the Allan Hills (by J.O. Annexstad). Most samples were cut area could be closer to the Transantarctic Mountains. -
Landform Studies in Mosedale, Northeastern Lake District: Opportunities for Field Investigations
Field Studies, 10, (2002) 177 - 206 LANDFORM STUDIES IN MOSEDALE, NORTHEASTERN LAKE DISTRICT: OPPORTUNITIES FOR FIELD INVESTIGATIONS RICHARD CLARK Parcey House, Hartsop, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 0NZ AND PETER WILSON School of Environmental Studies, University of Ulster at Coleraine, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Mosedale is part of the valley of the River Caldew in the Skiddaw upland of the northeastern Lake District. It possesses a diverse, interesting and problematic assemblage of landforms and is convenient to Blencathra Field Centre. The landforms result from glacial, periglacial, fluvial and hillslopes processes and, although some of them have been described previously, others have not. Landforms of one time and environment occur adjacent to those of another. The area is a valuable locality for the field teaching and evaluation of upland geomorphology. In this paper, something of the variety of landforms, materials and processes is outlined for each district in turn. That is followed by suggestions for further enquiry about landform development in time and place. Some questions are posed. These should not be thought of as being the only relevant ones that might be asked about the area: they are intended to help set enquiry off. Mosedale offers a challenge to students at all levels and its landforms demonstrate a complexity that is rarely presented in the textbooks. INTRODUCTION Upland areas attract research and teaching in both earth and life sciences. In part, that is for the pleasure in being there and, substantially, for relative freedom of access to such features as landforms, outcrops and habitats, especially in comparison with intensively occupied lowland areas. -
2480 ± 90 +1850 8570 NPL-72. Mockerkin Tarn, West Cumberland
[RADIOCARBON, VOL. 8, 1966, P. 340-347] NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS IV I. HASSALL W. J. CALLOW, M. J. BAKER and GERALDINE National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England The following list comprises measurements made since those re- ported in NPL III and is complete to the end of November 1965. Ages are relative to A.D. 1950 and are calculated using a half-life of 5568 yr. The measurements, corrected for fractionation (quoted 6013 values are relative to the P.D.B. standard), are referred to 0.950 times the activity of the NBS oxalic acid as contemporary reference standard. The quoted uncertainty is one standard deviation derived from a proper combination of the parameter variances as described in detail in NPL III. These variances are those of the standard and background measure- ments over a rolling twenty week period, of the sample C14 and 8013 measurements and of the de Vries effect (assumed to add an additional uncertainty equivalent to a standard deviation of 80 yr). Any uncertainty in the half-life has been excluded so that relative C14 ages may be cor- rectly compared. Absolute age assessments, however, should be made using the accepted best value for the half-life and the appropriate un- certainty then included. If the net sample count rate is less than 4 times the standard error of the difference between the sample and background count rates, a lower limit to the age is reported corresponding to a net sample count rate of 4 times the standard error of this difference. The description of each sample is based on information provided by the person submitting the sample to the laboratory. -
Antarctic Surface and Subsurface Snow and Ice Melt Fluxes
15 MAY 2005 L I S T O N A N D W I N THER 1469 Antarctic Surface and Subsurface Snow and Ice Melt Fluxes GLEN E. LISTON Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado JAN-GUNNAR WINTHER Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, Tromsø, Norway (Manuscript received 19 April 2004, in final form 22 October 2004) ABSTRACT This paper presents modeled surface and subsurface melt fluxes across near-coastal Antarctica. Simula- tions were performed using a physical-based energy balance model developed in conjunction with detailed field measurements in a mixed snow and blue-ice area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The model was combined with a satellite-derived map of Antarctic snow and blue-ice areas, 10 yr (1991–2000) of Antarctic meteorological station data, and a high-resolution meteorological distribution model, to provide daily simulated melt values on a 1-km grid covering Antarctica. Model simulations showed that 11.8% and 21.6% of the Antarctic continent experienced surface and subsurface melt, respectively. In addition, the simula- tions produced 10-yr averaged subsurface meltwater production fluxes of 316.5 and 57.4 km3 yrϪ1 for snow-covered and blue-ice areas, respectively. The corresponding figures for surface melt were 46.0 and 2.0 km3 yrϪ1, respectively, thus demonstrating the dominant role of subsurface over surface meltwater pro- duction. In total, computed surface and subsurface meltwater production values equal 31 mm yrϪ1 if evenly distributed over all of Antarctica. While, at any given location, meltwater production rates were highest in blue-ice areas, total annual Antarctic meltwater production was highest for snow-covered areas due to its larger spatial extent. -
Glacier Mass Balance This Summary Follows the Terminology Proposed by Cogley Et Al
Summer school in Glaciology, McCarthy 5-15 June 2018 Regine Hock Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Glacier Mass Balance This summary follows the terminology proposed by Cogley et al. (2011) 1. Introduction: Definitions and processes Definition: Mass balance is the change in the mass of a glacier, or part of the glacier, over a stated span of time: t . ΔM = ∫ Mdt t1 The term mass budget is a synonym. The span of time is often a year or a season. A seasonal mass balance is nearly always either a winter balance or a summer balance, although other kinds of seasons are appropriate in some climates, such as those of the tropics. The definition of “year” depends on the measurement method€ (see Chap. 4). The mass balance, b, is the sum of accumulation, c, and ablation, a (the ablation is defined here as negative). The symbol, b (for point balances) and B (for glacier-wide balances) has traditionally been used in studies of surface mass balance of valley glaciers. t . b = c + a = ∫ (c+ a)dt t1 Mass balance is often treated as a rate, b dot or B dot. Accumulation Definition: € 1. All processes that add to the mass of the glacier. 2. The mass gained by the operation of any of the processes of sense 1, expressed as a positive number. Components: • Snow fall (usually the most important). • Deposition of hoar (a layer of ice crystals, usually cup-shaped and facetted, formed by vapour transfer (sublimation followed by deposition) within dry snow beneath the snow surface), freezing rain, solid precipitation in forms other than snow (re-sublimation composes 5-10% of the accumulation on Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica). -
Build-Up and Chronology of Blue Ice Moraines in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica
Research Collection Journal Article Build-up and chronology of blue ice moraines in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica Author(s): Akçar, Naki; Yeşilyurt, Serdar; Hippe, Kristina; Christl, Marcus; Vockenhuber, Christof; Yavuz, Vural; Özsoy, Burcu Publication Date: 2020-10 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000444919 Originally published in: Quaternary Science Advances 2, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2020.100012 Rights / License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Quaternary Science Advances 2 (2020) 100012 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Advances journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-advances Build-up and chronology of blue ice moraines in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica Naki Akçar a,b,*, Serdar Yes¸ilyurt a,c, Kristina Hippe d, Marcus Christl d, Christof Vockenhuber d, Vural Yavuz e, Burcu Ozsoy€ b,f a Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1-3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland b Polar Research Institute, TÜBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Istanbul, Turkey c Department of Geography, Ankara University, Sıhhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey d Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (LIP), ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland e Faculty of Engineering, Turkish-German University, 34820, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey f Maritime Faculty, Istanbul Technical University Tuzla Campus, Istanbul, Turkey -
Glacier National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Report
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Geologic Resources Division Denver, Colorado Glacier National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Glacier National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Geologic Resources Division Denver, Colorado U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose of the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program ............................................................................................3 Geologic Setting .........................................................................................................................................................3 Glacial Setting ............................................................................................................................................................4 Geologic Issues............................................................................................................. 9 Economic Resources..................................................................................................................................................9 Mining Issues..............................................................................................................................................................9 -
Glaciers: Clues to Future Climate?
Glaciers: Clues to Future Climate? Glaciers: Clues to Future Climate? by Richard S. Williams, Jr. Cover photograph: The ship Island Princess and the calving terminus of Johns Hopkins Glacier, Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska (oblique aerial photo by Austin Post, Sept. 2, 1977) Oblique aerial photo of valley glaciers in Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska (photo by Richard S. Williams, Jr., Oct. 4, 1965) Vertical aerial photo of severely crevassed glaciers on the slopes of Cotopaxi, a nearly sym- metrical volcano, near the Equator in north-central Equador (photo courtesy of U.S. Air Force). A glacier is a large mass of ice having its genesis on land and repre- sents a multiyear surplus of snowfall over snowmelt. At the present time, perennial ice covers about 10 percent of the land areas of the Earth. Although glaciers are generally thought of as polar entities, they also are found in mountainous areas throughout the world, on all continents except Australia, and even at or near the Equator on high mountains in Africa and South America. 2 Streamflow from the terminus of the Mammoth Glacier, Wind River Range, Montana (photo by Mark F. Meier, August 1950). Present-day glaciers and the deposits from more extensive glaciation in the geological past have considerable economic importance in many areas. In areas of limited precipitation during the growing season, for example, such as parts of the Western United States, glaciers are consid- ered to be frozen freshwater reservoirs which release water during the drier summer months. In the Western United States, as in many other mountainous regions, they are of considerable economic importance in the irrigation of crops and to the generation of hydroelectric power. -
Download Newsletter As
NEWSLETTER OF THE NATIONAL ICE CORE LABORATORY — SCIENCE MANAGEMENT OFFICE Vol. 6 Issue 2 • FALL 2011 Getting to the Bottom NICL Team Processes Deepest Ice from WAIS Divide Project NICL Update By.Peter.Rejcek,.Antarctic.Sun.Editor - Evaporative Courtesy:.The Antarctic Sun,.U.S..Antarctic.Program Condenser Unit ... page.2 CH2M Hill Polar Services Wins Arctic Contract ... page.3 Replicate Ice Coring System ... page.7 National Ice Core Lab intern Mick Sternberg measures the final section of ice core from the WAIS Divide project. This summer a team of interns and scientists processed the bottom cores of ice drilled from West Antarctica. The ice will be shipped NICL Use and to labs across the country to analyze. Photo Credit: Peter Rejcek Ice Core Access MICK STERNBERG had literally made the same measurement a thousand times before. But ... page.8 this meter-long ice core was perhaps just a little more special. He double-checked his numbers on the final length, stood back, and rechecked again. “No reason to rush through this,” he said under his breath, which steamed out in the freezing Messa ge from t he temperatures of the National Ice Core Laboratory’s processing room. Director ............................2 After all, this last section of ice, drilled from near the bottom of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Upcoming Meetings ...........3. (WAIS) at a depth of about 3,331 meters, had been waiting around for a while. Probably somewhere in the neighborhood of 55,000 to 60,000 years. Ice Core Working Group Sternberg, an intern at the National Ice Core Lab (NICL), gave a nod and the cylinder of ice Members ...........................4 moved down the ice-core processing line shortly after 3 p.m. -
Here Westerlies in Patagonia and South Georgia Island; Kreutz K (PI), Campbell S (Co-PI) $11,952
Seth William Campbell University of Maine Juneau Icefield Research Program Climate Change Institute The Foundation for Glacier School of Earth & Climate Sciences & Environmental Research 202 Sawyer Hall 4616 25th Avenue NE, Suite 302 Orono, Maine 04469-5790 Seattle, Washington 98105 [email protected] [email protected] 207-581-3927 www.alpinesciences.net Education 2014 Ph.D. Earth & Climate Sciences University of Maine, Orono 2010 M.S. Earth Sciences University of Maine, Orono 2008 B.S. Earth Sciences University of Maine, Orono 2005 M. Business Administration University of Maine, Orono 2001 B.A. Environmental Science, Minor: Geology University of Maine, Farmington Current Employment 2018 – Present University of Maine, Assistant Professor of Glaciology; Climate Change Institute and School of Earth & Climate Sciences 2018 – Present Juneau Icefield Research Program, Director of Academics & Research 2016 – Present ERDC-CRREL, Research Geophysicist (Intermittent Status) Prior Employment 2015 – 2018 University of Maine, Research Assistant Professor 2016 – 2018 University of Washington, Post-Doctoral Research Associate 2014 – 2016 ERDC-CRREL, Research Geophysicist 2014 – 2017 University of California, Davis, Research Associate 2011 – 2014 University of Maine, Graduate Research Assistant 2009 – 2014 ERDC-CRREL, Research Physical Scientist 2010 – 2012 University of Washington, Professional Research Staff 2008 – 2009 University of Maine, Graduate Teaching Assistant 2000 E/Pro Engineering & Environmental Consulting, Survey Technician 1999 -
Geographical Terms A
Geographical Terms A abrasion Wearing of rock surfaces by agronomy Agric. economy, including friction, where abrasive material is theory and practice of animal hus transported by running water, ice, bandry, crop production and soil wind, waves, etc. management. abrasion platform Coastal rock plat aiguille Prominent needle-shaped form worn nearly smooth by abrasion. rock-peak, usually above snow-line and formed by frost action. absolute humidity Amount of water vapour per unit volume ofair. ait Small island in river or lake. abyssal Ocean deeps between 1,200 alfalfa Deep-rooted perennial plant, and 3,000 fathoms, where sunlight does largely used as fodder-crop since its not penetrate and there is no plant life. deep roots withstand drought. Pro duced mainly in U.S.A. and Argentina. accessibility Nearness or centrality of one function or place to other functions allocation-location problem Problem or places measured in terms ofdistance, of locating facilities, services, factories time, cost, etc. etc. in any area so that transport costs are minimized, thresholds are met and acre-foot Amount of water required total population is served. to cover I acre of land to depth of I ft. (43,560 cu. ft.). alluvial cone Form of alluvial fan, consisting of mass of thick coarse adiabatic Relating to chan~e occurr material. ing in temp. of a mass of gas, III ascend ing or descending air masses, without alluvial fan Mass of sand or gravel actual gain or loss ofheat from outside. deposited by stream where it leaves constricted course for main valley. afforestation Deliberate planting of trees where none ever grew or where alluvium Sand, silt and gravel laid none have grown recently. -
THE VEGETATION of SUBANTARCTIC CAMPBELL ISLAND ______Summary: the Vegetation of Campbell Island and Its Offshore Islets Was Sampled Quantitatively at 140 Sites
COLIN D. MEURK, M.N. FOGGO1 and J. BASTOW WILSON2 123 Landcare Research - Manaaki Whenua, PO Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand. 1. Department of Science, Central Institute of Technology, Private Bag 39807, Wellington, New Zealand. 2. Botany Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. THE VEGETATION OF SUBANTARCTIC CAMPBELL ISLAND __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Summary: The vegetation of Campbell Island and its offshore islets was sampled quantitatively at 140 sites. Data from the 134 sites with more than one vascular plant species were subjected to multivariate analysis. Out of a total of 140 indigenous and widespread adventive species known from the island group, 124 vascular species were recorded; 85 non-vascular cryptogams or species aggregates play a major role in the vegetation. Up to 19 factors of the physical environment were recorded or derived for each site. Agglomerative cluster analysis of the vegetation data was used to identify 21 plant communities. These (together with cryptogam associations) include: maritime crusts, turfs, megaherbfields, tussock grasslands, and shrublands; mid-elevation swamps, flushes, bogs, tussock grasslands, shrublands, dwarf forests, and induced meadows; and upland tundra-like tussock grasslands, tall and short turf-herbfields, bogs, flushes, rock-ledge herbfields, and fellfields. Axis 1 of the DCA ordination is largely a soil gradient related to the eutrophying impact of marine spray, sea mammals and birds, and nutrient flushing. Axis 2 is an altitudinal (or thermal) gradient. Axis 3 is related to soil reaction and to different kinds of animal influence on vegetation stature and species richness, and Axis 4 also appears to have fertility and animal associations.