Glaciers of Canada

Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF CANADA GLACIERS OF THE ARCTIC ISLANDS GLACIERS OF BAFFIN ISLAND By JOHN T. ANDREWS With sections on BARNES ICE CAP: GEOMORPHOLOGY AND THERMODYNAMICS By GERALD HOLDSWORTH LATE 20TH CENTURY CHANGE AT THE BARNES ICE CAP MARGIN By JOHN D. JACOBS SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–1 The glaciers on Baffin Island are primarily ice caps or ice fields and associated valley outlet glaciers and include numerous small glaciers as well. The two largest ice caps, the Barnes Ice Cap (5,935 km2) and the Penny Ice Cap (5,960 km2) are thought to be the last remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Approximately 8 percent of Baffin Island is covered by glaciers (36,839 km2). Nearby Bylot Island is heavily glacierized; it has 4,859 km2 of its area covered by glaciers, about 45 percent of the island. The Barnes Ice Cap has been slowly shrinking; the recession could accelerate if significant regional warming were to take place CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J165 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------- 165 FIGURE 1. Sketch map of Baffin Island and adjacent regions ------------- 166 TABLE 1. Selected climatic data for climatic regions on Baffin Island and environs ------------------------------------------------- 167 Distribution of Glaciers -------------------------------------------------------- 167 FIGURE 2. Sketch map showing glaciation level (limit or threshold) on Baffin Island and West Greenland --------------------------- 168 TABLE 2. Areas of glaciers on Baffin Island and Bylot Island ------------ 169 Glaciological Studies------------------------------------------------------------ 169 Maps, Aerial Photographs, and Satellite Images of Glaciers----------- 170 Glacier Maps----------------------------------------------------------------- 170 Aerial Photographic Coverage of Glacierized Areas --------------- 171 Landsat Coverage ---------------------------------------------------------- 171 TABLE 3. Landsat images used in figures 3–6, 8, and 15–19 and National Topographic Series (NTS) map sheets-------------- 172 Glaciological Phenomena Observed on Landsat Images --------------- 172 Navy Board Inlet and Bylot Island ------------------------------------- 173 FIGURE 3. Annotated Landsat 2 MSS false-color composite image of the Navy Board Inlet and Bylot Island glaciers -------------- 173 Pond Inlet, Oliver Sound, and North Arm ---------------------------- 174 FIGURE 4. Annotated Landsat 1 MSS false-color composite image of the area around Pond Inlet, Oliver Sound, and North Arm------- 175 Barnes Ice Cap and Environs-------------------------------------------- 175 FIGURE 5. Landsat 1 MSS black-and-white image of the Barnes Ice Cap and environs ------------------------------------------------- 176 6. Landsat 1 MSS false-color composite image of Barnes Ice Cap------------------------------------------------------- 177 Barnes Ice Cap: Geomorphology and Thermodynamics, by Gerald Holdsworth ---------------------------------------------- 178 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------- 178 Analysis of Landsat Imagery ------------------------------------ 179 FIGURE 7. Vertical aerial photograph of the north margin of the Barnes Ice Cap showing darker ice entering Conn Lake ----- 180 8. Landsat MSS false-color composite images of Barnes Ice Cap------------------------------------------------------- 181 9. Vertical aerial photograph of Barnes Ice Cap showing part of slump margin 1----------------------------------------------- 183 10. Photographs of the margin of Barnes Ice Cap at Generator Lake ---------------------------------------------- 184 11. Photograph of ice cliffs at the edge of the Barnes Ice Cap where it calves into Generator Lake ------------------------- 184 Late 20th Century Change at the Barnes Ice Cap Margin, by John D. Jacobs --------------------------------------------------- 185 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------- 185 Studies of the Margin Using Landsat Imagery--------------- 185 FIGURE 12. Low-angle oblique aerial photograph of the Lewis Glacier, northwest margin of the Barnes Ice Cap --------------------- 185 Change Detection Using RADARSAT SAR------------------- 186 FIGURE 13. Low-angle oblique aerial photograph of the north side of the south dome of the Barnes Ice Cap at Gee Lake -------------- 186 14. Part of a RADARSAT SAR image centered on Gee Lake, Barnes Ice Cap----------------------------------------------- 187 CONTENTS III Page Alpine Area (Lat 69ºN., Long 69ºW.): Home Bay --------------------- 188 FIGURE 15. Landsat 3 RBV image highlighting the alpine terrain northwest of Home Bay -------------------------------------------------- 188 Penny Ice Cap and the Cumberland Peninsula----------------------- 189 FIGURE 16. Landsat 2 MSS false-color composite image of part of the Penny Ice Cap and the glacierized alpine terrain of the central Cumberland Peninsula ------------------------------- 189 Cape Dyer, Cumberland Peninsula-------------------------------------- 190 FIGURE 17. Annotated Landsat 2 MSS false-color composite image of local alpine glaciers on the eastern part of the Cumberland Peninsula ----------------------------------------------------- 191 Hall Peninsula---------------------------------------------------------------- 192 FIGURE 18. Annotated Landsat 1 MSS black-and-white image of an ice cap on the northeast coast of Hall Peninsula ----------------- 192 Meta Incognita Peninsula ------------------------------------------------- 193 FIGURE 19. Annotated Landsat 1 MSS black-and-white image of Terra Nivea and Grinnell Ice Caps on the Meta Incognita Peninsula, southern Baffin Island----------------------------- 193 References Cited------------------------------------------------------------------ 195 IV CONTENTS SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD GLACIERS OF NORTH AMERICA— GLACIERS OF CANADA GLACIERS OF THE ARCTIC ISLANDS GLACIERS OF BAFFIN ISLAND By JOHN T. ANDREWS1 With sections on BARNES ICE CAP: GEOMORPHOLOGY AND THERMO- DYNAMICS By GERALD HOLDSWORTH2 LATE 20TH CENTURY CHANGE AT THE BARNES ICE CAP MARGIN By JOHN D. JACOBS3 Abstract Glaciers on Baffin Island are strongly influenced by topography and climate. The major glaciers are either ice caps that occupy inland highland areas or ice fields and associated valley outlet glaciers, or they are combinations of both. Other significant glaciers are found on Cumberland Peninsula, on Hall Peninsula, and along the east fjord coast of the island. Baffin Island glaciers are covered by 1:1,000,000-scale, 1:250,000-scale, and some 1:500,000-scale and 1:50,000-scale maps, aerial photographs at 1:50,000 scale, Landsat imagery, and other satellite imagery (e.g., RADARSAT). Landsat images are used to describe individually the sepa- rate glacierized areas of the island, especially the areas of Barnes and Penny Ice Caps, which are thought to be the last remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Introduction Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada4, extends between lat 62º and 74ºN. and long 62º and 90ºW. (fig. 1). The island has an area of about 500,000 km2, which makes it one of the five largest islands in the world. Most of the island is com- posed of Precambrian granites, granite gneisses, and other metamorphic rocks; therefore, most of the glaciers on the island overlie these hard and resistant lithologies. However, younger sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic to Cen- ozoic age (Kerr, 1980) crop out at the surface along the west coast of the islandManuscript (Paleozoic approved formations) for publication and7 March extend 2002. northward to form major uplands in 1 Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309. 2 Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824–3525; and the National Hydrology Research Centre, 11 Innovation Boule- vard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada; e-mail address: [[email protected]]. 3 Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X1, Canada; e-mail address: [[email protected]]. 4 The geographic place-names used in this section follow the usage approved by the Geographic Names Board of Canada. Names in common usage that are not recognized by the Board are shown in italics. GLACIERS OF CANADA J165 85°W 74°N 80° 75° 70° 65° 60° 74°N Brodeur Lancaster Sound Pen. N et a l v In y y B lt Bylot ra o 73°N i a Island 0 300 KILOMETERS r m Fig. 3 d d I n l A e Borden t Peninsula P Eclipse on d I Sound nlet Baffin Oliver Sound 72° Cape Macculloch North Arm BAFFIN Bay Tay Sound ulf Fig. 4 n G cha Bu 71° Conn Lake Fig. 7 70° Clyde River Fig. 12 Fig. 5 B Bieler a rn Lake e s I Figs. 13,14 Fig. 6 ce Figs. 8 C Figs. 9,10A, ap 10B,11 A, 8 B Fig. 15 69° Generator Cape Lake Decade Henry Glacier Kater Davis ISLAND Home Bay Foxe Dewar Lakes Strait DEW Line Station Basin 68° Akudnirmiut Glacier Broughton Island Prince Charles Coronation Fiord Island Boas North Pangnirtung Glacier Fiord Padle P Bay en Fiord ny I Merchants 67° Auyuittuq ce Coronation C Glacier National ap Park CU M B ER Fig. 16 L AN D P EN Cape IN Dyer SU d L 66° ior A t F nai Tundra Fig. 17 Fiord ing angnirtung

Load more