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Descripción, Análisis Y Consecuencia Que Tuvo En La Navegación De La Época, El Óptimo Climático En La Edad Media

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Descripción, Análisis Y Consecuencia Que Tuvo En La Navegación De La Época, El Óptimo Climático En La Edad Media Autor: Imad El Bali Tutor: Xavier Martínez de Osés DNM, Julio de 2013 DESCRIPCIÓN, ANÁLISIS Y CONSECUENCIA QUE TUVO EN LA NAVEGACIÓN DE LA ÉPOCA, EL ÓPTIMO CLIMÁTICO EN LA EDAD MEDIA. DESCRIPCIÓN, ANÁLISIS Y CONSECUENCIA QUE TUVO EN LA NAVEGACIÓN DE LA ÉPOCA, EL ÓPTIMO CLIMÁTICO EN LA EDAD MEDIA. 1 DESCRIPCIÓN, ANÁLISIS Y CONSECUENCIA QUE TUVO EN LA NAVEGACIÓN DE LA ÉPOCA, EL ÓPTIMO CLIMÁTICO EN LA EDAD MEDIA. Índice 1. Resumen .................................................................................................................... 6 2. Introducción ................................................................................................................ 7 3. Evolución histórica .................................................................................................... 10 4. Climatología .............................................................................................................. 16 4.1. Concepto ........................................................................................................... 16 4.2. Factores ............................................................................................................ 17 4.2.1. Factores astronómicos ............................................................................... 18 4.2.2. Factores geográficos .................................................................................. 22 4.2.3. Factores meteorológicos ............................................................................ 24 4.3. Clasificación ...................................................................................................... 27 4.3.1. Climas propicios para la vida ...................................................................... 27 4.3.2. Climas extremos ......................................................................................... 52 4.3.3. Climas locales ............................................................................................ 66 5. Optimo climático ....................................................................................................... 76 5.1. Cronología del clima medieval ........................................................................... 80 5.2. El Pequeño Óptimo ............................................................................................ 85 5.3. Terminan las incertidumbres de la Edad Media ................................................. 91 5.4. El clima del siglo XVI ....................................................................................... 103 6. Fenómenos climáticos ............................................................................................ 105 6.1. Variaciones de Milankovich ............................................................................. 105 7. Cómo será el tiempo del futuro? ............................................................................. 109 8. Conclusiones .......................................................................................................... 112 9. Bibliografía .............................................................................................................. 113 2 DESCRIPCIÓN, ANÁLISIS Y CONSECUENCIA QUE TUVO EN LA NAVEGACIÓN DE LA ÉPOCA, EL ÓPTIMO CLIMÁTICO EN LA EDAD MEDIA. Índice de ilustraciones Ilustración 1: La humedad constante y las temperaturas moderadas. ............................................. 28 Ilustración 2: El viento. ...................................................................................................................... 29 Ilustración 3: El clima continental ..................................................................................................... 30 Ilustración 4: Para la vegetación. ...................................................................................................... 31 Ilustración 5: En Europa, el olivo constituye un buen indicador de los límites del clima mediterráneo.. .................................................................................................................................. 33 Ilustración 6: En la región mediterránea, la vegetación se caracteriza por su aptitud para soportar los veranos secos.. ............................................................................................................................. 34 Ilustración 7: En los grandes macizos forestales de la zona ecuatorial ............................................ 46 Ilustración 8: La sabana es la formación vegetal característica del clima tropical.. ......................... 47 Ilustración 9: Algunos árboles se adaptan a la estación seca desarrollando troncos enormes ........ 48 Ilustración 10: En el sur y el sudeste asiáticos, más del 80 % de la pluviosidad se produce durante los monzones..................................................................................................................................... 51 Ilustración 11: Debido a la escasez de estaciones meteorológicas en las altas latitudes. ................ 53 Ilustración 12: El oso polar está perfectamente adaptado al frío intenso de estas regiones. .......... 54 Ilustración 13: Originario de Asia central, el camello se ha adaptado a la aridez del desierto ........ 63 Ilustración 14: La estepa es la formación vegetal característica del clima desértico frío. ................ 64 Ilustración 15: Particularmente hostil, el clima desértico de tipo cálido no excluye totalmente la vida. ................................................................................................................................................... 65 Ilustración 16: Con grandes orejas que le permiten regular mejor su temperatura interna ........... 66 Ilustración 17: En las latitudes medias, los valles de montañas se caracterizan por un escalonamiento ................................................................................................................................. 68 Ilustración 18: En las bajas latitudes, el escalonamiento de la vegetación se produce por el descenso de las temperaturas .......................................................................................................... 69 Ilustración 19: Incluso las islas situadas a bajas latitudes son propicias para el desarrollo de ascensiones y la formación de nubes. ............................................................................................... 73 Ilustración 20: En invierno, en las regiones frías, es cuando más se aprecia la «cúpula» de calor urbano ............................................................................................................................................... 75 3 DESCRIPCIÓN, ANÁLISIS Y CONSECUENCIA QUE TUVO EN LA NAVEGACIÓN DE LA ÉPOCA, EL ÓPTIMO CLIMÁTICO EN LA EDAD MEDIA. Índice de Figuras Figura 1: Estaciones: Equinoccios y solsticios.. ................................................................................. 19 Figura 2: los meridianos son círculos máximos imaginarios que pasan por los polos.. .................... 20 Figura 3: los rayos solares no llegan a todos los puntos de la Tierra en igualdad de condiciones.. 21 Figura 4: En el caso de un valle, forma inversa de una cordillera. .................................................... 23 Figura 5: Efecto Föhn. Fuente. .......................................................................................................... 24 Figura 6: estructura vertical de la atmósfera. ................................................................................... 25 Figura 7: El cosmos mediterráneo según el Dr. Fontseré. ................................................................ 35 Figura 8: Esquema de les condiciones sinópticas en las que sopla el mistral ................................... 36 Figura 9: Imagen Meteosat de una tormenta en el Mediterráneo, el 16 de enero de 1995. ........... 37 Figura 10: La zona de convergencia intertropical ............................................................................. 44 Figura 11: El contraste continente sobrecalentado. ......................................................................... 50 Figura 12: Estadística de depresiones muy profundas...................................................................... 56 Figura 13: La tormenta del Braer. ..................................................................................................... 57 Figura 14: Gráfico con el número de días con tormentas de invierno en las proximidades de las islas británicas en los últimos cien años, ........................................................................................... 59 Figura 15: La tierra se calienta más deprisa y en mayor grado que el agua. .................................... 71 Figura 16: Cuando hace buen tiempo, sobre las ciudades se sitúa una capa de aire más cálida. .... 74 Figura 17: Reconstrucción de la temperatura en los últimos 2000 años. ......................................... 77 Figura 18: Registro de la temperatura superficial del agua en primavera en la Bahía Chesapeake . 79 Figura 19: Periodización reciente glacioclimática de acuerdo con una ciénaga subglaciar. ............. 84 Figura 20: El mar de Hielo. ................................................................................................................ 95 Figura 21: Primer mapa científico del Mar de Hielo (1842). Mapa tomado de Forbes, 1843 .......... 95 Figura 22: El Glaciar de Argentière en 1780. ..................................................................................... 96 Figura 23: La misma perspectiva
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