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Mass Balance of Four Cirque Glaciers in the Torn Gat Mountains of Northern Labrador, Canada

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Mass Balance of Four Cirque Glaciers in the Torn Gat Mountains of Northern Labrador, Canada Journal of Glaciology, Vo!. 32, No. Ill, 1986 MASS BALANCE OF FOUR CIRQUE GLACIERS IN THE TORN GAT MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN LABRADOR, CANADA By ROBERT J. ROGERSON (Departments of Earth Sciences and Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland AIB 3XS , Canada) ABSTRACT. The net mass balance of four small cirque la pente, la proximite des rives et des parois fermant le glaciers (0.7-1.4 km2) in the Torngat Mountains of northern cirque et la hauteur de ces paTOis au-dessus de la surface Labrador was measured for 1981-84, allowing three de la glace. Le Abraham Glacier, le plus petit de tous, dote complete mass-balance years to be calculated. The two indubitablement du bilan de masse le plus negatif (-1,28 m largest glaciers experienced positive mass-balance conditions en 1983) reavan~ait it la vitesse moyenne de 1,2 m/an entre in 1982 while all the glaciers were negative in 1983. The 1981 et 1984. L'altitude moyenne de la ligne d'equilibre temporal pattern relates directly to general climatic (ELA) pour les quatre glaciers est de 1050 m, variant conditions, in particular winter snowfall. Spatial variations of notablement d'un glacier it I'autre (+240 it -140 m) et d'une mass balance on the glaciers are the result of several factors annee sur I'autre (+60 it -30 m). including altitude, extent of supraglacial debris cover, slope, proximity to side and backwalls of the enclosing cirque, and the height of the backwall above the ice surface. Abraham ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. Massenbilanz fur vier Kargletscher Glacier, the smallest studied and with consistently the in den Torngat Mountains von Nord-Labrador. Kanada. Die largest negative mass balance (-1.28 m in 1983), re-advanced Netto-Massenbilanz von vier kleineh Kargletschern 2 an average of 1.2 m each year between 1981 and 1984. (0,7-1,4 km ) in den Torngat Mountains von Nord-Labrador Mean equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) for the four glaciers wurde fiir die Jahre 1981-84 gemessen; hieraus lassen sict is 1050 m, varying substantially from one glacier to another drei vollstandige Jahresmassenbilanzen berechnen. Die beide!l (+240 to -140 m) and from year to year (+60 to -30 m). grossten Gletscher wiesen 1982 positive Massenbilanzen auf; 1983 waren alle Bilanzen negativ. Die zeitIiche Verteilung spiegelt direkt die allegemeinen klimatischen Verhaltnisse RESUME. Bi/an de masse de 4 glaciers de cirque dans wider, speziell den Schneefall im Winter. Rliumliche les monlagnes Torngat. Labrador septentrional. Canada. Le Schwankungen der Massenbilanz auf den Gletschern sind das bilan de masse net de quatre petits glaciers de cirque (0,7 it Ergebnis verschiedener Faktoren, darunter die Meereshohe, 2 1,4 km ) dans les montagnes Torngat, Labrador septentrional, das Ausmass der oberflachlichen Schuttbedeckung, die a ete mesure pour 1981-84, en permettant le calcul de trois Neigung, die Nahe zu den Seiten- und Riickwanden der annees completes de bilan de masse. Les deux plus grands Kare, die Hohe der Riickwand uber der Eisoberflache. Der glaciers ont connu des bilans de masse positifs en 1982 Abraham Glacier, der kleinste unter den untersuchten und alors que to us ont ete deficitaires en 1983. Ces mit stets grosster negativer Massenbilanz (-1,28 m im Jahre caracteristiques tempore lies sont dues aux conditions 1983), riickte zwischen 1981 und 1984 im Jahresmittel urn climatiques generales, notamment aux chutes de neige 1,2 m vor. Die Hohe der mittleren Gleichgewichtslinie hivernales. Les variations spatiales du bilan de masse sur les (ELA) betragt fur die vier Gletscher 1050 m, zeigt aber von glaciers sont dependantes de pi usieurs facteurs tels que Gletscher zu Gletscher wesentIiche Unterschiede (+240 m bis I'altitude, I'extension superficielle de la couverture de debris, -140 m) und schwankt von Jahr zu Jahr (+60 m bis -30 m). INTRODUCTION deterioration evident in Baffin Island, and elsewhere in the Arctic, according to several indicators (Bradley and Miller, The Torngat Mountains in northern Labrador host the 1972; Bradley and England, 1977). This project began, only glaciers in continental North America east of the therefore, with the objective of measuring the mass balance Rocky Mountains and the southernmost glaciers in the and terminal response of several glaciers, including the Canadian eastern Arctic. The largest group of glaciers occurs largest glacier in the Torngat Mountains. south of Nachvak Fiord in the area of the Selamiut Range, the highest in the Torngat Mountains, yet an area which was overlooked in surveys of the glaciers of Labrador by Torngat Mountains glaciers Mercer (1958) and Fahn (1975). The glaciers selected for the program were 2 The glaciers are all small «1.5 km ) and most of them Superguksoak, the largest glacier in the Torngat Mountains exist in deep cirques with high, overshadowing backwalls with an area of 1.4 km2 and Minaret Glacier, both in the which are probably significant to their existence. Tanner high Selamiut Range, and Abraham and Hidden Glaciers in (1944) questioned the continuing survival of the Cirque Mountain Range (Fig. I). All lie within "Miniaturgletscher" in the Torngat Mountains which he reasonable walking distance of Ivitak Cove on Nachvak illustrated with two pictures of Bryants Glacier, c. 40 km Fiord, which became the location for a base camp. north of the Selamiut Range. Taken in 1908 and 1931, the The glaciers are all cirque glaciers. Superguksoak photographs indicate very substantial recession of the glacier. Glacier might be described as a double cirque glacier silice In recent years, Stix (unpublished) reported evidence that it is fed from two adjacent cirque basins. The cirques open some glaciers in the Selamiut Range had re-advanced prior towards the north-west in the case of Abraham and Hidden to 1979. It seems possible that glaciers in the Torngat Glaciers and to the north-east in the case of Minaret Mountains may have rallied in response to c1imati(; Glacier. The terminal section of Superguksoak Glacier 208 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 25 Sep 2021 at 02:34:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 25 Sep 2021 at 02:34:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. Downloaded from N ;:;. ., o ::'" !?. https://www.cambridge.org/core c ...... TABLE I. MASS-BALANCE TABLES FOR ABRAHAM, HIDDEN, MINARET, AND SUPERGUKSOAK GLACIERS FOR 1981, CALCULATED FROM FIGURES 4 AND 5 8 t:) -100 10 -50 -50 to 0 " Altitude -35010 -300 -300 to -250 -250 to -200 -200 to -150 -150 to -lOO o 10 +50 50 to 100 lOO to 150 150 10 200 T Mass balance §: kml Meum km' Meum km 2 Meum km 2 Meum km2 Meum km' Meum . km' Meum km' Meum km' Meum km' Meum km 2 Meum km' 106 m' rn a.s .1. ~ Abraham Glacier '" <700 .001 .175 .001 - .175 .019 1.425 .025 .625 700-800 .010 2.75 .024 5.4 .013 2.275 .017 2.125 . IOS -14.6 .028 2.1 .083 2.075 0 900 .012 3.3 .025 5.625 .017 2.975 .029 3.625 .194 -19.7 . 80 - 25 Sep 2021at02:34:42 .034 900-1000 2.55 .140 3.5 .070 1.75 .244 -4.3 1000-1100 .074 5.55 .OSO 10 .154 +15 .55 >1100 .027 3.375 .027 +3 .375 .081 ~.075 .248 ~ . 2 TOTAL .022 ~.05 .049 -11 .025 .031 -5.425 .046 -5.75 .070 +1.75 .074 +5.55 .107 +13.375 .728 -19.85 Hidden Glacier <800 .006 .75 .006 -<U5 , subject totheCambridge Coreterms ofuse. 800-900 .Q30 5.25 .146 18 .25 .075 5.625 .046 1.15 .297 -30.275 900-1000 .038 4.75 .047 3.525 .052 1.3 .056 1.4 .193 -8.175 1000-1100 .010 .75 .053 1.325 .085 2.125 .074 5.55 .222 +5 .6 1100-1200 .016 .4 .039 2.925 .034 4.25 .089 +7.575 >1200 .046 5.75 .046 +5 .75 TOTAL .030 -5.25 .190 -23.75 .132 -9.9 .151 -3.775 .157 +3.925 .113 +S.475 .OSO +10 .S53 -20.275 Minaret Glacier <1000 .001 .025 .001 - .025 1000-1100 .009 .675 .035 .S75 .044 -1.55 1100-1200 .015 1.875 .056 4.2 .081 2.025 .152 -S.I 1200- 1300 .032 4.0 .120 9.0 .097 2.425 .029 0.725 .017 1.275 .295 -13.425 1300-1400 .Oll .S25 .025 .625 .OS5 2.125 .OS2 6.15 .074 9.25 .277 +16.075 1400-1500 .026 .65 .011 .S25 .039 4.S 75 .028 4.9 .104 +11.25 >1500 .Q30 .75 .007 .117 .037 +1.275 TOTAL .049 -5.875 .196 -14.7 .239 -5.75 .170 +4 .25 .117 +8.775 .113 +14.125 .028 +4.9 .910 +5 .545 Superguksoa k Glacier <700 .001 .075 .035 .875 .005 .125 .041 -0.675 700 -800 .002 .35 .053 6.625 .073 5.475 .099 2.475 .014 .35 .240 -14.575 800-900 .008 1.4 .154 19.25 .099 7.425 .162 4.05 .073 1.825 .005 .375 .501 -29.925 900-1000 .006 .75 .024 I.S .037 .925 .169 4.225 .IS5 13.S8 .042 5.25 .017 2.975 .4S0 +22.85 >1000 .019 .475 .035 2.625 .045 5.625 .034 5.95 .133 +14 .675 TOTAL .010 -1.75 .213 -26.625 .197 -14.775 .332 -8.325 .280 +7.0 .225 +16.875 .087 +10.875 .052 +9.1 1.395 -7.65 Key: Meum 106 m3. T Total area in km'. Rogerson: Mass balance of cirque glaciers ERRORS AND DEFICIENCIES There are a number of potential sources of error in this work.
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