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Bab V Kesimpulan BAB V KESIMPULAN Berpegang pada pertanyaan utama dari penelitian ini yaitu, "apakah krisis pengungsi Venezuela tahun 2014-2018 mendorong potensi sekuritisasi oleh pemerintah Kolombia?", penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang potensi pemerintah Kolombia dalam mengamankan isu pengungsi, pada tahun 2014-2018. Krisis ekonomi dan politik yang terjadi di Venezuela, berdampak pada standar hidup masyarakat. Ketidakmampuan rezim Nicolás Maduro dalam menangani krisis tersebut, memunculkan masalah baru yaitu kelangkaan kebutuhan pokok seperti makanan, air bersih, dan obat-obatan. Keterbatasan masyarakat Venezuela dalam mengakses kebutuhan pokok menjadi faktor pendorong terjadinya migrasi dari Venezuela ke Kolombia. Perpindahan penduduk dalam jumlah yang masif, membuat Kolombia menghadapi dua gelombang krisis pengungsi. krisis pengungsi dapat dibuktikan dengan arus masuk pengungsi yang meningkat dengan sangat cepat, serta jumlah pengungsi yang sudah mencapai 1,4 juta jiwa. Dalam menganalisis potensi sekuritisasi isu, penulis menggunakan konsep keamanan non-tradisional dan teori sekuritisasi yang dikemukakan oleh Copenhagen School. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang menjadikan dokumen/pustaka sebagai sumber data untuk mendukung penelitian. Sejalan dengan teori sekuritisasi yang dikemukakan oleh Barry Buzan dan Ole Wæver, proses sekuritisasi dapat dikatakan berhasil jika setiap kriteria dari setiap 90 91 indikator sekuritisasi telah terpenuhi. Indikator tersebut meliputi: ‘existential threat’, ‘referent object’, ‘securitizing actors’, ‘speech act’, respons audiens, serta ‘extraordinary measures’. Analisis pada penelitian ini, berpusat pada potensi sekuritisasi, dengan mengkaji kriteria dari setiap indikator di atas. Kriteria dair indikator yang pertama yaitu ‘existential threat’ & ‘referent object’ sudah terpenuhi. Kedatangan para pengungsi Venezuela dilihat sebagai ancaman yang besar bagi masyarakat Kolombia. Yang pertama ancaman tersebut dapat dilihat dari aspek ekonomi, dimana Pemerintah Kolombia tidak mampu untuk memberikan bantuan kemanusiaan dan layanan sosial kepada para pengungsi. Hal itu dikarenakan pemerintah membutuhkan biaya sekitar 0,23% hingga 0,41% dari total GDP negara. Lebih dari itu, kedatangan para pengungsi diketahui meningkatkan angka kemiskinan dan pengangguran di beberapa kota seperti Cúcuta, Riohacha, dan Bogotá. Dalam aspek sosial, masyarakat Kolombia juga merasa bahwa kedatangan para pengungsi meningkatkan kasus kriminal dan kekerasan. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan keterlibatan pengungsi Kolombia dalam rencana pembunuhan Presiden Iván Duque Márquez dan aksi drug trafficking bersama dengan kelompok gerilyawan ELN dan FARC. Kriteria indikator yang kedua yaitu ‘securitizing actors’ & ‘speech act’ juga sudah terpenuhi, melihat konstruksi isu pengungsi menjadi isu keamanan yang telah dilakukan oleh oleh perwakilan negara Kolombia melalui berbagai pidato dan video singkat. Dalam kasus ini, Presiden, Wakil Presiden, Menteri Luar Negeri, dan Penasihat Presiden Kolombia berperan sebagai aktor sekuritisasi yang melakukan pergeseran isu pengungsi menjadi suatu isu yang bersifat urgent dan membutuhkan 92 penanganan cepat tanpa harus mengikuti peraturan konvensional. Kriteria dari indikator yang ketiga yaitu respon audiens terhadap pernyataan aktor sekuritisasi juga sudah terpenuhi. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan tidak adanya perdebatan antara audiens dengan perwakilan pemerintah yang terjadi diruang publik. Persepsi masyarakat Kolombia mengenai para pengungsi yang dianggap sebagai ancaman vital turut direfleksikan melalui aksi diskriminasi dan xenophobia terhadap pengungsi. Aksi penolakan terhadap pengungsi juga dilihat dari upaya kelompok masyarakat Kolombia Agilas Negras untuk ‘membersihkan’ Kota Bucaramanga dari pengungsi Venezuela. Meskipun kriteria dari ketiga indikator diatas sudah terpenuhi, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kriteria dari indikator yang terakhir yaitu ‘extraordinary measures’ belum terpenuhi. Hal ini dikarenakan sejak tahun 2014 hingga 2018, belum ada kebijakan pemerintah yang merefleksikan tindakan emergency yang dilakukan untuk menghadapi ancaman vital. Kebijakan yang diadopsi oleh rezim Presiden Juan Manuel Santos dalam menangani krisis pengungsi hanya mencakup pemberian kartu izin imigrasi, seperti Border Mobility Card (BMC), ‘Entry and Permanence Permit’, ‘Temporary Permanence Permit’ ‘Special Permit of Permanence’ dan ‘Registro Administrativo de Migrantes Venezolanos’ (RAMV). Sedangkan tindakan yang dilakukan oleh rezim Presiden Iván Duque Márquez hanya mencakup bantuan kemanusiaan dan layanan sosial untuk meningkatkan kondisi para pengungsi. Bentuk penyelesaian masalah tersebut membuktikan bahwa sekuritisasi tidak dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kolombia. Maka itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa krisis pengungsi Venezuela berpotensi mendorong sekuritisasi 93 isu pada masa yang akan datang. Namun, Pemerintah Kolombia memilih untuk tidak melakukan sekuritisasi isu pengungsi. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Books: Anthony, Melly Caballero. An Introduction to Non-traditional Security Studies: A Transnational Approach London: SAGE Publications, 2016. Bakry, Umar Suryadi. Metode Penelitian Hubungan Internasional Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2016. Bruce L. Berg dan Howard Lune, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences 8th Edition. United States: Pearson Education Inc, 2015. Buzan, Barry dan Lene Hansen. The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Buzan, Barry dan Ole Waever dan Jaap de Wilde. Security: A New Framework Analysis. United Kingdom: Lynne Reinner, 1998. Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear Harvester. Brighton: Press Group, 1983. Catles, Stephen, Hein de Haas dan Mark J. Miller. 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