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La Salud En El Proceso Constituyente Venezolano Revista Cubana De Salud Pública, Vol

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La Salud En El Proceso Constituyente Venezolano Revista Cubana De Salud Pública, Vol Revista Cubana de Salud Pública ISSN: 0864-3466 [email protected] Sociedad Cubana de Administración de Salud Cuba Feo, Oscar; Curcio, Pasqualina La salud en el proceso constituyente venezolano Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, vol. 30, núm. 2, abril-junio, 2004, p. 0 Sociedad Cubana de Administración de Salud La Habana, Cuba Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=21430208 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto La salud en el proceso constituyente venezolano Rev Cubana Salud Pública 2004;30(2) La salud en el proceso constituyente venezolano Oscar Feo1 y Pasqualina Curcio2 Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el proceso de elaboración de los artículos de salud de la Constitución de Venezuela, realizada por la Subcomisión de Salud de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente (ANC), que sesionó durante la segunda mitad del año 1999. Está conformado por tres partes: 1. Antecedentes de la ANC, así como del marco jurídico que caracterizaba al sistema de salud durante ese período. 2. Aspectos metodológicos que caracterizaron la elaboración de los contenidos de salud de la Constitución. 3. Análisis de los artículos que conforman el marco constitucional vigente para la salud en Venezuela, sistematizando sus características más importantes. En el artículo se resalta el carácter participativo del proceso de redacción de los artículos de salud de la Constitución de 1999, así como las diferencias existentes en materia de salud, entre la nueva Constitución y la anterior, de 1961. La principal diferencia es el reconocimiento de la salud como derecho social fundamental y el deber del Estado de garantizarla, saliendo al paso a las propuestas privatizadoras que caracterizan el contexto internacional, al considerar que la salud debe ser colocada en el mercado, dejando al Estado solo la responsabilidad de ofrecer atención a los más pobres. Por último, se comentan los artículos de la Constitución Bolivariana resaltando los mecanismos que permitirían garantizar el derecho a la salud, estableciendo las características y principios que deben estar presentes en el nuevo Sistema Público Nacional de Salud, caracterizado como intersectorial, descentralizado y participativo. Palabras clave: Proceso constituyente, Derecho a la salud, Políticas de salud, Venezuela. Introducción El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el proceso de elaboración de los artículos de salud de la Constitución de Venezuela, realizada por la Subcomisión de Salud de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente (ANC), que sesionó durante la segunda mitad del año 1999. Siguiendo la sistematización presentada por Curcio1 el capítulo está organizado en tres partes: 1. Antecedentes de la ANC, así como del marco jurídico que caracterizaba al sistema de salud durante ese período. file:///D|/Documentos%20de%20trabajo/Importantes/EBSCO%203/Salud%20Pública/vol30_2_04/spu08204.htm (1 of 16)11/02/2005 4:45:33 La salud en el proceso constituyente venezolano 2. Aspectos metodológicos que caracterizaron la elaboración de los contenidos de salud de la Constitución. 3. Análisis de los artículos que conforman el marco constitucional vigente para la salud en Venezuela, sistematizando sus características más importantes. Antecedentes El 27 de febrero de 1989, a menos de 2 meses de la toma de posesión de Carlos Andrés Pérez a su segunda presidencia, Venezuela sufrió una profunda conmoción social y política a partir de una irrupción popular conocida como el “Caracazo”, y que constituyó una clara expresión de los niveles de descontento y frustración existentes en el país. Esa explosión social fue una respuesta espontánea de la población más empobrecida ante la imposibilidad de alcanzar mejores niveles de vida y, además, se interpreta como respuesta a la puesta en marcha de políticas neoliberales de ajuste macroeconómico y privatizaciones, que significaron un retraimiento de las condiciones materiales de vida. Terris2 testigo de excepción de ese hecho, reportó posteriormente sus características fundamentales. Sin embargo, el único cambio sustancial que se produjo, a pesar de la resistencia de la clase política, fue la elección directa de gobernadores y alcaldes a finales de 1989, que inició un proceso de descentralización hacia los estados y municipios. Ese largo proceso de frustraciones colectivas y de incapacidad gubernamental se convirtió en caldo de cultivo para la conmoción social gestada en la década de los 90, con severas consecuencias en el ámbito político, una de ellas, las insurgencias militares del año 1992, encabezadas por el actual presidente de la República Hugo Chávez, en ese entonces comandante de una base militar en el interior del país. Esa insurgencia militar, unida al profundo descontento popular, abrieron las puertas a profundos cambios políticos, que continuaron con la destitución del Presidente Pérez y la convocatoria a elecciones generales para designar al presidente de la República en 1993, en las cuales las propuestas innovadoras tienen papel fundamental. Surgen ese año candidaturas de fuerte corte renovador, tales como la de Andrés Velásquez candidato de la Causa R, y que sectores importantes de la opinión política da como triunfante, y la de Rafael Caldera, uno de los padres del bipartidismo, que rompe con su partido tradicional (COPEI) y resulta electo Presidente de la República en diciembre de 1993. El triunfo de Caldera y la aparente derrota del bipartidismo, fueron posibles gracias a su veteranía política, que hizo que se colocara a la cabeza de las ansias de renovación de amplios sectores populares, conformando a su alrededor una coalición conocida como “Convergencia”, en la cual participaron entre otros el Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) y el Partido Comunista, algunos de cuyos dirigentes plantearon que ese sería el primer gobierno de la nueva Venezuela, o el último de la vieja Venezuela. Sin embargo, ya en 1995 esas esperanzas se ven frustradas por la incapacidad del Presidente Caldera y de la clase dirigente para promover los cambios que exigía la sociedad, tomando el Gobierno, un camino de continuismo que incrementó la frustración de la población. file:///D|/Documentos%20de%20trabajo/Importantes/EBSCO%203/Salud%20Pública/vol30_2_04/spu08204.htm (2 of 16)11/02/2005 4:45:33 La salud en el proceso constituyente venezolano El siguiente proceso electoral (1998), hizo evidente el agotamiento y deterioro de los partidos políticos existentes, y estuvo marcado por el rechazo a las fórmulas partidistas tradicionales. Presenciamos el surgimiento de candidaturas fuera del dominio partidista tradicional, tales como las de Irene Sáez, Henrique Salas y Hugo Chávez, este último, electo Presidente de la República con más del 50 % de la votación, luego de haber desarrollado su campaña electoral sobre una clara identificación con los sectores populares, la oferta de una lucha frontal contra la corrupción y la convocatoria a un Proceso Constituyente para refundar y reconstruir el país. Efectivamente, el primer decreto del Presidente Chávez fue la convocatoria a un referéndum popular para decidir la realización de una Asamblea Nacional Constituyente (ANC) que tendría como tarea fundamental elaborar una nueva Constitución y sentar las bases del nuevo país. El 2 de febrero de 1999 el Presidente de la República, en ejercicio de la atribución contenida en el artículo 181 de la Ley Orgánica del Sufragio y Participación Política, decretó en Consejo de Ministros, la realización de un referéndum para que el pueblo se pronunciara sobre la convocatoria de una Asamblea Nacional Constituyente. Entre las razones que justificaron la convocatoria se encuentran: “El sistema político venezolano está en crisis y las instituciones han sufrido un acelerado proceso de deslegitimación. A pesar de esta realidad, los beneficiarios del régimen, caracterizado por la exclusión de las grandes mayorías, han bloqueado, en forma permanente los cambios exigidos por el pueblo. Como consecuencia de esta conducta se han desatado las fuerzas populares que sólo encuentran su cauce democrático a través de la convocatoria del Poder Constituyente Originario. Además, la consolidación del Estado de Derecho exige de una base jurídica que permita la práctica de una Democracia Social y Participativa.” A pesar de la oposición de la vieja clase política y empresarial, que avizoraban la pérdida del control de la sociedad venezolana, el 25 de abril del mismo año se llevó a cabo ese referéndum consultivo, aprobándose con un 81,9 % a favor de la convocatoria a una Asamblea Nacional Constituyente con el propósito de transformar el Estado y crear un nuevo ordenamiento jurídico que permitiera el funcionamiento efectivo de una Democracia Social y Participativa (Venezuela. Presidencia de la República. Decreto No. 3 de febrero de 1999). El proceso constituyente En América Latina, en los últimos años varios países han convocado procesos constituyentes: Colombia, Perú, Ecuador y Venezuela; y muchos otros contemplan la posibilidad de su convocatoria. Las Constituyentes son propuestas políticas para la elaboración de una nueva Constitución como mecanismo para transformar la estructura institucional, política y por consiguiente jurídica de un país y proceder a su refundación por la vía de la participación directa del pueblo en la elaboración y aprobación de ese instrumento
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