DOCSLIB.ORG

Revolutionary Doctors: How Venezuela and Cuba Are Changing the World's Conception of Health Care

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revolutionary Doctors: How Venezuela and Cuba Are Changing the World's Conception of Health Care Revolutionary Doctors This page intentionally left blank Revolutionary Doctors How Venezuela and Cuba Are Changing the World’s Conception of Health Care by STEVE BROUWER MONTHLY REVIEW PRESS New York Copyright © 2011 by Steve Brouwer All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brouwer, Steve, 1947– Revolutionary doctors : how Venezuela and Cuba are changing the world's conception of health care / by Steve Brouwer. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-58367-239-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58367-240-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Community health services—Venezuela. 2. Community health services—Cuba. 3. Medical education—Venezuela. 4. Medical education—Cuba. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Community Health Services—Cuba. 2. Community Health Services—Venezuela. 3. Education, Medical—methods—Cuba. 4. Education, Medical—methods—Venezuela. 5. Health Services Accessibility—Cuba. 6. Health Services Accessibility—Venezuela. 7. International Cooperation—Cuba. 8. International Cooperation—Venezuela. 9. Physicians—Cuba. 10. Physicians—Venezuela. 11. Poverty—Cuba. 12. Poverty—Venezuela. WA 546 DV4] RA481.B76 2011 362.109-7291—dc23 2011016108 Monthly Review Press 146 West 29th Street, Suite 6W New York, NY 10001 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments.............................................7 1. Where Do Revolutionary Doctors Come From?............11 2. Solidarity and Internationalism ...........................21 3. Creating Two, Three . One Hundred Thousand Che Guevaras...........................................41 4. Medicine in Revolutionary Cuba..........................55 5. Barrio Adentro..........................................73 6. Witnessing Barrio Adentro in Action......................95 7. New Doctors for Venezuela .............................111 8. Building Community Medicine on a Daily Basis ..........129 9. Revolutionary Medicine in Conflict with the Past .........153 10. The Battle of Ideas and the Battle for Our America........175 11. The War on Ideas: The U.S. Counterinsurgency Campaign ...........................201 12. Practicing Medicine, Practicing Revolution ...............215 Notes ......................................................231 Index ......................................................247 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I did not go to Venezuela in September of 2007 to write a book about the revolutionary practice of medicine. I went to live in a mountain vil- lage and write about how rural people, especially the campesinos in and around Monte Carmelo, were transforming their lives through their active participation in the Bolivarian Revolution. Although I nar- rowed my focus to tell about one important part of this revolutionary process and its connection to the Cuban Revolution, I learned an immense amount about rural life from my campesino neighbors in Monte Carmelo, who provided support, kindness, and friendship to me and my sons during our nine-month stay. This small village is gaining renown throughout Venezuela for its cooperative spirit, soli- darity, experimental agriculture, and grassroots organizing ability, and so it really merits a book of its own. (I hope to write more about Monte Carmelo. In the meantime, readers can still find blog articles I wrote in 2007–08 at www.venezuelanotes.blogspot.com.) Though I cannot possibly list the names of everyone who ought to be thanked, I want to give special thanks to the family of Gaudy and Omar Garcia and the family of Abigail and Gabriel Garcia, and other members of their extended families: Sandino, Luz Marina, Polilla, Carmen Alicia, Hector, Alexis, Arturo, Cesar, Javier, and Maira. They 8 REVOLUTIONARY DOCTORS not only provided us with hospitality, close friendship, and a place to live but were invaluable in sharing an intimate knowledge of village life, farming, and the beautiful natural world that surrounds them. I am especially indebted to the medical students and doctors in the Monte Carmelo and Sanare area who allowed me to spend time in their clinics and classrooms, as well as learn about their lives and aspi- rations. I refer to them only by their first names since I do not have everyone’s last name accurately recorded. The Venezuelan medical students: Mariela, Milena, Édison, Jonás, Arelys, Iris, Yeiny, Inez, Odalys, Luisa, Antonio, Magaly, Vanesa, Dilbex, José, Hilario, Rosana, Mileidy, Vanesa, Karina, Juan, and José Antonio; the students from Suriname: Georgo, Isabel, and Meredith. Doctors working at the Barrio Adentro walk-in clinics and the Diagnostic Center: Dr. Tomasa, Dr. Barbara, Dr. Edita, Dr. Raúl, the two Dr. Franks, Dr. Alina, and Dr. Humberto. Many thanks to two North American friends, Lisa Sullivan and Charlie Hardy, who have lived for decades in Venezuela, spending most of that time living and working among the poor in the barrios of Caracas and Barquisimeto. They were indispensable for introductions to many Venezuelans who became friends and contacts, and invalu- able in their help on various trips I made to Venezuela. Five friends from the nearby town of Sanare, all of them teachers—Honorio, Irlanda, Rubén, Goya, and Luis—were particularly helpful in acquainting me with local progressive and revolutionary traditions in education, politics, religion, and society that predate the Chávez gov- ernment institutions. The two Morochos, the unofficial village anthro- pologists and poets of Monte Carmelo, were very generous in filling me in on local history and folklore. My first guides to Caracas, Marcela and Antonio, gave me an exceptional introduction to the barrios and the rest of the city. Other valued friends who helped in Venezuela include Mario, Rosa Elena, Pablo, Ledys, David, Pachi, Maia, Joséito, and Father Mario Grippo. In Cuba, my good friends the poet Victor Casaus and journalist Hedelberto Lopez Blanch were extremely helpful in Havana. Gail Reed and Conner Gorry, journalists based in Havana working for ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 MEDICC Review, provided me with invaluable advice and informa- tion. MEDICC Review, featuring articles by Cuban and U.S. medical experts, is the only peer-reviewed journal in English dedicated to Cuban medicine. This magazine and website, a joint venture by Cuban and U.S. medical experts, is a great resource and extremely reliable. I want to thank philosopher and journalist Enrique Ubieta Gómez for sharing his time with me and thoughts related to his excel- lent book, Venezuela rebelde: dinero vs. solidaridad. At ELAM, the Latin American School of Medicine in Havana, Dr. Midalys Castilla Martínez, the vice rector, was generous with her time as she intro- duced me to the school and some of the students. At Monthly Review Press, I would like to thank Fred Magdoff, who visited us briefly in Venezuela and suggested the press could be interested in a book on revolutionary medicine. Michael Yates has been an excellent editor, displaying great patience and sound judg- ment, and Erin Clermont served as a great copyeditor with a sharp eye for clarity. My two sons, Jan and Ari, who were eighteen and sixteen at the time, lived with me in Monte Carmelo and provided wonderful com- panionship and good humor. They also ended up working full-time with our campesino neighbors at the Las Lajitas cooperative organic farm—they began their half-hour climb up the mountain at 5:30 every morning and spent their days digging, planting, harvesting, and com- posting with worms; they even learned how to plow with a horse on the steep mountainsides. In the afternoons they came home with an extraordinary variety of vegetables and the world’s tastiest yogurt. And many thanks, as always, to my wife, Susan, who could only visit us for a few weeks because she had to stay at home in Pennsylvania teaching her classes while providing lots of encouragement, love, and our material support. Finally I want to dedicate this book to the memory of my father, Dr. Stephen W. Brouwer, a physician renowned for his good humor and willingness to listen to patients. One of the few things that could anger him was the death of someone who sought treatment too late because of worries about the cost. He blamed such deaths on a health 10 REVOLUTIONARY DOCTORS system that would not countenance free and universal care. My father was the only doctor I knew in my youth who was a socialist—in fact, he was the only socialist I knew—so he would surely be glad to know that today revolutionary doctors are transforming health care in the poorest and most remote parts of the Americas. 1. Where Do Revolutionary Doctors Come From? The campesinos would have run, immediately and with unreserved enthusiasm, to help their brothers. —CHE GUEVARA, “On Revolutionary Medicine,” 1960 Even though he came to Cuba with a rifle slung over his shoulder and entered Havana in 1959 as one of the victorious commanders of the Cuban Revolution, he still continued to think of himself as a doctor. Five years earlier, the twenty-five-year-old Argentine had arrived in Guatemala and offered to put his newly earned medical degree at the service of a peaceful social transformation. Dr. Ernesto Guevara was hoping to find work in the public health services and contribute to the wide-ranging reforms being initiated by President Arbenz, but he never had much opportunity to work as a physician in Guatemala. Within months of his arrival, Arbenz’s government was brought down by the military coup d’état devised by the United Fruit Company, some Guatemalan colonels, the U.S. State Department, and the CIA. Che never lost sight of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Venezuela Economic Collapse Creates Family Planning Crisis President’S Note
    Volume 50, Issue 4 December 2018 VENEZUELA ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CREATES FAMILY PLANNING CRISIS President’s Note “Half the truth is often a great lie.” – Benjamin Franklin y failing even to mention population growth in the What will they tell hundreds of millions fated to become state- thirty-three-page “Summary for Policymakers” of less environmental refugees, pushed to relocate due to climate its new publication, Global Warming of 1.5°C, the change? What will they say to subsistence farmers forced to BIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) offered watch their families starve as meager plots become arid waste- less than the whole truth. This is despite the fact that a 2010 lands? And what about the countless, voiceless species doomed paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy to extinction because so many authorities tremble at the very of Sciences concluded that by the end of the century, slower possibility of a negative reaction? population growth could reduce total fossil fuel emissions by 37–41 percent. Benjamin Franklin, the redoubtable author of Poor Richard’s Almanack, warns, “You may delay, but time will not.” The IPCC “Summary for Policymakers” finds room to call for ecosystem-based adaptation, ecosystem restoration, biodiversity There is no excuse for timid temporizing in the face of a global management, sustainable aquaculture, efficient irrigation, social crisis. When climate experts fail to address population growth safety nets, disaster risk management, green infrastructure, sus- — arguably the single biggest driver of climate change — they tainable land use, and water management. But not one single place far more than their own reputations at risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Education and Revolution
    Frontier Vol. 44, No. 26, January 8-14, 2012 CUBA Education and Revolution Ricardo Alarcon de Quesada IN 1795, FATHER JOSE AGUSTIN Caballero presented the first project for the creation of a system of public education for all the inhabitants of the island of Cuba. It was a visionary idea, but impossible to carry out at that time. The island was a colonial possession of the Spanish Crown, and most of the population was subjected to slavery or made up of Mestizos and freed blacks, the victims of segregation and racial discrimination. Education, within the reach of a very small minority, was confined within the strict canons of scholastic philosophy. Father Caballero was profoundly critical of that philosophy and of the pedagogy springing from it. This would be the birth of an intellectual movement having decisive importance for the history of Cuba, a movement that would reach its pinnacle with another Catholic priest, Felix Varela, who was Caballero's disciple and the first Cuban intellectual who fought for national independence and the abolition of slavery. It is intriguing that it was in Cuba, which, with Puerto Rico, was the last of the Spanish American colonies, where the most solid and deep-rooted questioning of the political system, struggling to keep both islands under its control, occurred. The melding of radical thinking with aspirations for the emancipation of slaves and other excluded sectors of the population took shape on October 10, 1868, the start of the first war for independence and a profound social revolution. Public education was a refuge for Cuban patriotism throughout the first half of the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba in the Time of Coronavirus: Exploiting a Global Crisis
    Cuba in the time of coronavirus: exploiting a global crisis Part I: Pandemic as opportunity April 7, 2020 If any country was ready for the global pandemic, it was Cuba … but not how one would expect. Its regime has responded to the coronavirus crisis by kicking into high gear to reap economic and political gain while attempting to enhance its international image, blame the United States for its problems, and erode its economic sanctions. This time, however, its usual trade-off of repressing its people for external gain is looking like a riskier gamble. Photo: CubaDebate.com In early to mid-March 2020, as most countries took increasingly drastic measures to contain the spread of coronavirus, the Cuban government was striking deals to hire out its indentured doctors, hype its questionable medications, and lure tourists while ignoring the cost to its own population. Its huge state apparatus instantly deployed its arsenal of asymmetrical weapons ¾intelligence and propaganda¾ that are the hallmark of its unique brand of soft power.1 It has proven quite effective to “alter the behavior of others to get what it wants”2 in the world stage and it has an uncanny ability to use its people as political and economic weapons. Although the 61-year old Communist regime rules over a repressed and impoverished people and a tiny, bankrupt economy, it has carefully crafted a fake narrative of Cuba as a “medical powerhouse” and “the world’s 1 Joseph Nye, a political scientist and former Clinton administration official, coined the post-Cold War concept of “soft power in a 1990 Foreign Policy piece.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book
    AEPROMO, 2012 Revista Española de Ozonoterapia Vol.2 No. 2. Supplement 1, 2012, ISSN 2174‐3215 III International Congress of AEPROMO "The ozonetherapy in the medical agenda" Spanish Association of Medical Professionals in Ozone Therapy III International Congress of AEPROMO 7th -9th June, 2012. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Abstract Book Abstract Book 7th - 9th June, 2012. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Organizer: Spanish Association of Medical Professionals in Ozone Therapy (AEPROMO) Page 1 of 117 AEPROMO, 2012 Revista Española de Ozonoterapia Vol.2 No. 2. Supplement 1, 2012, ISSN 2174‐3215 III International Congress of AEPROMO "The ozonetherapy in the medical agenda" Spanish Association of Medical Professionals in Ozone Therapy Index Scientific Committee ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Organizing committee....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Sponsors........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Preface.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Conference Agenda
    [Show full text]
  • Healthcare Without Borders : Understanding Cuban Medical Internationalism / by John M
    Healthcare without Borders Contemporary Cuba University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola HEALTHCARE WITHOUT BORDERS Understanding Cuban Medical Internationalism John M. Kirk John M. Kirk, series editor University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Copyright 2015 by John M. Kirk All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper This book may be available in an electronic edition. 20 19 18 17 16 15 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kirk, John M., 1951– author. Healthcare without borders : understanding Cuban medical internationalism / by John M. Kirk. pages cm — (Contemporary Cuba) ISBN 978-0-8130-6105-4 1. Medical assistance, Cuban. 2. Medical policy—Cuba. 3. Medical care—Cuba— Methods. 4. Public health—Cuba. 5. International cooperation. I. Title. II. Series: Contemporary Cuba. RA390.C9K58 2015 362.1097291—dc23 2015013773 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Contents List of Tables vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Setting the Scene 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaica Cuba Friendship Association Montego Bay Chapter Montego Bay Jamaica W
    Jamaica Cuba Friendship Association Montego Bay Chapter Montego Bay Jamaica W. I Jamaican based group in solidarity with Cuba Submission to United Nation Universal Periodic Review Date: October 1, 2012 Email: [email protected] Cuba in the context of Global Human Rights 2012 Second Cycle OHCHR UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW Introduction The Jamaica Cuba Friendship Association represents local Jamaicans in solidarity with the nation of Cuba. It is a non-governmental and non-partisan organization. This branch was re-established in January of 2012. We promote and advocate maintaining strong ties between both sister nations. The group comprises of persons from varying areas of civil society who have seen the need to engage in this effort. We take time out to contribute to this global process in promoting positive happening in Cuba. Since the triumph of the Cuban revolution in January 1959, Cuba has been doggedly engaged on a mission of achieving true sovereignty, equality for all it citizens, self determination and promotion of international goodwill and corporation in critical areas of human development on a global scale. Cuba’s pursuit in achieving these goals has garnered it a global reputation as a champion in its effort to attain greater enjoyment of all human rights and freedom for all on an equal basis, without discrimination, in spite of a crippling five decade old economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed and maintained by successive United States administrations. The people of Cuba and its government have been able to achieve significant advancements in promoting and maintaining these goals within the context of US hostile policies and actions and in deteriorating global economic conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • OUTLINE of PUBLIC HEALTH in VENEZUELA by Dr
    OUTLINE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN VENEZUELA By Dr. M. LARES GABALDÓN Chief of the Service of Injormation and Health Education, of the Ministry of Realth and Social Weljare Venezuelan public health organisation had its beginning March 17, 1909, with the creation of the Public Health Commission. In November, 1911, the National Office of Health mas inaugurated, with its Institute of Hygiene and its Chemistry, Bacteriology, and Parasitology Laboratories. In 1926 the first venereal disease dispensary was opened, in Caracas, and a Sanitary Engineering Commission was appointed. The first tuberculosis dispensary was opened in 1928. In 1929 the National Health Office incressed its activities, with the creation of laboratories for water analysis, physiotherapy, and radium therapy (this last constituting the beginning of the campaign against cancer). At this same time the studies of malaria and hookworm were carried forward, with the collaboration of the Rockefeller Foundation; the School Inspection Service was organized, anda “National Sanitary Conference” was set up to study national public health problems. With the establishment of the Ministry of Public Health, Agriculture and Husbandry, in August, 1930 a transformation of Venezuelan public health organi- zation was begun, which was intensified with the creation in 1936 of two new Ministries: that of Public Health and Social Welfare, and that of Agriculture and Husbandry. Since then sanitary services have multiplied rapidly, with the opening of tuberculosis, venereal disease and maternal and Child welfare dis- pensaries and clin&, under their respective Diviaions of the Ministry. In 1936 the Divisions of Yellow Fever Prevention and of Malaria were created, the latter having an annual budget of 3,000,OOObolivares.
    [Show full text]
  • David González López and Silvio Baró Herrera
    COD # 7 The Contribution of South-South Cooperation to the Strengthening of Democratic Developmental States: Laying a Research Agenda David González López Silvio Baró Herrera About the South-South Tri-Continental Collaborative Programme The South-South Tri-continental Programme is a scholarly collaboration for Research, Training, Publishing, and Dis- semination, between the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa ( CODESRIA ); the Asian Political and International Studies Association ( APISA ); and the Latin American Council of Social Science (CLACSO ). The Programme was established as a reaction to the need, identified by scholars in the South, to reori- ent theoretical and methodological frameworks of the dominant development discourses; and to improve the or- ganization of Southern research infrastructures. The Programme aims at reviving cooperation and collaboration among scholars of the global South working in the broad field of the social sciences. The collaboration was entered into with the specific aim of sustaining knowledge exchange between scholars on the three continents as a long- term initiative. At the core of this collaboration are the objectives of deepening intra-South networking contributing a South perspective towards the transformation of the Social Sciences on a global scale producing alternative theoretical and methodological approaches of knowledge building Networking and dialoguing take place in the different International Comparative Seminars that the partners set up annually on a rotational basis. For each International Seminar, CODESRIA, CLACSO and APISA select representa- tives from their respective continents. Each themed Seminar brings together a total of no more than twelve senior scholars who have been working on the thematic area identified for the Seminar, and are recognized as leaders in such area of scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Operationalisierung Der Regionalen Verwundbarkeit Der Energiewende
    Operationalisierung der regionalen Verwundbarkeit der Energiewende Progress report 3a: Konzeptionalisierung der Verwundbarkeit und Operationalisierung des flächendeckenden Resilienzkonzepts Andreas Exner EB&P Umweltbüro GmbH Julian Matzenberger EEG TU Wien DI Dr. Rosemarie Stangl 7.2. 2013, Klagenfurt und Wien 1 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 6 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 7 3 STRUKTUR DES BERICHTS ................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Methodische Grundlagen ....................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Abfolge der Fragestellungen ................................................................................................. 14 4 DEFINITION VON RESILIENZ .............................................................................................. 15 4.1 Begriffsgeschichte der Resilienz ............................................................................................ 15 4.2 Gesellschaftlicher Kontext des Resilienzdiskurses ............................................................ 15 4.2.1 Theorem des „survival of the fittest“ ................................................................................ 19 4.3 Emanzipatorische Operationalisierung von Resilienz .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela Regional Migration Crisis: Who Are the Children Most at Risk?
    FINAL REPORT VENEZUELA REGIONAL MIGRATION CRISIS: WHO ARE THE CHILDREN MOST AT RISK? An analysis of shifting vulnerabilities in the border departments of Colombia (Arauca and La Guajira) Save the Children Colombia March 2019 Foreword Save the Children is strongly involved in the humanitarian response in Colombia as well as in For over 30 years, Save the Children Colombia has other neighbouring countries. Across the region, we been responding to emergencies related to the internal are committed to reach every last child and to unveil armed conflict and natural disasters. For the first time, the current gaps to the accomplishment of their rights. the organisation is responding to an international That is why we commissioned a study identifying who migration crisis of unprecedented proportions. Since were the children most at risk in the context of this 2015, our teams have reached pregnant adolescents, particular crisis, focusing on the two border departments mothers forced to bury their child along the way to of Colombia (Arauca and La Guajira). In our day-to-day Colombia, young adults at risk of being recruited by work, we observe that migratory patterns are dynamic, armed groups, and entire families who crossed the and that populations sometimes present cumulative layers border from Venezuela with little but hope. Economic of vulnerability. Save the Children needed a systematic and institutional challenges, as well as repeated exposure analysis of the impact of the crisis on children, including to violence, more often than not await Venezuelans and with a gender lens, with concrete recommendations Colombian returnees in countries to which they have to inform our programmes and that of our partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page Ii Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page Iii
    Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page i Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian revolution Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page ii Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page iii Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian revolution Populism and democracy in a globalised age Barry Cannon Manchester University Press Manchester Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page iv Copyright © Barry Cannon 2009 The right of Barry Cannon to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 0 7190 7771 5 hardback ISBN 978 0 7190 7772 2 paperback First published 2009 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or any third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not gurantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset by Helen Skelton, Brighton, UK Cannon 00 20/8/09 04:12 Page v Contents List of abbreviations and terms page vii List of tables xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 1 Populism and Latin America: context, causes, characteristics and consequences 12 2 Structural fractures, crises, the state and the emergence of Chávez 31 3 The leader and the led: hegemonic strategies in
    [Show full text]
  • MEDICAL DEVICES: MANAGING the Mismatch an Outcomeoftheprioritymedicaldevicesproject
    MEDICAL DEVICES: MANAGING THE MEDICAL DEVICES: Mismatch An outcomeofthePriorityMedicalDevicesproject MEDICAL DEVICES: MANAGING THE Mismatch An outcome of the Priority Medical Devices project Department of Essential Health Technologies World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Tel: +41 22 791 3648 E-mail: [email protected] 9 789241 564045 Medical devices: managing the Mismatch An outcome of the Priority Medical Devices project WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Medical devices: managing the mismatch: an outcome of the priority medical devices project. 1.Equipment and supplies - standards. 2.Cost of illness. 3.Biomedical engineering. 4.Research. 5.Appropriate technology. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156404 5 (NLM classification: WX 147) © World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
    [Show full text]