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Venezuela Regional Migration Crisis: Who Are the Children Most at Risk?

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Venezuela Regional Migration Crisis: Who Are the Children Most at Risk? FINAL REPORT VENEZUELA REGIONAL MIGRATION CRISIS: WHO ARE THE CHILDREN MOST AT RISK? An analysis of shifting vulnerabilities in the border departments of Colombia (Arauca and La Guajira) Save the Children Colombia March 2019 Foreword Save the Children is strongly involved in the humanitarian response in Colombia as well as in For over 30 years, Save the Children Colombia has other neighbouring countries. Across the region, we been responding to emergencies related to the internal are committed to reach every last child and to unveil armed conflict and natural disasters. For the first time, the current gaps to the accomplishment of their rights. the organisation is responding to an international That is why we commissioned a study identifying who migration crisis of unprecedented proportions. Since were the children most at risk in the context of this 2015, our teams have reached pregnant adolescents, particular crisis, focusing on the two border departments mothers forced to bury their child along the way to of Colombia (Arauca and La Guajira). In our day-to-day Colombia, young adults at risk of being recruited by work, we observe that migratory patterns are dynamic, armed groups, and entire families who crossed the and that populations sometimes present cumulative layers border from Venezuela with little but hope. Economic of vulnerability. Save the Children needed a systematic and institutional challenges, as well as repeated exposure analysis of the impact of the crisis on children, including to violence, more often than not await Venezuelans and with a gender lens, with concrete recommendations Colombian returnees in countries to which they have to inform our programmes and that of our partners. fled. Girls and women in particular are most vulnerable This study documents in a much-needed way the risks to rights violations, compromising their safety and faced by migrant children and shifting vulnerabilities. dignity, and leaving lasting physical and mental scars. There is still much more to be done to assist and protect the children affected by the Venezuela crisis and their families, within Venezuela and in the countries where they have found shelter. We hope this report will be of interest to all of the actors involved in the response, so that together we can deliver more for the children and adolescents that bear most of the burden of the crisis. María Paula Martínez Executive Director Save the Children Colombia Acknowledgements Last but not least, Transition International would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of Diaspora Transition International would like to acknowledge the Democrática and the committed researchers Roddy support of Save the Children Colombia, in particular Rodriguez, Lina Hernandez and Anderson Gómez, Executive Director María Paula Martínez, the Programme for the hard work they have put into this important Team in Bogotá, specifically Guillermo Navas, Paula research. The contributions of Diaspora Democrática Fonseca, Camilo Ramirez and Iñaki Borda, Humanitarian have fed into key aspects of this final report. Team and Advocay and Communicatios Team. Furthermore, the researchers are grateful for the support This study was funded by SC UK and SC Norway and and contribution of Field Managers Alexander Torres in La coordinated by SC Sweden. Guajira and María Inés Fernández in Arauca, as well as Research Lead their committed teams. Transition International would like Dr Luisa Dietrich to extend its appreciation to the individual Save the Gender Desk Coordinator Children staff (from Bolivia, Colombia, Panama and Peru) (Transition International) who participated in online surveys; and the Venezuelan adolescent girls, women and others who participated in Senior Child Protection Adviser the focus group discussions and whose inputs form an Fatuma Ibrahim important contribution to this report. Children and Youth Desk Coordinator (Transition International) Timely and constructive input and feedback was received from Paola Castro Neiderstam (SC Sweden), Fernando Espada (SC UK), Hannah Newth (SC UK), Ewa Sapiezynska (SC Norway), Steve Morgan (SC Migration and Displacement Initiative), Josiah Kaplan (SC MDI), Victoria Ward (SC LAC Regional Office), Juan Pinzón (SC LAC RO), Jorge Freyre (SC LAC RO), Michel Anglade (SC Geneva), and Luz Granada (SC Colombia). Jade Legrand, from Save the Children’s Context Analysis and Foresight Unit (CAFU), All photography by Colombia’s Advocacy supported this research from inception to publication. and Communications Team ii Venezuela regional migration crisis: Who are the children most at risk? Contents Foreword ii Acknowledgements ii List of figures and tables 2 Acronyms 3 Executive summary 4 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Project background 8 1.2 Methodology 8 2 The Venezuela regional migration crisis 12 2.1 A slow-onset migration and displacement crisis 12 2.2 Early 2019 developments 13 2.3 The scale of the crisis 13 2.4 Insights on the impact of the crisis inside Venezuela, in particular on children 17 2.5 Disproportionate impact on Colombia: exacerbating factors 18 3 Differential impacts of the crisis on girls, boys and female and male adolescents in the border departments of Colombia 20 3.1 Impacts by life cycle stage 20 3.2 Differential gendered impacts 21 3.3 Differential impact by ethnicity 22 3.4 Differential impact by ability/disability 23 3.5 Key categories of vulnerabilities 24 4 Shifting vulnerabilities: an analysis of eleven factors of deterioration 26 4.1 More vulnerable Venezuelans arriving in increasingly deprived states 27 4.2 More illegal border crossings in increasingly dangerous contexts 27 4.3 Moving to remote/rural areas, often controlled by illegal economies 28 4.4 Increase in the number of Venezuelans ‘trapped’ at the border 28 4.5 Increased likelihood of being affected by natural disasters: shelter and WASH 28 4.6 Increased child labour and related exploitation 29 4.7 Increased forced recruitment by non-state armed groups 29 4.8 Increased transactional sex and commercial sexual exploitation with long-term consequences 30 4.9 Increased abandonment and neglect of children 32 4.10 Deteriorating social climate and increase in frequency of xenophobic attacks 32 4.11 Greater animosity among Venezuelans 33 5 Self-assessment of the humanitarian response in Colombia 34 5.1 Perceptions on the effectiveness of the humanitarian assistance 34 5.2 Coordination aspects 34 5.3 Perceptions on the strengths and weaknesses of protection services 38 6 Conclusion and recommendations 41 6.1 Advocacy recommendations 41 6.2 Opportunities identified 42 6.3 Strategic considerations 44 Bibliography 45 Venezuela regional migration crisis: Who are the children most at risk? 1 List of figures and tables Figure 1 Venezuelan refugees and migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean, (as of January 2019) 14 Figure 2 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis More UASC will cross the border 24 Figure 3 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis More vulnerable people, such as elderly people and younger children, will try to join their household members who have left already 27 Figure 4 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis More households on the move will settle in more insecure and precarious locations 28 Figure 5 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis Cases of child labour, including the worst forms of child labour, will increase 29 Figure 6 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis The armed conflict and its impacts in the border regions will negatively affect the population on the move 30 Figure 7 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis Early pregnancies of teenagers and related consequences will increase 31 Figure 8 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis The capacity of parents and care-givers to attend to their children will reduce, resulting in an increase of child abandonment and neglect 32 Figure 9 SC staff survey responses to the hypothesis Relations between host communities and people on the move will get worse 32 Figure 10 SC staff survey – effectiveness of coordination mechanisms 35 Figure 11 SC staff survey – participation in workgroups 36 Figure 12 SC staff survey – public service access 37 Figure 13 SC staff survey – NGO service access 37 Figure 14 PARDs underway by sex 39 Figure 15 PARDs underway by age group 39 Table 1 Regular status migrants and refugees by country, January 2019 15 Table 2 Asylum application figures in 2016 and 2017 compared 15 Table 3 Reasons for entering PARD, 2017–2018 39 2 Venezuela regional migration crisis: Who are the children most at risk? Acronyms CERF Central Emergency Respond Fund CONPES Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social (National Council for Economic and Social Policy) CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies DD Diaspora Democrática EEAS European External Action Service EiE Education in Emergencies ELN Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) EPL Ejército Popular de Liberación (National Liberation Army) FARC-EP Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army) FGD Focus Group Discussion GBV Gender-Based Violence GIFMM Grupo Interagencial sobre Flujos Migratorios Mixtos (Interagency Group on Mixed Migration Flows) HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICBF Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (Colombian Family Welfare Institute) IOM International Organization for Migration KII Key Informant Interview LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender/Transsexual and Intersex NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
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