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Global Forced Migration the Political Crisis of Our Time A 1 116TH CONGRESS " ! S. PRT. 2d Session COMMITTEE PRINT 116–48 GLOBAL FORCED MIGRATION THE POLITICAL CRISIS OF OUR TIME A MINORITY STAFF REPORT PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JUNE 18, 2020 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations Available via World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 41–888 PDF WASHINGTON : 2020 VerDate Mar 15 2010 11:08 Nov 23, 2020 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5012 Sfmt 5012 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\GPO FILES\FORCED MIGRATIONOCTOBER 8, 2020\41888.TXT M FOREI-SURFAC-14 with DISTILLER seneagle COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho, Chairman MARCO RUBIO, Florida ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland CORY GARDNER, Colorado JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire MITT ROMNEY, Utah CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina TOM UDALL, New Mexico JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut ROB PORTMAN, Ohio TIM KAINE, Virginia RAND PAUL, Kentucky EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TODD YOUNG, Indiana JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon TED CRUZ, Texas CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey DAVID PERDUE, Georgia CHRISTOPHER M. SOCHA, Staff Director JESSICA LEWIS, Democratic Staff Director JOHN DUTTON, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 11:08 Nov 23, 2020 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\GPO FILES\FORCED MIGRATIONOCTOBER 8, 2020\41888.TXT M FOREI-SURFAC-14 with DISTILLER CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal ........................................................................................... v Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Chapter One—The Scale of Today’s Forced Migration Crisis .................. 13 Chapter Two—Trends in Forced Migration .................................................. 17 Why More People Are Fleeing: The Changing Nature of Conflict and Violence .......................................................................................................... 17 Climate Change’s Impact on Forced Migration ............................................. 24 Internally Displaced Persons Under-Recognized ........................................... 27 New Challenges for Forced Migrants ............................................................. 29 Chapter Three—Human Rights Denied .......................................................... 33 Pervasive Restrictions on Freedom of Movement .......................................... 33 Obstacles to Accessing Identity Documentation ............................................ 34 Barriers for Accessing Healthcare and Education ......................................... 36 Widespread Lack of Livelihood Opportunities and Barriers to Work .......... 39 Gender-Based Violence: An Under-Recognized Risk ..................................... 42 High Risks of Human Trafficking ................................................................... 45 Chapter Four—Inadequate and Inconsistent International Responses 49 Diplomatic Deficit Resulting in Persistent Conflicts and Impunity ............. 50 Insufficient and Inflexible Humanitarian Funding ....................................... 51 Aid Effectiveness and Humanitarian Sector Reform ..................................... 53 Need for Expanded International Legal Protections ..................................... 55 Shrinking Access to Traditional Solutions ..................................................... 63 Inconsistent Country-level Responses to Forced Migration .......................... 66 Chapter Five—The Trump Administration’s Domestic Agenda: Block- ing All Pathways to Refuge ............................................................................ 73 The Trump Administration’s Decimation of Existing Programs .................. 74 The Impact of Trump Administration Policies at the U.S. Border .............. 85 The Positive Contributions of Refugees and Immigrants in the United States ............................................................................................................. 97 Damage to U.S. Military Interests .................................................................. 100 Chapter Six—The Trump Administration’s Global Retreat from Forced Migration .............................................................................................. 103 Repeated Attempts to Cut U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Funding ........... 103 Withdrawal from International Fora .............................................................. 106 The International Implications of the Administration’s Retreat .................. 109 (III) VerDate Mar 15 2010 11:08 Nov 23, 2020 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5905 Sfmt 5905 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\GPO FILES\FORCED MIGRATIONOCTOBER 8, 2020\41888.TXT M FOREI-SURFAC-14 with DISTILLER iv Page Chapter Seven—Current Innovative Efforts ................................................. 117 New Compacts to Improve International Coordination & Response ............ 117 Innovative Models of Financial Assistance .................................................... 119 The Compact Model .......................................................................................... 122 Solutions to Better Serve Forced Migrants .................................................... 124 Incorporating Technology ................................................................................. 128 Increasing Private Sector Participation .......................................................... 132 Findings & Recommendations .......................................................................... 137 Findings ............................................................................................................. 137 Recommendations ............................................................................................. 140 Acronyms & Initialisms ...................................................................................... 147 VerDate Mar 15 2010 11:08 Nov 23, 2020 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5905 Sfmt 5905 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\GPO FILES\FORCED MIGRATIONOCTOBER 8, 2020\41888.TXT M FOREI-SURFAC-14 with DISTILLER LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL UNITED STATES SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, DC, June 18, 2020. DEAR COLLEAGUES: The United States must revive its global and moral leadership to address the urgent plight of millions of people forced to flee their homes due to conflict, violence, persecution, and severe climate-related events. This global forced migration crisis is one of the most profound and least understood challenges of our time. More than ever before, conflict and violence are driving peo- ple from their homes and forcing them to live decades in displace- ment. Warring parties are consistently ignoring humanitarian laws designed to protect civilians during conflict, leading to civilian cas- ualties, the destruction of critical infrastructure, and mass dis- placement. Other drivers of forced migration, including generalized violence and severe climate-related events, such as droughts, flood- ing, extreme weather, and rising sea levels, show no signs of abat- ing. Meanwhile, the global response has not kept pace with the enormity of need. The international community and national au- thorities have failed to address these causes of displacement. Inter- national organizations and host countries are struggling to protect and facilitate solutions for a growing population of forced migrants. More than ever before, U.S. leadership is needed to foster and cata- lyze a global coalition to address this crisis. Since its founding, the United States has offered freedom and op- portunity to people around the world fleeing danger. Our history of welcoming desperate people with open arms—from European Jews following World War II to Indochinese boat people to Kosovar vic- tims of ethnic cleansing—has reinforced our reputation as a place of refuge. Many of those who originally came to the United States seeking protection have gone on to become shining beacons for our nation—artists, innovators, public servants, and even representa- tives of the U.S. government. The Trump administration, however, has departed sharply from this historical precedent, abdicating U.S. leadership and undermining a global response. Available legal pathways for asylum, refugee resettlement, and protection in the United States have been severed. Refugees from Muslim-majority countries, including those fleeing atrocities in Syria, have been barred. Small children have been forcibly separated from their fam- ilies and held in detention centers. Migrants fleeing violence and threats to their lives have been returned by the United States to dangerous border encampments in Mexico, waiting for decisions on their applications for months or even years. (V) VerDate Mar 15 2010 11:08 Nov 23, 2020 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6602 Sfmt 6602 S:\FULL COMMITTEE\GPO FILES\FORCED MIGRATIONOCTOBER 8, 2020\41888.TXT M FOREI-SURFAC-14 with DISTILLER vi Given this challenging landscape, I directed my senior Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) staff member for Migration & Human Rights, Charlotte Oldham-Moore, and SFRC Democratic Staff to prepare a comprehensive report on the global forced migra- tion crisis. In conducting research for this report, SFRC Democratic Staff interviewed dozens of migration and humanitarian experts, analyzed key documents and reports, and carried out research trips
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