DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantifying the Shortage of Mental Health Care in Venezuela Through Media Content Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quantifying the Shortage of Mental Health Care in Venezuela Through Media Content Analysis University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2019 Quantifying The Shortage of Mental Health Care in Venezuela Through Media Content Analysis Andrea B. Alfonsi University of Central Florida Part of the Psychiatric and Mental Health Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Alfonsi, Andrea B., "Quantifying The Shortage of Mental Health Care in Venezuela Through Media Content Analysis" (2019). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 651. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/651 QUANTIFYING THE SHORTAGE OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE IN VENEZUELA THROUGH MEDIA CONTENT ANALYSIS by ANDREA BELEN ALFONSI B.S. University of Florida, 2017 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Department of Health Sciences in the College of Health Professions and Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2019 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis was to assess the gaps and deficits in the mental health care staffing and related prescription drug or therapeutic intervention availability in Venezuela using media content analysis. This thesis also assessed the measures suggested by Venezuelan medical professionals for addressing the population’s needs for mental health services amid the nation’s crisis. The shortage of mental health care in Venezuela was assessed because various stressors, including life events, chronic stressors, and daily hassles, are substantially less than optimal among Venezuelans. The mental health consequences of these factors, along with the detrimental psychosocial demands commonly faced by Venezuelans, was explored within this study. Such an investigation is critical in light of the poor prioritization of intangible mental health care within the already inadequate health care system existing in Venezuela. The used media content included newspapers and periodicals published in Venezuela and foreign newspapers covering the medical crisis in Venezuela, published or posted interviews with Venezuelan medical personnel describing the health care crisis, social media posts involving requests for or availability of medicine and services, and social media posts of videos or images as visual testimony of the crisis. Coder reliability was assessed, and descriptive and inferential statistical tests were implemented for deductive analysis of the study’s results and to find possible answers to the presented research questions. Key words: Venezuela, mental health, medical shortage, medical crisis, media content analysis, matrix method ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Venezuela’s History ................................................................................................................. 1 Brief Period of Prosperity ...................................................................................... 1 Chronicle of Venezuela’s Health Care System ....................................................... 2 Previous Accomplishments in Venezuelan Mental Health Care................ 3 How Health Disparities Propelled the Entrance of Hugo Chávez .............. 4 Chávez’s Universal Health Care Policies ................................................................................. 5 Misión Barrio Adentro ............................................................................................ 5 Nationalization of Pharmaceutical Providers, Changes in Currency Exchange System, Reliance on Imports, and Departure of International Pharmaceutical Companies .............................................................................................................. 6 Flaws in Chávez’s Health Care System .................................................................. 7 The Shortfalls of Misión Barrio Adentro ................................................................ 7 Nicolás Maduro’s Attempt to Continue Chávez’s Agenda ..................................... 9 Recent Conflicts Pertaining to Venezuela .............................................................................. 10 The Collapse of Venezuela’s Infrastructure ........................................................................... 11 Connection between Stress and Physical Health .................................................................... 16 How the Infrastructural Collapse has Affected Health Care in Venezuela ............................ 17 Mental Health Care Supply Crisis .......................................................................................... 20 Currently Available Statistics and Outlook .......................................................... 20 iii The Need for Mental Health Care in Venezuela ................................................... 21 Current Projections Concerning Depressive Diseases .............................. 21 Elevated Suicide Rates ............................................................................. 21 Shortage in Psychiatric Medications ........................................................ 22 High-Stress Environment.......................................................................... 22 Long Term Impacts on the Populace ........................................................ 25 Abysmal Conditions in Psychiatric Hospitals .......................................... 26 Poor Implementation of Mental Health Policies ...................................... 27 Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 28 METHODS ................................................................................................................................... 31 Media Content Analysis ......................................................................................................... 31 Relevant Content ................................................................................................... 31 Sampling ............................................................................................................... 33 Analysis Design .................................................................................................... 35 Coding Protocol.................................................................................................... 36 Reliability Procedure ............................................................................................ 38 Analysis with Matrix Method ................................................................................ 39 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Media Content Table .............................................................................................................. 41 NVivo Query Results and Excel Charts ................................................................................. 48 Matrix Method Results ........................................................................................................... 54 iv Factors that Worsened Venezuelans’ Mental Health ........................................... 54 Economic Factors ..................................................................................... 55 Cultural Factors ........................................................................................ 55 Factors Identified by Mental Health Professionals ................................... 57 Vulnerable Populations ............................................................................. 58 Mass Migration of Venezuelans ............................................................... 61 Electric Outages ........................................................................................ 61 Prevalence of Negative Information ......................................................... 62 Increase in Mental Health Problems .................................................................... 62 Increase in Suicides .................................................................................. 62 Increase in Anxiety and Depression ......................................................... 64 Relapse in Psychiatric Patients ................................................................. 69 Increase in Self-Destructive Behavior ...................................................... 70 Increase in Physical Sequelae ................................................................... 70 Increase in Emergency Mental Health Call Line Use .............................. 71 Shortage of Mental Health Personnel .................................................................. 71 Shortage of Mental Health Medications ............................................................... 73 Deterioration or Closure of Mental Health Care Institutions .............................. 75 Neglect of Mental Health Care by the Venezuelan Government .......................... 78 Recommendations by Mental Health Experts for Addressing Mental Health Crisis ....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Department of the Interior
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Road reconnaissance of anomalous radioactivity in the Early Proterozoic Roraima Group near Santa Elena de Uairen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela by William E. Brooks1 and Fernando Nunez2 Open-File Report 91-632 1991 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Denver, Colorado 2CVG-TECMIN Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela CONTENTS Page Introduction ........................................................ 1 Regional geology ..................................................... 1 Radioactivity in the Roraima Group ...................................... 2 Conclusions ......................................................... 2 References cited ..................................................... 3 FIGURES Figure 1. Venezuela location map showing sites discussed in text ............... 5 Figure 2. Sample locality map, Santa Elena de Uairen area ................... 6 TABLES Table 1. Scintillometer reading and sample description from localities with ~30 or more cps (counts per second) near Santa Elena de Uairen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela ..................................... 8 Table 2. Analytical data for samples with ~30 or more cps (counts per second) near Santa Elena de Uairen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela .............. 9 INTRODUCTION Radioactive anomalies are known in several regions of Venezuela and occurrences of uranium are known in clastic rocks of Jurassic age in western Venezuela; however, there are no uranium deposits in Venezuela (Rodriguez, 1986). The International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (1980) considered the Early Proterozoic Roraima Group as a possible setting for Proterozoic unconformity and quartz-pebble conglomerate deposits. Apparent similarity of the geologic setting of the basal Roraima Group of southeastern Venezuela to unconformity U-Au deposits and quartz-pebble conglomerate Au-U deposits indicates that the Roraima Group may be an exploration target for uranium.
    [Show full text]
  • Judgment of 18 December 2020
    18 DECEMBER 2020 JUDGMENT ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899 (GUYANA v. VENEZUELA) ___________ SENTENCE ARBITRALE DU 3 OCTOBRE 1899 (GUYANA c. VENEZUELA) 18 DÉCEMBRE 2020 ARRÊT TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-22 I. INTRODUCTION 23-28 II. HISTORICAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND 29-60 A. The Washington Treaty and the 1899 Award 31-34 B. Venezuela’s repudiation of the 1899 Award and the search for a settlement of the dispute 35-39 C. The signing of the 1966 Geneva Agreement 40-44 D. The implementation of the Geneva Agreement 45-60 1. The Mixed Commission (1966-1970) 45-47 2. The 1970 Protocol of Port of Spain and the moratorium put in place 48-53 3. From the good offices process (1990-2014 and 2017) to the seisin of the Court 54-60 III. INTERPRETATION OF THE GENEVA AGREEMENT 61-101 A. The “controversy” under the Geneva Agreement 64-66 B. Whether the Parties gave their consent to the judicial settlement of the controversy under Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement 67-88 1. Whether the decision of the Secretary-General has a binding character 68-78 2. Whether the Parties consented to the choice by the Secretary-General of judicial settlement 79-88 C. Whether the consent given by the Parties to the judicial settlement of their controversy under Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement is subject to any conditions 89-100 IV. JURISDICTION OF THE COURT 102-115 A. The conformity of the decision of the Secretary-General of 30 January 2018 with Article IV, paragraph 2, of the Geneva Agreement 103-109 B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Venezuelan Crisis, Regional Dynamics and the Colombian Peace Process by David Smilde and Dimitris Pantoulas Executive Summary
    Report August 2016 The Venezuelan crisis, regional dynamics and the Colombian peace process By David Smilde and Dimitris Pantoulas Executive summary Venezuela has entered a crisis of governance that will last for at least another two years. An unsustainable economic model has caused triple-digit inflation, economic contraction, and widespread scarcities of food and medicines. An unpopular government is trying to keep power through increasingly authoritarian measures: restricting the powers of the opposition-controlled National Assembly, avoiding a recall referendum, and restricting civil and political rights. Venezuela’s prestige and influence in the region have clearly suffered. Nevertheless, the general contours of the region’s emphasis on regional autonomy and state sovereignty are intact and suggestions that Venezuela is isolated are premature. Venezuela’s participation in the Colombian peace process since 2012 has allowed it to project an image of a responsible member of the international community and thereby counteract perceptions of it as a “rogue state”. Its growing democratic deficits make this projected image all the more valuable and Venezuela will likely continue with a constructive role both in consolidating peace with the FARC-EP and facilitating negotiations between the Colombian government and the ELN. However, a political breakdown or humanitarian crisis could alter relations with Colombia and change Venezuela’s role in a number of ways. Introduction aimed to maximise profits from the country’s oil production. During his 14 years in office Venezuelan president Hugo Together with Iran and Russia, the Venezuelan government Chávez Frias sought to turn his country into a leading has sought to accomplish this through restricting produc- promotor of the integration of Latin American states and tion and thus maintaining prices.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Venezuela in the Gray Zone: from Feckless Pluralism to Dominant
    Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Myers, David J.; McCoy, Jennifer L. Venezuela in the gray zone: From feckless pluralism to dominant power system Politeia, núm. 30, enero-junio, 2003, pp. 41-74 Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=170033588002 Politeia, ISSN (Printed Version): 0303-9757 [email protected] Universidad Central de Venezuela Venezuela How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative 41 REVISTA POLITEIAVENEZUELA, N° 30. INSTITUTO IN THE DE GRAY ESTUDIOS ZONE: POLÍTICOS FROM, FECKLESSUNIVERSIDAD PLURALISM CENTRAL DE TO VENEZUELA DOMINANT, 2003:41-74 POWER SYSTEM 30 Politeia Venezuela in the gray zone: From feckless pluralism to dominant power system Venezuela en la zona gris: desde el pluralismo ineficaz hacia el sistema de poder dominante David J. Myers / Jennifer L. McCoy Abstract Resumen This paper emphasizes the need to measure the El presente texto resalta la necesidad de medir las varying qualities of democracy. It delineates subtypes diversas cualidades de la democracia. En este senti- of political regimes that occupy a “gray zone” between do, delinea los diferentes tipos de regímenes políti- dictatorship and democracy, and examines the cos que se encuentran en la denominada “zona gris” possibilities for political change in the “gray zone”. entre la dictadura y la democracia. Asimismo exami- The authors address two sets of questions about na las posibilidades de cambio dentro de dicha zona political change: a) What causes a limitedly pluralist gris.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformational Potential of Higher Education Inclusion
    n the fi eld of higher education research, one of the most fascinating observations is the consistent and permanent expansion of higher education systems worldwide since theI end of the Second World War. Undoubtedly, the predominant approach to address Jesús Humberto Pineda Olivieri these developments has been through quantitative analysis, as well as international comparisons. The following work examines the particularities of the Venezuelan context with the aim of identifying specifi c features of this worldwide phenomenon in this South The Transformational Potential American case. Through a combination of qualitative methods, the author proposes a of Higher Education Inclusion biographical approach for the study of higher education inclusion processes, which takes into account the perspectives and experiences of those who have been targeted by an ambitious higher education expansion process. The most distinctive feature of this work Biographical Trajectories of Students would be its methodological contribution to the fi eld of higher education research. One from Disadvantaged Environments could also argue that the ethnographic account of the Bolivarian Missions of education in Venezuela in Chavez’s Venezuela is both original and unprecedented. Furthermore, the writing approach bridges the interests of both academics, practitioners of the fi eld and members of the general public. Jesús Humberto Pineda Olivieri The Transformational Potential of Higher Education Inclusion ISBN: 978-3-86395-310-2 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Hugo Chávez's Use of Mimetisation to Build a Populist
    Exploring Hugo Chávez’s use of mimetisation to build a populist hegemony in Venezuela Elena Block Rincones MSc, BA A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2013 School of Journalism and Communication Abstract “You too are Chávez”… (Hugo Chávez, 2012i) This thesis examines the political communication style developed by Hugo Chávez in his hegemonic construction of power and collective identity during the 14 years he governed Venezuela. This thesis is located in the field of political communication. A culturalist approach is used for the case, which prioritises issues of culture and power and acknowledges the role of human agency. Thus, it specifically focuses on the way the late President appears to have incrementally built an emotional, mimetic bond with his publics in a process that culminated in the mimetisation of the leader and his followers in a new collective, but top-down, identity called Chávez. This process expresses a hegemonic dynamic that involved the displacement of former dominant groups and rearrangement of power relations in Venezuela. The logic of mimetisation proposes an incremental logic of articulation whereby I tried to make sense of Chávez’s political communication style and success. It involves the study of the thread that joined together key elements in Chávez’s political communication style: hegemony and identity construction, political culture, populism, mediatisation, and communicational government. It is a style that appears to have exceeded classic populist forms of communication based on exerting an appeal to the people, towards more inclusive, participatory, symbolic-pragmatic forms of practising political communication that may have constituted the key to Chávez’s political success for 14 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela Economic Collapse Creates Family Planning Crisis President’S Note
    Volume 50, Issue 4 December 2018 VENEZUELA ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CREATES FAMILY PLANNING CRISIS President’s Note “Half the truth is often a great lie.” – Benjamin Franklin y failing even to mention population growth in the What will they tell hundreds of millions fated to become state- thirty-three-page “Summary for Policymakers” of less environmental refugees, pushed to relocate due to climate its new publication, Global Warming of 1.5°C, the change? What will they say to subsistence farmers forced to BIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) offered watch their families starve as meager plots become arid waste- less than the whole truth. This is despite the fact that a 2010 lands? And what about the countless, voiceless species doomed paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy to extinction because so many authorities tremble at the very of Sciences concluded that by the end of the century, slower possibility of a negative reaction? population growth could reduce total fossil fuel emissions by 37–41 percent. Benjamin Franklin, the redoubtable author of Poor Richard’s Almanack, warns, “You may delay, but time will not.” The IPCC “Summary for Policymakers” finds room to call for ecosystem-based adaptation, ecosystem restoration, biodiversity There is no excuse for timid temporizing in the face of a global management, sustainable aquaculture, efficient irrigation, social crisis. When climate experts fail to address population growth safety nets, disaster risk management, green infrastructure, sus- — arguably the single biggest driver of climate change — they tainable land use, and water management. But not one single place far more than their own reputations at risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Name Category Name Coronavirus (COVID-19) |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT ---TNT-SAT ---|EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TF1 SD |EU|
    stream_name category_name Coronavirus (COVID-19) |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT ---------- TNT-SAT ---------- |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TF1 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TF1 HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TF1 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TF1 FULL HD 1 |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 2 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 2 HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 2 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 3 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 3 HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 3 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 4 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 4 HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 4 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 5 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 5 HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE 5 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE O SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE O HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE O FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT M6 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT M6 HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT M6 FHD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT PARIS PREMIERE |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT PARIS PREMIERE FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TMC SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TMC HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TMC FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TMC 1 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT 6TER SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT 6TER HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT 6TER FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT CHERIE 25 SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT CHERIE 25 |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT CHERIE 25 FULL HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT ARTE SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT ARTE FR |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT RMC STORY |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT RMC STORY SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT ---------- Information ---------- |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TV5 |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT TV5 MONDE FBS HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT CNEWS SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT CNEWS |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT CNEWS HD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT France 24 |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE INFO SD |EU| FRANCE TNTSAT FRANCE INFO HD
    [Show full text]
  • From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and Change in Venezuelan Foreign Policy Romero, Carlos A.; Mijares, Víctor M
    www.ssoar.info From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and Change in Venezuelan Foreign Policy Romero, Carlos A.; Mijares, Víctor M. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Romero, C. A., & Mijares, V. M. (2016). From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and Change in Venezuelan Foreign Policy. Contexto internacional, 38(1), 165-201. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100005 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC Lizenz (Namensnennung- This document is made available under a CC BY-NC Licence Nicht-kommerziell) zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu (Attribution-NonCommercial). For more Information see: den CC-Lizenzen finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-56129-5 From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and Change in Venezuelan Foreign Policy* Carlos A. Romero(1) and Víctor M. Mijares(2)** Abstract This article addresses the transition from the presidency of Hugo Chávez to that of Nicolás Maduro, in the light of the effects of the dynamics in domestic politics and the changing international order on the formulation of Venezuela’s foreign policy. We start from a central question: how does Maduro’s government, amid
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book
    AEPROMO, 2012 Revista Española de Ozonoterapia Vol.2 No. 2. Supplement 1, 2012, ISSN 2174‐3215 III International Congress of AEPROMO "The ozonetherapy in the medical agenda" Spanish Association of Medical Professionals in Ozone Therapy III International Congress of AEPROMO 7th -9th June, 2012. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Abstract Book Abstract Book 7th - 9th June, 2012. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Organizer: Spanish Association of Medical Professionals in Ozone Therapy (AEPROMO) Page 1 of 117 AEPROMO, 2012 Revista Española de Ozonoterapia Vol.2 No. 2. Supplement 1, 2012, ISSN 2174‐3215 III International Congress of AEPROMO "The ozonetherapy in the medical agenda" Spanish Association of Medical Professionals in Ozone Therapy Index Scientific Committee ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Organizing committee....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Sponsors........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Preface.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Conference Agenda
    [Show full text]
  • Reality Check of US Allegations Against China on COVID-19
    Reality Check of US Allegations Against China on COVID-19 Reality Check of US Allegations Against China on COVID-19 Catalog 1.Allegation: COVID-19 is “Chinese virus” Reality Check: WHO has made it clear that the naming of a disease should not be associated with a particular country or place. 2.Allegation: Wuhan is the origin of the virus Reality Check: Being the first to report the virus does not mean that Wuhan is its origin. In fact, the origin is still not identified. Source tracing is a serious scientific matter, which should be based on science and should be studied by scientists and medical experts. 3.Allegation: The virus was constructed by the Wuhan Institute of Virology Reality Check: All available evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is natural in origin, not man-made. 4.Allegation: COVID-19 was caused by an accidental leak from the Wuhan Institute of Virology Reality Check: The Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory (Wuhan P4 Laboratory) in the WIV is a government cooperation program between China and France. The Institute does not have the capability to design and synthesize a new coronavirus, and there is no evidence of pathogen leaks or staff infections in the Institute. 5.Allegation: China spread the virus to the world Reality Check: China took the most stringent measures within the shortest possible time, which has largely kept the virus within Wuhan. Statistics show that very few cases were exported from China. 6.Allegation: The Chinese contracted the virus while eating bats Reality Check: Bats are never part of the Chinese diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Observation in Venezuela 1998
    Electoral Observations in the Americas Series, No. 19 Electoral Observation in Venezuela 1998 Secretary General César Gaviria Assistant Secretary General Christopher R. Thomas Executive Coordinator, Unit for the Promotion of Democracy Elizabeth M. Spehar Electoral Observation in Venezuela, 1998 / Unit for the Promotion of Democracy. p. : ill. ; cm. - (Electoral Observations in the Americas Series, no. 19) ISBN 0-8270-4122-5 1. Elections--Venezuela. 2. Election monitoring--Venezuela. I. Organization of American States. Unit for the Promotion of Democracy. II. Series JL3892 .O27 1999 (E) This publication is part of a series of UPD publications of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States. The ideas, thoughts, and opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the OAS or its member states. The opinions expressed are the responsibility of the authors. OEA/Ser.D/XX SG/UPD/II.19 July 29, 1999 Original: Spanish Electoral Observation in Venezuela 1998 General Secretariat Organization of American States Washington, D.C. 20006 1999 This report was produced under the technical supervision of Edgardo C. Reis, Chief of the Mission, Special Advisor of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy, and with the assistance of Steve Griner, Deputy Chief of the Mission and, Senior Specialist of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy (UPD). Design and composition of this publication was done by the Information and Dialogue Section of the UPD, headed by Caroline Murfitt-Eller. Betty Robinson helped with the editorial review of this report and Dora Donayre and Esther Rodriguez with its production. Copyright Ó 1999 by OAS. All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced provided credit is given to the source.
    [Show full text]