NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES

Trends in Smart City Development Trends in Smart City About This Publication Development Research for this guide and the original draft of the document were completed by graduate students at the American University Department of Public Administration and Policy. Contributors include Reena Shrestha, CASE STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS Cynthia Castro, and Fletcher Smith. These students worked in partnership with Brooks Rainwater and Nicole DuPuis at the National League of Cities (NLC) to conduct an analysis of smart city implementation across the country and around the world. The final report was prepared by Nicole DuPuis and Elias Stahl at NLC.

The National League of Cities is the nation’s oldest and largest organization devoted to strengthening and promoting cities as centers of opportunity, leadership, and governance. NLC is a resource and advocate for more than 1,600 member cities and the 49 state municipal leagues, representing 19,000 cities and towns and more than 218 million Americans. NLC’s Center for City Solutions and Applied Research provides research and analysis on key topics and trends important to cities, creative solutions to improve the quality of life in communities, inspiration and ideas for local ofcials to use in tackling tough issues, and opportunities for city leaders to connect with peers, share experiences and learn about innovative approaches in cities.

Acknowledgements

Thank you to Soren Messner–Zidell, who created the data visualizations, cover illustration and report design, and to Paul Konz for editing the report. We are also grateful to all of the city ofcials, thought leaders, and experts who took the time to speak to us about smart cities. A very special thanks to our colleagues at the Smart Cities Council, who lent their time and expertise as outside reviewers of this report: Sarah Blanchard, Stuart Cowan, and Liz Enbysk. Finally, thanks to Sonja Walti, Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Administration and Policy at American University, who facilitated this partnership.

NATIONAL LEAGUE © 2016 National League of Cities. All Rights Reserved. OF CITIES Table of Contents

10 Executive Summary 12 Introduction 16 Case Studies 17 Chicago, IL 22 Philadelphia, PA 25 Charlotte, NC 27 San Francisco, CA 30 New Delhi, India 33 Case Study Comparison 34 Recommendations 39 Appendix Foreword

Cities are ever-changing; the dynamism of the urban environment for better integration into our cities arrival and provide local leaders with best and thereby helping to create a cleaner practices in this arena. is a microcosm of the societal interactions that we have built environment for everyone. At the same The National League of Cities (NLC) is throughout history. time, the smart city of the future can be safer with streetlight networks that use pleased to share with you Trends in Smart embedded sensors to detect gunshots City Development, which presents case Technology has always been a critical large scale changes in our cities. or flash their lights during emergencies studies and discusses how smart cities force deeply intertwined with the – and the further integration of these are growing nationwide and globally. It evolution of cities. From the first human Autonomous vehicles on our roadways systems will allow cities to collect is our hope that this report will spark settlements millennia ago to the industrial and the data that they provide could information from sources such as smart conversation and action among city revolution to today, technological create environments where trafc lights water, electric, and gas meters. leaders about how to incorporate these breakthroughs have impacted the become obsolete, trafc itself becomes strategies into their own communities. buildings we use, the way we get around, a thing of the past, and cities can once All of this is predicated on the premise again be for people rather than cars, as that technologies can help make people’s NLC’s Center for City Solutions and and how we live, work, and play in the Applied Research strives to strengthen urban space. diferent modes of transportation work lives better in cities. At the end of the in tandem and communicate with each day, technological developments will communities, transform and improve Now, as we are on the cusp of further another. Wi-Fi hotspots at scale like we enhance our urban experience – but they cities, and assist city leaders. We do this rapid shifts in cities precipitated by are already starting to see in New York also risk leaving more people behind. To by knowing and learning about cities, technology, it is worth imagining what the with LinkNYC could help transform the this end, we must be deliberate in the identifying and sharing promising city connected smart city of the future will way we access information and help development of smart cities and imbue practices, fostering efective solutions and look like – and the associated impact it alleviate the digital divide. equity as a primary goal so that the city innovation, and challenging city leaders to will have on our everyday lives. of the future is a city for everyone. lead. Thinking even further out, we can Take a typical day in the life of a imagine that security protocols like Cities are focused on these goals We wish to thank the cities who community member in this hypothetical facial recognition technology could help right now, and they are beginning to participated in this study. Created with future who wakes up in their connected transform building security in cities, think about how these systems can be our partners at the American University house with artificial intelligence making entrances and building design integrated to create feedback loops that Department of Public Administration and automating everything from temperature more fluid as we move away from the improve operations and enhance the Policy, this guidebook is meant to be a preference to light levels to health need to usher people through front doors. experience of community members. Fully resource for cities as they lead the way monitoring and more – and scale it to the Similarly, as we move toward greater connected smart cities are coming, and forward in this exciting and ever-evolving city at large. usage of shared vehicles, we can move we want to help cities prepare for their space. away from parking either below buildings Cities are beginning to, and will continue or on streets, enabling cities to recapture to, integrate technological dynamism into land for people and allowing developers municipal operations, from transportation to reduce the costs of buildings since Brooks Rainwater to infrastructure repair and more. The parking garages will become an Senior Executive and Director back ends of these systems are not unnecessary expense. Center for City Solutions always apparent to the end user – National League of Cities but as the integration of smart cities Energy sources could be completely technologies becomes more visible in renewable in the smart city of the future our everyday lives, we could begin to see as well, with technology paving the way TRANSPORTATION CONGESTION SENSORS Smart transportation systems use sensors to detect congestion and bottlenecks INTERNET OF THINGS IN CONNECTED CITIES 1 in trafc patterns. They also rely on cameras to enforce speed and trafc infractions. In doing so, these tools gather real time information that can be used by city DOTs to make mobility networks safer and more efcient. very consumer product and and sharing platforms there are, help cities manage their programs WATER AND WASTEWATER MONITORING piece of infrastructure the more data is generated about and services more efectively and Monitoring devices can detect leaks as well as changes in water pressure to increasingly has the ability to consumer’s preferences and gauge their impact immediately. 2 determine whether water infrastructure is working properly. sense surrounding stimuli, to habits. But what does this mean The city of the future is an communicate with other devices for cities? Smart cities are interconnected one, where PARKING APPS AND KIOSKS and people, and to draw on the employing the same technology devices communicate with one Apps coordinate with smart parking meters to inform drivers of where there computing and storage power of to connect their disparate utility, another in a constant stream of 3 is parking availability. the cloud. This phenomenon has infrastructure, and public service data that provides real-time been dubbed the internet of grids, generating real-time information to the public and to BRIDGE INSPECTION SYSTEMS things. The more smart devices aggregate data. This, in turn, can the municipality. Sensors monitor the structural soundness of bridges and inform 4 city engineers of any issues. Drones are used to inspect hard to reach areas. 10 12 SELF-DRIVING CARS 4 Self-driving cars shuttle people in and out of the city, 9 5 providing rides for others and making deliveries while their owners are occupied with work or other activities.

WASTE MANAGEMENT SENSORS Sensors detect the amount of garbage 6 DRONES in recepticals around the city so that Drones can be used for law sanitation workers can maximize 7 13 enforcement and firefighting, as efciency in their routes. rural ambulances, for infrastructure inspections, and for environmental 8 monitoring. Commercial uses 11 include precision farming, aerial photography, and in the near 13 5 future, package delivery.

SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS Cameras ensure security by 14 monitoring activity in areas that are 6 not frequented by public safety ofcers. Areas that are not open to public access can be monitored to keep unauthorized personnel out. 1 14

BODY CAMERAS 15 Public safety ofcers can wear 15 body cameras that capture footage of interactions between themselves LIGHTING 16 and city residents to ensure safety LED lights are weather 3 for both parties. 7 adaptive and communications are automatically sent to the Department of Public Works when the bulbs need to be WEARABLE DETECTION changed. Cities can build in smartphone and FIRE DETECTION 16 wearable detection sensors so that Sensors monitor conditions in public parks and 2 people can be an active part of the 8 wooded areas that might be prone to fire. Sensors SMART LOGISTICS/FREIGHT internet ecosystem, communicating can also detect fires in buildings and initiate a call to Platooning trucks carry freight efciently from the with the city, and with each other. the fire department in an emergency. 11 port to their final destination. Smart inventory systems inform operators about when freight is ENERGY MONITORING moved between diferent locations. Power plants can be monitored for safety and city ofcials can 9 be informed of any influx in radiation levels. BROADBAND INFRASTRUCTURE VEHICLE FLEET COMMUNICATION A reliable internet ecosystem is the SOLAR PANELS Public transit and city fleet vehicles communicate 17 glue that holds the internet of things Solar panels can be monitored to determine how much energy they 12 with their home agency when it is time for together. 10 are providing and whether they need maintenance. maintenance or replacement. Trends in Smart City Development

● Charlotte, NC: In 2011, Envision capacity (for example, a department Executive Summary Charlotte was established as for innovation and technology) in a public-private collaboration advance will better position cities to take This report examines the meanings and practices associated (PPC) to help the city sustain its advantage of these new technologies. accelerating population growth. with the term ‘smart cities.’ Smart city initiatives involve three As a new organization, Envision Rather than looking for solutions first, Charlotte is currently working cities should consider the outcomes they components: information and communication technologies (ICTs) on ways to reduce energy use want to achieve. They should find out that generate and aggregate data; analytical tools which convert in commercial buildings through what their residents and local businesses behavioral changes. want to see happen, and turn those that data into usable information; and organizational structures desires into clearly defined objectives ● San Francisco, CA: San before proceeding with smart initiatives. that encourage collaboration, innovation, and the application of Francisco has a history of strong A city’s existing comprehensive, that information to solve public problems. leadership interest in making transportation, and sustainability the city smart and sustainable planning documents can help guide the through environmental and establishment of goals. Conversely, smart Hence, a smart city is a city that ● Chicago, IL: In 2012, Chicago transportation improvement cities can help to accelerate the goals has developed some technological Mayor Rahm Emanuel signed measures. Furthermore, San outlined in those documents. Looking infrastructure that enables it to collect, the city’s open data policy. It Francisco’s OpenData initiative, to other cities for frameworks and best aggregate, and analyze real-time data and created an open data platform launched in 2009, supports smart practices can also provide valuable has made a concerted efort to use that and mandated cross-functional cities initiatives that aim to meet guidance, but not a set of instructions. data to improve the lives of its residents. collaboration, all managed by the greenhouse gas reduction goals Such an efort should include explicit Department of Innovation and and improve and increase public Leveraging technology to improve the policy recommendations regarding ‘smart’ Technology. That policy and the transportation service. sustainability and equity of cities is a infrastructure and data, a functioning administrative structure it created powerful idea with enormous potential. administrative component, and some positioned the city to partner with ● New Delhi, India: New Delhi is in Those ambitions, however, should be form of community engagement. universities and the private sector the initial planning stages of its tempered by realism. Cities should on sensor projects like the Array of smart cities initiative, which is part critically examine smart city technologies To better understand smart cities in Things, which aims to collect and of the broader overarching goal and the rhetoric that surrounds them. practice, this report outlines smart city disseminate real-time data, thereby of India’s smart cities program Cities should be mindful, too, of the initiatives in five cities. For each city, the catalyzing innovation in the city. that ties into the United Nation’s organizational challenges that accompany report focuses on the organization of the Sustainable Development Goals. smart city implementation. Functional initiatives, the policy and administrative ● Philadelphia, PA: In 2011, Mayor The city is following the lead of silos, the challenges of cross-sector components guiding the initiatives, Michael Nutter issued an executive the nation’s existing environmental collaboration, and political gridlock will and community engagement around order establishing the Ofce of policy and land pooling policies. not disappear with the arrival of these smart development. The findings are Innovation and Technology (OIT) new ‘smarter’ systems. If these challenges summarized here: of Philadelphia. The creation of this While ICT infrastructure makes the can be overcome, then smart city ofce allowed for city leaders to technological aspects of smart development can prove beneficial. have a more hands-on approach development easier, the organizational to ICT initiatives in the city. City components remain challenging. Cities oversight as well as partnerships should work to lay the groundwork for with private and public entities has smart development. Establishing the moved Philadelphia toward many necessary policies (such as open data and smart city concepts. e-governance policies) and administrative

10 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 11 Trends in Smart City Development

Improvements in information and communications technologies Introduction (ICTs) have made possible decades-old visions of smart cities where democracy and city management are guided by ICT-generated data.

According to the International Data vague and undefined. Though generally Corporation (IDC), the digital universe understood to mean the use of new (the amount of digital information created technologies and data platforms to and replicated in a year) increased by improve the functioning of cities, there are 62 percent in 2009, reaching 1.2 million also concrete policies and practice shifts petabytes in 2010. By 2020, the IDC involved. That is, in part, because the estimated that the digital universe concept of ‘smart cities’ is not limited to would be 44 times larger than in 2009. one system. Smart cities implementation Connectivity has also grown. Business and adoption involves a paradigm shift, Insider estimated that there were 1.9 billion in which cities commit not only to using devices connected to the internet in 2013, a new technology to act more efciently, and that the number would grow to 9 but also to changing their policies and billion by 2018. This growth in data and operating procedures in a way that connectivity makes it possible to imagine supports their goal. Smart city adoption a world in which real-time information can comprise many diferent solutions to can be gathered, analyzed, and used many diferent public problems. Smart to influence public policy and the built cities systems also often involve actors environment in new, ‘smart’ ways. from each sector – public, private, and nonprofit – forming partnerships and For all of their promise, some believe working together on innovative ways to that smart cities remain conceptually improve city life.

12 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 13 Trends in Smart City Development

The emphasis on innovation also means smart city development. Cities interested that how we define smart cities changes in developing smart programs and continuously. When Cisco Systems embracing the smart city paradigm shift helped South Korea turn Songdo into will need to consider how to initiate and an automated urban environment in govern those programs, address the 2009, radio frequency identification concerns of their citizens, and cope with a (RFID) technology was cutting edge. By rapidly changing environment. This report ofers five case studies detailing the ways 2012, with the rise of smartphones, RFID was considered somewhat outmoded. To better understand the smart city trend, in which specific cities are implementing smart city Similarly, investment in municipal this report will ofer five case studies broadband was enough to make detailing the ways in which specific cities projects including: LaGrange, GA, the “Intelligent Community are implementing smart city projects of the Year” in 2000, but is not enough including: Chicago, IL; Philadelphia, PA; to qualify it as a smart city today. The Charlotte, NC; San Francisco, CA; and technology used in smart cities is often New Delhi, India. These case studies new or evolving, and prone to rapid will focus on what the initiatives are, change and development. how they are organized, structured, and Chicago, IL administered, and how the community The overarching objectives, however, and has been engaged in their development San Francisco, CA Philadelphia, PA the policy and administrative components and implementation. Examined together, Delhi, India required to realize those objectives, the cases will provide lessons for other are more durable. Though RFID cards cities considering smart city programs. Charlotte, NC may no longer be the best way to forge a digital connection, enhancing that connection is still the purpose of much

14 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 15 Trends in Smart City Development

Case Studies Chicago, IL

Chicago has decidedly embraced smart city principles. As Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s top tech lieutenant put it, Chicago wants to become “the most data-driven government in the world.”

One initiative that aims to make that to the city as hoped. As The Chicago aspiration real is the Array of Things Tribune put it, it’s unclear whether this, (AoT) project. The AoT is a network “will lead to meaningful improvements of sensors (called nodes) that will in urban life… or just enrich big tech be mounted on streetlight trafc vendors.” Adie Tomer, a fellow and signal poles, where they will measure expert on smart infrastructure at the temperature, barometric pressure, light, Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan vibration, carbon monoxide, nitrogen Policy Program, cautioned that claims of dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, ambient digital infrastructure investment leading sound intensity, pedestrian and vehicle to improved quality of life or economic trafc, and surface temperature. Forty- performance are untested. Given that two nodes were scheduled for installation nodes are only now being deployed during the summer of 2016, with a total throughout the city, there isn’t yet any of 500 to be deployed by the end of 2018. evidence to evaluate the program’s outcomes. It will, however, be evaluated The stated goal of the project is broad nine months after the initial installation and ambitious. It aims to, “measure the and every 12 months from that time on. city in sufcient detail to provide data to help engineers, scientists, policymakers Policy and residents work together to make Chicago… healthier, more livable and Chicago has been laying the policy more efcient.”The connection between groundwork for its smart city the sensor network and healthier, more development for a while. In 2012, Mayor efcient city life, however, is an open Emanuel issued an executive order question. The immediate goal of the establishing the city’s open data policy. project is to collect data, aggregate it The order was intended to empower in a central server, and make it publicly residents by providing them with available. Charlie Catlett, the project information they need to participate lead, thinks that providing this data in government, solve problems, and to the public will inspire people to promote social progress and economic create “all sorts of applications taking growth. To make the data public, the advantage of the data.” Not everyone order required that an online data portal in Chicago, however, is convinced that be created and maintained (the same these applications will be as valuable portal that will be used for the AoT data).

16 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 17 Trends in Smart City Development

This executive order laid the groundwork in data used to calibrate and test the universities and private corporations, smart initiatives. The order made the for managing the data generated machines. Any such data, however, will be such as AT&T, which will provide the DOIT responsible for overseeing the through sensor projects. It established housed in a secure facility and access will wireless network to transmit the data open data policy. To administer it, the transparency and open government as be restricted. This emphasis on privacy (see Figure 1). The project is funded in mayor designated a chief data ofcer at key commitments for the city. It also extends to the design of the nodes part by a $3.1 million grant from the the DOIT, mandated that each agency delineated what, when, and how data themselves. Images collected by the National Science Foundation, part of designate open data coordinators, and should be made public, and instituted sensors will be processed into numerical the White House’s investment in smart created an Open Data Advisory Group reporting requirements to increase data within the node itself, and the image city development. Argonne National to assess compliance and help agencies municipal accountability. Having those data will be deleted. Laboratory has already invested over decide what data should be made policies in place put the city in a stronger $1 million in internal research, while the available to the public. That administrative position to partner on smart city sensor Administration Chicago Innovation Exchange invested structure provided Chicago the personnel projects. an additional $150,000. Besides providing it needed to engage with the AoT. Whether or not it improves city life, administrative support, the city funds the The AoT has also had to establish some the AoT is instructive in how it was installation of the nodes and provides the The open data policy also precipitated of its own policies. A privacy policy, organized and developed. The project is small amount of electricity needed to run Chicago’s SmartData project, which was for example, details how data with a partnership among Argonne National them. designed to “analyze and aggregate data, personally identifiable information (PII) Laboratory, the University of Chicago, identify trends and ofer problem-solving will be managed and secured. PII will not and the city government, with input The University of Chicago and Argonne predictions.” Operated by the DOIT, be made public, but may be contained and support from an array of other National Laboratory will be the program’s the SmartData project looked through operators, responsible for the design, department workflows in Chicago for development, repair, replacement, areas where predictive analytics could Figure 1: AoT Policy Field Map and support of the nodes, while the add value. Importantly, the analytics city will provide oversight, policy dashboard that the DOIT created and guidance, and some technical support. shared with all departments in the city National Science Foundation Personnel An Executive Oversight Council (EOC), was built to be open source and available Funding co-chaired by the Commissioner of the to any interested city. Bloomberg City’s Department of Innovation and Philanthropies provided a $1 million grant University of Argonne National Technology (DOIT) and the Director of to the project with the explicit goal of it Chicago Laboratory the Urban Center for Computation and spreading to other cities. Data at the University of Chicago, will be The AoT project is not the only smart Urban Center for Chciago’s Dept. responsible for overseeing the program. Computation and of Innovation and There will also be a Security and Privacy city initiative being deployed in Chicago. Data Technology Group (SPG) to advise the EOC and a City Digital, an endeavor of UI Labs, is Scientific Review Group (SRG). Thus, deploying their own sensors to monitor Industry Partners flooding and create virtual maps of AoT Governance Bodies Chicago Innovation the partnership between the city and (e.g. Cisco, Microsoft, Exchage the cables and pipes beneath the city. Intel) non-governmental actors is not just one Executive Oversight Between those two projects and the city’s Council of funding, but will include hands-on support and oversight. existing open data policy, Chicago meets Other Academic some of the smart city criteria, but not Institutions (e.g. Indiana University, Univ. of Illinois) Scientific Review Security and Privacy In addition to laying the policy all. It has the capacity to generate and Ctr. for Cybersecurity Group Group Research groundwork for programs like the AoT, publicize data, but is relying heavily on Mayor Emanuel’s open data executive external actors to put the data to use.

Community Groups order also developed the administrative capacity needed to manage the city’s

18 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 19 Trends in Smart City Development The Internet of Things Community Engagement The city’s Smart Communities initiative includes a digital literacy and outreach As wireless, Bluetooth, and sensor same technology to connect their The concern over privacy is not limited to program that increased rates of technology has become increasingly disparate utility, infrastructure, and project managers. There is still a question broadband adoption and internet usage, sophisticated and inexpensive it has public service grids, generating real- of how the community will respond to the including job search[es] in the city’s moved from being found exclusively time aggregate data. This in turn can sensors monitoring their neighborhoods. nine predominately African-American help cities manage their programs Lee Tien, a senior staf attorney at the and Latino low- and middle-income in expensive hi-tech products such Electronic Frontier Foundation, likened neighborhoods. Between 2008 (when as computers and cell phones to and services more efectively and sensor projects to increased surveillance the program was implemented) and 2013, increasingly low-tech, even analog, gauge their impact immediately. and wondered how much force such those neighborhoods in the initiative saw items such as thermostats, cofee Sensors installed on water pipes privacy policies will really have if the a 13 percentage point increase in internet makers, and even toys. Together can detect leaks and communicate police, for example, request information usage. with the advent of cloud networked them to the water utility instantly. that would violate them. The project computer, which has minimalized Smart parking meters can notify managers are aware that concerns like While this program does not necessarily parking agents when they are timed these could be an issue. As part of their demonstrate high-tech delivery, it works the need for physical storage and governance document, they’ve included to increase connectivity in the city, computing power in a device, the out, as well as residents when a provisions for community outreach in making it more likely that the resources devices around us are undergoing space is free. Smart infrastructure any areas where nodes might be placed. developed through projects like the AoT a conceptual reinvention. Every communicating with its utilities is just will be utilized by and accessible to all That outreach includes meeting with consumer product or piece of a one-sided exchange. Increasingly, aldermen and women and community city residents. infrastructure increasingly has the as autonomous vehicles and drones leaders, and holding community meetings ability to sense surrounding stimuli, to fill city streets and skylines, smart with residents. In addition, they plan to cities will invest in infrastructure hold workshops to, “introduce concepts, communicate with each other, and to ranging from environmental science to draw on the computing and storage to vehicle (I2V) technology, where electronics design to data analytics, to power of the cloud. This phenomenon trafc lights and public infrastructure neighborhood youth.” has been dubbed the Internet of communicates with the smart devices Things (IoT). Essentially, the seismic around them. The city of the future is change that the internet brought to an interconnected one, where devices computers is now extending itself communicate with one another in a beyond computers to increasingly constant stream of data that provides simple and inexpensive devices. real-time information to the public Market incentives for this shift are and the municipality. As this trend high. The more smart devices there accelerates, innovative cities will are, the more data is generated become more efcient, open, and about consumer’s preferences and responsive to their residents. habits. But what does this mean for cities? Smart cities are employing the

20 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 21 Trends in Smart City Development

Philadelphia, PA Figure 2: Philadelphia OIT Structure

Philadelphia Ofce Philadelphia has embraced smart city initiatives to help promote equity of Innovation and throughout the city. Much of the city’s urban population density is a result of Technology its historically industrial economy, which by the 1970s had largely relocated or disappeared. IT Governance Innovation Infrastructure Communications Applications

This downturn left Philadelphia with a those branches are sub-branches that high poverty rate. Since then, city ofcials promote specific tasks and goals. Figure 2 Communication, Public Computing, Backup and Production Services, Websites, Branding have been challenged by balancing the outlines the structure of the OIT. Contract Innovation Recovery, Dispatch, Voice & Strategies, Content needs of residents, “left behind by post- Processing, Management Data Backup, Radio Management Design Guidance, Department Service, Database industrial economic restructuring and Administration Legislation, Support, Document Support, Enterprise Compliance Review, Imaging Support, Resource Planning aggressively transforming Philadelphia Architecture, Enterprise ePay into a competitive node in the globalized Additionally, Philadelphia is using ICTs Human Resources, Gateway Service, Network & ERP Performance,

economy.” According to the Center City within the Philadelphia Police Department Perimeter Security, Middleware (PPD) to develop preventative measures Policy & Procedure, Support, District’s 2015 annual report, Philadelphia Policy, Planning Operations, ranked second in urban density to that will lower the city’s crime rate. and Performance Production Control Improvement Services & Data Midtown Manhattan. With high urban The “Smart Policing Initiative” (SPI) or Operations density and a poverty rate of 25.8 “SMART” (Strategic Mapping Analysis percent, Philadelphia still struggles with Response and Tactics) is the city’s efort issues of income disparity and building to collect and analyze data on crimes crime areas have seen a drop in the crime cities partners in using technology to an inclusive municipal economy. Much like within the city. The program looks at rate since the implementation of SPI solve the challenges that face growing many older, developed cities in the U.S., where crime is occurring in the city (also through the application of data analysis urban areas.3 The MetroLab Network is Philadelphia ofcials are looking for new known as hotspots) and attempts to and an organizational change within the supported by a $1 million grant from the ways to manage urban growth during an determine why. This data collection allows PPD. Although hotspot policing has been MacArthur Foundation that will focus on era of tight budgets and often conflicting the city to use its limited resources on part of the PPD since the late 1990s, 60 smart city projects starting in 2015. priorities. areas where they will have the biggest recent adaptations of analytical methods, Research universities have the “physical impact on reducing crime.1 With grants such as GIS, have provided the PPD with and human resources to help their cities Policy provided by the Bureau of Justice a new way to look at existing data. As meet complex urban challenges through Assistance (BJA), the program uses data of 2014, the PPD had trained 26 police undertaking research, development and In 2011, Mayor Michael Nutter issued an analysis, including analytical models, ofcers as analysts.2 deployment of innovative projects at a executive order establishing the Ofce GIS mapping, and predictive analysis to lower cost.”4 This network of partnerships of Innovation and Technology (OIT) of identify these hotspots so that a targeted City ofcials in Philadelphia have also focuses on sharing data, analytics, Philadelphia. OIT’s mission is to oversee all response can be deployed to these areas partnered with outside sources to and innovative new practices. Pairing ICT initiatives for the city of Philadelphia. faster. help research and implement smart universities with policy makers provides a By creating this ofce, city ofcials hope city initiatives. In 2015, experts from cost-efective way of implementing smart As of 2013, out of the 38 police to improve the efectiveness of any ICT Drexel University and the University city initiatives within a city. initiatives in meeting the needs of the city. departments around the United States of Pennsylvania’s Institute for Urban The OIT focuses on five branches of ICT: that have implemented SPI, Philadelphia Research joined the MetroLab Network According to Charles Haas, head of the IT governance, innovation, infrastructure, has been among the most successful at as participants in a White House initiative Department of Civil, Environmental and communications, and applications. Within lowering crime rates. Philadelphia’s high to make universities and their local Architectural Engineering at Drexel,

22 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 23 Trends in Smart City Development

the university “has had a long history develop, deploy, and maintain spatial of working with agencies of the City of data, as well as provide 30 geospatial web Philadelphia to apply knowledge and services. With over 200,000 hits daily, Charlote, NC skills to help contribute to solutions the city’s geospatial web services and to challenges that face the city.”5 In applications provide relevant information Over the past decade, Charlotte has undergone tremendous collaboration with the city of Philadelphia, on urban development and have broad growth. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Charlotte saw the Drexel and the University of Pennsylvania applications for Pennsylvania’s businesses th will focus on incorporating technology and nonprofits. 10 largest increase in population among large cities. and analytics to improve existing public service infrastructure, to measure the Community Engagement Charlotte grew by 17,695 people from Policy impact of new infrastructures (to include July 2014 to July 2015, resulting in a total Another initiative that the OIT is green infrastructure), and to address population of 827,0978,9. While most Unlike other cities, where the city working towards is Philly311, which inclusive economic development. large cities such as New York, Boston, government plays a large role in many will open the lines of communication and Chicago are seeing slow or negative smart city initiatives, city leaders in The University of Pennsylvania is also between Philadelphia residents and growth, Charlotte has become a hub Charlotte have taken a more hands-of partnering with the city of Philadelphia the government. Philly311 uses social for major corporate expansions as well approach. Instead of actively collecting to promote data collection via geospatial media and phone applications as a as an expanding suburban population. data and constructing metrics, the technologies that are used to visualize, forum to communicate with citizens With vast amounts of rural area, warmer municipality has embraced a market- measure, and analyze the earth’s features. in real time.7 An example of this weather, and lower costs of living, oriented and facilitative role, aiming to The technologies include GPS, GIS, and communication includes city leaders southern cities such as Charlotte present “encourage independent actions from remote sensing (RS). The OIT provides using Twitter to communicate to citizens not only opportunity for business owners a wide range of participants.”12 The city GIS services that help “develop and about trafc patterns. As Philadelphia’s but also a more hospitable environment of Charlotte intends to use outside deliver state-of the art.... technology and urban population continues to grow, for families aiming to move away from resources to educate citizens on how services to the enterprise (citywide).”6 Philly311 has the potential to improve larger, overpopulated, and older cities. their behaviors contribute to problems GIS Services Group (GSG) provides city communication between public ofcials such as energy waste, and how they can ofcials with the technology to help and residents. Much of Charlotte’s economic success is change those behaviors.13 attributed to being the second biggest banking center in the country behind Administration New York City. Charlotte hosts the headquarters of Bank of America, as well One smart initiative is Envision as major regional operational facilities for Charlotte, a non-profit public private a number of other institutions, including collaborative organization established Citi, Ally Financial, JPMorgan Chase, in 2011 and funded by grants from the and Wells Fargo. New jobs are quickly Department of Energy. Envision focuses being added to Charlotte as these on using sustainability to promote banking institutions contribute to a wider economic development. Created by economy in financial services. 10 With an partnerships between Duke Energy, increase in available jobs, there has been Cisco, and Charlotte Center City an influx of younger people moving to Partners, Envision Charlotte aims to Charlotte for education and employment help “accelerate [initiatives] fueled by opportunities.11 The city is currently facing civic and corporate leaders committed the pressures of population growth, and is to further transforming the city into focusing on ways to sustain this growth. the country’s most sustainable core.”14

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In a statement about partnering with 1. Provide accessible information Envision, Cisco Chairman and former about energy use in buildings, load CEO John Chambers said, “as cities all factors, historical trends, and how San Francisco, CA over the world experience significant to interpret the information population growth, the need to San Francisco is a worldwide tourist destination that houses some sustainably balance social, economic, and 2. Institute goals and opportunities of the world’s largest financial institutions and is known as a city of environmental resources becomes even through “Energy Action Plan” more paramount… Cisco believes that innovation and technology. 3. Create campaigns, games and technology can transform how the world other initiatives to motivate manages these energy and environmental individuals to become “Smart In 2011, San Francisco was declared the Policy challenges.” Energy Workers” Greenest City in the U.S. and Canada Green City Index and the Cleantech To achieve its zero waste goal, San Envision’s first initiative was a partnership 4. Receive recognition in the Capital of North America.19Like other Francisco displayed great political with Duke Energy to focus on reducing community as their building cities, San Francisco’s leaders want to determination in passing a raft of energy use in Charlotte’s Center City. advances through “Levels of make the city safer, more afordable legislation,20 including Resolution The project’s primary focus is on Achievement”18 and equitable, and reduce its emissions Setting Zero Waste Date, the Mandatory reducing wasted energy consumption in footprint. Unfortunately, the dramatic Recycling & Composting Ordinance, and commercial buildings within Charlotte’s Community Engagement population growth San Francisco has the Mayor’s Executive Order Enhancing downtown area through innovative witnessed for the past decade has raised Recycling and Resource Conservation. technologies that encourage energy Envision Charlotte has also been a model the cost-of-living to one of the most The city also provides online tools using efciency and changes in consumer for other cities in the United States to expensive nationally and strained the open source software and an open data 15 behavior. As of late 2015, the program engage their residents to change their city’s infrastructure and governance. For model to provide localized and accurate successfully reduced power usage in behaviors and to promote sustainable this reason, San Francisco has led the way results.21 To complement these policies, participating buildings by 8.4 percent and communities. A spin-of group called in incorporating sustainable, innovative, the city partners with like-minded 16 saved more than $10 million. Envision America will help other cities and ambitious strategies to accelerate its organizations to develop new programs learn from the Charlotte campaign. As of Although fairly new, Envision has already smart city adoption. and create a culture of recycling and 2016, ten cities were selected to kick of impacted Charlotte. From partnering with composting. Envision America initiatives and to attend In pursuit of this goal, San Francisco Duke Energy on this initial project, Duke workshops that will bring together city focuses on using technology to make To reach San Francisco’s goal of Energy has been able to commercialize leaders, smart city experts, and corporate building operations more efcient, becoming carbon-free by 2030, the “Smart Energy in Ofces” (SEiO). By partners to learn about the successes of reduce energy use, streamline waste city has implemented a comprehensive “adopting a team mindset and fostering Envision Charlotte and to start facilitating management systems, and improve set of incentive programs to improve ownership -- two key elements in any project planning and implementation. transportation systems, all of which the performance of new and existing successful work environment- SEiO contribute toward greening the city. buildings. Various technology applications makes it simple… for property managers, The city aims to achieve zero waste by have helped enhance these programs. building operators, and tenants to 2020, become carbon-free by 2030, and For example, the San Francisco Energy 17 minimize workplace energy use.” SEiO meet transportation-related demand Map is a tool that tracks solar and wind will help teams reduce energy waste with by creating a safer and more efcient installations across the city. Residents or the following steps: transportation experience for everyone. businesses can go to the website to see To achieve these goals, San Francisco their roof’s solar potential and access uses a three-pronged approach that rebates. Likewise, the Honest Buildings addresses both policy and administrative program helps buildings save energy using challenges and works to actively engage a software platform. The online portal the community in all of these initiatives. informs property owners, managers, and

26 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 27 Trends in Smart City Development

tenants about their building’s performance their authority available on DataSF. DataSF Community Engagement project. The project helps businesses and provides the most efective energy uses transportation data to improve transform prototypes into products and efciency strategies to help them reduce transportation needs and commute The city’s Open Data Policy highlights services by designating zones throughout utility costs.22 times, and to help meet greenhouse the social and economic benefits of the city where businesses can use city gas reduction goals. The platform also increased government efciency and assets to demonstrate new and emerging Muni Forward is a project that takes a provides an app for Muni bus or train civic engagement.25 Making data publicly technologies. The project provides holistic view of transportation in San commuters that lets commuters buy Muni available is a great way for cities to innovators with a real-world setting to Francisco by making the system smarter. tickets and plan their trips. engage with their communities. SFMTA test new ideas, evaluate next generation Using the 1973 Transit First Policy, which proactively solicits community input technologies, and collect data about gave priority to public transit vehicles Administration and shares its plans, data, and success impact. It also encourages businesses on San Francisco streets, along with widely and visibly. SFMTA uses its to engage in advancing the city’s improved technology and infrastructure, San Francisco’s smart city programs interactive performance dashboards to sustainability goals, promotes efcient San Francisco aims to make getting are quite ambitious and require strong collect feedback and track its progress in government, and ensures a better around safer and more reliable. Muni partnerships between public agencies meeting the goals and objectives outlined quality of life for San Francisco residents, Forward is replacing transit signals in and the private and non-profit sector. in its strategic plan. SFMTA also uses the all while educating the public about San Francisco with new signals that can With its strong leadership, the city is ‘capital improvements’ map to inform the innovative solutions in the process.26 detect an oncoming Muni train or bus attempting a collection of pragmatic projects and programs across the city. and hold the green light, allowing the and efective policy reforms. The San Likewise, the San Francisco Department Mayor Lee’s leadership supports transit vehicle to make it to the next stop Francisco Municipal Transportation of the Environment put its mission into San Francisco’s sustainability goals faster, reducing trafc congestion, and Agency (SFMTA) and the San Francisco action by mobilizing communities. To by developing the city’s Cleantech, improving reliability. The city has also Department of the Environment are meet its 2020 goal of zero waste, it transportation, energy, waste, built created a state-of-the-art Transportation playing prominent roles in the city’s smart continues to develop new programs and environment, and other sectors Management Center (TMC) to improve city initiatives and have cross cutting expand community outreach. The agency for maximum efectiveness and 27 communication with Muni bus and goals of improving San Francisco’s transit believes that community engagement environmental benefit. With so train drivers, helping it monitor and while pursuing environmental goals like enables city staf to better understand many smart city initiatives on the improve transit services. Finally, the radio zero carbon. The city plans to implement barriers and challenges to zero waste and ground and the city’s reputation for communication system was modernized Muni Forward in phases to optimize carbon free programs, create or adjust being technologically innovative, it is and incorporated with an Intelligent financing and minimize service disruption. programs, and plan for the future. unsurprising that San Francisco is a global Transportation System (ITS). On November 4, 2014, San Francisco leader in smart city development voters approved Proposition A, which Another smart city initiative Mayor Ed Lee These are only some examples of how included $150 million in funding to design introduced is the Living Innovation Zones San Francisco is becoming a smart city and build Muni Forward projects. Future leader by using technology to improve funding is expected from other sources its public services. None of these smart for a combined total funding of $230 city initiatives would have been possible million.24 SFMTA also manages SFpark to without the city’s open data platform, improve parking in the city by collecting San Francisco OpenData. San Francisco and distributing real-time information OpenData is the city’s open data portal about available parking spots. and a product of the ofcial open data program that was launched in 2009.23 DataSF is the city’s one-stop website for government data. The open data legislation requires city departments to make all non-confidential datasets under

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another attempt at enabling better living there is no information available to the New Delhi, India conditions and achieving higher economic public regarding the deployment of open growth in 100 Indian cities.37 Prime data or use of specific technologies like Minister Narendra Modi saw challenges as cloud storage or big data, as outlined New Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. The population of an opportunity and introduced his smart by the relevant policies and laws.40 Delhi has increased rapidly over the past decade, reaching 18.6 million in 2016, cities initiative.38 Drawing on the practices adopted by and it is expected to grow another 40 percent by 2020.28 cities across the world, the Centre for In parallel to the New Delhi Municipal Internet & Society suggests that smart Council’s smart city project cities in India should adopt robust At this rate of accelerated urbanization, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) implementation, the Delhi Development regulatory and governance frameworks government is under tremendous pressure was established in 1995 and began Authority (DDA) has introduced a land regarding technical standards, open data, to deliver public services like transportation, construction on October 1, 1998.31 pooling policy to address one of Delhi’s and data security and data protection water, electricity, and afordable housing. The Delhi Metro project became the primary challenges: afordable housing policies.41 Nevertheless, India’s Open Data In the past two decades, Delhi’s urban area first railway project in the world to be to accommodate its growing population Policy and data protection standards has almost doubled, leading the average certified for carbon credits for reducing as well as to lay the infrastructure to under section 43A of the Information commute to increase from 8.5 kilometers greenhouse gas emission by the United implement ICT technology as proposed Technology Act (ITA) do apply and help to 10.4 kilometers.29 Distant city residents Nations.32 To improve the train system’s by the municipal council for the to ensure the sustainability and efciency rely on automobiles, contributing to efciency, DMRC partnered with Google smart cities challenge grant. Besides of the county’s smart cities while trafc congestion, rising greenhouse gas India (through Google Transit) in 2010 regulating the land pooling policy, DDA safeguarding individual rights. emissions, air pollution, and poor public to provide free train schedule and route is also committed to accountability health. Without the right design and information to commuters through mobile and transparency by allowing the Administration planning by the city, existing problems of devices with Google Maps.33 By the population to monitor its infrastructure congestion, trafc, pollution, and safety will second-half of 2016, DMRC is planning projects online. All construction-related The central government approved a only metastasize and worsen. to provide free high-speed broadband data are updated in real-time in online budget of INR 48,000 crore (USD 7.8 internet to its 2.7 million passengers.34 measurement books that then link billion) to be spent over a five-year The government of India has historically Commuters will then be able to access them with a contractor’s payment and period (FY 2016 to FY 2020) on smart promoted various urban development real-time information regarding train customer feedback to ensure higher cities initiatives in 100 designated cities initiatives, such as the Integrated location, approach, and destination, and quality of work.39 The system also ofers a in India. The state and local governments Development of Small and Medium navigate between diferent lines. The library of General Packet Radio Services are expected to equally match the Towns (IDSMT) program in 1979 and the Delhi Government plans to introduce of construction sites and status reports. central government funds. According Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal a Common Mobility Card2016, which to the Smart City Mission Statement New Delhi residents and the local Mission (JNNURM) in 2005. However, will allow riders to access Metro trains, & Guidelines (2015), India’s objective government are using social media many urban development goals have Delhi Transportation Corporation buses, is to promote cities that provide core actively during planning and barely been met. Due to either economic, and cluster buses.35 Delhi Metro is an infrastructure and give a decent quality of implementation. In the wake of smart technological, or political reasons, only a excellent example of a city transportation life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable cities initiatives and active social few local governments have been able to system that gradually adopted smart city environment, and application of smart media, no enabling legislation or policy take sufcient steps towards implementing systems. solutions. The focus is on sustainable and has been formulated by the central best practices and meeting these goals in inclusive development in compact areas 30 government, apart from releasing a their cities. As the country’s government changed to create a replicable model for other “Mission Statement and Guidelines” for in 2014, an emphasis was placed on the aspiring cities.42 Policy use of smart principles for improving the smart cities competition. Neither conditions in existing towns and cities the national nor the local government Among 100 cities, NDMC received a grant After more than 40 years of studies across the country.36 In June 2015, the provides any relevant applicable laws from the central government to foster the into a rail-based mass transit system, Smart Cities Mission was launched as yet and policies for the initiative. Likewise, efcient management of urban services

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through the application of technology. ahead of NDMC’s smart city project. This These services included water supply, approach gives NDMC the infrastructure Case Study Comparison sanitation, housing, waste management, to incorporate digital solutions while and urban mobility. NDMC consulted with providing afordable housing to the The five case studies in this report research diferent data collection systems New Delhi residents on their requirement NDMC residents. only compose a small fraction of cities such as GIS. Several of the cities, including as a smart city and plans to develop implementing smart city initiatives. While Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, smart bus stops, app-integrated cycle New Delhi’s smart city initiative is a the five cities cannot represent every and Delhi, also partnered with the federal tracks, sensor-based smart parking, part of India’s holistic smart cities plan smart city, their commonalities and government in their pursuit of smart city e-surveillance, including electronic tickets that taps into the UN’s Sustainable diferences are instructive. Table 1 highlights projects, in some cases receiving grant for trafc violations, automatic sewer Development Goals (SDGs). A report by the similarities of each city, focusing on support for various smart city initiatives. cleaning machines and geo-tagging of Price Waterhouse Coopers states that the policy domains covered, levels of Finally, the majority of the cities are using bins. Other projects include providing “the pillars of a smart sustainable city are government involved, non-governmental smart city tactics to promote sustainability Wi-Fi access points, air-quality sensors, completely aligned with the proposed partners engaged, and instruments used. and overcome challenges associated with noise-pollution sensors, and renovating UN’s Sustainable Development Goals 43 (SDGs) and the closer the integration of population growth. Gole market. Four out of the five cities focused on sustainability into India’s ‘100 Smart Cities’ making data open and widely available. These case cities are using a variety of As New Delhi progresses with its smart initiative, the greater will be the linkages In Chicago and Philadelphia, for example, instruments to achieve their policy goals. cities initiative, the city government has with the SDGs.”45 At Prime Minister both mayors have signed executive Rather than large policy changes, Charlotte tentative plans to launch an app-based Modi’s request, the Asian Development orders establishing an open data policy. In is encouraging people to change their air conditioned bus service. The city’s Bank (ADB) has committed to support addition, most of the cities are partnering behavior and adopt energy-saving habits. Transport Department stated that the the Ministry of Urban Development in its with non-governmental entities, including Chicago, on the other hand, is attempting new app-based services would enable development of smart cities on the area- universities and businesses, to develop to catalyze innovation by making more commuters to reduce wait times by based development component of the smart city programs. For example, city data publicly available. Whatever the reserving seats on buses. Buses operating smart city guidelines.46 ADB has agreed ofcials in Philadelphia have partnered method, all of the cities are hoping to use under this service scheme will be required in principle to set aside $1 billion for with the University of Pennsylvania to ICTs to improve the lives of their residents. to install two CCTV cameras, Wi-Fi, extending loans to the smart city projects GPS, fire extinguishers, and first-aid kits. and the World Bank could provide up to San The original announcement of this new $500 million in long-term loans. Categories Sub-Categories Chicago Charlotte Delhi Philadelphia service indicated deployment in June of Francisco 2016. However, the project is currently Open Data ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ placed on hold while the city seeks public Policy Domains Sustainability ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ opinion on the project’s implementation.44 Transportation ✓ ✓ Designated Department Administration ✓ ✓ ✓ Community Engagement or Ofce National ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ The smart cities initiative in New Delhi Level of Government Regional ✓ ✓ is in a very early stage. The mission Involvement guidelines stipulate that each city Local ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ needs to prepare a Smart City Plan Non-Governmental Universities ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ that comprises an area development Partners Private Companies ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ proposal and a pan-city initiative using Behavioral Nudge ✓ ✓ smart solutions for delivery of urban Open Sensor Data ✓ ✓ Instruments services. It seems a natural fit for DDA Land Pooling ✓ to implement a land pooling policy Market Creation ✓ ✓

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The preceding case studies provide a glimpse into the on-the- Recommendations ground reality of smart development. Cities are taking many diferent approaches to solving public problems, and there is no one-size-fits-all way to adopt and implement smart city systems. Through examination of the existing literature on smart cities and the experiences with smart development in our case cities, we have arrived at a set of general recommendations aimed to help guide other cities considering similar projects.

Recommendation 1: Cities should consider the outcomes they want to achieve.

Data collection is not an end in itself. To public policy and what administrative be useful and relevant, it needs to be capacity is needed to put the data to use. analyzed. The information that results from that analysis can then drive real What that use is will vary by city. Not applications to public problems. Cities all cities face the same challenges or should consider what public problems are suited to the same solutions. Before they want the initiative to address and investing in smart city infrastructure, cities how the data collected will help address should consider what they need, not just those public problems. Additionally, what other cities are doing. Small cities assessment of public problems and data don’t necessarily face the same problems collection should be derived from and as large cities. San Francisco’s smart tied to existing city comprehensive plans, parking program, SFpark, for example, visions, and sector planning documents. might be an appropriate response to congestion problems in San Francisco but The improvement in ICTs has made data would be unnecessary in smaller urban collection considerably easier. In some of areas that don’t have the same problems. the case cities, the ease of data collection appears to have inspired cities to invest in Though the conversation around smart smart initiatives without clearly defining cities has been largely driven by the what initiatives they seek to achieve. private sector, it is not their job to define The challenge for cities is not a technical the city’s objectives, only to provide them one of gathering or disseminating data with the technology needed to achieve – it’s an organizational one. Cities need those objectives. Cities need to consider to consider how new data will influence first and foremost what problems they want to solve, and then develop a model

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for how smart city technology can help city investments and look at an array of carefully consider both the public and cities with both the structure they need them achieve those ends. Furthermore, options before committing themselves. private sector interests inherent in smart to take advantage of public-private cities should rigorously evaluate smart city projects, whether they align with partnerships, and the knowledge they need existing goals, and whether the project to critically examine smart city proposals. they have in mind is appropriate. There Recommendation 2: Cities should look for can be benefits and opportunities in fairly Furthermore, it is worth reiterating that negotiated public-private partnerships, smart city development should be driven ways to partner with universities, non-profits, including maximizing scare municipal by demand in cities, not top-down or by 53 budgets. Even so, city ofcials should not supply alone. Smart cities have been and the private sector. enter into these partnerships in haste, or criticized for “turning cities into digital without asking the right questions about marketplaces for large multinational firms, blurring the lines between public Many of our case cities partnered aligned for a collaboration to work.48 For objectives and public good. and private and concealing new forms with non-governmental actors. As example, it is important that there be a It’s been noted that “while many of of social and economic inequalities.”54 with Chicago’s Array of Things, those clear, mutually agreed upon purpose or the technologies ofer clear benefits, The smart city discourse often centers partnerships can cut across sectors and mission for the partnership. Cities should the ‘smart’ concept itself suggests a on technological questions not well include a wide-range of actors. Cities can weigh the motivation and commitment positive and uncritical stance towards understood by the public and therefore even partner with other cities on smart of their partners. They should consider urban development.”52 Cities should look often dominated by private companies.55 city initiatives. the structure and governance of the past the rhetorical dressing of smart Bottom-up, democratic development collaboration, clearly delineating authority city technologies and focus on what would obviate some of these concerns Partnerships provide many benefits to and responsibility. Formal arrangements, is appropriate for their cities. A strong and lead to more equitable growth. cities. They give cities access to funding regular meetings, and informed points-of- administrative foundation backed by and expertise that might not otherwise contact can help ensure that partnerships established smart city policies provides be available. Many public problems are stay on track.49 Cities should also consider complex and can be too diverse for how authority and responsibility will any single organization to tackle. That be balanced and what each partner is makes collaboration advantageous. accountable for.50 Taking all of these Recommendation 3: Cities should continue Organizations are often able to do organizational pieces into account will 47 to look for best practices and frameworks for more together than they could alone. improve the chances of a successful Partnerships also allow cities to share partnership. Furthermore, smart city ‘smart city’ development. the risks of development, which is partnerships come with their own set especially valuable giving the evolving of specific considerations, such as how and often untested nature of smart city rights to intellectual property developed There is a lot of variability in the smart Though this report provides a window technologies. Finally, partnerships give by the project will be handled and who technologies being deployed. Some into what some cities are doing now, projects continuity. Without external owns the physical infrastructure deployed. cities and universities are developing smart development is a rapidly changing commitments and support, shifts in their own pioneering sensors, like the field. Cities interested in becoming political power might cause a project to Cities need to consider the incentives and Array of Things nodes. Others are looking smart should continue to look for best be cancelled or ignored. motivations of private actors. It is the job to large private firms to supply ICT practices and frameworks for this type of of companies in the smart city market to solutions. The diversity in technology development. That does not mean that there are not develop and sell technological solutions. and the lack of agreed upon principles also drawbacks to collaboration. There are As with the early days of e-government, for redesigning the built environment Though not yet fully implemented, diferent organizational cultures, diferent cities should be cautious of unwarranted presents a challenge for interested cities. the National Institute of Standards missions, and diferent stakeholder optimism and realistic about the powers of The newness of smart development and Technology (NIST), part of the groups that need to be negotiated and 51 ICT systems. Elected city ofcials should means that not much has been codified. U.S. Department of Commerce, is

36 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 37 Trends in Smart City Development

working on a framework for smart technology. However, if these challenges city development.56 The framework is can be acknowledged and overcome, Appendix designed to address two main concerns: then smart city development can not only the interoperability and portability of increase a city’s efciency, accountability, ICT development across cities, and the and transparency, but also leave behind Definition As the White House Initiative suggests, need for standard architectural principles. an organizational legacy of innovation smart cities are not exclusively Their goal is to standardize enough that and collaboration that will continue to The conceptual uncertainty of smart technological, but also involve creating systems can be integrated across cities, improve local governance. cities has not stopped their advance. collaborative environments and making without standardizing so much as to be In September of 2015 the White House the human capital investments necessary an obstacle for further innovation.57 In announced a smart cities initiative that to catalyze learning and innovation. addition, the Smart Cities Council has will invest $160 million in federal research Thus, smart cities have two distinct developed a Smart Cities Readiness to help local communities tackle their focuses: Framework that has been used by dozens challenges. of cities internationally to set a strategic 1. leveraging ICT systems to solve direction.58 Cities should monitor progress In the announcement, the White House public problems; and on frameworks like that being developed defined smart cities as, “communities by the NIST and the SCC. that are building an infrastructure to 2. developing organizational continuously improve the collection, structures that encourage Continually keeping apprised of new aggregation, and use of data to improve the spread of knowledge and developments and innovations in the the life of their residents.” The Initiative innovation. smart development arena will also help aims to harness the powers of the, The technological evolution of ICT cities manage the path-dependent “growing data revolution, low-cost systems has facilitated this first focus. dynamics of technological development.59 sensors, and research collaborations,” to Global businesses like Siemens, Cisco, Frameworks like NIST’s can influence assist those communities. the way cities approach smart city IBM, and Microsoft have developed and development, helping them avoid According to the Smart Cities Council pushed technologies to support smart being limited to the suite of proprietary (SCC), a leading industry association, city development, creating a global technologies in which they initially invest “a smart city uses information and market that’s expected to grow to $1.4 by ensuring that those technologies can communications technology to trillion by 2020. 60 enhance its livability, workability, and be integrated with new ones. As the supply of new, smart ICT systems sustainability.” Smart cities have been has grown, so have urban populations Leveraging ICT technology to improve broadly characterized as employing ICTs and the problems of efciency and social the sustainability and equity of cities is a to solve problems in a wide range of sustainability. The barriers to smart city powerful idea with enormous potential. public policy domains, including energy, successes are often more organizational Those ambitions, however, should be waste management, transportation, than technological. In most cases, tempered by realism. Cities should healthcare, security, public administration, cities need to consider the policies critically examine smart city technologies education, and more. ICT systems can and administrative components that and the rhetoric that surrounds them. collect, transmit, and aggregate data from undergird, enable, and guide smart city Cities should be mindful, too, of the the environment, allowing that data to initiatives. organizational challenges that accompany be analyzed and put to use. ICT systems smart city development. Functional can also enable objects and environments silos, the challenges of cross-sector to sense, communicate, network, and collaboration, and political gridlock will produce information, forming the Internet not disappear with the arrival of ICT of Things (IoT).

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For the purpose of this report, smart city Case Study Methodology initiatives are defined as involving three components: ICT systems to generate The case study comparison explores and aggregate data; analytical tools how a variety of cities have approached which convert that data into usable smart city development. While considered information; and organizational structures leaders, the case cities are mostly in the that encourage collaboration, innovation, early stages of the smart city system and the application of that information adoption. While some are further along to solve public problems. Hence, a smart than others, many of the programs city is a city that has developed some discussed are recently deployed. NLC is technological infrastructure that enables not, therefore, in the position to rigorously it to collect, aggregate, and analyze real- evaluate the outcomes of these initiatives. time data, and has made a concerted Instead, this report focuses on answering efort to use that data to improve the the following questions: lives of residents. Such an efort should include an explicit policy for ‘smart’ ● What are the initiative’s objectives infrastructure and data, a functioning and instruments? administrative component, and some ● How is the initiative funded and form of community engagement. organized? It is important to remember that being ● What policies structure and direct smart is a process and not an end-state. the initiative? There are many steps to developing smart environments and solutions, ● How is the initiative administered? some of which may not register as smart city initiatives. For example, ● How has the community been expanding broadband access through engaged and responded to the community outreach or the creation of initiative? new networks increases connectivity Cases were selected for their diversity and lays the groundwork for future in size, demographics, and geography. smart development, but does not itself This type of case selection ensures that constitute smart city implementation. the best practices implemented in these Other programs meet some but not cities and described in this report will all of the criteria. The development be broadly applicable to other cities of open data policies and platforms interested in smart development. To to share existing data can encourage answer the key questions above, we innovation and prepare cities to handle reviewed academic articles, census data, future ICT-generated data pools, but do policy papers, government documents, not necessarily include the analytical and newspaper articles from the case tools necessary to qualify as smart city cities. In addition, we interviewed two initiatives. Alternatively, many of these subject matter experts (SMEs) on smart endeavors represent important steps cities, as well as local leaders from the along the way. case cities.

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Endnotes 25 Chong, R. (2013, May 1). SF Mayor Signs Landmark Open Data 51 Coursey D., Norris D.F. (2008), Models of E-Government: Are Policy and Procedures Legislation. They Correct? An Empirical Assessment. 26 SF Mayor’s Ofce of Civic Innovation. Ofce of Mayor Edwin Public Administration Review, 68(3), p. 533; Vanolo, A. (2013). 1 Ebi, Kevin (2014). Philadelphia credits smart policing for M. Lee. (n.d.). Living Innovation Zones. Retrieved August 2, 2016, Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary lower crime rates. Smart Cities Council. Retrieved from http:// from http://innovatesf.com/projects/living-innovation-zones/ strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), p. 892. smartcitiescouncil.com/article/philadelphia-credits-smart- Designing Smarter, More Sustainable San Francisco. (n.d.) McLean, A., Bulkeley, H., & Crang, M. (2015). Negotiating the policing-lower-crime-rates 27 52 Retrieved from http://sfenvironment.org/news/update/designing- urban smart grid: Socio-technical 2 Richey, Erin (2014). How Data Analysis Helps Police a-smarter-and-more-sustainable-san-francisco experimentation in the city of Austin. Urban Studies (1)18, p. 8. Departments Fight Crime. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www. Indiaonlinepages.com. (n.d.). Population of Delhi 2016. Ibid., p. 529; Angelidou, M., op. cit. , p. 104 [see note 1] forbes.com/sites/emc/2014/06/03/data-analysis-helps-police- 28 53 Retrieved August 14, 2016, from http://www.indiaonlinepages. McLean et al., op. cit., p. 2 [see note 102]. departments-fight-crime/#2a75624043e8 54 com/population/delhi-population.html 55 Vanolo., op. cit., p. 891 [see note 101]. 3 Faulstick, Britt (2015). Drexel and Penn Join White House Smart Ibid U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards Cities Initiative. Drexel Now. Retrieved from http://drexel.edu/now/ 29 56 Ministry of Urban Development Government of India. (2015). and Technology. (2016). IoT-enabled smart archive/2015/September/MetroLab-Network/ 30 Smart Cities. Mission Statements & Guidelines. Retrieved from city framework [White paper]. Retrieved from 4 Lang, Deborah (2015). University of Pennsylvania Announces http://smartcityludhiana.in/ https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/smartcityframework/files/ Collaboration with Philadelphia in New White House Metro Lab Delhi Metro-Railway Technology. n.d. Retrieved from http:// IoT-EnabledSmartCityFrameworkWP.pdf Network. Penn News. Retrieved from https://news.upenn.edu/ 31 www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi-metro/ Ibid., p. 3. news/university-pennsylvania-announces-collaboration-city- 57 Railway-Technology.com. (n.d.). Delhi Metro, India. Retrieved Smart Cities Council, Smart Cities Readiness Guide (Redmond, philadelphia-new-white-house-metro-lab-net 32 58 August 12, 2016, from http://www.railway-technology.com/ WA: Smart Cities Council, 2015). 5 See note 48 projects/delhi-metro/ 59 Neirotti, et al., op. cit., p. 29 [see note 5]. 6 Ofce of Innovation and Technology, GIS Services Group. Ibid Ibid., p. 34; Luque-Ayala, A., & Marvin, S. (2015). Develop Retrieved from http://www.phila.gov/it/aboutus/units/Pages/ 33 60 Ibid critical understanding of smart urbanism? Urban GISServicesGroup.aspx 34 35 Delhi Metro. (2016, May 4). Delhi Govt. to dispatch Common Studies (52)12, p. 2110. 7 Philly 311. Retrieved from http://www.phila.gov/311/Pages/ Mobility Card for metro and transport buses from July. Retrieved default.aspx from http://www.delhimetrorails.com/delhi-govt-to- 8 U.S Census Bureau 36 Aijaz, R., & Hoelscher, K. (2015, December). India’s Smart Cities 9 Of, Gavin et.al (2016). Are you 1 in a million? 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(2015). verizonenterprise.com/resources/casestudies/cs_helping-the-city- 42 Smart Cities. Mission Statements & Guidelines. Retrieved from of-charlotte_en_xg.pdf http://smartcityludhiana.in/ 15 http://www.duke-energy.com/news/releases/2010092301.asp 43 Gupta, M. D. (2016, January). Delhi’s VIP zone on list of 20 for 16 http://www.baselinemag.com/innovation/charlotte-envisions-a- smart city project. Hindustan Times, New Delhi. smart-future.html 44 http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ 17 Duke Energy, Smart Energy in Ofces retrieved from http:// delhi-govt-to-seek-public-opinion-on-app-based-bus- www.smartenergyinofces.com/ service-116060301223_1.html 18 Ibid. 45 PricewaterhouseCoopers India. (2015). Making cities smart and 19 SFEnvironment. (2012, November 12). Designing a Smarter, sustainable. More Sustainable San Francisco. Retrieved August 06, 2016, from Elets News Network. (2016, May). World Bank, ADB gear up http://sfenvironment.org/news/update/designing-a-smarter-and- 46 for funding smart city projects in India. http://smartcity.eletsonline. more-sustainable-san-francisco com/world-bank-adb-gear-up-for-funding-smart-city-projects-in- 20 San Francisco closer to turning zero-waste ambition into india/ reality. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/ O’Leary, R. & Vij, N. (2012). Collaborative public management: environment/2014/jun/17/san-francisco-zero-waste-recycling- 47 Where have we been and where are we going? American Review composting of Public Administration, 42(5), p. 509-510. 21 SFEnvironment. (2012, November 12). Designing a Smarter, Ibid. More Sustainable San Francisco. Retrieved August 06, 2016, from 48 Ebi, K. (2 Aug 2016). The #1 overlooked smart city resource http://sfenvironment.org/news/update/designing-a-smarter-and- 49 (and it’s usually free). Smart Cities Council. Retrieved from http:// more-sustainable-san-francisco smartcitiescouncil.com/article/1-overlooked-smart-city-resource- 22 Ibid and-its-usually-free. 23 San Francisco OpenData. (n.d.). About San Francisco Ibid., p. 512-513. See also: Emerson K, Nabatchi T, Balogh S OpenData. Retrieved July 28, 2016, from https://data.sfgov.org/ 50 (2012). An about Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance. Journal 24 SFMTA Municipal Transportation Agency. (2015, April 22). Muni of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), p. 20, Forward. Implementation Workbook. Retrieved August 15, 2016, particularly their discussion of the importance of shared from https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/projects/2015/ motivation. About,%20TEP,%20MF_0.pdf

42 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 43 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES