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Mapping Smart Cities in the Europe

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Mapping Smart Cities in the Europe DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT A: ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC POLICY Mapping Smart Cities in the EU STUDY Abstract This report was commissioned to provide background information and advice on Smart Cities in the European Union (EU) and to explain how existing mechanisms perform. In exploring this, a working definition of a Smart City is established and the cities fitting this definition across the Member States are mapped. An analysis of the objectives and Europe 2020 targets of Smart City initiatives finds that despite their early stage of development, Smart City objectives should be more explicit, well defined and clearly aligned to city development, innovation plans and Europe 2020 in order to be successful. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2013-02 January 2014 PE 507.480 EN This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. AUTHORS Catriona MANVILLE, RAND Europe Gavin COCHRANE, RAND Europe Jonathan CAVE, RAND Europe Jeremy MILLARD, Danish Technological Institute Jimmy Kevin PEDERSON, Danish Technological Institute Rasmus Kåre THAARUP, Danish Technological Institute Andrea LIEBE, WiK Matthias WISSNER, WiK Roel MASSINK, TNO Bas KOTTERINK, TNO RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Fabrizio PORRINO Balázs MELLÁR Frédéric GOUARDÈRES Signe JENSEN Cécile KÉRÉBEL Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact Policy Department A or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in January 2014 © European Union, 2014 This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Mapping Smart Cities in the EU CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 1. INTRODUCTION 15 1.1. Aims and objectives of the study 15 1.2. Methodology 15 1.2.1. Limitations and caveats 16 1.3. Structure of this report 16 2. THE DEFINITION OF A SMART CITY AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 17 2.1. Background 17 2.2. Smart City definitions 21 2.2.1. Problems of definitions 21 2.2.2. Existing definitions 22 2.2.3. Towards a working definition 23 2.3. Smart City characteristics 26 2.4. The relationship between characteristics and components 29 3. MAPPING SMART CITIES OF EUROPE 32 3.1. How were Smart Cities identified for the study? 32 3.2. What does the sample tell us? 34 3.3. Mapping Smart Cities 38 4. WHAT DOES A SUCCESSFUL SMART CITY LOOK LIKE? 45 4.1. Initiative objectives vs. outcomes 46 4.1.1. Project selection criteria and sampling strategy 46 4.1.2. Approach to project analysis 48 4.1.3. Description of project types 49 4.1.4. Project attributes 53 5. SMART CITIES AND EUROPE 2020 59 5.1. Europe 2020 61 5.1.1. What is the EU’s role in Smart Cities? 62 5.1.2. Analysis of initiatives vis-à-vis Europe 2020 targets 64 PE 507.480 3 Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy 5.1.3. The prevalence of Smart City characteristics and their contribution to success 66 5.1.4. Weighted characteristics 69 6. SMART CITY SOLUTIONS AND GOOD PRACTICES 74 6.1. Smart City solutions contribution to Europe 2020 targets 74 6.2. Case study analysis 74 6.2.1. Identifying successful Smart Cities 74 6.2.2. Approach 76 6.2.3. Definition of success factors 76 6.3. Smart City solutions 79 6.3.1. Solutions identified in the case studies 79 6.3.2. Discussion of the solutions found in case studies 81 6.3.3. Economic analysis of Smart City solutions 81 6.3.4. Generic Smart City solutions 83 6.4. Good practice in designing and implementing Smart City Programmes 86 6.4.1. Vision 86 6.4.2. People 86 6.4.3. Process 87 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 88 7.1. Conclusions 88 7.1.1. Status quo: the variety and distribution of Smart Cities and Smart City initiatives 88 7.1.2. Alignment: the relationship between Smart City characteristics and policy objectives 91 7.1.3. Scaling and dissemination 94 7.2. Recommendations 97 7.2.1. Understanding Smart Cities: research and evaluation 98 7.2.2. Designing Smart City initiatives and strategies 99 7.2.3. Smart City governance 101 7.2.4. Supporting the development of Smart Cities 102 7.2.5. From Smart Cities to a Smarter Europe: replication, scaling and ecosystem seeding 103 REFERENCES 106 ANNEX 1: MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WEIGHTED DISTANCE METRIC 110 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY TABLE OF THE SAMPLE OF 50 SMART CITY PROJECTS ANALYSED AGAINST THE OBJECTIVES DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 4 113 4 PE 507.480 Mapping Smart Cities in the EU ANNEX 3: DISTRIBUTION OF SMART CITY PROJECTS ACROSS THE FIVE PROJECT TYPES 115 ANNEX 4: ADDITIONAL INITIATIVES DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 4 116 ANNEX 5: DETAILS OF THE FIVE TYPES OF SMART CITY INITIATIVES ANALYSED IN CHAPTER 6 134 ANNEX 6: CASE STUDIES 143 ANNEX 7: COVERAGE OF SMART CITY CHARACTERISTICS 170 ANNEX 8: THE EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE TO IDEAL FOR EACH SMART CITY CHARACTERISTIC 171 ANNEX 9: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SMART CITY CHARACTERISTICS AND BETWEEN SCORES 172 ANNEX 10: DASHBOARDS 175 PE 507.480 5 Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASC Amsterdam Smart City BZFC Barcelona Zona Franca Consortium CAPEX Capital expenditure incurred to create future benefit CIP Competitiveness and Innovation Programme CO2 Carbon dioxide EC European Commission ECO Smart Economy ENV Smart Environment EU European Union FI-PPP Future Internet Public–Private Partnership FP7 Framework Programme 7 GDP Gross domestic product GOV Smart Government IAB Impact Assessment Board ICT Information and communication technology ITRE Industry Research and Energy Committee LED Light emitting diode LIV Smart Living MDDA Manchester Digital Development Agency MOB Smart Mobility MWh Megawatt hour NiCE Networking Intelligent Cities for Energy Efficiency PEO Smart People PPP Public–private partnership PSP Policy Support Programme R&D Research and development SET Science, engineering and technology SMETMC Small and medium-sized enterprise UK United Kingdom USA United States of America 6 PE 507.480 Mapping Smart Cities in the EU LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Factors for successful Smart Cities 11 Table 2 : Our recommendations and the groups they are intended for 13 Table 3 : Overview of the key Smart City definitions in the literature and this study’s working definition 25 Table 4 : Overview of the six Smart City characteristics 28 Table 5 : The three core factors of Smart City components 29 Table 6 : The geographical distribution of Smart Cities in Europe by Smart City characteristic 44 Table 7: The distribution of Smart City projects across the five project types 48 Table 8: The attributes of Smart City projects by type 53 Table 9: The scaling and dissemination potential of Smart City initiatives 58 Table 10: Europe 2020 targets for the EU as a whole 61 Table 11: The alignment of Smart City characteristics with Europe 2020 targets 62 Table 12: The number of cities with initiatives directly or indirectly aligned with Europe 2020 targets 65 Table 13: The number of initiatives focusing on technologies identified in the Smart Cities technology roadmap 65 Table 14: Clusters of Smart Cities defined by the number of initiatives and variety of characteristics displayed 68 Table 15: Scores and rankings for coverage, unweighted characteristics and performance-weighted characteristics of Smart Cities 71 Table 16: Characteristics of the four groups of Smart City based on the cluster analysis, with examples of cities in each of them 75 Table 17: Overview of success factors for the solutions for six Smart Cities 80 Table 18: Overview of the characteristics and impacts of generic Smart City solutions 85 Table 19 : List of Recommendations 97 PE 507.480 7 Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Sampling hierarchy of cities investigated in the report 16 Figure 2 : The relationship between projects, initiatives and cities 21 Figure 3 : The relationship between components and characteristics of Smart Cities 30 Figure 4 : The ratio of Smart Cities to Smart City initiatives across the EU 34 Figure 5 : Maturity levels across Smart Cities in the EU 35 Figure 6 : The number of Smart Cities in the EU presenting the six Smart City characteristics 36 Figure 7: The average number of Smart City characteristics 37 Figure 8 : The relationship between the maturity level of a Smart City and its population 37 Figure 9 : The relationship between Smart City characteristics and population 38 Figure 10: The location of cities with a population of more than 100,000 that are not Smart Cities and Smart Cities in Europe 39 Figure 11 : The number of Smart Cities per country in Europe 39 Figure 12: The percentage of Smart Cities to cities by country in Europe 40 Figure 13: The location of Smart Cities in Europe by the Smart City characteristics 41 Figure 14: The structure of the analysis in Chapter 5 60 Figure 15: European initiative on the Smart Cities technology roadmap 64 Figure 16: The Euclidean distance to ideal 67 Figure 17: Cluster analysis of Smart City initiatives and the number of characteristics per initiative 68 Figure 18: Weighted average cluster analysis of Smart City initiatives and the number
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