Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity Eukaryotic Tree

Characteristics

 Nucleus  Protozoa  Membrane-bound – ingestive organelles  Algae  Ribosomes (80s) – autotrophic  Usually unicellular  Fungus-like – some colonial – absorptive – some multicellular Origin of Eukaryotes

 Autogeneous  Endosymbiotic Secondary Endosymbiosis Phylogeny of Eukarya Classific ation Supergroup: Excavata

 Cytoskeleton features  Excavated groove (some)  Modified mitochondria Supergroup: ex. Giardia Excavata Clade : (lack plastids, 2 lack functional Diplomonads etc in mitochondria (mitostomes), two haploid nuclei, flagella) Supergroup: ex. Trichimonas Excavata Clade2: (lack plastids, Parabasala reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes, undulating membranes and flagella)

Supergroup: Excavata

Clade2: Euglenozoans

 Move by flagella with spiral or crysalline rod  Disc-shaped Cristae Supergroup: Excavata Clade : Clade : Euglenozoans 3 2 Kinetoplastids

ex. Trypanosoma

(single large mitochondria with kinetoplast)

Supergroup:

Excavata Clade3: Euglenids Clade2: Euglenozoans ex. Euglena

(anterior pocket with flagella)

Supergroup: SAR

 DNA Sequence Data  Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Alveolates  DNA Similarities  Membrane bounded sacs (alveoli) Supergroup: SAR

Clade1:Alveolata

Clade2: Dinoflagellates

Causes Red Tide

(2 flagella in grooves, xanthophyll)

Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Alveolata

Clade2: Apicomplexans ex. Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)

Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Alveolata

Clade2: Ciliates (cilia),

Ex. Vorticella, paramecium

Cilia, two distinct types of nuclei Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Stramenopila

 Have hair-like projections on flagella  Store food as laminarin (Photosynthetic) Clade :Diatoms Supergroup: SAR 2

Clade1: overlapping Stramenopila silica test

pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

Supergroup: SAR Clade : Chrysophyta Clade : 2 1 Stramenopila ex. Golden Algae

Typically bi-flagellated

pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

Clade : Brown Algae Supergroup: SAR 2

Clade1: Stramenopila pigments: fucoxanthin

cell wall: cellulose, algin Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Stramenopila Clade2: Oomycota ex. Water mold

pigments:none

cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic hyphae

Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Rhizaria  Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Rhizaria Clade2:Cercozoans Amoeboid-shaped protist with thin pseudopodia Predators found in marine freshwater, and soil

Supergroup: SAR

Clade1: Rhizaria

Clade2: Forams (porous shells - calcium carbonate) Both marine and freshwater (found in sand or attached – also planktonic)

Supergroup: SAR Clade1: Rhizaria

Clade2:Radiolarians (fused plates – silica with axopodia) Mostly Marine (usually planktonic)

Supergroup: Archaeplastida

 DNA Sequences  Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Clade2: Red Algae Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Clade2: Red Algae  Multicellular (most)  Pigment: phycoerythrin  Cell wall: cellulose  no flagellated stage in their life cycle – probably lost during their history  used to produce agar Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Clade2: Chlorophytes Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Clade2: Chlorophytes  Mostly Freshwater – Some marine – Some terrestrial  Unicellular, Colonial, Multicellular  Pigments:Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids  Cell walls: Cellulose Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Clade2: Charophytes  Similar to higher plants in color (pigment: Chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids). They are the closest relatives of land plants.

Supergroup: Archaeplastida

Clade2: Charophytes  Four distinctive traits that are shared with higher plants: 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Structure of flagellated sperm 4. Formation of a phragmoplast

Supergroup: Unikonts

 Single flagella (in those that have one)  Lobed-or tube-shaped pseudopodia  Fusion of three genes

Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Amoebozoans  Used for movement and feeding  Classification – Slime Molds Plasmoidial Cellular – Gymnamoebas (broad pseudopods) – Entamoebas (parasitic) Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Amoebozoans Clade2: The Slime Molds  Clade3: Plasmoidial  Coenocytic Hyphae  (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei – Diploid

Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Amoebozoans Clade2: The Slime Molds

 Clade3: Cellular  (feed like individual amoebas)  Septate hyphae – aggregate to breed or during stress

Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Amoebozoans

Clade2: Gymnamoebas ex. Amoebas Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Amoebozoans

Clade2: Entamoebas ex. Entamoeba histolytica Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Opisthokonts  Unicellular and multicellular with ties to fungi and animals (DNA sequences)  Posterior location of flagellum  Classification – Nucleariids – Choanoflagellates Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Opisthokonts Clade2: Nucleariids  Unicellular – lack distinctive characters  Contain a posterior flagella  Temporary pseudopods  Feed on algae and bacteria Supergroup: Unikonts

Clade1: Opisthokonts Clade2: Choanoflagellates  Unicellular or colonial  Most are suspension feeders