DOCSLIB.ORG

The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Ch 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Student Learning Outcomes . List the defining characteristics of fungi. Identify two beneficial and two harmful effects of fungi. List the defining characteristics of protozoa. Differentiate an intermediate host from a definitive host. List the distinguishing characteristics of the two classes of parasitic helminths, and give an example of each. Provide a rationale for the elaborate life cycles of parasitic worms. Define arthropod vector. Differentiate between a tick and a mosquito, and name a disease transmitted by each. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. FUNGI . Chemoheterotroph, aerobic (molds) or facultatively anaerobic (yeasts) . Mycology: Study of fungi . Most fungi decomposers, few are parasites of plants and animals. # of serious fungal infections increasing Fig. 12.1 ReviewCopyright © 2010 Table Pearson Education, 12.2 Inc. Characteristics of Fungi . Hyphae: Filaments of cells, mostly septate . Mycelium: Mass of hyphae. Molds: mostly filamentous. Yeasts: nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi. Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically. Dimorphic fungi: yeasts like 37C, molds 25C. Fungal spores differ from bacterial spores. Form from aerial hyphae. Growth in acidic, low-moisture, high osmotic pressure environments. .CopyrightMetabolize © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. complex carbohydrates (e.g.: lignin). Economic Effects of Fungi . Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Bread, wine, HBV vaccine . Trichoderma: Cellulase . Taxomyces: Taxol . Entomophaga: Biocontrol . Paecilomyces: Kills termites . Mold spoilage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fungal Diseases – Mycoses 1. Systemic mycosis: infection deep within body, affects many tissues and organs. Histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis. 2. Subcutaneous mycosis: Saprophytic fungi, e.g.: Sporotrichosis. 3. Cutaneous mycosis = Dermatomycosis: affects keratin-containing tissues (hair, nails, skin). 4. Superficial mycosis: localized on hair shafts and superficial skin cells. Opportunistic mycoses: . caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are not usually pathogenic (E.g.: Candidiasis and Pneumocystis pneumonia) . usually systemic. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Human eyelash with unknown fungus infection. Minimal damage to skin or underlying tissues. However, impaired IS can encourage the infecting fungus to proliferate. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ALGAE Mostly photoautotrophs, mostly in ocean Diatoms . Unicellular, store energy in form of oil . Domoic acid Neurological disease . Ingestion of mussels that fed on diatomes (also affects birds and sealions) Dinoflagellates (plankton) . Some produce neurotoxins: red tide . Kills fish, marine mammals, and humans, e.g.: parasitic shellfish poisoning (PSP) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PROTOZOA Unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs. Large and diverse group. Few are pathogenic. Found in soil and water and as normal microbiota in animals. Trophozoite: Vegetative form (feeding and growing). Asexual reproduction via fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission). Sexual reproduction via conjugation. Some protozoa can produce a cyst that provides Copyrightprotection © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. during adverse environmental conditions. Medically Important Protozoa 1. Arcaezoa (lack mitochondria) . Trichomonas and . Giardia 2. Microspora (no mitochondria and no microtubules) – diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis in AIDS patients 3. Amoebozoa (move via pseudopodia) . Entamoeba (dysentery) and Acanthamoeba 4. Apicomplexa: not mobile, intracellular . Plasmodium, Babesia, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium 5. Euglenozoa: Hemoflagellates . Trypanosoma Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Amoebozoa . Move by pseudopods . Entamoeba . Acanthamoeba Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax 2 3 8 7 6 Fig 12.18 Euglenozoa . Move by flagella . Hemoflagellates . Trypanosoma spp. Sleeping sickness Chagas’ disease Fig 23..22 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. HELMINTHS (Parasitic Worm) . Kingdom: Animalia . Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) . Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms) . few are human parasites . Anatomy and life cycle modified for parasitism . Adult stage in definitive host. Each larval stage in specific Copyrightintermediate © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. host. Life Cycle of Helminths . Monoecious (hermaphroditic) . Male and female reproductive systems in one animal . Dioecious . Separate male and female . Egg larva(e) adult Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Platyhelminths . Dorsoventrally flattened Trematode, or fluke: Oral and ventral sucker attaches to host tissue . Cestode, or tapeworm: Scolex (head), proglottids 4 suckers and rostellum with hooks Fig 12.26 Gravid proglottid with uterine branches Taenia solium Taenia saginata Human definitive host; Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. pig or cattle intermediate host. Echinococcus granulosus Fig. 12. 27 Human as Human is …. Cysticerci in beef Definitive Host Taenia saginata muscle Echinococcus Intermediate Host Adult in dog granulosus Nematodes Roundworms have a complete digestive system Eggs infective for humans: . Ascaris lumbricoides: Ascariasis. 2nd most common worm infection in US. (Most common worldwide; > 1 bio infected) . Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). Most common worm infection in US (30% of children, 16% of adults infected) . Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pinworm / Enterobius vermicularis Fig12.28 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Diagnosing Pinworm Disease Do test immediately after waking up. Several samples pinworm paddle might need to be examined. Since scratching of the anal area is common, samples taken from under the fingernails may also contain eggs. Larvae Infective for Humans Fig 25.23 Hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and CopyrightNecator © 2010 Pearson Education,americanus Inc. Trichinellosis: The Life Cycle of Trichinella spiralis The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis Primarily in dogs and cats human heart failure, also in human lungs Spread via mosquitoes Fig 12.29 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ARTHROPODS AS VECTORS Kingdom: Animalia . Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs, segmented body) Class: Insecta (6 legs) Lice, fleas, mosquitoes Class: Arachnida (8 legs) Mites and ticks . Arthropods that carry diseases are called vectors. Elimination of vectorborne diseases best via control or eradication of vectors. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Arthropod Vectors . Mechanical transmission . Biological transmission . Microbe multiplies in vector . Definitive host . Microbe’s sexual reproduction in vector Fig 12.32 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basal Body Structure and Composition in the Apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E
    Francia et al. Cilia (2016) 5:3 DOI 10.1186/s13630-016-0025-5 Cilia REVIEW Open Access Basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E. Francia1* , Jean‑Francois Dubremetz2 and Naomi S. Morrissette3 Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa encompasses numerous important human and animal disease-causing parasites, includ‑ ing the Plasmodium species, and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Apicomplexans proliferate by asexual replication and can also undergo sexual recombination. Most life cycle stages of the parasite lack flagella; these structures only appear on male gametes. Although male gametes (microgametes) assemble a typical 9 2 axoneme, the structure of the templating basal body is poorly defined. Moreover, the rela‑ tionship between asexual+ stage centrioles and microgamete basal bodies remains unclear. While asexual stages of Plasmodium lack defined centriole structures, the asexual stages of Toxoplasma and closely related coccidian api‑ complexans contain centrioles that consist of nine singlet microtubules and a central tubule. There are relatively few ultra-structural images of Toxoplasma microgametes, which only develop in cat intestinal epithelium. Only a subset of these include sections through the basal body: to date, none have unambiguously captured organization of the basal body structure. Moreover, it is unclear whether this basal body is derived from pre-existing asexual stage centrioles or is synthesized de novo. Basal bodies in Plasmodium microgametes are thought to be synthesized de novo, and their assembly remains ill-defined. Apicomplexan genomes harbor genes encoding δ- and ε-tubulin homologs, potentially enabling these parasites to assemble a typical triplet basal body structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Eukaryotic Microorganisms Algae and Protozoans 2
    Eukaryotic Microorganisms Algae and Protozoans 2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms . prominent members of ecosystems . useful as model systems and industry . some are major human pathogens . two groups . protists . fungi 3 Kingdom Protista . Algae - eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a . Protozoa - unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry 4 Algae .Photosynthetic organisms .Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous .Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular .Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments .Cell wall .May or may not have flagella 5 6 Algae .Most are free-living in fresh and marine water – plankton .Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats .Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2 .Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms .Classified according to types of pigments and cell wall .Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products 7 Protozoa Protozoa 9 .Diverse group of 65,000 species .Vary in shape, lack a cell wall .Most are unicellular; colonies are rare .Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat .Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors .All are heterotrophic – lack chloroplasts .Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm .Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter Protozoa 10 .Most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods .Exist as trophozoite – motile feeding stage .Many can enter into a dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding – cyst .All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission; many also reproduce sexually – conjugation Figure 5.27 11 Protozoan Identification 12 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Hidden Kingdom
    INTRODUCTION Fungi—The Hidden Kingdom OBJECTIVE • To provide students with basic knowledge about fungi Activity 0.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The following text provides an introduction to the fungi. It is written with the intention of sparking curiosity about this GRADES fascinating biological kingdom. 4-6 with a K-3 adaptation TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS TYPE OF ACTIVITY 1. With your class, brainstorm everything you know about fungi. Teacher read/comprehension 2. For younger students, hand out the question sheet before you begin the teacher read and have them follow along and MATERIALS answer the questions as you read. • copies of page 11 3. For older students, inform them that they will be given a • pencils brainteaser quiz (that is not for evaluation) after you finish reading the text. VOCABULARY 4. The class can work on the questions with partners or in groups bioremediation and then go over the answers as a class. Discuss any chitin particularly interesting facts and encourage further fungi independent research. habitat hyphae K-3 ADAPTATION kingdom 1. To introduce younger students to fungi, you can make a KWL lichens chart either as a class or individually. A KWL chart is divided moulds into three parts. The first tells what a student KNOWS (K) mushrooms about a subject before it is studied in class. The second part mycelium tells what the student WANTS (W) to know about that subject. mycorrhizas The third part tells what the child LEARNED (L) after studying nematodes that subject. parasitic fungi 2. Share some of the fascinating fungal facts presented in the photosynthesis “Fungi—The Hidden Kingdom” text with your students.
    [Show full text]
  • Protistology Mitochondrial Genomes of Amoebozoa
    Protistology 13 (4), 179–191 (2019) Protistology Mitochondrial genomes of Amoebozoa Natalya Bondarenko1, Alexey Smirnov1, Elena Nassonova1,2, Anna Glotova1,2 and Anna Maria Fiore-Donno3 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia 3 University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany | Submitted November 28, 2019 | Accepted December 10, 2019 | Summary In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on mitochondrial genomes of Amoebozoa. Amoebozoa is a major, early-diverging lineage of eukaryotes, containing at least 2,400 species. At present, 32 mitochondrial genomes belonging to 18 amoebozoan species are publicly available. A dearth of information is particularly obvious for two major amoebozoan clades, Variosea and Tubulinea, with just one mitochondrial genome sequenced for each. The main focus of this review is to summarize features such as mitochondrial gene content, mitochondrial genome size variation, and presence or absence of RNA editing, showing if they are unique or shared among amoebozoan lineages. In addition, we underline the potential of mitochondrial genomes for multigene phylogenetic reconstruction in Amoebozoa, where the relationships among lineages are not fully resolved yet. With the increasing application of next-generation sequencing techniques and reliable protocols, we advocate mitochondrial
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
    United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum
    [Show full text]
  • The Intestinal Protozoa
    The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phagotrophic Origin of Eukaryotes and Phylogenetic Classification Of
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2002), 52, 297–354 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02058-0 The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa Department of Zoology, T. Cavalier-Smith University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK Tel: j44 1865 281065. Fax: j44 1865 281310. e-mail: tom.cavalier-smith!zoo.ox.ac.uk Eukaryotes and archaebacteria form the clade neomura and are sisters, as shown decisively by genes fragmented only in archaebacteria and by many sequence trees. This sisterhood refutes all theories that eukaryotes originated by merging an archaebacterium and an α-proteobacterium, which also fail to account for numerous features shared specifically by eukaryotes and actinobacteria. I revise the phagotrophy theory of eukaryote origins by arguing that the essentially autogenous origins of most eukaryotic cell properties (phagotrophy, endomembrane system including peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, nucleus, mitosis and sex) partially overlapped and were synergistic with the symbiogenetic origin of mitochondria from an α-proteobacterium. These radical innovations occurred in a derivative of the neomuran common ancestor, which itself had evolved immediately prior to the divergence of eukaryotes and archaebacteria by drastic alterations to its eubacterial ancestor, an actinobacterial posibacterium able to make sterols, by replacing murein peptidoglycan by N-linked glycoproteins and a multitude of other shared neomuran novelties. The conversion of the rigid neomuran wall into a flexible surface coat and the associated origin of phagotrophy were instrumental in the evolution of the endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, nuclear organization and division and sexual life-cycles. Cilia evolved not by symbiogenesis but by autogenous specialization of the cytoskeleton.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa
    Protist, Vol. 162, 545–570, October 2011 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 28 July 2011 PROTIST NEWS A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa) Introduction together constitute the amoebozoan subphy- lum Lobosa, which never have cilia or flagella, Molecular evidence and an associated reevaluation whereas Variosea (as here revised) together with of morphology have recently considerably revised Mycetozoa and Archamoebea are now grouped our views on relationships among the higher-level as the subphylum Conosa, whose constituent groups of amoebae. First of all, establishing the lineages either have cilia or flagella or have lost phylum Amoebozoa grouped all lobose amoe- them secondarily (Cavalier-Smith 1998, 2009). boid protists, whether naked or testate, aerobic Figure 1 is a schematic tree showing amoebozoan or anaerobic, with the Mycetozoa and Archamoe- relationships deduced from both morphology and bea (Cavalier-Smith 1998), and separated them DNA sequences. from both the heterolobosean amoebae (Page and The first attempt to construct a congruent molec- Blanton 1985), now belonging in the phylum Per- ular and morphological system of Amoebozoa by colozoa - Cavalier-Smith and Nikolaev (2008), and Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) was limited by the the filose amoebae that belong in other phyla lack of molecular data for many amoeboid taxa, (notably Cercozoa: Bass et al. 2009a; Howe et al. which were therefore classified solely on morpho- 2011). logical evidence. Smirnov et al. (2005) suggested The phylum Amoebozoa consists of naked and another system for naked lobose amoebae only; testate lobose amoebae (e.g. Amoeba, Vannella, this left taxa with no molecular data incertae sedis, Hartmannella, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia), which limited its utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Newly Acquired, Virulent And
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comparative proteomic profling of newly acquired, virulent and attenuated Neoparamoeba perurans proteins associated with amoebic gill disease Kerrie Ní Dhufaigh1*, Eugene Dillon2, Natasha Botwright3, Anita Talbot1, Ian O’Connor1, Eugene MacCarthy1 & Orla Slattery4 The causative agent of amoebic gill disease, Neoparamoeba perurans is reported to lose virulence during prolonged in vitro maintenance. In this study, the impact of prolonged culture on N. perurans virulence and its proteome was investigated. Two isolates, attenuated and virulent, had their virulence assessed in an experimental trial using Atlantic salmon smolts and their bacterial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Soluble proteins were isolated from three isolates: a newly acquired, virulent and attenuated N. perurans culture. Proteins were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The challenge trial using naïve smolts confrmed a loss in virulence in the attenuated N. perurans culture. A greater diversity of bacterial communities was found in the microbiome of the virulent isolate in contrast to a reduction in microbial community richness in the attenuated microbiome. A collated proteome database of N. perurans, Amoebozoa and four bacterial genera resulted in 24 proteins diferentially expressed between the three cultures. The present LC–MS/ MS results indicate protein synthesis, oxidative stress and immunomodulation are upregulated in a newly acquired N. perurans culture and future studies may exploit these protein identifcations for therapeutic purposes in infected farmed fsh. Neoparamoeba perurans is an ectoparasitic protozoan responsible for the hyperplastic gill infection of marine cultured fnfsh referred to as amoebic gill disease (AGD)1.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Roots of Fruiting Body Formation in Amoebozoa
    GBE Multiple Roots of Fruiting Body Formation in Amoebozoa Falk Hillmann1,*, Gillian Forbes2, Silvia Novohradska1, Iuliia Ferling1,KonstantinRiege3,MarcoGroth4, Martin Westermann5,ManjaMarz3, Thomas Spaller6, Thomas Winckler6, Pauline Schaap2,and Gernot Glo¨ ckner7,* 1Junior Research Group Evolution of Microbial Interaction, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Kno¨ ll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany 2Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, United Kingdom 3Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany 4CF DNA-Sequencing, Leibniz Institute on Aging Research, Jena, Germany 5Electron Microscopy Center, Jena University Hospital, Germany 6Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany 7Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. Accepted: January 11, 2018 Data deposition: The genome sequence and gene predictions of Protostelium aurantium and Protostelium mycophagum were deposited in GenBank under the Accession Numbers MDYQ00000000 and MZNV00000000, respectively. The mitochondrial genome of P. mycophagum was deposited under the Accession number KY75056 and that of P. aurantium under the Accession number KY75057. The RNAseq reads can be found in Bioproject Accession PRJNA338377. All sequence and annotation data are also available directly from the authors. The P. aurantium strain is deposited in the Jena Microbial Resource Collection (JMRC) under accession number SF0012540. Abstract Establishment of multicellularity represents a major transition in eukaryote evolution. A subgroup of Amoebozoa, the dictyos- teliids, has evolved a relatively simple aggregative multicellular stage resulting in a fruiting body supported by a stalk. Protosteloid amoeba, which are scattered throughout the amoebozoan tree, differ by producing only one or few single stalked spores.
    [Show full text]
  • Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
    Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane).
    [Show full text]