Multiple Roots of Fruiting Body Formation in Amoebozoa
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Protozoologica Special Issue: Protists in Soil Processes
Acta Protozool. (2012) 51: 201–208 http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap ActA doi:10.4467/16890027AP.12.016.0762 Protozoologica Special issue: Protists in Soil Processes Review paper Ecology of Soil Eumycetozoans Steven L. STEPHENSON1 and Alan FEEST2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA; 2Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Bristol and Ecosulis ltd., Newton St Loe, Bath, United Kingdom Abstract. Eumycetozoans, commonly referred to as slime moulds, are common to abundant organisms in soils. Three groups of slime moulds (myxogastrids, dictyostelids and protostelids) are recognized, and the first two of these are among the most important bacterivores in the soil microhabitat. The purpose of this paper is first to provide a brief description of all three groups and then to review what is known about their distribution and ecology in soils. Key words: Amoebae, bacterivores, dictyostelids, myxogastrids, protostelids. INTRODUCTION that they are amoebozoans and not fungi (Bapteste et al. 2002, Yoon et al. 2008, Baudalf 2008). Three groups of slime moulds (myxogastrids, dic- One of the idiosyncratic branches of the eukary- tyostelids and protostelids) are recognized (Olive 1970, otic tree of life consists of an assemblage of amoe- 1975). Members of the three groups exhibit consider- boid protists referred to as the supergroup Amoebozoa able diversity in the type of aerial spore-bearing struc- (Fiore-Donno et al. 2010). The most diverse members tures produced, which can range from exceedingly of the Amoebozoa are the eumycetozoans, common- small examples (most protostelids) with only a single ly referred to as slime moulds. Since their discovery, spore to the very largest examples (certain myxogas- slime moulds have been variously classified as plants, trids) that contain many millions of spores. -
Ptolemeba N. Gen., a Novel Genus of Hartmannellid Amoebae (Tubulinea, Amoebozoa); with an Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Saccamoeba
The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology ISSN 1066-5234 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ptolemeba n. gen., a Novel Genus of Hartmannellid Amoebae (Tubulinea, Amoebozoa); with an Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Saccamoeba Pamela M. Watsona, Stephanie C. Sorrella & Matthew W. Browna,b a Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762 b Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762 Keywords ABSTRACT 18S rRNA; amoeba; amoeboid; Cashia; cristae; freshwater amoebae; Hartmannella; Hartmannellid amoebae are an unnatural assemblage of amoeboid organisms mitochondrial morphology; SSU rDNA; SSU that are morphologically difficult to discern from one another. In molecular phy- rRNA; terrestrial amoebae; tubulinid. logenetic trees of the nuclear-encoded small subunit rDNA, they occupy at least five lineages within Tubulinea, a well-supported clade in Amoebozoa. The Correspondence polyphyletic nature of the hartmannellids has led to many taxonomic problems, M.W. Brown, Department of Biological in particular paraphyletic genera. Recent taxonomic revisions have alleviated Sciences, Mississippi State University, some of the problems. However, the genus Saccamoeba is paraphyletic and is Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA still in need of revision as it currently occupies two distinct lineages. Here, we Telephone number: +1 662-325-2406; report a new clade on the tree of Tubulinea, which we infer represents a novel FAX number: +1 662-325-7939; genus that we name Ptolemeba n. gen. This genus subsumes a clade of hart- e-mail: [email protected] mannellid amoebae that were previously considered in the genus Saccamoeba, but whose mitochondrial morphology is distinct from Saccamoeba. -
Protistology Mitochondrial Genomes of Amoebozoa
Protistology 13 (4), 179–191 (2019) Protistology Mitochondrial genomes of Amoebozoa Natalya Bondarenko1, Alexey Smirnov1, Elena Nassonova1,2, Anna Glotova1,2 and Anna Maria Fiore-Donno3 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia 3 University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany | Submitted November 28, 2019 | Accepted December 10, 2019 | Summary In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on mitochondrial genomes of Amoebozoa. Amoebozoa is a major, early-diverging lineage of eukaryotes, containing at least 2,400 species. At present, 32 mitochondrial genomes belonging to 18 amoebozoan species are publicly available. A dearth of information is particularly obvious for two major amoebozoan clades, Variosea and Tubulinea, with just one mitochondrial genome sequenced for each. The main focus of this review is to summarize features such as mitochondrial gene content, mitochondrial genome size variation, and presence or absence of RNA editing, showing if they are unique or shared among amoebozoan lineages. In addition, we underline the potential of mitochondrial genomes for multigene phylogenetic reconstruction in Amoebozoa, where the relationships among lineages are not fully resolved yet. With the increasing application of next-generation sequencing techniques and reliable protocols, we advocate mitochondrial -
A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa
Protist, Vol. 162, 545–570, October 2011 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 28 July 2011 PROTIST NEWS A Revised Classification of Naked Lobose Amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa) Introduction together constitute the amoebozoan subphy- lum Lobosa, which never have cilia or flagella, Molecular evidence and an associated reevaluation whereas Variosea (as here revised) together with of morphology have recently considerably revised Mycetozoa and Archamoebea are now grouped our views on relationships among the higher-level as the subphylum Conosa, whose constituent groups of amoebae. First of all, establishing the lineages either have cilia or flagella or have lost phylum Amoebozoa grouped all lobose amoe- them secondarily (Cavalier-Smith 1998, 2009). boid protists, whether naked or testate, aerobic Figure 1 is a schematic tree showing amoebozoan or anaerobic, with the Mycetozoa and Archamoe- relationships deduced from both morphology and bea (Cavalier-Smith 1998), and separated them DNA sequences. from both the heterolobosean amoebae (Page and The first attempt to construct a congruent molec- Blanton 1985), now belonging in the phylum Per- ular and morphological system of Amoebozoa by colozoa - Cavalier-Smith and Nikolaev (2008), and Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004) was limited by the the filose amoebae that belong in other phyla lack of molecular data for many amoeboid taxa, (notably Cercozoa: Bass et al. 2009a; Howe et al. which were therefore classified solely on morpho- 2011). logical evidence. Smirnov et al. (2005) suggested The phylum Amoebozoa consists of naked and another system for naked lobose amoebae only; testate lobose amoebae (e.g. Amoeba, Vannella, this left taxa with no molecular data incertae sedis, Hartmannella, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia), which limited its utility. -
Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Newly Acquired, Virulent And
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comparative proteomic profling of newly acquired, virulent and attenuated Neoparamoeba perurans proteins associated with amoebic gill disease Kerrie Ní Dhufaigh1*, Eugene Dillon2, Natasha Botwright3, Anita Talbot1, Ian O’Connor1, Eugene MacCarthy1 & Orla Slattery4 The causative agent of amoebic gill disease, Neoparamoeba perurans is reported to lose virulence during prolonged in vitro maintenance. In this study, the impact of prolonged culture on N. perurans virulence and its proteome was investigated. Two isolates, attenuated and virulent, had their virulence assessed in an experimental trial using Atlantic salmon smolts and their bacterial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Soluble proteins were isolated from three isolates: a newly acquired, virulent and attenuated N. perurans culture. Proteins were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The challenge trial using naïve smolts confrmed a loss in virulence in the attenuated N. perurans culture. A greater diversity of bacterial communities was found in the microbiome of the virulent isolate in contrast to a reduction in microbial community richness in the attenuated microbiome. A collated proteome database of N. perurans, Amoebozoa and four bacterial genera resulted in 24 proteins diferentially expressed between the three cultures. The present LC–MS/ MS results indicate protein synthesis, oxidative stress and immunomodulation are upregulated in a newly acquired N. perurans culture and future studies may exploit these protein identifcations for therapeutic purposes in infected farmed fsh. Neoparamoeba perurans is an ectoparasitic protozoan responsible for the hyperplastic gill infection of marine cultured fnfsh referred to as amoebic gill disease (AGD)1. -
23.3 Groups of Protists
Chapter 23 | Protists 639 cysts that are a protective, resting stage. Depending on habitat of the species, the cysts may be particularly resistant to temperature extremes, desiccation, or low pH. This strategy allows certain protists to “wait out” stressors until their environment becomes more favorable for survival or until they are carried (such as by wind, water, or transport on a larger organism) to a different environment, because cysts exhibit virtually no cellular metabolism. Protist life cycles range from simple to extremely elaborate. Certain parasitic protists have complicated life cycles and must infect different host species at different developmental stages to complete their life cycle. Some protists are unicellular in the haploid form and multicellular in the diploid form, a strategy employed by animals. Other protists have multicellular stages in both haploid and diploid forms, a strategy called alternation of generations, analogous to that used by plants. Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay. 23.3 | Groups of Protists By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe representative protist organisms from each of the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify the evolutionary relationships of plants, animals, and fungi within the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify defining features of protists in each of the six supergroups of eukaryotes. In the span of several decades, the Kingdom Protista has been disassembled because sequence analyses have revealed new genetic (and therefore evolutionary) relationships among these eukaryotes. -
Protozoologica ACTA Doi:10.4467/16890027AP.17.016.7497 PROTOZOOLOGICA
Acta Protozool. (2017) 56: 181–189 www.ejournals.eu/Acta-Protozoologica ACTA doi:10.4467/16890027AP.17.016.7497 PROTOZOOLOGICA Allovahlkampfia minuta nov. sp., (Acrasidae, Heterolobosea, Excavata) a New Soil Amoeba at the Boundary of the Acrasid Cellular Slime Moulds Alvaro DE OBESO FERNADEZ DEL VALLE, Sutherland K. MACIVER Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Abstract. We report the isolation of a new species of Allovahlkampfia, a small cyst-forming heterolobosean soil amoeba. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacers indicates that Allovahlkampfia is more closely related to the acrasids than to other heterolobosean groups and indicates that the new strain (GF1) groups with Allovahlkampfia tibetiensisand A. nederlandiensis despite being significantly smaller than these and any other described Allovahlkampfia species. GF1 forms aggregated cyst masses similar to the early stages of Acrasis sorocarp development, in agreement with the view that it shares ancestry with the acrasids. Time-lapse video mi- croscopy reveals that trophozoites are attracted to individuals that have already begun to encyst or that have formed cysts. Although some members of the genus are known to be pathogenic the strain GF1 does not grow above 28oC nor at elevated osmotic conditions, indicating that it is unlikely to be a pathogen. INTRODUCTION and habit. The heterolobosean acrasid slime moulds are very similar to the amoebozoan slime moulds too in life cycle, but these remarkable similarities in ap- The class heterolobosea was first created on mor- pearance and function are most probably due to parallel phological grounds to unite the schizopyrenid amoe- bae/amoeboflagellates with the acrasid slime moulds evolution. -
Slime Molds: Biology and Diversity
Glime, J. M. 2019. Slime Molds: Biology and Diversity. Chapt. 3-1. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 2. Bryological 3-1-1 Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 18 July 2020 and available at <https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 3-1 SLIME MOLDS: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS What are Slime Molds? ....................................................................................................................................... 3-1-2 Identification Difficulties ...................................................................................................................................... 3-1- Reproduction and Colonization ........................................................................................................................... 3-1-5 General Life Cycle ....................................................................................................................................... 3-1-6 Seasonal Changes ......................................................................................................................................... 3-1-7 Environmental Stimuli ............................................................................................................................... 3-1-13 Light .................................................................................................................................................... 3-1-13 pH and Volatile Substances -
Developing Novel Therapeutic Agents for Acanthamoeba Infection and Investigating the Process of Encystment
Developing novel therapeutic agents for Acanthamoeba infection and investigating the process of encystment Anas Abdullah Hamad (BSc, MSc) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2020 Declaration This work or any part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purposes of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless otherwise indicated in page 3). Save for any express acknowledgements, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Anas Abdullah Hamad to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature………………………………………. Date……………………………………………. 15/10/2020 2 List of posters and publication related to the work presented in this thesis: Heaselgrave, W., Hamad, A., Coles, S. and Hau, S., 2019. In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of Topical Ophthalmic Agents on Acanthamoeba Viability. Translational vision science & technology, 8(5), pp.17-17. Manuscript published. Hamad, A. and Heaselgrave, W., 2017. Developing novel treatments for the blinding protozoan eye infection Acanthamoeba keratitis. Proceedings of the Internal Annual Research Symposium, Poster no. 23, University of Wolverhampton, UK. Hamad, A. and Heaselgrave, W., 2018. Developing new treatments and optimising existing treatment strategies for the corneal infection Acanthamoeba keratitis. -
The Classification of Lower Organisms
The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6. -
This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Protein secretion and encystation in Acanthamoeba Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2018 Abstract Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protists of ubiquitous distribution characterised by their changing morphology and their crawling movements. They have no common phylogenetic origin but can be found in most protist evolutionary branches. Acanthamoeba is a common FLA that can be found worldwide and is capable of infecting humans. The main disease is a life altering infection of the cornea named Acanthamoeba keratitis. Additionally, Acanthamoeba has a close relationship to bacteria. Acanthamoeba feeds on bacteria. At the same time, some bacteria have adapted to survive inside Acanthamoeba and use it as transport or protection to increase survival. When conditions are adverse, Acanthamoeba is capable of differentiating into a protective cyst. -
Fatal Balamuthia Mandrillaris Encephalitis
Hindawi Case Reports in Infectious Diseases Volume 2019, Article ID 9315756, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9315756 Case Report Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris Encephalitis Binoy Yohannan and Mark Feldman Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas 75231, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Mark Feldman; [email protected] Received 26 September 2018; Revised 1 January 2019; Accepted 17 January 2019; Published 31 January 2019 Academic Editor: Larry M. Bush Copyright © 2019 Binoy Yohannan and Mark Feldman. .is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Balamuthia mandrillaris is a rare cause of granulomatous meningoencephalitis associated with high mortality. We report a 69- year-old Caucasian female who presented with a 3-day history of worsening confusion and difficulty with speech. On admission, she was disoriented and had expressive dysphasia. Motor examination revealed a right arm pronator drift. Cerebellar examination showed slowing of finger-nose testing on the left. She was HIV-negative, but the absolute CD4 count was low. Neuroimaging showed three cavitary, peripherally enhancing brain lesions, involving the right frontal lobe, the left basal ganglia, and the left cerebellar hemisphere. She underwent right frontal craniotomy with removal of tan, creamy, partially liquefied necrotic material from the brain, consistent with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis on tissue staining. Immunohistochemical studies and PCR tests confirmed infection with Balamuthia mandrillaris. She was started on pentamidine, sulfadiazine, azithromycin, fluconazole, flucytosine, and miltefosine. .e postoperative course was complicated by an ischemic stroke, and she died a few weeks later.