Abbreviations Used in Notes and Bibliography

Home , Egbert Hayessen, Friedrich Klausing, Georg Hansen, Georg Lindemann, German military law, Hans Koch (SS officer)

AUA-M Air University Archive, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama ANL Archives Nationales Luxembourg BaB Bundesarchiv Berlin BaMF Bundesarchiv Militärarchiv Freiburg BaZnsA Bundesarchiv Zentralnachweisestelle Aachen GHM German History Museum Berlin HsaD Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf HasH Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover HSaM Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg HStAWi Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden HIADL Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford Library, Daniel Lerner Collection IWML Imperial War Museum London IfZM Institut für Zeitgeschichte München IMTN International Military Tribunal Nuremberg LaSaar Landesarchiv Saarland LaSpey Landesarchiv Speyer LWVH Landeswohlfahrtsverband Hessen MHAP Military Historical Archive, Prague NAA National Archives of Australia NAL National Archives Kew Gardens, London NAW National Archives Washington D.C. OKaW Österreichisches Kriegsarchiv Wein ÖStA Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Vienna PMGO Provost Marshall General’s Office (U.S.A) SaL Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg SaW Staatsarchiv Würzburg SAB State Archive Bydgoszcz, Poland TBJG Elke Frölich, Die Tagbücher von Joseph Goebbels: Im Auftrag des Institute für Zeitsgeschichte und mit Unterstützung des Staatlichen Archivdienstes Rußlands. Teil II Dikate 1941–1945 (Münich 1995–1996). WLC Weiner Library Collection

191 Notes

Introduction: Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear: The Historiography of the Nazi Terror State

1 . Christopher Hutton, Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Third Reich (Cambridge 2005), p. 18. 2 . Rosemary O’Kane, Terror, Force and States: The Path from Modernity (Cheltham 1996), p. 19. O’Kane defines a system of terror, as one that is ‘distinguished by summary justice, where the innocence or guilt of the victims is immaterial’. 3 . See Robert Thurston, ‘The Family during the Great Terror 1935–1941’, Soviet Studies , 43, 3 (1991), pp. 553–74. 4 . Golfo Alexopoulos, ‘Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s’, Comparative Studies in Society and History , 50, 1 (2008), p. 91. 5 . Alexopoulos, ‘Stalin and the Politics of Kinship’, p. 93. 6 . Discussing the 20 July 1944, Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 (Montreal 2001), p. 519, describes Sippenhaft as an inte- gral part of post-20 July 1944 terror, ‘not merely individuals, therefore, but their ... families ... were to be exterminated’. While Hannsjoachim Koch, In the Name of the Volk: Political Justice in Hitler’s Germany (New York 1997), p. 216, contends that Sippenhaft only existed post-20 July, and ‘belongs in the realm of legends’. See also Timothy Mason & Jane Caplan, Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class (New York 1995), p. 261. 7 . Evidence provided during the Nuremberg Trials shows that a policy of taking hostages (not exclusively but often members of the same family) were enacted and used in retaliation for acts of resistance in occupied Europe. In the Netherlands, document number PS1587 dated August 1942, from the Commander of the Wehrmacht, proscribes the taking of hostages for acts of resistance. In France, document UK20, 26 May 1943 – an order signed by Keitel decreeing that the families of ‘Free French’ airmen caught fighting on the Eastern Front are to have ‘severe measures taken against them’. In Poland, PS4041 (GB-556) consists of 31 posters for the years 1943–1944, signed by the Chief of the SS and Police or the Commander of the Security Police and SD in Warsaw, announcing the killing of hostages. Later, document USA-506 of 19 July 1944, written by the commandant of the Sipo and SD in Radom, specifically outlines that male relatives of individuals involved in resistance would be shot, while the female relatives over 16 years old would be sent to concentration camps. In Norway and Denmark, C-48 (RF-280) dated 30 November 1944, from Keitel to the Supreme Command of the Navy threatening ship-yard workers that they and their families will be held accountable for acts of sabotage. This resulted in a reply, PS870 (RF-281), from the Reichskommissar for Norway Josef Terboven, ‘This request

192 Notes 193

only makes sense and will only be successful if I am actually allowed to have executions carried out by shooting.’ See also the ‘Hostages Trial’, ‘The United States of America versus Wilhelm List, et al’, 8 July 1947 until 19 February 1948, United Nations War Crimes Commission Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals , Volume VIII, 1949; Raphael Lemkin & Samantha Power, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (London 2005), pp. 249 & 615, and Thomas Laub, After the fall: German Policy in Occupied France 1940–1944 (New York 2010). 8 . Norbert Haase ‘The conscription of ethnic Germans in the occupied territories by the Wehrmacht in World War Two and the repression of resistance among them’. Paper given at the XXVth Biennial Conference of the ‘Australasian Association for European Historians’, Melbourne University, Melbourne Australia, 11–15 July 2005. 9 . Peter Phillips, The Tragedy of Nazi Germany (London 1969), p. 156. 10 . Speaking about the role of women and wives in resistance activities, Timothy Mason contends, ‘Some working-class women were active in communist and social democratic resistance groups, not many; the wives and female supporters of the conservative and military groups appear to have played hardly any active role at all. In this, as in so many respects, the so-called Red Orchestra (a communist group led by a senior civil servant and an air force officer) was the exception which proves the rule.’ Mason & Caplan, Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class , pp. 150–1. See Klemens von Klemperer for the counter-argument, ‘In my own studies of the subject [German Resistance] I have rarely encountered a conspirator who did not need and rely on his family – on his father, mother, sister, brother, and especially on his wife, who stood by him and offered him understanding and support.’ Klemens von Klemperer, ‘Foreword’, in Dorthee von Meding (Trans. Michael Balfour & Volker Berghahn), Courageous Hearts: Women and the Anti-Hitler Plot of 1944 (Providence 1997), p. vi. 11 . For an excellent summary of this debate see Richard Evans, ‘Coercion and Consent in Nazi Germany’, Proceedings of the British Academy , 151 (2007), pp. 53–81. 12 . See Eugen Kogon, Der SS-Staat: das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager (Munich 1946); Han Bernd Gisevius, To the Bitter End (London 1948); Edward Crankshaw, Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny (London 1956); Jacques Delarue, The Gestapo: A History of Horror (New York 1987); Gerald Reitlinger, The SS: Alibi of a Nation 1922–1945 (Englewood Cliffs 1981). Partly, this embellished the story of Sippenhaft . Constantine Fitzgibbon claimed that many of 20 July conspirator Claus von Stauffenberg’s relatives ‘died in [concentration] camps’. Fitzgibbon, The Shirt of Nessus (London 1956), p. 220. 13 . Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (London 2001), p. vii. Also Eric A. Johnson, Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, the Jews, and Ordinary Germans (New York 1999), p. 373. 14 . Gellately, Backing Hitler , p. 203. Gellately argues that whilst not unimpor- tant, Nazi party terror ‘should not be overstated’. 15 . Vandana Joshi, ‘The “Private” became “Public”: Wives as Denouncers in the Third Reich’, Journal of Contemporary History, 37, 3 (2002), pp. 419–35. 16 . Karl-Heinz Reuband & Eric A. Johnson, What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany (London 2005), p. 355. 194 Notes

17 . Eric A. Johnson, ‘Criminal Justice, Coercion and Consent in “Totalitarian” Society: The Case of National Socialist Germany’, British Journal of Criminology , 51, 3 (2011), pp. 599–615. 18 . Johnson, ‘Criminal Justice’, p. 603. Johnson’s research, especially his survey results needs some qualification. The survey was based on the average respondents being born in 1921 (being therefore 12 years old when the Third Reich began, 19 when war broke out and only 24 years old when the war actually finished), to suggest that this is a representative sample of the whole German nation between 1933 and 1945 is misleading. It also only credits those still alive with a voice about Nazi terror. In addition, Johnson’s figures do show that over 20 per cent of the non-Jewish respondents did actually fear arrest either ‘constantly’ or ‘occasionally’. In his analysis of special court documents, where he suggests that the low figures for individuals from a non-communist or non-socialist background sent to concentration camps is representative of the ‘overwhelming majority of the German population’ is slightly dubious (in the November 1932 elections the KPD and SPD won 13.1 million votes compared to the Nazis’ 11.7 million). He also suggested that studying terror in the latter part of the war is also not representative of the Third Reich contradicts the majority of the adult experience of his survey respondents. To claim that the period after Stalingrad or the 20 July should not be included in surveys of terror is limited in its outlook. 19 . See Nikolas Wachsmann, Hitler’s Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany (New Haven 2004) for an excellent survey of legalized terror. 20 . Evans, ‘Coercion and Consent in Nazi Germany’, pp. 63–7. 21 . Nikolas Wachsmann, ‘The Policy of Exclusion, 1933–1945’, in Jane Caplan (ed.), Oxford History of Nazi Germany (New York 2008), pp. 126–7. 22 . Geoff Eley, ‘Hitler’s Silent Majority: Conformity and Resistance under the Third Reich’, Part II, Michigan Quarterly Review , 42, 3 (Summer 2003), p. 561. 23 . Michelle Mouton, From Nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk: Weimar and Nazi Family Policy (New York 2007), p. 277. 24 . Alexopoulos, ‘Stalin and the Politics of Kinship’, p. 105. This view is supported by Robert Thurston, who found in his interviews with survivors from the Great Purge that most felt family punishment was reserved only for the families of ‘big party people’ as opposed to average Russians. See Thurston, ‘The Family during the Great Terror’, p. 565. 25 . Wachsmann, ‘The Policy of Exclusion, 1933–1945’, pp. 126 –7. Also see Klaus- Michael Mallmann, ‘Social Penetration and Police Action’, International Review of Social History , 42 (1997), p. 42, ‘In reality the interface between state and society was not a clear-cut demarcation line, but the site of complex processes of reciprocal penetration and recruitment.’ 26 . Mary Fulbrook, Dissonant Lives: Generations and Violence through the German Dictatorships (London 2011), p. 98. 27 . Wachsmann, ‘The Policy of Exclusion, 1933–1945’, p. 139. 28 . Helmuth Schäfer, Sippenhaftung in der Rechtsgeschichte Übersicht (Bonn Universtät 1951), p. 51. 29 . Ernst Fraenkel, The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (New York 1941). Notes 195

30 . In the German vernacular, of similar meaning are Sippenhaftung , Sippensühne , Sippenrache , and Verwandtenhaftung . 31 . See Alfred Rosenberg, The Myth of the Twentieth Century (Sussex 2004), also Himmler’s proclamations after the 20 July 1944 in Erich Zimmermann & Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Germans against Hitler (Bonn 1969), p. 195. 32 . See Erich Ehrenreich, The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution (Bloomington 2007), p. 52: ‘While first gaining promi- nence in the late nineteenth century, use of word increased especially rapidly in the 1920’s and often became a type of “code” indicating Völkische sympathies. In 1928, for example, the editors of the Journal for Cultural- Historical and Biological Family Studies , changes its name to the Archive for Kinship [Sippe] Research and All Related Fields .’ 33 . Victor Klemperer, The Language of the Third Reich: LTI, Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist’s Notebook (London 2006), p. 80. 34 . ‘Sippenämter statt Standesämter’, Völkischer Beobachter , 15 March 1934, p. 1. 35 . Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten , 29 September 1935. Victor Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer, 1933–1941 (London 1998), p. 132. 36 . Der Großer Herder. Nachschlagewerk für Wissen und Leben , 4, völlig neubearb, Aufl, von Herders Konversationslexikon, 11, Band, Sippe bis Unterfranken (Freiburg 1935), p. 2. 37 . Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden (hereafter HStAWi), Abt 403, 1202, Bl 250, Rund-Vfg, BV Nassau, Traupel 23 February 1935. 38 . Avner Greif, Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade (London 2006), p. 343. He argues ‘The disintegration of the empire in Germany during the thirteenth century also meant that there was no central ruler with the power to provide an effective alternative to the community responsibility system. As late as the fifteenth century, collective responsibility was still widely practised, despite attempts dating back to the thirteenth century to abolish it.’ See also William Jervis Jones, German Kinship Terms (750–1500) (Berlin 1990), p. 81. Schäfer, Sippenhaftung in der Rechtsgeschichte Übersicht , outlines the existence of Sippenhaft type practices in German states after 1871. 39 . Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf (hereafter HsaD) RW 18/3. 40 . Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness , p. 247. 41 . The National Archives London (hereafter NAL), WO 208/4168 (SRGG 975). 42 . Bundesarchiv Militärarchiv Freiburg (hereafter BaMF) RD/5, Reichsgesetzblatt Teil 1 , 1939 (2 Halbjahr) p. 1455 f. See Chapter 2 , this decree was not enforced until 27 August 1939. This was in keeping with the limited form of Sippenhaft that was legislated in the civil sphere with the ‘People’s Court’ in 1934. 43 . Oberkommando der Heers, Spione, Verräter und Saboteure (OKH 1938), p. 4. The booklet justified its threats against families by stating: ‘Contrary to the previous liberal version of the law, the new code extends a duty to report all relatives, and thus is enlarged to include parents, spouses, children and all relations’ p. 35. 44 . der Heers, Spione, Verräter und Saboteure , p. 12. 196 Notes

45 . Gerhard Wulle, ‘Zweifelsfragen des Kriegsverfahrens (KstVO)’, Zeitschrift für Wehrrecht , 1941/42 (6), p. 461. 46 . Hitler was remarking on a case discussed in the following chapter involving the Austrian Prince Ernst von Starhemberg. Hugh Trevor-Roper (ed.), Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944 (Guernsey 1988), p. 544. 47 . Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk , p. 544. A few days later, on 7 July 1942, Hitler discussed the idea that keeping the family of a political enemy together merely creates more trouble: ‘If you allow them (children of political enemies) the blessings of family life, all you are doing is to build the foundation cells for a further brood of criminals. Children who grow up in the company of subversive-minded parents themselves become rogues, for their mothers are invariably of the same pernicious ilk as their rogue fathers’ p. 570. 48 . Michael Horbach, Out of the Night (London 1967), p. 38. 49 . NAL, WO 208/4168 (SRGG 835). 50 . Article repeated in full in The Argus , 29 June 1935, p. 9. 51 . Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Hubris (New York 1999), p. 374. 52 . Gellately, Backing Hitler , p. 201. 53 . Robert Gellately, ‘The Gestapo and German Society: Political Denunciation in the Gestapo Case Files’, Journal of Modern History , 60 (December 1988), p. 657. This proposition was echoed by William Sheridan Allen, William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922–1945 (New York 1989), p. 189. 54 . See Hans Dröge, Der zerredete Widerstand: Zur Soziologie und Publizistik des Gerüchts im 2. Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf 1970), p. 35. 55 . ‘A rumour might well be bizarre and far-fetched, yet it was always closer to everyday experiences than the Nazi propaganda. At least, more people were more inclined to put their trust in rumour.’ See Jörg Echternkamp, ‘The essential features of German society in the Second World War’, in Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (eds), Germany and the Second World War , Volume 9, Part 1 (Oxford 2008), p. 24. 56 . Gellately, Backing Hitler , p. 257. Gellately went on to say: ‘Historians have paid remarkably little attention to these representations, when in fact these played an important role in the dictatorship.’ 57 . Between September 1939 and February 1944, ‘over 70 per cent of the articles in the Völkischer Beobachter about defendants sentenced by the “People’s Court” featured Germans born inside the Altreich – even though they made up less than 20 per cent of those actually sentenced. Half of them were convicted of left-wing resistance, but only 4 per cent of the newspaper articles dealt with these types of offences – a clear sign that the regime was no longer overly concerned with deterrence against the left. Instead, some 32 per cent of the articles dealt with cases of “undermining the war effort,” exceeding the proportion of defendants actually punished for this offence by more than half.’ Wachsmann, Hitler’s Prisons , p. 386. 58 . Bundesarchiv Berlin (hereafter BaB), R58/1027. Kaltenbrunner to Gestapo field offices, 14 December 1944. 59 . Neil Gregor (ed.), ‘Nazi Terror Forum’, German History , 29, 1 (2011), p. 92. 60 . For a discussion of the value of this source see Sönke Neitzel, Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations, 1942–1945 (Barnsley 2007). Notes 197

1 Sippenhaft and German Society, 1933–1945

1 . Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (London 2005), pp. 114–15. In the region of Lippe, a district with 176,000 inhabitants over the period the Third Reich, there were only 292 denunciations. However, in an earlier section (pp. 100–8), Evans does make a valid argument concerning the importance of denunciation, especially considering the directives the RSHA put in place to try to limit it, such as the ‘Malicious gossip law’. In a suggestion that there were a high percentage of personally inspired family denouncements, in February 1941, the then Chief of the RSHA, Reinhard Heydrich, urged all Gestapo offices to conduct more thorough investigations where relatives were concerned as he felt many of these were merely used for personal reasons. He used the example of a husband denouncing his wife simply in order to gain a more favourable divorce settlement. See BaB, R58/243. 2 . Christaan Rüter et al., Justiz und NS-Verbrechen. Sammlung deutscher Strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen 1945–1966, (Amsterdam 1968– current), XIV (DDR), Lfd 2083. 3 . Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power , p. 193. 4 . International Military Tribunal: Nuremberg (hereafter IMTN), 2335PS. 5 . Neuer Vorwärts , 1, 18 June 1933, p. 13. 6 . The New York Times , 25 March 1933, p. 10. 7 . The New York Times , 8 May 1933, p. 1. 8 . Völkische Beobachter , 15 July 1933, p. 1. 9 . Völkische Beobachter , 16–17 July 1933, p. 5. 10 . Völkische Beobachter , 19 July 1933, p. 1. 11 . The New York Times , 16 August 1933, p. 12. 12 . Christian Gellinek, Philipp Scheidemann: Gedächtnis und Erinnerung (Münster 2006), p. 59. 13 . The New York Times , 15 July 1933, p. 4. 14 . The New York Times , 5 August 1933, p. 4. 15 . Klaus Drobisch & Günther Wieland, System der NS-Konzentrationslager, 1933– 1939 (Berlin 1993), p. 173. 16 . The Sydney Morning Herald , 7 August 1933, p. 9. 17 . Berlin Börsen Zeitung , 10 August 1933, p. 1. 18 . New York Times , 28 August 1933, p. 5. 19 . Sozialistische Mitteilungen, 92 (November 1946). 20 . Drobisch & Wieland, System der NS-Konzentrationslager , p. 100. 21 . Publishing a book about his experiences, see Hans Beimler, Im Morderlager Dachau: Vier Wochen in den Handen der braunen Banditen (Moscow 1933). 22 . Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover (hereafter HsaH) Hann. 158, Moringen Acc. 105/96, No. 15, Akte Senta Beimler. 23 . HsaH, Hann. 158, Moringen Acc. 105/96, No. 15. 24 . Senta Herker-Beimler, Erinnerungen einer Münicher Antifaschistin (München 2000), also Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel and Angelika Königseder, Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der Nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager (München 2005), p. 170. 25 . She was quoted as commenting, ‘You mean that the Nazis [!] will still remain in power? In 14 days they too will be eliminated!’ Landeswohlfahrtsverband 198 Notes

Hessen (hereafter LWVH) Akte M., He., geb. 1881, Bd. I, Bl. 74 f., LOS W. an BV Nassau, (22 June 1933). – Zur alliierten Besetzung u. a. im Rheinland u. in Wiesbaden bis 1930 siehe Kap. I. 2. c); zu Hermann M. (1881–1959) siehe biogr. Anhang. 26 . LWV-H, Akte M., He., geb. 1881, Bd. I, Bl. 75, LOI M. an BV Wiesbaden, z. H. LdsR Kranzbühler, ‘Persönlich’ (3 July 1933). 27 . Gerhart Seger, The Reminiscence of Gerhart Seger (New York 1972); Reisetagebuch: Eines Deutschen Emigranten (Zürich 1936); A Nation Terrorized (Chicago 1935); and Daily Herald (London), 19 March 1935. Frau Seger’s release, The Times (London), 16 May 1934, p. 15; 24 May, p. 11; 25 May, p. 13; and 28 May, p. 11. 28 . The New York Times , 24 March 1934, p. 7. 29 . The Times (London), 24 May 1934, p. 11, 25 May 1934, p. 13, also see Sybil Milton, ‘Women and the Holocaust: The Case of German and German- Jewish Women’, in Renate Bridemthal, Atina Grosssman and Marion Kaplan (eds), When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York 1984), p. 299. 30 . The New York Times , 31 October 1934, p. 6. 31 . ‘Sechs Frauen als Geiseln in Stadelheim’, Deutsche Freiheit , 25 September 1934. 32 . Leo Baeck Institute Archive, New York, E.J Grumbel Papers: ‘Frauen als Geisel’ Sonderdeinst der deutschen Informationen: Das Martyrium der Frauen in deutschen Konzentrationlager , 41 (June 1936). 33 . A study of the career of Krebs is found in Ernst von Waldenfels, Der Spion, der aus Deutschland kam: Das geheime Leben des Seemanns Richard Krebs (Berlin 2003), pp. 179–209. For his own version of events, see Jan Valtin (pseud. Richard Krebs), Out of the Night (London 1941), pp. 512–51. See also Nigel West, MASK: MI5’s Penetration of the Communist Party of Great Britain (London 2005), p. 27. 34 . Krebs notes on the last page of his book that he has not heard from his son again. Valtin, Out of the Night , p. 658. 35 . Valtin, Out of the Night , p. 534. Krebs’s story about Albert Walter conflicts with that told by members of Walter’s family, who maintain that it was Albert’s friendship with the regional Gauleiter that got him out of the camp and convinced him to work for the Nazis. This does not necessarily mean that his mother was not taken into custody. See Hermann Weber, Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus: Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik , Bd 2 (Frankfurt-am-Main 1969), pp. 335–6. 36 . IMT-N I, Doc 2950PS. 37 . Evans, The Third Reich in Power , p. 39. 38 . Besides her husband, all the others individuals mentioned were SA leaders, see Völkische Beobachter , 3 July 1934, p. 1. 39 . See Introduction. In his affidavit presented at the Nuremberg Trial, former Minister of the Interior, Wilhelm Frick, mentioned her murder in particular. (IMT-N I) 2950PS. See also Schafer, Sippenhaftung , p. 51. 40 . Alan Merson, Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany (London 1985), p. 51. 41 . Grumbel Papers, ‘Frauen als Geisel’. 42 . Matthias Kuse, Entlassungen von Häftlingen aus dem Konzentrationlager Moringen 1934–1938 (Bremen Universtät 1999), p. 30. Kindly supplied by the Has-H. 43 . Drobisch & Wieland, System der NS-Konzentrationslager , p. 100, also Milton, ‘Women and the Holocaust’, p. 298ff. Notes 199

44 . Michael Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger 1933–1945 nach dem im Reichsanzeiger veröffentlichen Listen , Bd 1 (München 1985), p. 4. 45 . Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger , pp. 7–8. 46 . Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger , p. 12. 47 . However, some measure of discretion was used with former political allies. Former Berlin SA leader Walter Stennes – who had led an SA revolt against Hitler in 1931 -fled Germany, taking with him his wife and daughter. However, despite being reportedly held for a few months in the Berlin Columbiahaus, neither his name nor theirs ever appeared on the list of banned citizens after his departure from Germany. Kurt Schilde, Columbia- Haus: Berliner Konzentrationslager 1933–1936 (Berlin 1990), p. 194, gives the date of August 1933 as the time when he was released. No other information is available on the Stennes family suffice to say, a report by the American Counter Intelligence Corps (G-2) mentions the suicide of one Frau Margarete Borkenhagen, 13 March 1946, who was Walter’s mother-in-law. It was claimed Borkenhagen had committed suicide in Germany after being forced from her home and raped by Russian soldiers. National Archives, Washington D.C. (hereafter NAW), Records of the Office of Strategic Services 1940–1946, RG 226/214/1–7/loc 250/64/33/6–7. 48 . For more on this topic see Lisa Pine, ‘Hashude: The Imprisonment of “Asocial” Families in the Third Reich’, German History , 13, 2 (1995), pp. 182–97, and Lisa Pine, Nazi Family Policy, 1933–1945 (Oxford 1999), pp. 117–46. 49 . See discussion of criminality running in the family in ‘Ist Frieda – Frieda’? Neues Volk , June 1939, pp. 18–19. See press reportage on the Hashude colony, Bremer Nachrichten , 13 June 1937 and ‘Die Letzte Chance’, Das Schwarze Korps , 20 January 1938, p. 7. 50 . Erika Mann, School for Barbarians (New York 1938), pp. 12–18. 51 . However, after the war, thanks mainly to a dubious story by Elser’s one- time fellow prisoner, Pastor Martin Niemöller, it was widely held that Elser had been working for Reinhard Heydrich and that he had been a member of the SS. Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg (hereafter SaL). FL 300/33: S3441. The compensation case file of Elser’s brother-in-law Karl Hirth contains a 1954 letter from the Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte (plus others from independent researchers) asking him if Elser had been working for Heydrich. A recent re-telling of this myth, even issuing Elser with the rank of SS-Unterscharführer (Sergeant) can be found in Peter Padfield, Himmler : Reichsführer-SS (London 1990), p. 282. 52 . SaL, FL 300/33: S3441. 53 . SaL, EL 350: ES 1730. 54 . SaL, FL 300/33: S3441. 55. Photocopy of correspondence from ‘Finance President of München’ contained in Peter Steinbach & Johannes Tuchel, Ich habe den Krieg verhindern wollen: Georg Elser und das Attentat vom 8 November 1939 (Berlin 2000), p. 88. 56 . Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger , p. 288. 57 . Wolfgang Röll, Sozialdemokraten im Konzentrationslager Buchenwald 1937– 1945 (Göttingen 2000), p. 155, also David A. Hackett, The Buchenwald Report (San Francisco 1995), p. 254. 58 . The New York Times , 22 April 1939, p. 6. 59 . The New York Times , 15 September 1939, p. 4. 200 Notes

60 . Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (hereafter ÖStA), Gau-Akt, Number 111495 61 . Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger , p. 230. Also see New York Times , 11 October 1939, p. 12. 62 . ÖStA, Gau-Akt, Number 224010. 63 . ÖStA, Gau-Akt, Number 224010. 64 . Professor Dr Georg Heilingsetzer, Oberösterreichisches Landesarchiv, correspondence, 14 July 2010. 65 . Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk , p. 544. 66 . Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power , p. 290. In Northeim three former SPD leaders were sent to concentration camps. 67 . Helga Grebing & Christel Wickert, Unerschrocken und entschlossen Bergische Frauen zeigen Zivilcourage im Nationalsozialismus (Gladbach 2002), p. 35. 68 . Max and Christian Räuchle an den Prüfungsausschuβ der Stadt Backnang und div. Unterlagen, SaL, EL 902/3 Bü 1/6572. 69 . Christain Räuchle an den Militärregierung Backnang, (21 November 1946), Bestand Räuchle. 70 . Max und Christian Räuchle an den Prüfungsausschuβ der Stadt Backnang, SaL, EL 902/3 Bü 1/6572. 71 . Christian Räuchle an die Families Stauffenberg, Bestand Räuchle. 72 . Peter Poralla, Unvergänglicher Schmerz: ein Protokoll der Geschichte Danzigs Schicksalsjahr 1945 (Hogast 1986), p. 86. 73 . People’s Court judgment: 1 J 216/43 g 5 L 57/43 74 . Remarque had lost his citizenship on List 55 of 7 July 1938. See Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger , p. 60. 75 . Claudia Glunz & Thomas Schneider, Elfriede Scholz, geb. Remark, Im Namen des deutschen Volkes: Dokumente einen justiellen Ermordung (Osnabrück 1997), p. 14. Document 69. 76 . Merson, Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany , pp. 230, 242. 77 . Merson, Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany , p. 243. See also Weiner Library Collection, Item 600, ‘Third Reich personal accounts (1945–1955)’ f1–95: reports and correspondence from participants in the ‘Sovjet-Paradies Aktion’ (Berlin 1942). 78 . Mildred Harnack-Fish was originally given six years, but Hitler was dissat- isfied with this sentence and refused to give his consent. At a re-trial on 13 January 1943 she was sentenced to death, which was carried out on 16 February 1943. 79 . Merson, Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany , p. 256. 80 . Stella Brysac, Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra (New York 2000), p. 329. 81 . Brysac, Resisting Hitler , p. 329. 82 . BaB, R 58/1131. 83 . Brysac, Resisting Hitler , p. 329. 84 . Testimony of Dr Hans Coppi, recorded as part of FernUniversität Hagen Project Deutsches Gedächtnis (January 1995). 85 . Eric Boehm, We Survived: Fourteen Histories of the Hidden and Hunted in Nazi Germany (Boulder 1949), p. 200. 86 . Boehm, We survived , p. 197. 87 . Manfred Flügge, Meine Sohnsucht ist das Leben: Eine Geschichte aus dem deutschen Widerstand (Berlin 1996). Notes 201

88 . Brysac, Resisting Hitler , p. 349. 89 . Wilhelm Keitel, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Keitel (London 1965), p. 178. 90 . Keitel, Memoirs , p. 178. 91 . Brysac, Resisting Hitler , p. 362. 92 . Günter Morsch, Murder and Mass Murder in Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp: 1936–1945 (Berlin 2005), pp. 200–8. 93 . Inge Scholl (trans. Arthur Schultz), Students against Tyranny: The Resistance of the White Rose, München 1942–1943 (Middletown 1970), p 91. 94 . StAL, EL 350: ES 8798. 95 . The case of Werner Scholl contains many unanswered questions. It is far from clear what actually happened to him. He was stationed as a medic on the Eastern Front at a Truppenverbandplatz in late 1942, but from this point little is known. It is suggested he may have deserted to the Russians. Centre for White Rose Studies, correspondence, 4 January 2011. See also Ruth Hanna Sachs, White Rose History: Journey to Freedom , Volume II (Utah 2005), 12, p. 9. 96 . The Guardian (London), 2 July 1996. 97 . StAL, EL 350: ES8798. 98 . StAL, EL 350: ES8998. 99 . StAL, EL 350: ES8942. 100 . StAL, EL 350: ES8798. 101 . Dohnanyi was already on shaky ground as his status as a ‘second class Mischling’ (of Jewish blood) was known to the Nazis. See correspondence from Hitler’s secretary Martin Bormann, reporting Hitler’s decision to continue employing von Dohnanyi as Reichsgerichtsrat despite his Mischling status. He was not allowed to join the Nazi Party. Mischling status of Hans von Dohnanyi, 17 January 1939. Weiner Library Collection, Item 835. 102 . Rüter, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, XIII (FRG), Lfd 420 . 103 . Testimony of Christel von Dohnanyi recorded for the Nuremburg Military Tribunal, reproduced in Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography (Minneapolis 2000), p. 938. 104 . Josef Müller, Bis zur lezten Konsequenz (München 1975), p. 171. 105 . The Nazi regime had a difficult relationship with German royalty. In June 1940, with the death of his oldest grandson in combat in France, and the public outpouring of grief, it was claimed Kaiser Wilhelm II was informed that retribution would befall his family members. See Virginia Cowles, The Kaiser (London 1963), p. 430. This was later turned into an order precluding all individuals with royal titles from serving in the Wehrmacht. This instruction was not rigorously enforced. 106 . Jonathan Petropoulos, Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany (New York 2006), p. 303. See also Hackett, The Buchenwald Report , p. 232. 107 . BaB, NS19/3100. 108 . BaB, NS19/3100. 109 . BaB, NS19/3100. The suffering of the Sacks was made worse when their transfer to Buchenwald was delayed due to the camp being under quaran- tine, meaning their sentence did not actually start until 7 April 1944. This incident also saw the suspension of the official who drafted the original reply as well as the dismissal of von Jagow himself on 1 July 1944. 202 Notes

110 . This case is also significant as it seems to have influenced Himmler thinking in the aftermath of 20 July 1944, as a few of his early Sippenhaft proclamations were framed in terms of the responsibility of a husband (described as an ‘Official’) for his errant wife. 111 . See Jack Gaylord Morrison, Ravensbrück: Everyday Life in a Women’s Concentration Camp, 1939–45 (Princeton 2000), p. 84. Alfred G. Frei, ‘“In the End I Just Said O.K.”: Political and Moral Dimensions of Escape Aid at the Swiss Border’, The Journal of Modern History , 64 (December 1992), pp. 68–81. 112 . Dorothee Menrath, ‘Jakob Schultheis’, Speyer: Vierteljahresheft des Verkehrsvereins , 45, 2 (2005), p. 23. 113 . The Times (London), 9 February 1944. The following day his identity was released. 114 . Daniel Kahn, Hitler’s Spies (London 1978), pp. 268–9, also Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 295. 115 . Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den Letzten Akt: Ein Bericht 10.2.1944 bis 29.6.1944 (Hamburg 1947), p. 8. 116 . The exchange, as recorded by Vermehren, ran as follows: Frau Vermehren: Why must we still remain here if our statements are of no interest to you? Gestapo Officer: My dear lady, you are here in Sippenhaft . Frau Vermehren: What is Sippenhaft ? Vermehren, Reise durch der letzten Akt , p. 8. 117 . Hans-Günter Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung – Die Verschleppung prominenter KZ-Häftlinge aus Deutschland nach Südtirol (Bozen 2005), p. 36. Goebbels noted in his diary the ‘particular embarrassment’ at Elisabeth Vermehren being a relative of the former Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen. See Elke Frölich, Die Tagbücher von Joseph Goebbels: Im Auftrag des Institute für Zeitsgeschichte und mit Unterstützung des Staatlichen Archivdienstes Rußlands. Teil II Dikate 1941–1945 (hereafter TBJG) (Münich 1995–1996), 12, 12 February 1944, p. 283. 118 . For the von Plettenberg-Lenhausens this was no doubt assisted by the arrest in March 1945 of their uncle Kurt in connection with the 20 July 1944 plot. 119 . Winfried Meyer, Verschwörer im KZ: Hans von Dohnanyi und die Häftlinge des 20. Juli 1944 im KZ Sachsenhausen (Berlin 1999), p. 22. 120 . 23 January 1945, list 356, see Hepp, Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsgehöriger , p. 718. 121 . Meyer, Verschwörer im KZ , p. 344. 122 . Volker Koop, In Hitler’s Hand: die Sonder- und Ehrenhäftlinge der SS (Köln 2010), p. 263n. 123 . Petropoulos, Royals and the Reich , p. 286. See also Bavaria Spindeltal , 13 Juli 2008, p. 4, also James Donohoe, Hitler’s Conservative Opponents in Bavaria 1930–1945 (Leiden 1961), p. 145. 124 . Johnson, The Nazi Terror , p. 188. 125 . Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 516. 126 . BaB, R 58/775. 127 . In the Weser-Ems Gau alone, of 166 taken into custody, 146 were released by 5 September 1944, less than two weeks after their arrest. BaB, R 58/775. Report by the Gauleiter of Weser-Ems. 128 . This order is mentioned in Staatsarchiv Würzburg (hereafter SaW) Gestapo Akten: 10556. This will be further explained in Chapter 2 . Notes 203

129 . BaB, R 58/1027. 130 . Willi Bohn, Stuttgart Geheim! Widerstand and Verfolgung 1933–1945 (Frankfurt am Main 1978), p. 145. 131 . Friedrich Schlotterbeck, The Darker the Night, the Brighter the Stars: A German Worker Remembers 1933–1945 (London 1947), p. 224. 132 . Schlotterbeck, The Darker the Night , pp. 224, 238. 133 . Bohn, Stuttgart Geheim! p. 146. Karl Stäbler did not succeed in crossing the border and was shot and wounded on his second attempt, but succeeded in going into hiding until the war ended. 134 . StAL, FL 300/33: S2943. After the war personal belongings such as a camera, motorbike, typewriter, silverware and jewellery were claimed by Schlotterbeck to have been stolen by the Gestapo. 135 . Herman Schlotterbeck was not executed immediately but was sent to Welzheim concentration camp where in April 1945, only days before the area was captured by the Allies, he was forced to dig his own grave before being executed by a camp guard. 136 . Bohn, Stuttgart Geheim! p. 148. 137 . Julius Schätzle, Stationen zur Hölle: Konzentrationslager in Baden und Württemberg 1933–1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 1974), p. 46. 138 . BaB, R 58/1027. 139 . A photocopy of this document is found in Bohn, Stuttgart Geheim! p. 149 and Schätzle, Stationen zur Hölle , p. 47. 140 . Rüter, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, XIII (DDR), Lfd 1835. 141 . SaW, Gestapo 122, 124, 125, 13761. Quoted in Gellately, Backing Hitler , pp. 229–30.

2 ‘... imprisonment of relatives, life or liberty ...’ Sippenhaft and the Wehrmacht

1 . Leo Daugherty, ‘The Volkdeutsche and Hitler’s War’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies , 8, 2 (1995), pp. 296–318. George S. Stein defines ‘Volksdeutsche’ as ‘those who were not citizens of the German Reich but who were German in language and culture’. See George S. Stein, The Waffen-SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945 (New York 1984), p. 173. In the area of Poland ‘categories’ had been created to determine, with ever changing boundaries who would qualify to be classed as ‘Volksdeutsche’. See Alan Steinweis & Daniel E. Rogers, The Impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and Its Legacy (Lincoln 2003), p. 104. 2 . Maria Fritsche, ‘ ... haftet die Sippe mit Vermögen, Freiheit oder Leben ... ’ ‘Die Anwendung der Sippenhaft bei Familien verfolgter Wehrmachtsoldaten’, in Walter Manoschek (ed.), Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz Urteilspraxis – Strafvollzug – Entschädigungpolitik in Österreich (Wien 2003), p. 483. Maria Fritsche claims that it formed the basis of a significant level of fear amongst these soldiers. 3 . Norbert Haase, ‘Justizterror in der Wehrmacht am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in Cord Arendes, Edgar Wolfrum and Jörg Zedler (eds), Terror nach Innen: Verbrechen am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Göttingen 2006), p. 93. 4 . His works on this topic include, The Eastern Front 1941–1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare (London 1985); Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, 204 Notes

and the War in the Third Reich (New York 1991) & Germany’s War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories (Ithaca 2003). 5 . Omer Bartov, ‘Soldiers, Nazis and the War in the Third Reich’, The Journal of Modern History , 63, 1 (March 1991), p. 51. 6 . Hannes Heer & Klaus Naumann, War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941–1944 (Oxford 2000), p. 6. 7 . Klaus Latzel has argued that caution needs to be exercised when using field post letters for determining general notions of ideological support amongst the army as a whole. Klaus Latzel, ‘Wehrmachtsoldaten zwischen “Normalität” und NS–Ideologie, oder: Was sucht die Forschung in der Feldpost?’ in Rolf–Dieter Müller & Hans–Erich Volkmann (eds), Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität (München 1999), pp. 573–88. While Jürgen Förster considers it is unclear whether ideology or ‘family and country’ played a more crucial role in the willingness of the soldiers’ to continue to fight. See Jürgen Förster ‘Geistige Kriegführung in Deutschland 1919 bis 1945’, in Jörg Echternkamp (ed.), Die deutsche Kriegsgesellschaft 1939–1945, Das Deutsche Reich unde Zweite Weltkrieg , 9, 2 (Munich 2004/5), p. 639. 8 . Bartov, Germany’s War and the Holocaust , p. 16. 9 . Omer Bartov, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity (New York 2000), p. 26. 10 . Bartov, Germany’s War and the Holocaust , pp. 19–29. 11 . Bartov, Hitler’s Army , p. 161. 12 . Wolfram Wette, The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality (Cambridge 2006), p. 185 13 . Stephen Fritz, Endkampf: Soldiers, Civilians and the Death of the Third Reich (Lexington 2004), p. 271. 14 . Fritsche, ‘ ... haftet die Sippe mit Vermögen, Freiheit oder Leben’, p. 484. 15 . It is worth pointing out that family punishment methods were used by the Soviets against their own troops in the difficult 1941 period. A family liability policy had been codified during the Great Terror (15 August 1937 ‘Operational Order 00486’ for the ‘repression of wives of the traitors from the Rightist-Trotskiist espionage and sabotage organization’), resulting in the arrest of around 43,000 women and children before the war. Marc Jansen & Nikita Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov (Stanford 2002), p. 100. Stalin updated this on 16 August 1941 in Stavka Order 270, which threatened punishment for families of captured soldiers. However, it is alleged – but unconfirmed – that individual Soviet commanders like Marshal Zhukov also released similarly worded orders. Anthony Beevor claims that research yet to be published describes how, at the end of September 1941, Zhukov, as Commander of the Leningrad Front, issued a directive which instructed commanders, ‘to make clear to all troops that all families of those who surrender to the enemy would be shot, and they themselves would be shot upon return from prison’. See Robert von Maier & David Glantz, ‘Anthony Beevor: Questions and Answers’, World War Two Quarterly , 5, 1 (Winter 2008), p. 50. See also Amnon Sella, The Value of Human Life in Soviet Warfare (London 1992), pp. 96, 7. 16 . The often-quoted figures concerning death sentences carried out during the First World War: British sentenced 3,080 soldiers to death and executed 346, French 2,000 for 700 carried out, while the Germans sentenced 150 and Notes 205

only carried out 48. Manfred Messerschmidt, ‘German Military Law in the Second World War’, in Wilhelm Deist (ed.), The German Military in the Age of Total War (London 1985), p. 324. 17 . NAW, RG 153/135/6/116/2–4, RG 338/Foreign Military Studies/MS P 033/18–21, also BaMF, RW 35/209/99; RD/5, Reichsgesetzblatt Teil 1 , 1939 (2 Halbjahr) p. 1455 f. 18 . Matthias Weidemann, Geschichte der Sippenhaftung (Berlin 2002), p. 192. Describes how forms of family liability punishment were present in various German states until the late 19th century. Weidemann shows how instances exist throughout the early modern period where various German states had legislated property confiscation for the family of a soldier who had ‘disgraced the colours’ with cowardice. See also Bartov, Hitler’s Army . 19 . In 1916 a Social Democrat parliament committee suggested that, should a soldier be sentenced to more than six months’ jail, regardless of his crime, his family should have their financial support withdrawn. The Ministry for the Interior rejected this on the grounds of practicality: withdrawing support from a family would merely cause them to turn to welfare agen- cies. Subsequently, in 1917 the National Liberal faction suggested confiscation of the property of any soldier accused of desertion. It was proposed that, after a predetermined period of time, the property of the deserter would be handed over to the State. While the Justice Office believed the idea had merit, it did not act upon it. See Christoph Jahr, Gewöhnliche Soldaten: Desertion und Deserteure im deutschen und britischen Heer 1914–1918 (Göttingen 1998), p. 301. 20 . Daugherty, ‘The Volkdeutsche and Hitler’s War’, pp. 296–318. 21 . Fritsche, ‘ ... haftet die Sippe mit Vermögen, Freiheit oder Leben’, p. 486. 22 . HsaD, RW 58 469 94. 23 . NAL, WO208/4134 (SRA 5554) 24 . Annedore Leber, Conscience in Revolt: Sixty-Four Stories of Resistance in Germany 1933–1945 (Oxford 1994), p. 28. 25 . Boehm, We Survived , p. 56. 26 . Schlotterbeck, The Darker the Night , p. 227. 27 . BaMF, RH 26–12/85, 24 October 1942. 28 . BaMF, RH 26–12/131, 25 December 1941; RH26–12/45, 5 October 1941; RH26–12/139, 4 May 1943; RH26–12/151, 24 September 1943. 29 . HasD, RW 58 74 304. 30 . He had been the chairman of a local Polish youth organization in his home- town of Moers, which was discovered on 29 October 1935. 31 . Josef Leiss had served his sentence and afterwards conducted himself, by the Gestapo’s own admission, ‘uncomplainingly’ – so much so, that in relation to investigations concerning local communist groups, Josef Leiss was trusted enough by the Gestapo office to be used as an informer, or ‘V-Mann’. 32 . HsaD, RW 58 74 304. 33 . Reported stated, ‘It can be largely assumed that the crime of Leiss can be put down to the influence of his wife Theodora’s [Dora’s] family.’ 34 . On New Year’s Day 1943 the Düsseldorf Gestapo placed a surveillance order on the family. This was against: Josefa Leiss (Wenzeslaus’ mother), Josef Leiss (his brother), Dora Leiss (wife), Maria Chwirot (his mother-in-law), 206 Notes

and Theodora (they actually meant Viktoria) Langen (his sister-in-law). On 7 January 1943 the surveillance was extended to include all members of the Leiss and Chwirot families in the vicinity of Moers. On 27 January 1943, the Düsseldorf Gestapo requested information from the local office on the progress of this surveillance. To provide extra stimulus for the local office’s speedy reply, Kriminalinspektor Becker of the Düsseldorf Gestapo noted ‘he was preparing a report for the Reichsführer-SS ’. 35 . This report again emphasized that the Leiss case had not been put before a military court. It also mentioned that a letter from his wife discovered amongst his personal possessions was written in Polish and contained her complaints over grocery prices. As if to ‘confirm’ the suspicions of the Gestapo, the report asked, ‘Do the relatives of Leiss express Polish national tendencies?’ Yet, the report concludes with Leiss’ personal details including his appraisal as a soldier: ‘In the field since 17 November 1942: good assessment.’ 36 . But not Maria Leiss, the wife of his older brother Felix. 37 . Sachsenhausen was yet to be fitted with a gas chamber (these were apparently fitted in March 1943), so the execution was probably by firing squad/ shooting. 38 . Rheinische Landeszeitung , 15 February 1943, No. 46 and the Westdeutsche Zeitung , 15 February 1943, No. 46. 39 . Völkischer Beobachter , 15 February 1943, p. 2. 40 . HsaD, RW 58 74 304. Indicating how aware the local population were, the report stated, ‘This information was supplied using 19 V-persons [informers].’ 41 . They insisted that a political assessment be made of the Vallands, which involved the local Nazi Party leader, Herr Michel, and took until 13 March 1943 to be finalized. It was less than positive about the Vallands: ‘He [Valland] is completely indifferent to the National Socialist State. His wife is a Swiss citizen. Both are strongly confessional [Roman Catholic]. Their donations to the “Winter Relief Fund” can be described as ... meagre. The wife has tendencies to grumble.’ A further assessment, slightly more moderate in its conclusions, asserted that the Vallands should be ‘politically viewed with caution’. 42 . This report stated: ‘Since the beginning of the “concern Leiss” Herr Valland has been known to the local official in charge. From this point in time, he has appeared as honest and hard working and as well as within his powers attempted to help the state police with their investigation, in every respect with friendly co-operative support.’ 43 . HsaD, RW 58 74 304. It noted that, ‘the town administration of Moers has a great interest in taking possession of the articles and passing them on ... to local bomb affected families.’ 44 . Together with thousands of other German prisoners of war, Wenzeslaus Leiss returned to Germany in 1949, as haggard and maltreated as all the rest. According to his brother-in-law Johann Chwirot, Leiss was adamant that he had not deserted, and claimed that ‘he knew exactly what would happen. I would not have risked my family.’ Interview with Johann Chwirot in Bernard Schmidt & Fritz Burger, Tatort Moers: Widerstand und Nationalsozialismus im südlichen Altkreis Moers (Moers 1995), p. 331. Notes 207

45 . This article is part way through the digitization process. It will be available when the page it is part of passes the final quality control check. This is likely to be within the next 128 days. The Mercury (Hobart), 11 January 1943, p. 8. 46 . New York Times , 20 January 1943, p .4. 47 . New York Times , 5 May 1943, p. 3. 48 . Today the Polish town of Tczew, about 50 km due south of Gdańsk (Danzig). 49 . Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945 , p. 251. Kershaw explains how there was an intense competition between the neighbouring Gauleiters Forster and Greiser to ‘Germanize’ their areas first. Greiser undertook deportations; Albert Forster’s method was to proclaim the majority as Volksdeutsche . The area administered by Forster included the township of Dirschau. 50 . Imperial War Museum, London (hereafter IWML) H/15/219. 51 . IWML, H/15/219. 52 . IWML, H/15/219. 53 . Chicago Times , 19 October 1943, p. 6. 54 . National Archives of Australia (hereafter NAA), ‘German prisoners of war – material for Allied propaganda’, MP729/9: 63/401/679. 55 . NA-A, MP729/9: 63/401/679. 56 . NA-A, MP729/9: 63/401/679. 57 . Kathy Roe Coker, ‘World War II Prisoners of War in Georgia: German Memories of Camp Gordon, 1943–1945’, The Georgia Historical Quarterly , 76, 4 (Winter 1992), p. 849. 58 . NAW, Memorandum from Camp Blanding staff to Provost Marshal General, 13 February 1944, RG 389, Box 2476. 59 . NAW, Army Service Forces, Seventh Service Command, Conference of POW Camp Commanders, Omaha, Nebraska, 24 March 1944, pp. 51–2, RC 389, PMGO, Prisoner of War Operations Division, Operations Branch, 1942– 1945, Box 1308. 60 . NAL, WO208/4168 (SRGG 813). 61 . NAL, WO208/4168 (SRGG 813). 62 . The Argus (Melbourne), 23 May 1944, p. 16. 63 . HsaD, R W 58 74 356. 64 . HsaD, R W 58 74 356. 65 . ‘Memorandum on measures against deserters and Allied Leaflets’, Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford Library, Daniel Lerner Collection (hereafter HIADL), Box 8, Folder 2. 66 . Serge Hoffmann & Henri Wehenkel, Musée national de la Resistance (Luxembourg 1995), p. 57. 67 . Aimé Knepper, Les refractaires dans les bunkers (Luxembourg 1987), p. 20. 68 . BaB, NS 19/2287. 69 . BaB, NS 19/2179. 70 . BaB, NS 19/2179. 71 . Daniel Lerner, Sykewar: Psychological Warfare against Germany (New York 1949), p. 295. 72 . ‘Memorandum concerning NSDAP attitudes towards deserter’s families, March 1944’, HIADL, Box 7, Folder 7. 73 . IMTN I, L-215 (USA 243), also Volume IV, pp. 503–4. 208 Notes

74 . These details are taken from the proceedings as the document (L-215/USA 243) appears in the trial volumes only as a summary. 75 . Escher Tageblatt , 26/27 February 1944. 76 . Archives Nationales Luxembourg (hereafter ANL), C.D.Z C 17.1:009. 77 . ANL, C.D.Z C 17.1:009. 78 . IMTN I, L-037 (USA-506). This directive, mentioned in the Introduction, was produced by the Commander of the Security Police in Radom in July 1944 and laid down a definitive policy of Sippenhaft against civilian ‘sabo- teurs’. This order did not specifically mention desertion, and therefore was directed more at the general population. 79 . ‘SS-Untersturmführer Lebrechtsdorf to SD Leitabschnitt Danzig’, 28 November 1944. The State Archive in Bydgoszcz, Poland (hereafter SAB) 96/278. In Alan E. Steinweis & Daniel E. Rogers, The impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and Its Legacy (Lincoln 2003), p. 106. 80 . See ‘Kurt Rogalsky to Sondergericht Bromberg’, 29 October 1944, SAB, 80/1203–70. 81 . Fritsche, ‘ ... haftet die Sippe mit Vermögen, Freiheit oder Leben’, pp. 486–7. 82 . The New York Times article incorrectly named Horst Slesina (Chief of the Reich Propaganda Office for the West) as the Gauleiter of Alsace. 83 . New York Times , 27 July 1944. 84 . New York Times , 27 July 1944. 85 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 262). Testimony of the German military commander of Strasbourg, Major-General Vaterrodt. 86 . ‘Threats against deserters’, HIADL, Box 1, Folder 3. 87 . Bundesarchiv Zentralnachweisstelle Aachen (hereafter BaZnsA) RH20 18G BAL 1943 VIII AOK 18. 88 . BaZnsA, RH20 18G BAL 1943 VIII AOK 18. 89 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 262) 90 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 262). 91 . Photocopy of this ordinance is in Leopold Steuer, Martha Verdorfer & Walter Pichler, Verfolgt, Verfemt, Vergessen: Lebensgeschichtliche Erinnerungen an den Widerstand gegen Nationalsozialismus und Krieg Südtirol 1943–1945 (Bozen 1993), p. 442. 92 . Steuer et al., Verfolgt, Verfemt, Vergessen , p. 442. 93 . Steuer et al., Verfolgt, Verfemt, Vergessen , p. 14. 94 . Steuer et al., Verfolgt, Verfemt, Vergessen , pp. 53–4. 95 . Steuer et al., Verfolgt, Verfemt, Vergessen , p. 54. The family Ennemoser were released on 19 October 1944 after the surrender of two of their sons who had deserted. 96 . Steuer et al, Verfolgt, Verfemt, Vergessen , p. 54. 97 . ANL, C.D.Z C 17.1:007. 98 . ANL, C.D.Z C 17.1:007. 99 . ANL, C.D.Z C 17.1:007. 100 . Hoffmann & Wehenkel, Musée national de la Resistance , p. 54. 101 . Correspondence with Hans-Christof von Sponeck, son of Lieutenant- General von Sponeck, 20 November & 2 December 2002. 102 . von Sponeck, correspondence, 2 December 2002 103 . von Sponeck, correspondence, 20 November 2002. 104 . von Sponeck, correspondence, 2 December 2002. Notes 209

105 . ‘Measures against families of deserters’, HIADL, Box 7, Folder 2. 106 . ‘Threats against deserters – reprisals against their families’, HIADL, Box 6, Folder 6. 107 . Institut für Zeitsgeschichte München (hereafter IfZM), Fd 44/ 105. 108 . He specifically mentioned Soviet propaganda. 109 . NAL, WO 208/4139 (SRM 885). 110 . NAL, WO 208/4138 (SRM 794). 111 . Milton Shulman, Defeat in the West (New York 1948), p. 218. 112 . “High treason” of German prisoners of war: threats against their families’, HIADL, Box 1, Folder 3. 113 . BaMF, Copies in the possession of Otto Bonnemann, correspondence, 14 April 2003. 114 . Bonnemann, correspondence, 28 January 2003. 115 . NAW, History of the Office of Strategic Services in London 1942–1945 , Roll 3, Volume 5, ‘Morale Operations Branch’. 116 . NAW, History of the Office of Strategic Services in London 1942–1945 . 117 . NAW, History of the Office of Strategic Services in London 1942–1945 . The American interrogators noted that: ‘It is worthwhile to consider this fear in predicting the future attitude of other officers in similar situations.’ 118 . Frontpost , 24 October 1944, in Klaus Kirchner, Handbook of Leaflets: Propaganda Leaflets from England and the USA in Western Europe to the Germans 1939–1945 (Erlangen, 2001). 119 . A copy of this directive no longer exists although it was referred to at length in Gestapo, SaW, 10556. 120 . BaMF, RW 4/v. 702. 121 . BaMF, RW 4/v. 702. 122 . IfZM, NOKW-547. 123 . IfZM, Fa 91/1/1. 124 . IfZM, NO-5931. 125 . ‘Schönhorn’s order on deserters’, HIADL, Box 9, Folder 8. 126 . BaB, NS 7/261. 127 . BaB, NS 7/261. 128 . BaB, NS 7/261. 129 . Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger from the SS Main Office Hauptamt, ‘Sippenhaft against SS Kith & Kin’, HIADL, Box 2, Folder 5. 130 . TBJG 14, 12 November 1944, p. 203. 131 . Österriechisches Kriegsarchiv Wien (hereafter OkaW) St. L II/496/44. Reserve Grenadier Battalion 2/134. They were also accompanied by their Sergeant. 132 . SaW, Gestapo A kten: 10556. On 27 June 1944 it was determined that Johann R.’s parents, Alois and Margarete, lived in the town of Großlangheim in Bavaria along with their three adolescent daughters. Subsequently, a postal surveillance order was placed on the family. 133 . Johann had been a member of the Hitler Youth and his behaviour at school was ‘orderly’. His father was a member of the N.S.V, and concerning his political views it was noted that he had ‘done nothing wrong’. 134 . Although a similarly worded ordered by ‘Gestapo’ Müller dated 21 November 1944 authorized the use of Sippenhaft against anyone who defected to a foreign country. BaB, R58/1027. 210 Notes

135 . SaW, Gestapo Akten: 10556. 136 . The Würzburg Gestapo seemed to have interpreted that only ‘parents’ and not siblings were liable for Sippenhaft . The Kaltenbrunner directive mentioned in the case file apparently referred to the use of Sippenhaft simply against the ‘Familienangehörige’ (relatives) of the deserter. Also BaB, R 58/1027 directive of 21 November 1944 specifically mentioned all relatives; ‘wives, children, brothers and sisters, parents, and other relatives, if the latter have something disadvantageous known about them’. 137 . BaZnsA, FF 12899, Gestapo Ulm, IV 1a – 1036/44g – 14 December 1944. 138 . Manfred Messerschmidt & Fritz Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz im Deinste des Nationalsozialismus: Zerstörung einer Legende (Baden-Baden 1987), p. 310. 139 . BaZnsA, MA 37970. 140 . BaZnsA, MA 42967. 141 . In the case of Johann R., there were a number of weeks if not months between the actual desertion and the imposition of Sippenhaft . As sentences first had to be confirmed by a military court before approval by Himmler personally, the time between desertion and punishment grew longer. Another example of a substantial time lapse between ‘crime’ and the pronouncement of Sippenhaft was the case of Corporal Josef F., found amongst the files of the 177th Division held at the War Archive in Vienna. Josef F. was given a death sentence for desertion on 7 August 1944, although it took until 20 January 1945 before Himmler confirmed the sentence and till March 1945 for an entry to appear in his file at Gestapo headquarters requesting Sippenhaft against his family. See SaO, 177th Divisional Court, Str.L. II/589/44. 142 . Adelaide Advertiser , 3 January 1945, p. 5. According to the son of General von Choltitz Timo von Choltitz, the General was informed by Robert Ley himself of the newly introduced Sippenhaft punishment on his journey to Berlin from the Führer’s Headquarters on the night of 8–9 August 1944. Despite not following his orders to destroy Paris his wife Huberta, nor their three children were ever harmed. Correspondence with Timo von Choltitz, son of General von Choltitz, 30 June & 1 July 2005. 143 . Erich Kuby, Das Ende des Schreckens: Dokumente des Untergangs Januar bis Mai 1945 (München 1961), pp. 50–1. Also Heinz Bergschicker, Deutsche Chronik 1933–1945: Ein Zeitbild der faschistischen Diktatur (Berlin 1990), p. 537, has a full transcript of this order. While Cornelia Schmitz-Berning, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus (Berlin 2000), p. 581, Hilde Kammer (ed.), Lexikon Nationalsozialismus: Begriff, Organisation und Institution (Berlin 1999), p. 234, only have only selected extracts of this order. A transcript of this announcement could not be found in either the Ba-B or Ba-F. 144 . Kuby, Das Ende des Schreckens , pp. 50–1. 145 . ‘Sippenhaft rejected by soldiers,’ HIADL, Box 2, Folder 5. 146 . ‘Sippenhaft rejected by soldiers,’ HIADL, Box 2, Folder 5. 147 . IfZM, NOKW-535 148 . Edward Shils & Morris Janowitz, ‘Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War Two’, The Public Opinion Quarterly , 12, 2 (Summer 1948), p. 291. 149 . Military Historical Archive, Prague (hereafter MHAP), Urteile 1944/45, StPl RKA I 450/44. Notes 211

150 . See testimony of Major-General Alexander von Pfuhlstein, who believes he saw Felbert’s brother in a Wehrmacht prisoner in Kürstin, near Berlin at the end of January 1945. NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 151 . ‘Sister living in Marienburg, West Prussia to Feldwebel, Italy, 12 November 1944’. HIADL, Box 1, Folder 1. 152 . NAL, WO 208/4196 (SRGG 1086) Bruhn was captured 22 November 1944. 153 . NAW, NA RG 338, ETO Seventh Army Interrogation Centre Box 71. Report 806. 154 . NAW, NA RG 338, Seventh Army G-2 Reports, Box 10. 155 . These were Allied leaflets dropped to German troops that entitled the ‘bearer’ to cross the Allied lines unmolested. 156 . NAW, NA RG 338, Seventh Army G-2 Reports, Box 10. Report Number 30. 157 . NAW, NA RG 338, Seventh Army G-2 Reports, Box 10. Report Number 18. 158 . NAL, WO 208/4140 (SRM 1227). 159 . IfZM, Fd 44/118. 160 . Messerschmidt & Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz p. 312. The divisional directive stated that for the families of those who become POWs without being wounded or are proven not to have fought to the best of their ability, ‘will immediately with all possessions, with life or death, be punished with Sippenhaftung ’. 161 . Goebbels asserts that, ‘officers of the OKW [High Command of the Armed Forces] fought tooth and nail to prevent this news being given in the OKW report’. TBJG 15, 19 March 1945, p. 538. 162 . Messerschmidt & Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz , p. 312. 163 . BaMF, RH/19/IV/226–22. 164 . Kurt Kleemann, Remagen Friedenmuseum, correspondence, 16 July 2002. Captain Bragte (born 1904) is now deceased and the whereabouts of his family is not known. 165 . Correspondence with Ekkehard Strobel, son of Major Strobel, 16 July 2002. Also correspondence with Professor Dr Manfred Messerschmidt, Former Chief Historian at the Military History Research Office, Freiburg, 10 July 2002. 166 . Messerschmidt & Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz , p. 312. The Sippenhaft directive of the 353rd Infantry Division stated ‘the sentence against those responsible for Remargen will be known’. 167 . NAL, WO 208 / 4177 (G.R.G.G 270) 168 . Rüter, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, XIII (FRG), Lfd 421. ‘Rothenburg o.t. Schillingfürst, und Brettheim’. 169 . John Erickson, Road to Berlin (London 1983), p. 545. Lasch had signed the surrender terms the night before on 9 April 1945. 170 . Otto Lasch, Zuckerbrot und Peitsche: Ein Bericht aus russischer Kriegsgefangenschaft – 20 Jahre danach (Ilm 1965), p. 21. 171 . Völkischer Beobachter , 13 April 1945. 172 . Lasch, Zuckerbrot und Peitsche , pp. 22–3. 173 . NAL, WO 208/4178 (SRGG 1147). 174 . Karl-Heinz Roth, ‘Die Modernisierung der Folter in den Beiden Weltkriegen: Der Konflikt der Psychotherapeuten und Schulpsychiater um die deutschen “Kriegsneurotiker” 1915–1945’, in 1999: Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte 3 (July 1987), p. 72. 212 Notes

3 Sippenhaft and the NKFD and the BDO

1 . Bodo Scheurig, Verrat Hinter Stacheldracht? Das Nationalkomitee ‘Freies Deutschland’ und der Bund Deutscher Offiziere in der Sowjetunion, 1943–1945 (München 1965), pp. 43–52. 2 . Hitler, quoted 1 February 1943, in Helmut Heiber (ed.), Lagerbesprechungen im Führerhauptquartier: Protokollfragmente aus Hitlers militärischen Konferenzen 1942–1945 (Berlin 1962), pp. 77 & 79–80. 3 . He was a descendant of Friedrich Wilhelm Seydlitz victor at Rossbach in 1757, regarded as ‘one of the greatest [victories] in the history of cavalry warfare’. Samuel Mitcham, Hitler’s Field Marshals (London 1988), p. 236. 4 . James Carnes, A Study in Courage: General Walter von Seydlitz’ Opposition to Hitler (Michigan 1976), p. 264. 5 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 313. 6 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 307. 7 . Bodo Scheurig (trans. Herbert Arnold), Free Germany: The National Committee and the League of German Officers (Middletown 1969), p. 80. 8 . TBJG 9, 24 September 1943, p. 596. 9 . TBJG 10, 16 November 1943, p. 299 & 24 November 1943, p. 349. 10 . Freies Deutschland , 1, 19 July 1943. 11 . Freies Deutschland , 1, 2 January 1944. 12 . Correspondence with Ingrid von Seydlitz, daughter of Lieutenant-General von Seydlitz, 17 October 2001. 13 . Correspondence with Gero von Lenski, son of Major-General von Lenski, 23 November 2002. 14 . Sigrid Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin: Das Leben des deuschen Generals Otto Korfes (Weiden 1994), p. 175. 15 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 175. 16 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 176. 17 . Margot Bechler, Warten auf Antwort: Ein deutsches Schicksal (Hamburg 1990), p. 15. 18 . Bechler, Warten auf Antwort , p. 19. 19 . Amt für Leibesübungen im SS-Hauptamt , BaB, Personal file: SS Standartenführer Herbert Edler von Daniels. 20 . BaB, Personal file: von Daniels. SS Chief of the Main Office to SS Personnel Office, 8 November 1943. 21 . BaB, Personal file: SS Standartenführer Herbert Edler von Daniels. SS Brigadeführer und Major-General of the Waffen SS Dr Katz from SS-Hauptamt – Amt AI, 29 November 1944. 22 . HsaD, R58 892. 23 . Rundfunkkundgebung Deutscher Kriegsgefangener in Sowjetrussland 24 . HsaD, R58 892. 25 . HsaD, R58 892. No transcripts of any interviews appear in the file. 26 . Freies Deutschland , 52, 24 December 1944. 27 . Correspondence with Ingo Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, son of Judge Advocate Isenhardus Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, 4 May 2011. 28 . Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, correspondence, 26 January 2003. 29 . Correspondence with Professor Dr Eckhard Janeba, grand-nephew of Günther Janeba, 9 October 2011. Notes 213

30 . The original of this letter can be found in the German History Museum; a copy is featured in Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 176. 31 . This was an alternative name for the pocket. 32 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 333. 33 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 336. 34 . An example of the acceptance that the BDO members were not coerced is found in the diary of the former Ambassador to Italy, Ulrich von Hassell. On 23 February 1944 he noted that it was obvious Lieutenant-General von Daniel was not under duress as one of the appeals he had signed was personally addressed to one of the divisional commanders who he had previously served with, ‘this kind of thing can’t be made up’. See von Hassell, The von Hassell Diaries: The Story of the Forces against Hitler inside Germany, 1938–1944 (Boulder 1994), p. 338. 35 . NAL, WO 208/4168 (SRGG 835). 36 . TBJG 11, 4 March 1944, p. 395. 37 . TBJG 11, 4 March 1944, p. 403. 38 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 341. 39 . Erich Manstein, Lost Victories (New York 1994), p. 532. Also Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 342. 40 . Bremer Zeitung , 18 October 1944. Nationally in the Völkischer Beobachter 18 October 1944. See also Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 342. 41 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 341. 42 . TBJG 12, 14 April 1944, p. 102. 43 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 341. The account of the court martial proceedings are described in the Seydlitz Family Journal as being conducted in a ‘fair manner’, Seydlitz Family Journal (hereafter SFJ ), 40 (February 1996), p. 3. 44 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 3. 45 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 3. 46 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 4. 47 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 5. 48 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), pp. 3–4. 49 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 4. Both Gehlen and Schmundt had served in the 18th Artillery Regiment during 1938–1939. 50 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 5. 51 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 52 . Carnes, Study in Courage , p. 343 also Scheurig, Verrat Hinter Stacheldracht? pp. 169–70. 53 . Scheurig, Verrat Hinter Stacheldracht? p. 169. 54 . Carnes, Study in Courage , p. 344. 55 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 56 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 57 . Bechler, Warten auf Antwort , p. 31. 58 . Correspondence with Pastor Hans-Dietrich Schröder, son of Pastor Schröder, 31 October 2003. 59 . Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, correspondence, 26 January 2003. 60 . Freies Deutschland , 31, 30 July 1944. 61 . Despite the efforts of the Nazis to link 20 July to the BDO there was no contact or co-operation whatsoever. Stauffenberg had been quoted as saying that he did not believe in proclamations made behind barbed wire. See 214 Notes

Carnes A Study in Courage , pp. 344–5, interview with General von Seydlitz, where Seydlitz stated unequivocally that there was no contact between the two groups. Also Scheurig, Free Germany , p. 137 for the lack of contact between the NKFD/BDO and 20 July 1944 group. 62 . Correspondence with Dietland von Seydlitz, daughter of Lieutenant-General von Seydlitz, 9 May 2001. She was adamant that after 20 July 1944 the army had no say in the treatment of the family. 63 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 12. 64 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 183. 65 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 66 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 67 . Schröder, correspondence, 31 October 2003. 68 . Correspondence with Hans-Moritz von Frankenberg und Proschlitz, nephew of Major Frankenberg und Proschlitz, , 27 April 2011. 69 . von Frankenberg und Proschlitz, correspondence, 13 May 2011. 70 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 119 & pp. 191–2. Also interview with Katharina Lewerenz, July 1972 recorded in Kai Schoenhals, The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism or Treason? (New York 1989), p. 109. Although he states that only two of the von Seydlitz children were arrested, when it was actually all four of them. See also Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung , p. 30. 71 . Eckhard Janeba, correspondence, 9 October 2011. 72 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , pp. 191–2, also p. 119. 73 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 9 May 2001. 74 . Carnes, A Study in Courage , p. 347. 75 . Dietland von Seydlitz Report (unpublished 1996), kindly supplied by Ingrid von Seydlitz. 76 . von Seydlitz Report . 77 . Manfred Wagenknecht, ‘Elisabeth von Canstein in Sippenhaft ’, Jahrbuch Hochsauerlandkreis 14 (1993), p. 78. Wagenknecht asserts that ‘the assump- tion that the arrest [of Magdalene von Canstein] instead of Elisabeth being a misunderstanding is doubtful’. 78 . Wagenknecht, ‘Elisabeth von Canstein in Sippenhaft ’, p. 78. 79 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). As far as is known, Captain Paulus (see later) and Colonel von Canstein were the only individuals connected with the NKFD and BDO to be held there. 80 . HsaD, RW 58 37 016. 81 . Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (hereafter LaSaar), Landesschädigungsamt Number: 8133. 82 . LaSaar, 8133. 83 . Scheurig, Free Germany , p. 169. 84 . IfZM, Fd 44/104. 85 . BaB, NS 19/ 4015. 86 . Scheurig, Free Germany , pp. 167–8. 87 . Schoenhals, The Free Germany Movement , p. 111. 88 . Correspondence with Tamina Schem, daughter of Dr Barth, 29 October 2002. 89 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 9. 90 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 20 March 2001. Notes 215

91 . Bechler, Warten auf Antwort , p. 22. 92 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 190. 93 . Correspondence with Eberhard von Drebber, son of Major-General Moritz von Drebber, 17 November 2003. 94 . von Drebber, correspondence, 17 November 2003. 95 . New York Times , 6 August 1944. 96 . Especially Scheurig, Free Germany , p. 86. Scheurig emphasizes this point; ‘The only name mentioned in the German propaganda was that of Seydlitz.’ See note 40, p. 273. 97 . BaB, NS 19/2222. 98 . Peter Joachim Lapp, General bei Hitler und Ulbricht: Vincenz Müller: eine deutsche Karriere (Berlin 2003), p. 144. This was also despite Goebbels describing the wording of Müller’s capitulation document – where he ordered his troops to hand over their weapon intact to the Soviets – being the most shameful one he had ever read. TBJG 13, 17 July 1944, p. 128. 99 . Rüdiger Wenke, ‘Rudolf Bamler: Karrierebuch in der Kasernierten Volkspolizei’ in Armin Wagner (ed.), Genosse General!: die Militärelite der DDR in biografischen Skizzen (Berlin 2003), p. 41. 100 . His son argues that the renown of the von Lehwess-Litzmann name – his grandfather was Karl Litzmann, a First World War General and earlier supporter of the Nazi movement, as well as the connections of his mother (at the time her brother was a well-known doctor in Dresden). Correspondence with Klaus von Lehwess-Litzmann, son of Lieutenant- Colonel von Lehwess-Litzmann, 1 May 2011. 101 . von Drebber, correspondence, 17 November 2003. 102 . Correspondence with Ruth Elde von Daniels, daughter-in-law of Lieutenant- General Elder von Daniels, 10 September 2003. 103 . NAL, WO 208/4139 (SRM 837). 104 . Count Heinrich von Einsiedel, correspondence, 20 November 2002. 105 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 1. 106 . Heinrich von Einsiedel, 20 November 2002 & Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, correspondences, 26 January 2003. 107 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 1. 108 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 1. 109 . Shortly after the fall of Stalingrad, Hitler stated his firm belief that Paulus and the other captured German Officers, once subjected to ‘Soviet torture methods’, would be promoting anti-Nazi propaganda. Kershaw, Hitler , p. 550. Hitler’s anger with Paulus in particular was illustrated by his desire after the war to bring him before a military court martial, ‘because of his failure to fight until the last man’. 110 . BaB, R58/397. 111 . Mitcham, Hitler’s Field Marshals , p. 224. 112 . Correspondence with Olga von Kutzschenbach, daughter of Field-Marshal Paulus, 27 March 2001. 113 . Leonid Reschin, Feldmarschall Friedrich Paulus im Kreuzverhör 1943–1953 (Augsburg 2000), pp. 174f & 178f. 114 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 191. 115 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 297), Testimony of General Thumm (OKW Reserve). 216 Notes

116 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 8. This man was 70-year-old Ingo von Knobelsdorff, the father of Judge Advocate Isenhardus Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff. Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, correspondence, 26 January 2003. 117 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002 also von Seydlitz, Report . 118 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , pp. 191–2, also p. 119. 119 . von Seydlitz Report . 120 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 191. Frau Korfes claims to have seen Frau von Seydlitz and her daughter Dietland at the Schierlichmühle camp, but the arrival of Frau Korfes (after 9 January 1945) would mean she actually missed the Seydlitzes as they were released on 16 December 1944. 121 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 194. 122 . Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung , p. 78. 123 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 124 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 194. 125 . The New York Times , 25 August 1944. 126 . BaB, R 58/470. 127 . Air University Archive, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama (hereafter AUA-M) C.S.D.I.C. (UK) (SRGG1170 c) Conversation of Lieutenant-General Kirchheim, 12 April 1945. 128 . AUA-M, C.S.D.I.C. (UK) (SRGG1170 c). 129 . Ingrid von Seydlitz is unsure whether her father knew his family was arrested but suspects he did not. von Seydlitz, correspondence, 8 May 2011. Von Seydlitz, Mein Todesurteil , Freies Deutschland , 42, 1 October 1944. 130 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 131 . Freies Deutschland , 13, 28 March 1945. 132 . Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, correspondence, 26 January 2003. 133 . von Frankenberg und Proschlitz, correspondence, 27 April 2011. 134 . Schröder, correspondence, 31 October 2003. 135 . IfZM, MA 218. 136 . Schem, correspondence, 29 October 2002. 137 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 138 . Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London 1995), p. 534. The von Seydlitz family also support his claim. von Seydlitz, Report , also von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 139 . SFJ , 40 (February 1996), p. 8. 140 . von Seydlitz, Report . 141 . TBJG 15, 25 January 1945, p. 220. 142 . Scheurig, Free Germany , p. 186. 143 . BaB, NS 6/348. 144 . Wolfgang Leonhard, Child of the Revolution (London 1958), p. 279. 145 . Freies Deutschland , 50, 10 December 1944. 146 . Max Domarus (ed.), Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945 (Wiesbaden 1973), p. 2193. Also Scheurig, Free Germany , p. 82, also Kershaw, Hitler , p. 772. 147 . Kirchheim reported he said, ‘To my mind it is out of the question that Paulus has done what the Russians assert; namely commanding an Army fighting against us.’ NAL, WO 208/4169 (SRGG 1178). 148 . Scheurig, Free Germany , p. 82. Making his farewell at the NKFD Christmas 1944 gathering in Moscow, the émigré German communist Hermann Notes 217

Matern was reported to have shouted: ‘Be prepared for Königsberg!’ Scheurig, Free Germany , notes, p. 272. 149 . Heike Bungret, Das Nationalkomitee under der Westen: Die Reaktion der Westallierten auf das NKFD und die Freien Deutschen Bewegungen, 1943–1948 (Stuttgart 1997), also A.J. Nicolls, ‘Book Review’, The American Historical Review , 105, 3 (June 2000), p. 1036. 150 . New York Times , 28 January 1945. 151 . BaB, SgY12 Nationalkomittee File II 3/493. 152 . Surrounded, Königsberg did not surrender until 10 April 1945, while Breslau held out until the unconditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945. 153 . BaB, SgY12 Nationalkomittee File II 3/493. 154 . TBJG 15, 6 March 1945, p. 430. 155 . TBJG 15, 7 March 1945, p. 438.

4 ‘... if a man in this Reich is untrue, then he and his family will be punished ...’ Sippenhaft and the 20 July 1944 Plot

1 . When arrests were carried out, perhaps due to the number of those arrested, some Sippenhaft prisoners were not moved beyond temporary imprisonment, such as house arrest, police or military or court prisons. 2 . While these units had a high casualty rate they were not necessarily considered an automatic ‘death sentence’. See Hans-Peter Klausch, Die Bewährungstruppe 500: Stellung und Funktion der Bewährungstruppe 500 im System von NS-Wehrrecht, NS-Militärjustiz und Wehrmachtstrafvollzug (Bremen 1995), pp. 361–8. 3 . For a thorough discussion of 20 July 1944 conspirators and the German resistance in general see Peter Hoffmann’s, The History of the German Resistance and also Joachim Fest’s, Plotting Hitler’s Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945 (London 1997). 4 . Domarus, Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945 , p. 2127. Quoting Albert Zoller, Hitler privat: Erlebnisbericht seiner Geheimsekretärin , (Düsseldorf 1949), p. 186. Privately to Albert Speer ‘[h]e would annihilate and exter- minate every one of them’. See Speer, Inside the Third Reich , p. 525. Also Kershaw, Hitler , p. 684. 5 . Domarus, Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen , pp. 2127–9. 6 . Keesing’s Contemporary Record of World Events (Keynsham Bristol 1943– 1946), p. 6564. 7 . Klaus-Heinrich Peter (ed.), Spiegelbild einer Verschwörung; Die Kaltenbrunner- Berichte an Bormann und Hitler über das Attentat vom 20. Juli 1944: Geheime Dokumente aus dem ehemaligen Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Stuttgart 1961), pp. 8–11. 8 . Der Angriff , 180, 23 July 1944, p. 1. See also Völkischer Beobachter , 23 July 1944, pp. 1–2. See also Speer, Inside the Third Reich , p. 525. 9 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (SRGG 975). His speech was also noted on by other prisoners including Major-General Gerhard Bassenge, see NAL, WO 208/4363 (GRGG 162). 10 . NAL, WO 208/4169 (SRGG 1134). 218 Notes

11 . See Heinz Boberach, Meldungen aus dem Reich: Die geheimen Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1938–1945 (Pawlak 1984), dated 7 August 1944, p. 6701. 12 . Vermehren, Reise durch den Letzten Akt , p. 153. 13 . Himmler’s speech at Grafenwöhr, 26 July 1944, BaB, NS 19/4015. 14 . BaB, NS 19/4015. 15 . BaB, NS 19/4015. 16 . BaB, NS 19/4015. I have added the italics although the spelling Sippe-Haftet is as per the typed copy in Himmler’s personal files. 17 . BaB, NS 19/4015. 18 . BaB, NS 19/1447. 19 . One of the leading participants on that fateful night who was not punished with Sippenhaft was the Commander of the Home Army, Colonel-General Fromm. After his hasty execution of Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Quirnheim and Haeften, Fromm was arrested after his arrival at the office of Goebbels on the same night. Despite being placed on trial and executed in March 1945, his wife was never arrested. See IfZgM, MA 326. Frau Fromm wrote to Speer on several occasions in a vain attempt to save her husband. 20 . Reinhild von Hardenberg, Auf immer neuen Wegen: Erinnerungen an Neuhardenberg und den Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus (Berlin 2003), pp. 102&117. Also von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 153. Count Carl Hans von Hardenberg was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and survived thanks to the care of a communist fellow prisoner. 21 . Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 182. 22 . Freidrich Georgi, Wir haben das Letzte gewagt ... General Olbricht und die Verschwörung gegen Hitler (Freiburg 1990), p. 119. 23 . Georgi, Wir haben das Letzte gewagt , p. 119. 24 . Colonel-General Beck was a widower; his wife had died during the First World War. 25 . Klaus-Jürgen Müller, Generaloberst Ludwig Beck: eine Biographie (Paderborn 2008), p. 768. A nephew serving in a Panzer Corps in France, Major Rudolf Beck was not arrested but was captured at Saires-La-Verrerie in Normandy on 16 August 1944. See NAL, WO208/4139 (SRM 837). 26 . Peter Steinbach, Johannes Tuchel & Ursula Adam, Lexikon des Widerstandes, 1933–1945 (München 1998), p. 81. 27 . Ludwig von Hammerstein-Equord, ‘Der 20 Juli 1944: Erinnerungen eines Beteiligten’, Europa-Institut der Univertät des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 27 Juni 1994, p. 24. Also Freya von Hassell & David Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War (London 1990), p. 153. Three other sisters were not arrested. 28 . BaB, R 58/ 1027. Also Bengt von zur Mühlen (ed.), Die Angeklagten des 20. Juli vor dem Volksgerichtshof (Berlin 2001), p. 392. 29 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 38. 30 . Correspondence with Konstantin Freytag von Loringhoven, grand-nephew of Colonel Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven, 18 April 2011. 31 . Breithaupt to Benno Kräcke (Cornelia Schrader’s brother), 3 March 1945, document held in a private archive. 32 . ‘Dazu gehörte viel christliche Glaubenskraft und Disziplin’. Interview with Dr Uta von Aretin (née von Tresckow) in Sigrid Grabner & Hendrik Röder, Henning von Tresckow: Ich bin der Ich war (Berlin 2001), p. 73. Kindly supplied by Frau Dr von Aretin, correspondence, 24 August 2002. Notes 219

33 . Grabner & Röder, Henning von Tresckow , p. 74. 34 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 60. Also Grabner & Röder, Henning von Tresckow , p. 75. 35 . Correspondence with Petra Berhens, German Resistance Memorial, 14 January 2011. 36 . von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 122. 37 . Correspondence with Rainer Goerdeler, grandson of Carl Goerdeler, 23 November 2002. 38 . Goerdeler, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 39 . The oldest son, an artillery lieutenant on the Eastern Front, had already been taken into custody before his mother. The younger brother, Georg, a naval officer-cadet, was detained on the morning of 25 August 1944. Georg Lindemann, Prisoner of the NS-Regime , unpublished testimony, German History Museum (hereafter GHM), Celle (April 2001). Their daughter, ten-year-old Marlies Lindemann, was arrested on 26 August 1944. Georg Lindemann, Before the People’s Court , unpublished testimony, GHM, Celle (April 2001). 40 . von zur Mühlen, Die Angeklagten des 20. Juli, p. 191. 41 . Der Speigel , 14, 6 April 1950, p. 20. 42 . For allegedly helping Arthur Nebe, Walter and Else Frick were arrested on 16 January 1945, Walter eventually being shot on the night of 22/3 April 1945 while Else was liberated on 24 April. For assisting an unnamed conspiracy member Dr Hans Koch and his wife Annemarie were taken into custody on 20 January 1945, she was liberated on 21 April while he was shot by a special detachment of the RSHA on 24 April 1945. 43 . BaB, R 58/ 1027, von zur Mühlen, Die Angeklagten des 20 Juli, p. 60. Also von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 121. 44 . Peter Steinbach & Johannes Tuchel, Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus (Bonn 1994), p. 163. In addition, Hans-Bernd’s sister, Annelise Gisevius, his closest living relative, was taken into custody, p. 122. 45 . He was executed on 9 April 1945, she was held until liberated on 21 April 1945. Annedore Leber, Das Gewissen entscheidet: Bereiche des deutschen Widerstandes von 1933–1945 (Berlin 1957), p. 214. 46 . Under the leadership of the Chief of the RSHA, Kaltenbrunner, this unit had over 400 detectives at its disposal. Zimmermann & Jacobsen, Germans against Hitler , p. 183. 47 . Job von Witzleben interview, Johannes Steinhoff, Peter Pechel, Dennis Showalter & Helmut Schmidt, Voices from the Third Reich: An Oral History (New York 1989), pp. 514–16. 48 . As explained in Chapter 2 , after his capture the Commander of Aachen, Colonel Wilck, specifically mentioned believing that the von Witzleben family had been murdered, strongly indicating that this was an active rumour. 49 . Frau Edelgarde Reimer (née von Witzleben), daughter of Field-Marshal Erwin von Witzleben, interviewed by Matthias Horndasch for the Lower Saxony Ministry of Internal Affairs and Sport, April 2008. She did report however, that on a number of occasions people showed sympathy for her knowing what her father had done. 50 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286), also von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 154, and Vermehren, Reise Durch den letzten Akt , p. 43. Ulrike Hett & Johannes Tuchel, ‘Die Reaktionen des NS-Staates auf den 220 Notes

Umsturzversuch vom 20 Juli 1944’, in Steinbach & Tuchel, Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus , p. 380. 51 . Correspondence with Professor Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase, the son of Paul von Hase, 30 October 2011. The Kreisleiter of Jena was particularly active, he also had the bust of the Church historian Karl August von Hase (25 August 1800–3 January 1890) and a street sign removed from the University. 52 . von Hase, correspondence, 30 October 2011. 53 . Roland Kopp, Paul von Hase, Von der Alexander-Kaserne nach Plötzensee: Eine deutsche Soldatenbiographie, 1885–1944 (Münster 2001), p. 263. 54 . Hett & Tuchel, ‘Die Reaktionen des NS-Staates’, p. 380. Heinz Yorck was killed in Poland in 1939 while another brother died on the Russian Front in 1942. 55 . Paul von Wartenburg, interview, San Diego Union Tribune , 22 June 2002. 56 . Marion von Wartenburg, The Power of Solitude: My Life in the German Resistance (Lincoln 2000), pp. 47–8. 57 . Interview with Frau Hermine Bernadaris, recorded in Karl Glaubauf, ‘Oberleutnant i.G. Robert Bernardis: ein Österriecher im militärischen Widerstand’, Truppendienst (March 1997), p. 224. Also Hett & Tuchel, ‘Die Reaktionen des NS-Staates’, p. 380. 58 . Dagmar Albrecht, Mit meinem Schicksal kann ich nicht hadern: Sippenhaft in der Familie Albrecht von Hagen (Berlin 2001), p. 164. 59 . Behrens, correspondence, 9 October 2010. Captain Klausing had two brothers, Benno and Otto and one sister, Mathilde. 60 . Captain Klausing’s final letter to his parents was written two days later, BaB, R 58 / 1075. On 18 August 1944, the Pro-Rector of the University wrote – on the Rectors letterhead – that the motive for his suicide was not only the despair that his son had been arrested for treason but also ‘the desire for atonement’. See Bestand Reichsminister für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, Personalakte Friedrich Klausing. Document held by German Resistance Memorial, Berlin. 61 . Correspondence with Oli Hansen, grandson of Colonel Georg-Alexander Hansen, 7 December 2010. Also Christa von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa: Das schwere Jahr 1944/45 , unpublished (1946), p. 21. Manuscript kindly supplied by Alfred von Hofacker. 62 . Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg (hereafter HSaM), depositum Fellgiebel, im Besitz von Susanne Potel, geb. Fellgiebel (28 March 1947). Frau Fellgiebel was arrested on 30 July 1944. von Aretin, correspondence, 24 August 2002. 63 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 64 . HSaM, depositum Fellgiebel. Thanks to help from his superiors, the older son, Captain Walter-Peer Fellgiebel, was released and was able to return to duty. However, on 7 April 1945 he was discharged from the Wehrmacht as ‘unreliable’. Field-Marshal Schorner intervened on his behalf and he ended the war as part of his army group. Karl-Heinz Wildhagen, Erich Fellgiebel: Meister operativer Nachrichtenverbindungen, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichten- Truppe (Hannover 1970), p. 319. 65 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 167. Adam von Trott zu Solz’s biographer claims that Clara was arrested on the 27 August 1944, the day of his execution. Giles MacDonogh, A Good German: Adam von Trott zu Solz (London 1989), p. 303. Notes 221

66 . Testimony of Egbert Hayessen’s sister Gertrude von Saldern recorded by Otto Wiegand. Michael Curschmann, editor Curschmann Family Journal , correspondence, 7 September 2002. 67 . Correspondence with Philip Hayessen, grandson of Egbert Hayessen, 9 March 2011. 68 . Hayessen, correspondence, 1 April 2011. 69 . Testimony of Major-General von Pfuhlstein, NAL, WO208/4169 (SRGG188). 70 . Von Helldorff’s son had been captured at Caen on 11 July 1944. Lieutenant von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt claimed in a taped conversation in a British POW camp in 1945 that one of von Helldorff’s sons secured his release after the 20 July with an interview with Goebbels. This could have been the eldest Wolf-Ingo. See NAL, WO 208/4140 (SRM 1142). 71 . Correspondence with Henry von Helldorff, grandson of Hans-Benno von Helldorff, 7 August 2011. 72 . von Helldorff, correspondence, 11 August 2011. 73 . Wibke Bruhns, My Father’s Country: The Story of a German family (London 2009), p. 321. 74 . Bruhns, My Father’s Country , p. 333. 75 . This was a particularly brutal probation unit for the Waffen-SS, made up of career criminals and political prisoners. Bruhns, My Father’s Country , p. 333. 76 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 144. 77 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 147. 78 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 117. 79 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 121. 80 . Albrecht, Mit meinem Schicksal kann ich nicht hadern , p. 164. 81 . Conspiracy member Major-General Alexander von Pfuhlstein, Commander of the ‘Brandenburg’ Division, had been brought into the conspiracy by Major-General Hans Oster. On the day of the attempted coup, von Pfuhlstein and his division had been assigned to occupy the Western quarter of Berlin including the SS Artillery barracks at Jütterbog. He was arrested on the night of 31 August 1944, while in custody he decided to admit only to knowing about the order to occupy the Western area of Berlin. Yet, upon seeing a naked and obviously brutalized von Oster in the washroom of the Gestapo’s Berlin headquarters, he realized that he would have to reveal his full involvement. Pfuhlstein was never placed on trial although he was dismissed from the army on 14 September 1944 and survived the war. While in a British POW camp he attributed the reason that no action was taken against his wife and six children, to an incident involving himself and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. During the Nazi takeover of Hungary the previous March, he had saved Kaltenbrunner from a group of armed Hungarian soldiers. The gravity of the situation was not lost on Kaltenbrunner, who thanked von Pfuhlstein for saving his life, NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 82 . Correspondence with Wilhelm Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, son of Ulrich Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, 4 October 2002. 83 . Correspondence with Constantin Freiherr von Wiedersperg-Leonrod, step- grandson of Major Ludwig von Leonrod, 12 April 2011. It is claimed that his brother Wilhelm who had been wounded in combat was allowed to die of his injuries in early 1945. 222 Notes

84 . Meyer, Verschwörer im KZ , p. 276–8. 85 . von Stülpnagel, correspondence, 21 February 2003. 86 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 87 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 3. 88 . Christa Miller (née von Hofacker) interview, 60 Minutes , CBS Network, 14 July 1996. 89 . Correspondence with Vera von Lehndorff, daughter of Heinrich von Lehndorff, 12 January 2003. 90 . This is also supported by Michael Baigent & Richard Leigh, Secret Germany: Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade against Hitler (London 1994), notes , p. 303. 91 . von Lehndorff, correspondence, 12 January 2003. 92 . See Hett & Tuchel, ‘Die Reaktionen des NS-Staates’, p. 383. I have calculated that, even in the period of July and August alone, at least 120 individuals were taken into custody. This figure also includes 42 ‘20 July’ children sent to the Children’s Home at Bad Sachsa. 93 . Zimmermann & Jacobsen, Germans against Hitler , p. 195. Also Josef Ackermann, Heinrich Himmler als Ideologe (Frankfurt 1970), p. 151. The Bundesarchiv Berlin does not hold a copy of this speech. 94 . Zimmermann & Jacobsen, Germans against Hitler , p. 195 and Ackermann, Heinrich Himmler , p. 151. 95 . San Diego Union Tribune , 22 June 2002. 96 . Deutsche Presse Agentur , 4 August 1997. The German court ruled that property confiscation by the Nazis in this case could not conclusively be proven. 97 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 98 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 46, and von Wartenburg, The Power of Solitude , p. 56. 99 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 163. 100 . Walter von Stülpnagel, 21 February 2003. 101 . Koch, In the Name of the Volk , p. 215. 102 . SS-Obergruppenführer Franz Breithaupt (8 December 1880 – 29 April 1945) since 15 August 1942 Breithaupt was Chief of the Central SS Legal Office. 103 . BaB, NS 1 / 641. 104 . Koch, In the Name of the Volk , p. 215, also Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 716. Koch cited ‘BDC Thierack to Himmler: 24 October 1944’ while Hoffmann quotes as his source documents in a ‘BA Schumacher Collection’. As this series of documents could not be located I was unable to see this document personally, however, I believe it to be accurate. 105 . BaB, NS 1 /641. 106 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 163. 107 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 108 . New York Times , 2 August 1944. 109 . New York Times , 10 August 1944. 110 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (SRGG 975). 111 . Times , (London), 18 August 1944. 112 . Hans-Joachim Jacobsen, Opposition gegen Hitler und der Staatssreich vom 20 Juli 1944. Geheime Dokumente aus dem ehemaligen Reichssicherheitshauptamt , 1 (Stuttgart 1989), p. 278. Notes 223

113 . Jacobsen, Opposition gegen Hitler und der Staatssreich vom 20 Juli 1944 , p. 277. 114 . Hitler’s broadcast of that night named ‘Colonel von Stauffenberg’ as the would-be assassin, as did Robert Ley’s speech. 115 . This was likely a means to prevent middle-ranking functionaries desirous of demonstrating their loyalty to the Nazi cause or bolstering flagging morale, from getting over-enthusiastic in the application of the policy – particularly, at least, in appropriating the property of Sippenhaft victims. 116 . NAL, WO 208/4168 (SRGG 961c). 117 . Peter Hoffmann, Stauffenberg: A Family History, 1905–1944 (London 1995), p. 1, gives an explanation of the origins of the different Stauffenberg lines. 118 . On 22 July 1944 a document was forwarded to Martin Bormann from Hans Berner, Leader of the German Writers Chamber (RSK), containing a brief outline of the von Stauffenberg family history along with a copy of the entry for von Stauffenberg in the 1942 edition of the Gothaischen Genealogischen Tachenbuchen: der Gräflichen Häuser . This list contained the names of all the descendants of Count Klemens Schenk von Stauffenberg, (born 12 August 1826, died 16 November 1886): his son; the then family senior, 85 year-old Count Berthold; daughter Leopoldine and youngest son Count Alfred, father of Claus (as this document was based on a book published in early 1942, the oldest son of Claus’s uncle Count Klemens von Stauffenberg, Karl Berthold, was listed as alive whereas he had actually been killed in action in December 1941). It was probably this list that the Gestapo worked from when rounding up von Stauffenberg’s relatives. Although addressed to Bormann, the words, ‘forward to SS-Gruppenführer Fegelein’, Himmler’s representative at Hitler’s headquarters, were added at the top of the document in handwriting. See BaB, NS 6/3. 119 . Zimmermann & Jacobsen Germans against Hitler , p. 195. Also Bradley Smith & Anges Peterson, Heinrich Himmler Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945: und andere Ansprachen (München 1974). Also Padfield, Himmler , p. 528. 120 . BaB, NS 6/3. 121 . BaB, R 58/1027. 122 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 186. 123 . Hoffman Stauffenberg , p. 206. 124 . The Independent (London), 9 July 1994. 125 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 191. Mika and her children stayed with Claus’s mother Caroline von Stauffenberg at the family home Lautingen. 126 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 186. 127 . The Independent (London), 9 July 1994. 128 . Zimmermann & Jacobsen, Germans against Hitler , pp. 340 & 343. 129 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 192. 130 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 12 June 2002. 131 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 192. 132 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 12 June 2002. 133 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 12 June 2002. 134 . Hoffmann, Stauffenberg , p. 281. 135 . Hoffmann, Stauffenberg , p. 279. 136 . BaB, NS 6/3. 224 Notes

137 . ‘A picture of the Führer does not hang in his office ... he does not have a swastika flag ... he celebrated the hunting festival often for weeks’. BaB, NS 6/3. 138 . BaB, NS 6/3. Claus’s father had died on 20 January 1936. 139 . Testimony of Klaus Hansen in Blair Holmes & Alan Keele (eds.), When Truth Was Treason: German Youth against Hitler (Chicago 1995), p. xvii. 140 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 12 June 2002. 141 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 21 May 2003. 142 . Correspondence with Count Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, 27 May 2002. Otto-Phillip recalled that, ‘in the mornings he sat with us at the breakfast table; this did not help our appetites’. 143 . von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 119. 144 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 145 . Hoffmann, Stauffenberg , p. 280. 146 . von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 119. 147 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 148 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 21 May 2003. See also von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 153. Eugen Kogon claims six Stauffenbergs were held at Buchenwald. Eugene Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell (London 1950), p. 50. 149 . von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p115. 150 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 151 . Hoffmann, Stauffenberg , p. 281. Berthold Stauffenberg claims her early release was due to ill-health. Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 152 . The Independent (London), 9 July 1994. 153 . Hoffmann, Stauffenberg , p. 279. Another possible reason for her release was the assistance both Alexander and Melitta received from a Gestapo commissar, SS-Stürmbannführer Paul Opitz. Hoffmann believes Opitz was keen to begin making a good impression for after the war and helped both these von Stauffenbergs with ‘small favours’. 154 . This action was especially interesting as it was only days later that the guidelines for property confiscation were laid down by the Ministry of Finance and the Minister of Justice. See BaB, NS 6/3. 155 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. Also Hoffmann, Stauffenberg , p. 280. 156 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 194. 157 . Gestapo humour? An ancestral name of von Stauffenberg was ‘Schenk’. 158 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 196. 159 . These being: Hans-Bernd von Haeften, Major Egbert Hayessen, Bernhard and Hans-Bernd Klamroth, Count Wolf Heinrich von Helldorff, and Adam von Trott zu Solz. The one exception here seems to be Count von Helldorff. He was married to Ingeborg von Wedel and had five children, one of whom had been captured by the Allies on 11 July 1944. Documents at the Bundesarchiv Berlin indicate that another son was at liberty as he tried to intercede on his father’s behalf with Josef Goebbels not being aware that the sentence against his father had already been carried out, see BaB, B-323; IfZM, MA 1560; Marie Wassiltschikow, Die Berliner Tagebücher der ‘Missie’ Wassiltschikow (Berlin 1987), p. 275. Ted Harrison, ‘“Alter Kämpfer” im Widerstand: Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Notes 225

Hitler’, Vierteljahrhefte fur Zeitgeschichte , 45, 3 (July 1997), p. 385. Also see earlier for various dates of arrests of these relatives. It must be remembered that Clarita von Trott zu Solz was not arrested until 17 August 1944, two days after her husbands trial. MacDonogh, A Good German , p. 303. Also von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 167. 160 . Correspondence with Peter Finckh, son of Colonel Finckh, 22 August 2002. This contradicts Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 520, who claimed that, ‘all available members of the fami[ly] ... Finckh were arrested’. Also von zur Mühlen, Die Angeklagten des 20 Juli, p. 110. 161 . Finckh, correspondence, 22 August 2002. 162 . Interview with Johanna Helene Rahtgens in Jana Leichsenring, Frauen und Widerstand: Schriftenreihe der Forschungsgemeinschaft 20 Juli e.V. 1 (Münster 2003), p. 128. 163 . Frau Wirmer was not arrested but Josef’s brother Ernst was later taken into custody in November 1944. There is conflicting evidence over whether the wife of Wilhelm Leuschner was arrested – it is claimed his family went into hiding until the end of the war – nor for the family of Paul Lejeune-Jung. Lejeune-Jung had five sons in the army, two had already been killed in action yet, neither the surviving three, nor Frau Lejeune-Jung were taken into custody. Before the trial and execution of their father, one son was even allowed leave from the front to attempt to see him. See correspondences with Berhens, 14 January 2011 and Tanja Czibulinski-Kuehn, a descendant of Wilhelm Leuschner, 14 March 2011. As far as can be ascertained, only the relatives of Goerdeler and von Hassell were arrested. The latter’s wife, Ilse von Hassell, and his eldest daughter, Almuth, had been arrested in Munich at the end of July, his youngest daughter Fey von Hassell and her children were arrested only after her father’s trial and execution. His sons, the youngest Wolf-Ulli was not taken into custody, while his older brother Major Hans-Dieter von Hassell was arrested at his unit on the Italian Front. When exactly this occurred is not known, although certainly before October 1944. The von Hassell family were held until the end of the war. See von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 118. Also Zimmermann & Jacobsen, Germans against Hitler , p. 231. 164 . Correspondence with Barbara von Krauss, daughter of Major-General von Oster, 10 November 2002. A brother, Harald von Oster, had died at Stalingrad. 165 . von Krauss, correspondence, 10 November 2002. 166 . von Krauss, correspondence, 10 November 2002. Again, this is in direct contradiction to current historical understanding, see Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 520: ‘All available members of the families of ... Canaris ... Oster were arrested.’ 167 . Padfield, Himmler , p. 530. The friendship between Canaris and Heydrich dated back to when they had served in the navy together. 168 . This is the view of Karsten Hansen, the son of Hans-Georg Hansen, correspondence, 14 January 2011. 169 . Keitel, The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel , p. 266. As Canaris was subor- dinate to Keitel, he was ultimately responsible for the actions of Canaris. Keitel himself only mentioned that: ‘My faith in Canaris was to cost me dearly later.’ p. 62. 170 . Testimony of Christel von Dohnanyi in Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer , p. 939. 226 Notes

171 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 17. 172 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , pp. 68–84. See also von Wartenburg, The Power of Solitude , p. 56. Marion von Wartenburg was at a loss to explain about the failure of the Gestapo to arrest Frau Moltke and Frau Reichwein. 173 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 46. 174 . von zur Mühlen, Die Angeklagten des 20. Juli, p. 392. 175 . Arrested in 1933, Leber was initially held in Sachsenhausen concentration camp until 1937. Berhens, correspondence, 14 January 2011. 176 . Correspondence with Georg Schulze-Büttger, son of Colonel Georg Schulze-Büttger, 20 April 2011. 177 . Meyer, Verschwörer im KZ , p. 163. Quoting from a correspondence with Frau von Boehmer, 1 February 1995. 178 . Correspondence with Käthe von Boehmer, wife of Lieutenant-Colonel von Boehmer, 20 October 2002. 179 . AUA-M, CSDIC (UK) GG Report (SRGG 1170c): Interrogation of Lieutenant- General Heinrich Kirchheim. See later for the stipulations Field-Marshal Rommel made during his last conversation with his son Manfred. 180 . BaB, R 3/1598. 181 . The letter itself was allegedly signed not with the customary ‘Heil Hitler’ but ‘with comradely greetings’. NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 182 . Fest, Plotting Hitler’s Death , p. 294. Gerd’s suicide is confirmed by von Pfuhlstein, see NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 183 . von Aretin, correspondence, 3 November 2002 & 24 August 2003. 184 . BaB, NS 19/2222. At one point he wrote: ‘I therefore cannot judge at all from my situation whether the woman, [Frau Lindemann] whom I also did not see for many years is not more complicated with the thing [conspiracy] somehow.’ 185 . Schmundt eventually succumbed to his wounds on 1 October 1944. Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 405. Von Friedeburg continued ‘I do not understand how General Schmundt and General Zeitzler appointed such a man [Lindemann] into such an important position in the Führer headquarters. I cannot myself judge this since I only saw the man three times in my life, and five years having already passed since the last time. But in my opinion, the Chief of the Personnel Office [Schmundt] and Chief of the General Staff [Zeitzler] must nevertheless know whom they can entrust with such an important office.’ BaB, NS 19/1222. 186 . BaB, NS 19/2222. 187 . Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 517. Having been ‘shot while trying to escape’, he died of his wounds on 21 September 1944. 188 . BaB, NS 19/2222. 189 . Lindemann, Before the People’s Court . 190 . BaB, NS 6/25. 191 . BaB, NS 6/25. 192 . There were four sons originally, Hans-Henning (1937–1940) died in infancy, Christoph von Schwerin, Als sei nichts gewesen: Erinnerungen (Berlin 1997), p. 402. 193 . BaB, NS 6/25. 194 . BaB, NS 6/25. Notes 227

195 . BaB, NS 6/25. 196 . BaB, NS 6/25. 197 . BaB, NS 6/25. 198 . von Wartenburg, The Power of Solitude , p. 57. 199 . BaB, NS 6 /25. 200 . von Lehndorff, correspondence, 12 January 2003. 201 . Gert Nylander, ‘German Resistance Movement and England: Carl Goerdeler and the Wallenberg Brothers’, Banking and Enterprise , 2 (1999), p. 58. 202 . Nylander, ‘German Resistance Movement and England’, p. 58. 203 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , pp. 144, 167, also Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer , p. 827. 204 . Interview with Professor Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase, Evangelical Press Association of Bayern, 15 February 2009. 205 . Correspondence with Maria Boehringer, daughter of Paul von Hase, 1 November 2011. Following a stint on the Oder River on the Eastern Front, he was sent to the relative safety of the occupation forces in Denmark. 206 . von Wartenburg, The Power of Solitude , p. 54. 207 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 208 . von Aretin, correspondence, 24 August 2002, von Wartenburg, The Power of Solitude , p. 54, also von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 38. 209 . Georgi, Wir haben das Letzte gewagt , p. 123. 210 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 118. 211 . Manfred Rommel, My Father, 28 October 1991, unpublished manuscript kindly supplied by the Office of the Mayor of Stuttgart. 212 . Rommel, My Father . 213 . Article by Manfred Rommel, Daily Mirror (London), 8 May 1995. 214 . Rommel, My Father . 215 . Rommel, Daily Mirror, 8 May 1995. 216 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 217 . Rommel, Daily Mirror , 8 May 1995. 218 . NAL, WO 208/4169 (SRGG 1191c). 219 . BaB, NS 6/3. 220 . BaB, NS 6/3. 221 . The request asked: ‘Approximately two months ago Standartenführer d’Alquen suggested to the Reichsführer-SS that he submit an article on the question of Sippenhaftung . I would be grateful to you, Dr Brandt, if you could inform us in the meantime how far this article has progressed, and if any reservations exist about writing on this theme in general in the Das Schwarze Korps ? This can be done in such a way that we, in no way anticipate, or commit ourselves to any later regulations or established details. For this it would be inevitable to have, for instance, the opinion of the Reichsführer-SS in the submission of the article. In addition, in his last speech [presumably to the Gauleiters on 3 August 1944] he has already touched on this question in principle.’ BaB, NS 19/3098. 222 . NAL, WO 208/4364 (GRGG 226). 223 . NAL, WO 208/4364 (GRGG 226). 224 . TBJG 14, 9 November 1944, p. 185. 225 . The full text is transcribed in the Introduction. Kaltenbrunner to Gestapo field offices, 14 December 1944, BaB, R 58/1027. 228 Notes

226 . BaB, R 58/1027. 227 . It must be remembered that von Helldorff’s son had been captured by the Allies in France on 11 July 1944, nine days before the assassination attempt. NAL, WO 208/ 4140 (SRM 1142) ‘Ich denke die Sippe sind ausgerottet worden’? 228 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). Ulrich von Hassell’s wife also mentions this prison in connection with her son. See Afterword in von Hassell, The von Hassell diaries , p. 366. 229 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 285). The son of Colonel-General Hoepner, Major Hoepner described to Fey von Hassell the harsh conditions in the Gestapo prison he was held, ‘for weeks he had been kept in a dark cell under a floor. People were heaped together, their food thrown to them through trapdoors, as though they were animals in a cage’. von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 155. 230 . von Stülpnagel, correspondence, 21 February 2003. 231 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 285). 232 . San Diego Union Tribune , 22 June 2002. 233 . Amongst the 20 July non- Sippenhaft prisoners held here were the former Commander and deputy Commander of Vienna, Generals Sinzinger, and von Esebeck, and also Major-General von Pfuhlstein, and Major-General Hans Speidel. 234 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 286). 235 . NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 297). 236 . von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , pp. 115 & 127. Others put the figure at ‘around 40 prisoners’. Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 237 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 238 . Gellately, Backing Hitler , p247. 239 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 240 . von Hassell & Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War , p. 153. 241 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 242 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 243 . New York Times , 8 May 1945. 244 . von Lenski, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 245 . Otto-Phillip von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 27 May 2002. 246 . NAW, 385-INF (339) 0.3, Operations Report. This report also states that a list of prisoners was made, but this list could not be located. This was also reported extensively in the Allied press, New York Times , 1 May 1945, p. 22; New York Times , 8 May 1945, p. 12; Chicago Daily Tribune , 8 May 1945, p. 1. 247 . Hett & Tuchel, ‘Die Reaktionen des NS-Staates’, p. 383. At least 44 of these arrests were children under the age of 16 years.

5 Sippenhaft Kinderheim: The Children of Bad Sachsa

1 . BaB, NS 19/4015. 2 . ‘Napolas’ was short for Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten (National Socialist Education Institutes). These were secondary schools organized Notes 229

similar to Hitler Youth and administered and controlled after 1939 by SS-Obergruppenführer August Heissmeyer. Helmut Krausnick et al., Anatomy of the SS State (London 1968), p. 557. 3 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 7. 4 . von Aretin (née von Tresckow), Interview , p. 73, also Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 5 . Hoffmann, German Resistance , p. 533. 6 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 7 . This was confirmed by the Director of the Ludwigsburg Forschungsstelle , Dr Klaus-Michael Mallmann, correspondence, 15 October 2002. 8 . The grandchildren of Ulrich von Hassell, Corrado (four years old) and Roberto (two years old) Pirzio-Biroli remained at a children’s home at Ebsenhasuen, while the grandchildren of Carl Goerdeler, Rainer and Karl, were held on an estate at Katharineplaisir and not taken to Bad Sachsa until early 1945. 9 . Oli Hansen, correspondence, 7 December 2010. He said the Hansen children were arrested on 26 July 1944. Also, with the exception of the children von Stauffenberg, von Hofacker, Lindemann, Freytag von Loringhoven and the children von Seydlitz, all others sent to Bad Sachsa represented families who lived, and were arrested, in the vicinity of Berlin. These include those, such as the children von Lehndorff-Steinort, von Tresckow and Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, who were arrested at their homes and, perhaps due to the assumed importance of their fathers in the conspiracy, were then trans- ported to Berlin. 10 . Peter, Spiegelbild einer Verschörung , p. 46. 11 . Wegner-Korfes, Weimar-Stalingrad-Berlin , p. 186. 12 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 16. Christa von Hofacker put down the possible variation of ‘Hans-Gert’ for the boy’s name. See also Lisa Erdmann, ‘Blutrache an den Kindern der Verschwörer ’, Der Spiegel , 13 October 2004, pp. 10–11. 13 . No published work concerning German Resistance features the name of von Diddersdorf, in addition, Frau Ulrike Hett, historian with the Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand in Berlin, confirmed that they have no records containing the name von Diddersdorf, correspondence, 12 October 2002. 14 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 12 June 2002; von Aretin, correspondence, 3 November 2002; Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 7 October 2002; von Seydlitz, correspondence, 20 June 2002. 15 . The biography of the family of Albrecht von Hagen, Albrecht, Mit meinem Schicksal kann ich nicht hadern , p. 144, contains a list of children held at Bad Sachsa cites the names of Karin and Hans Gert von Diddersdorf. The author probably took the list verbatim from Christa von Hofacker’s testimony – which most sources seem to emanate – which also referred to these children as von Diddersdorf. See von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 21. 16 . The Nazi Party membership card of von Dittersdorf states that, as of July 1939, he had only one child under 18 years of age: this could be Karin, as Hans-Gerd or Gert would not yet have been born. 17 . BaZnsA, Polizeidienststellen in Frankreich, R 70 (Frankenreich)/1. 18 . BaZnsA, R 70 (Frankenreich)/1. 230 Notes

19 . BaB, NS 19/1181. 20 . BaB, NS 19/1181. 21 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 22 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 23 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 24 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 25 . Perhaps fittingly the first children to arrive were the von Stauffenbergs. Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 26 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 27 . von Aretin, Interview , p. 72 and von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 5. 28 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002, von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 29 . von Hassell, A Mother’s War , p. 203. 30 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 31 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 32 . von Aretin, Interview , p. 73. 33 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 8. 34 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 35 . Interview with Elisabeth Freytag von Loringhoven in von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 39. 36 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 180. 37 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 38 . Gerald Posner, Hitler’s Children (London 1991), p. 183. 39 . This was despite the fact that Dr Eberhard Barth, brother of Frau Seydlitz, was at the time himself in Sippenhaft detention. 40 . Peter Paret, ‘An Aftermath of the Plot Against Hitler: the Lehrterstrasse Prison in Berlin, 1944–1945,’ Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research , 32 (1959), p. 94. Paret also gives an example of Gestapo ‘humour’ at work, Colonel Otto Armster, a prisoner at the Lehrterstrasse Prison, had his name ‘amended’ to Ärmster; meaning ‘Poor devil’. 41 . Interview with Helmtrud von Hagen (undated). Part of the collection of the Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand Berlin. 42 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 7. 43 . von Schwerin, Als sei nichts gewesen , p. 56. 44 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 7, also von Tresckow, Interview , p. 74, also puts this same scenario forward. 45 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 46 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 47 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001, Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 48 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 49 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. ‘Sahen wir uns zunachst nur gelegentlich und zufällig’. 50 . von Lehndorff, correspondence, 12 January 2003. 51 . von Aretin, Interview , p. 73. 52 . Albrecht, Mit meinem Schicksal , p. 155. 53 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 54 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. 55 . While being held in Moabit prison in Berlin between August and September 1944, Colonel Passwaldt (former commander of the Eight Air Sector, Notes 231

captured 23 April 1945 at Heggbach), recalled speaking with the brother of Major Egbert Hayessen concerning the whereabouts of Major Hayessen’s two children. Lieutenant Hayessen related how the children of Egbert had been taken away from their mother and nothing was known about their whereabouts. NAL, WO 208/4169 (SRGG 188). 56 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 57 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 10. 58 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 59 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 12. 60 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. von Aretin, Interview , p. 72, described her as a ‘150 percenter’. 61 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 62 . von Aretin, Interview , p. 72. 63 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 10. 64 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 65 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 66 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. Ute von Seydlitz’s birthday is on 26 April. 67 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 68 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 16 and also a list kindly provided by Ingrid von Seydlitz, correspondence, 10 March 2002. Most published accounts refer to the peak number of children as being 46, however these are no doubt including the two grandchildren of Carl Geordeler, who did not arrive at Bad Sachsa until the 7 February 1945. 69 . von Aretin, correspondence, 3 November 2002. 70 . Hansen, correspondence, 7 December 2010. 71 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. Christa von Hofacker incorrectly believed that Wilhelm had been removed from the Kinderheim at Bad Sachsa and placed in a boarding school at Nordhausen, not far from the camp. von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 9. 72 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 180. 73 . von Meding, Courageous Hearts , p. 38. 74 . Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, correspondence, 3 October 2002. Wilhelm remembered meeting the two older von Lehndorff girls with their mother in January 1945. Due to the children’s age, he was able to inform their mother of their time at Bad Sachsa. 75 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001, also von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 8. 76 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 9, also von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001, also Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 77 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 78 . Lieutenant-Colonel Cäsar von Hofacker was eventually executed on 20 December 1944. 79 . Philip Hayessen, correspondence, 1 April 2011. 80 . BaB, NS 6/3. 81 . BaB, NS 6/3. 82 . BaB, R58/1027. 83 . BaB, R58/1027. 84 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 9. 232 Notes

85 . von Seydlitz, correspondence, 17 October 2001. 86 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 14. 87 . See BaB, B323/656 and 667. The Restitutionskartei from 17 July 1945 and 31 October 1945 explain that these works were, ‘seized on 1 March 1945 by the SS from the possession of the Bruno Teifel alias Ditter von Dittersdorff and hidden at Alt-Aussee’. 88 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , Christa von Hofacker vividly remembered this incident as it was her fourteenth birthday. 89 . Goerdeler, correspondence, 23 November 2002. 90 . Under the most oppressive and horrific conditions, the Dora camp inmates worked in an underground factory built to manufacture the ‘V-2’ ballistic missiles. 91 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 14, also Hayessen, correspondence, 1 April 2011 and Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. Berthold von Stauffenberg agrees, however, he failed to include Renate Henke, instead calling her a ‘Bernardis’. 92 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. Also von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 16. 93 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 17. 94 . Hayessen, correspondence, 1 April 2011. 95 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 96 . von Hofacker, Unsere Zeit in Bad Sachsa , p. 18. 97 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 98 . von Hassell A Mother’s War , p. 203. 99 . Goerdeler, correspondence, 23 November 2002.

Conclusion

1 . Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (London 1973), p. 452. 2 . Berthold von Stauffenberg, correspondence, 22 February 2002. 3 . Walter von Stülpnagel, correspondence, 21 February 2003. 4 . German POW camp, 9 March 1945, NAL, WO 208/4177 (GRGG 270). 5 . It is worth mentioning that at least two examples are recorded in post- war trials of Gestapo officials where the defendants argued that ‘family liability’ was a mitigating factor. In the 1962 Hessian Trial, William Rasp, the former chief of the SD branch office in Pinsk, claimed that he was told that a refusal to obey orders would result in his family being liquidated. See HStAWi, 461–32439, 10, p. 1896, Vernehmenung vom 1 October 1962, in Konrad Kweit, ‘Von Tätern zu Befehlsempfängern. Legendenbildung und Strafverfolgung nach 1945’, in Jürgen Matthaeus, Konrad Kwiet, Jürgen Förster, Richard Breitmann (eds), Ausbildungzeil Judenmord? ‘Weltanschauliche Erziehung’ von SS, Polizei und Waffen SS im Rahmen der ‘Endlösung ’ (Frankfurt 2003), p. 123. Some of those accused of taking part in the murder of 50 RAF airmen who had escaped in March 1944 claimed that if they had not carried out the killing their families would have been punished. See Trial of Max Wielen and 17 others, proceedings of a military court held at Hamburg ‘Stalag Luft III case’, 1 July 1947–1 September 1947, judgement of 2–3 September 1947, NAL, WO 235/429. Bibliography

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Private correspondences

Baroness Alexandra & Baron Constantin von Wiedersperg-Leonrod, 12 April 2011. Baroness Dr Uta von Aretin (née von Treschow): 24 August 2002 & 3 November 2002. Frau Käthe von Boehmer: 20 October 2002. Herr Otto Bonnemann: 28 January 2003, 14 April 2003, 28 April 2003 & 14 May 2003. Herr Georg Schulze-Büttger: 20 April 2011. Bibliography 243

Herr Timo von Choltitz: 30 June & 1 July 2005. Tanja Czibulinski-Kuehn: 14 March 2011. Frau Ruth Elde von Daniels: 10 September 2003. Herr Eberhard von Drebber: 17 November 2003. Herr Peter Finckh: 22 August 2002. Frau Sigrid Frankenberg und Proschlitz (née von Stülpnagel): 26 January 2003. Herr Hans-Moritz von Frankenberg und Proschlitz: 27 April 2011 & 13 May 2011. Baron Konstantin Freytag von Loringhoven, 18 April 2011. Herr Rainer Goerdeler: 23 November 2002. Professor Dr Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase: 30 October 2011. Frau Maria Boehringer (née von Hase): 1 November 2011. Interview with Professor Dr Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase, Evangelical Press Association of Bayern, 15 February 2009. Herr Ole Hansen & Herr Karsten Hansen: 7 December 2010, 16 December 2010 & 14 January 2011. Herr Philip Hayessen: 9 March 2011 & 1 April 2011. Herr Count Henry von Helldorff: 7 August 2011 & 11 August 2011. Herr Alfred von Hofacker: 16 April 2002. Professor Dr Eckhard Janeba: 9 October 2011. Herr Ingo Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff: 26 January 2003, 4 May 2011 & 25 May 2011. Frau Barbara von Krauss (née Oster): 10 November 2002. Frau Olga von Kutzschbach (née Paulus): 27 January 2001. Frau Vera von Lehndorff: 26 December 2002 & 12 January 2003. Herr Klaus Lehwess-Litzmann: 21 May 2003 & 1 May 2011. Herr Gero von Lenski: 23 November 2002. Frau Edelgarde Reimer (née von Witzleben), interviewed by Matthias Horndasch, Lower Saxony Ministry of Internal Affairs and Sport, April 2008. Herr Manfred Rommel: ‘My Father’ (Stuttgart October 1991), unpublished manuscript personally loaned by the author. Professor Dr Hartmut Sadrozinski: 3 October 2011. Gertrude von Saldern (née Hayessen), interviewed by Otto Wiegand. Kindly supplied by Michael Curschmann, editor of the Curschmann Family Journal , correspondence, 7 September 2002. Frau Tamina Schem (née Barth): 29 October 2002. Herr Hans-Dietrich Schröder: 31 October 2003. Count Wilhelm Schwerin von Schwanenfeld: 3 October 2002 & 7 October 2002. Herr Heinrich von Seydlitz: 23 March 2001 & 16 April 2001. Frau Deitland von Seydlitz: 9 May 2001. Frau Ingrid von Seydlitz: 17 October 2001, 17 November 2001, 10 March 2002, 29 November 2010, 12 March 2011 & 8 May 2011. Count Hans-Christof von Sponeck: 20 November 2002 & 2 December 2002. Major-General (Ret.) Count Schenk Berthold von Stauffenberg: 22 February 2002, 12 June 2002 & 21 May 2003. Count Otto-Philipp von Stauffenberg: 27 May 2002. Herr Ekkhard Strobel: 16 July 2002. Herr Walter von Stülpnagel: 21 February 2003. Frau Sigrid Wegner-Korfes: 2 January 2002. 244 Bibliography

Professional correspondences

Dr Petra Berhens, German Resistance Memorial, 6 October 2010 & 14 January 2011. Professor Robert Gellately, 15 November 2002, 18 November 2002 & 26 June 2003. Denise Heap, Centre for White Rose Studies: 4 January 2011. Professor Dr Georg Heilingsetzer, Oberösterreichisches Landesarchiv, 14 July 2010. Frau Ulrike Hett, Historian, German Resistance Memorial: 28 August 2002 & 16 October 2003. Herr Kurt Kleemann, Historian, Remagen Friedenmuseum: 16 July 2002 & 13 November 2002. Dr Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Director, Ludwigsburg Forschungsstelle: 15 October 2002. Professor Dr Manfred Messerschmidt. Former Chief Historian at the Military History Research Office, Freiburg: 10 July 2002. Assistant Professor Dick de Mildt, Editor, Justiz und NS Verbrechen, Institute of Criminal Law, University of Amsterdam: 4 July 2005. Professor Christiaan F. Ruter, Justiz und NSVerbrechen, Institute of Criminal Law, University of Amsterdam: 13 July 2005. Mrs Gitta Sereny. Historian: 22 November 2002.

Archival sources

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Archiwun Panstwowe Bydgoszczy State Archive in Bydgoszcz, Poland SS Untersturmführer, Lebrechtsdorf, to SD Leitabschnitt Danzig, 28 November 1944, 96/278. Kurt Rogalsky to Sondergericht Bromberg, 29 October 1944, 80/1203 -70.

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Institut für Zeitsgeschichte München (IfZ-M) MA 218, MA 326, Fd 44, Fa 91/1, Fd 44/118, MA 1560.

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Military Historical Archive Prague Karton Urteile 1944/45, StPl RKA I 450/44.

National Archives, Kew Gardens London (NA-L) WO 208/ 3622, WO208/4137, WO 208 / 4139, WO 208/ 4140, WO 208/ 4168, WO 208/4169, WO 208/ 4170, WO 208/ 4177.

National Archives of Australia (NAA) ‘German prisoners of war – material for Allied propaganda’, MP729/9: 63/401/679.

National Archives Washington D.C. (NA-W) RG 153/135/6/116/2-4, NA RG 338 Box 10 / Box 71/ Box 48, RG 338/Foreign Military Studies/MS P 033/18–21. NARA 385-INF (339) – 0.3, Operations Report – 339th Infantry Regiment – 85th Infantry Division. Office of Strategic Services 1940–1946, (Record Group 226), Boxes 1–7, Location 250/64/33/6-7. Memorandum from Camp Blanding staff to Provost Marshal General, 13 February 1944, RG 389, Box 2476, MMB, NA. Army Service Forces, Seventh Service Command, Conference of POW Camp Commanders, Omaha, Nebraska, 24 March 1944, pp. 51–2, RC 389, PMGO, POW Operations Division, Operations Branch, 1942–45, Box 1308.

Österreichisches Kriegsarchiv Wein (OKa-W) Court of the 177 Division: Str.L. No. St.L: II/496/44, St.L: II/589/44

Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (ÖStA) AdR, Gau-Akt, Number 111495 & 224010.

Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg (Sa-L) FL 300/ 33: S 3441, S 2943, EL 350: ES 1730, ES 8798, ES 8998, ES 8942, ES 8798, EL 902/3 Bü 1/6572; EL 902/3 Bü 1/6572; EL 902/3 Bü 1/6572; Bestand Räuchle.

Staatsarchiv Würzburg (Sa-W) Gestapo Akten: 10566, 122, 124, 125, 13761.

Weiner Library Collection (WLC) ‘Third Reich Personal accounts (1945–1955)’, Ref 600, Frames 1–95.

Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden (HStA Wi) Abt 403, 1202, Bl 250, Rund-Vfg, BV Nassau, Traupel 23 February 1935. Glossary

Abwehr: German Military Counter-Intelligence. Bund Deutscher Offiziere: ‘League of German Officers’ (BDO): A propaganda group established by the Soviets in September 1943 amongst German officers held in prisoners of war camps. Gauleiter: District Leader of the Nazi Party. Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD): Communist Party of Germany. Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland (NKFD): National Free Germany Committee, propaganda group created by the Soviets in July 1943 amongst German prisoners of war. Reichsdeutsche (RD): Designation for those of being racially acceptable as of ‘German blood’, inhabitants of the Reich established in 1871. Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA): Reich Main Security Office, main office for the SS and security services. Formed in 1939, its depart- ments included the Intelligence Division, the Gestapo and Criminal Police and the SD. Sicherheitsdienst (SD): Security Service of the SS. Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD): Social Democratic Party. Volksdeutsche: Those considered as Germans by birth or descent living abroad but who were not German citizens: ‘People whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship.’ Male citizens in occupied territories who were deemed to be Volksdeutsche were therefore liable for military service.

247 Index

Aachen, 78, 79 Bad Sachsa (Kinderheim), 115, 166, 167 Abwehr (military counter-intelligence), established as children’s home and, 44, 46, 128, 131, 148, 149–150, 167–169 170 arrest and transport of children ‘Action Thunderstorm’, 47 and, 169–172 Afrika Korps, 13 creation of false names and, threats to soldier’s families and, 174–175 64–65 evacuation of the camp and, Alexanderplatz, 143, 147 178–180 Alsace-Lorraine, 17, 53, 57, 58, 74 liberation of children and, 181 families punished and, 72 Balck, Hermann General, 79, 85 threats against desertion and, Balingen, 143 71–73 Bamler, Rudolf Major-General, 109 Amt Ausland, see Abwehr family, 109, 111 Arbogast family, 72 Barnimstraße Women’s Prison, 41 Aretin, (née Tresckow) Dr Uta von, Barth, Dr Eberhard, 106, 115 168 Bassenge, Gerhard Major-General, 67 armed forces, see Wehrmacht Bavaria, 76, 145 Army Bayreuth, 144 Group ‘B’ (German), 109, 151 BDO, see League of German Officers Group ‘G’ (German), 79, 85 Bechler, Bernhard Major, 93, 95, 113 Centre (German), 102, 105, 106, belief that family was arrested and, 107, 108, 116 113–114 ‘North’ (German), 117 Margot, 95, 101, 106, 109 ‘Southern Ukraine’ (German), Beck, Ludwig Colonel-General, 126, 116 151 Second (German), 128 family and, 127 Sixth Army (German), 92, 95, Behrendt, Heinz-Günther, 38 110 Beimler, Hans, 25 Seventh Army (German), 78 family, 25–26 Seventh Army (US Army), 86 Bendlerstrasse (HQ Replacement Army High Command, 56, 75, 84, Army), 122, 127, 134, 139, 142, 88, 91 151 Arzt, Arthur, 25 Berger, Gottlob SS-Obergruppenführer, assassination attempts, see Elser, 81 Georg; 20 July 1944 Berkowitz, Liane, 41 Austria, 17, 34, 53, 112 Berlin, 17, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 37, 39, cases involving families and, 56, 40, 42, 44, 77, 88, 170, 171 59, 71 families of BDO and, 97, 103, 113, 114, 118 B., Leonhard and Wilhelm, 71 20 July 1944 and, 122, 127, 132, B., Paul-Otto Sergeant, 96 133, 134, 135, 137, 142–144, Bad Reinerz, 146 147, 151, 158, 162, 163–164

249 250 Index

Bernardis, Robert Lieutenant-Colonel, Cherkassy Pocket (1944), 98, 101, 107 130 Choltitz, Dietrich von Lieutenant- family, 131, 178, 179, 180 General, 84 Beuthke, Ernst, 42 Claus, Frau, 27 Beyer, SS-Oberstrumbannführer, 159 Cologne (Köln), 10 Bismarck, Otto, 93, 109 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), Bitsch (Bitche, Lorraine), 125 22, 25, 26, 37 Blood, 12, 20, 135, 185 Communist resistance, 29, 41, 45, 51 Himmler and, 108, 125, 136 Connemann, Baron von, 50 importance in Nazi rhetoric, 1, 2, 8, Coppi, Hans & Hilde, 39, 40 9, 12, 18 Corps, German Army Boehmer, Hasso von Lieutenant- Eight SS Army, 88 Colonel, 151 66th Corps, 84 Bonhoeffer, Dr Dietrich, 44, 165 81st Corps, 78 Bontjes Van Beek, Cato, 40 Cupal family, 38 Bormann, Martin, 141, 144, 145, 154, 155, 156, 159 Dachau concentration camp, 23, Bozen concentration camp, 74 25–26, 27, 32, 46, 47, 104, 112, Bragte, Willi Captain, 87 127, 145, 164, 165, 179 Brandenberger, Erich General, 78 d’Alquen, Gunter SS-Standartenführer, Bredow, Ferdinand von General, 28 160 Breithaupt, Rudolf SS-Gruppenführer, Daniels, Elder Alexander von 138, 162 Lieutenant-General, 93, 95, 98 Breitscheid, Rudolf & Tony, 30, 34 family, 95, 109 Bremen, 31, 104, 111, 173 Herbert Edler von Breslau (Wroclaw, Poland), 72, 110, SS-Standartenführer, 95 113, 118, 137 Danzig, 38, 59, 65, 109, 151, 164 Breslau-Dürgoy concentration camp, Danzig-Westpreußen, 65–66 25 Das Schwarze Korps (newspaper), 160 Broich, Friedrich von Major-General, Delica, Egon Captain, 86 67 Dengler, Maria, 27 Brussels, 39 Denunciations, 6, 8, 21, 26, 33 Buchenwald concentration camp, 34, Der Angriff (newspaper), 124 44–45, 112, 115, 132, 146, 147, desertion, 1, 5, 53, 61, 65, 69, 70, 71, 164–165, 181 73, 74, 85 Isolation barracks for prominent military law and, 56–57 prisoners and, 34 Nazi attitude towards, 13, 57, 72, 75 Buhle, Walter General, 144 Sippenhaft directives and, 69–70, 72, Burgdorf, Wilhelm General, 77, 97 75, 76, 77–78, 79, 80–81, 86–87 meets with Rommel, 157–158 Deutsche Freiheit (newspaper), 27 issues Sippenhaft orders, 76–77 Deutsche Reichsanzeiger, 28, 46 lists of relatives of political Canaris, Wilhelm Admiral, 41, 165, opponents and, 30–31 170 Dieckmann Wilhelm Lieutenant, 170 family, 150 Dietrich, Josef ‘Sepp’ SS-Oberst- Canstein Werner von Lieutenant- Gruppenführer, 152 Colonel, 93, 104 Dittersdorf, Bruno (alias Elisabeth and Magdalene, 104 Bruno Teifel) Ditter von changing of children’s names, 174–175 SS-Oberstrumbannführer, 171–172 Index 251

family, 170, 180 20 July 1944 and, 13, 125, 129, 132, confiscation of property and, 180 135, 139, 148, 152, 157, 158, Divisions, Germany Army (see also 159, 161–162, 165, 166, 182 Volksgrenadier Divisions; Waffen Felbert, Paul von Major-General, 85 SS Units) brother arrested, 163 ‘Brandenburg’, 113 Fellgiebel, Erich General, 131 Second Panzer, 62, 68 family arrested, 132, 163 11th Infantry, 100 Feuchtwanger, Lion, 30 12th Infantry, 61 Finckh, Eberhard Colonel, 149 16th Panzer, 96 Flossenbürg concentration camp, 47, 17th Panzer, 162 127, 134, 165 21st Panzer, 78 France, 34, 35, 77, 85, 131, 132–134, 28th ‘Jäger’, 72, 129 157, 158, 171 91st Infantry, 76 Frankenberg und Proschlitz, Hans- 177th (Infantry replacement), 82 Moritz Major, 93, 103 276th Infantry, 76 Liselotte (née von Puttkamer), 115 353rd Infantry, 87 Frankfurt-am-Main, 127 divorce (as method of punishment), Free Germany National Committee 100, 101, 110, 113 (NKFD), see League of German Dohnanyi, Dr Hans von & Christel, Officers 44, 46, 150, 165 Freies Deutschland (Magazine), 94, 96, Dohrenbuch, Lance-corporal, 60 97, 113, 116 Drebber, Moritz von Major-General, Freisler, Dr Roland, 38, 42, 50, 93 137–138 family, 107, 109 Freytag von Loringhoven, Baron Dresden, 63, 99, 127 Wessel Colonel, 128, 157, 170 Düsseldorf, 18, 29, 36, 37, 59–60, children arrested, 178 61–62, 63, 67–68, 96 Frick, Wilhelm, 30 Fricke, Major-General, 114 East Prussia, 117, 122, 164 Fromm, Friedrich Colonel-General, Eberswalde Hospital, 41 122 Einsiedel, Heinrich von Lieutenant, Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp, 28 93–94, 99 family, 109 G., Alfons, 59–60 Elser, Georg Galen, Clemens August Count von, assassination attempt and family Bishop of Münster, 104 arrested and, 33–34 Gauleiter (provisional/regional Esch, Josef Private, 105, 114 governors), 35, 69, 71, 73, 110, Escher Tageblatt (newspaper), 70 134, 135–137, 141, 144, 160, Esterwegen concentration camp, 37 179 role inflicting Sippenhaft, 69, 71, 73, family associations and federations, 134, 144 130–131 Gehre, Dr Ludwig Captain, Fänderl, Christine, 27 149, 170 fear, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, family arrested, 178, 179, 181, 182 23, 25, 38, 185, 190 General Government (Poland), 71 amongst soldiers, 52, 55–56, 58, Georgi, Major Friedrich, 127 60–61, 64, 66–68, 72, 75, German Labour Front (DAF), 11, 13, 78–79, 85–87, 89, 116–117 14, 123 252 Index

Gestapo Güstrow (Children’s home), 173 role inflicting terror, 2, 4, 6–10, 14–16, 17, 21, 188 Haeften, Hans-Bernd von, 127, 133, implementing Sippenhaft, 23–24, 138 25, 26–28, 29, 32, 34, 37, 38, Werner von Lieutenant, 126, 136 40, 42–43, 45–46, 47, 48–49, Hagen, Albrecht von Lieutenant, 130, 50, 51 170 involvement in military cases, 55, family, 131, 134, 175, 176 61–64, 65–66, 68, 70, 71, 72, Halder, Franz Colonel-General, 127 74, 82–83 Hamburg, 27, 39 20 July 1944 investigation and, Hammerstein-Equord, Kunrat and 127–128, 131–132, 135, 137, Ludwig Baron von Lieutenants, 139, 143, 145, 149, 151, 154, 127, 164 163, 166, 168–169, 170–172, Hanke, Karl (Gauleiter of Lower 174, 176, 179, 186 Silesia), 110 Gestapo offices Hansen, Georg-Alexander Colonel, Berlin, 24, 26, 63, 88, 131, 147, 151 131, 149, 170 Cologne, 10 family, 131, 173, 178 Danzig-Westpreußen, 66 Hardenberg, Carl Hans Count von, Düsseldorf, 18, 29, 60, 61–63, 126–127 67–68, 96 Harnack, Mildred & Dr Arvid Krefeld (Field Office), 62, 64 Oberregierungsrat, 39–40 Nuremburg-Fürth, 82 Harz Mountains, 111, 115, 167 Speyer, 18 Hase, Paul von Lieutenant-General, Stolp (Słupsk), 103 130, 170 Stuttgart, 48–49 family, 130–131, 157 Ulm, 83 Hashude homes for asocial families, Würzburg, 18, 50, 82 31–32 Gevelinghausen, 105 Hassell, Ulrich von Ambassador, 149 Gisevius, Dr Hans-Bernd, 129 family, 156, 157, 163, 182 Goebbels, Joseph, 87 Hausser, Paul SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer, commenting on Sippenhaft, 81, 161 85 discussing the NKFD and leaders, Hayessen Egbert Major, 132, 170 94, 98–99, 116, 118 family, 132, 178, 179, 181 Goerdeler, Dr Carl, 128, 146 Helldorff, Wolf-Heinrich Count von, family arrested, 128–129, 146, 164, 132 180, 181, 182 Joachim von, 77, 162 attempts to help his family, 156 Henke Renate (stepdaughter to Goertzke, Frau von, 132 Captain Gehre), 178–182 Göhren, 137, 173 Hess, Rudolf, 14 Gotenhafen (Gdynia), 71 Hesse, Princess Mafalda & Prince Grafenwöhr (eastern Bavaria), 124 Philip, 44 Granz, Bruno, 22 Hetz, Frau, 104, 111 Graudenz, John, 39, 40 Heydrich, Reinhard Grote, Johannes, 22–23 SS-Obergruppenführer, 150 Guderian, Heinz Colonel-General, Himmler, Heinrich Reichsführer-SS, 4, 128, 154 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 44, 46, 51, 58, Gudzent, Käthe, 104, 112 64, 68, 69, 81, 83, 84, 96, 121, Gufler, Hans and Alois, 74 123, 131, 135, 139, 140, 141, Index 253

146, 148, 150, 157, 159–160, Jäger, Friedrich Colonel, 134 165, 166, 169, 183, 187–189 Jäger, Karl, 44 Sippenhaft orders and, 48, 77, 80, Jagow, Hans-Georg von, 44 126, 138 Janeba, Günther Oberstabsintendant, intervention in civil cases and, 33, 93 42, 45, 46 family, 97, 104 intervention in military cases and, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 10 63, 65–66, 75–76, 95 comments on Sippenhaft and, K., Emil, 105 105–106, 108, 124–125, 136, Kails family, 70 167 Kaltenbrunner, Dr Ernst requests for mercy and, 113, 115, SS-Obergruppenführer, 16, 82, 151, 152–153, 154–155 83, 113, 141, 155–156, 159–160, Hindenburg, Paul von, 24 161–162, 166, 183 Hindenburg Baude (Hotel), 146, 147, Sippenhaft orders and, 48, 79 164 defends arrest of families after 20 Hirth, Karl & Maria, 33–34 July 1944, 141–142, 179 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 15, 17, Keitel, Wilhelm Field-Marshal, 41, 18, 28, 33, 34, 41, 44, 46, 56, 80–81, 82, 100–101, 126, 150, 58, 75, 92–93, 99–100, 102, 151, 152 106, 108, 117, 121–123, 142, Kesselring, Albert Field-Marshal, 87 144, 158, 164, 171 Kinderheim (Children’s home), 33, appeals for mercy and, 153–156, 157 38, 49, 63, 115, 116, 167–183 attitude towards Sippenhaft, 12, Kirchheim, Heinrich Lieutenant- 35–36, 41, 98, 116, 123, 126, General, 113, 117 138 Kirgus, Bernhard, 72 issues Sippenhaft orders, 47, 86–87 Kitzelmann, Michael Lieutenant, 60 Hitler Youth, 62 Klamroth family, 133 Hoepner, Erich Colonel-General, 130 Klausing, Friedrich Karl Captain, 130 family, 161 family, 131 Joachim Major (son), 163, 164 Klemperer, Victor Professor, 9, 10–11, Hofacker, Dr Cäsar von Lieutenant- 32 Colonel, 134 Kluge, Hans-Günther von Field family, 135, 149, 168, 173, 174, 175, Marshal, 122, 149, 158 176, 177, 178, 181–182 Ewald von Lieutenant (son), 163 Hofer, Franz (Gauleiter of South Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, Tyrol), 73 Isenhardus Kriegsgerichtsrat, 93 Hohenstein Prison (Zwickau), 30 family, 97, 101–102, 109–110, 114 Hölz, Max, 30 Knudsen, Knut Lieutenant, 61 Hösel, Dora, 27 Koehler, Frau, 177, 178 Hostages, 3, 22 Köhne, Frau, 168, 177 Sippenhaft prisoners described as, 5, Königsberg, 88, 117, 118, 135 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 92, 108, Korfes, Otto Major-General, 93, 94, 128, 153, 171, 179 98, 99 Hotel Bahnhof, 111, 164 family, 95, 97, 101, 103–104, 106, Hungary, 57 112, 127 KPD (see German Communist Party), Italy, 44, 53, 57 22, 25, 26, 37 South Tyrol desertions, 73–74 Krebs, Hans (KPD), 27–28 254 Index

Krefeld, 62, 64 Lenski, Arno von Major-General, 93 Kreisau Circle, 45, 137, 146, 148, family, 94, 101, 103, 111, 165 150–151 Leonrod, Ludwig Baron von Major, 134 Küchenmeister, Rainer & Walter, 41 Lerchenfeld, Anna Baroness, 143, 146, Kuhn, Joachim Major, 129 147 Kulm (Chełmno), 71 Leuschner, Wilhelm, 149 Kunze, Frau, 25 Lewerenz, Hermann Major, 93 Küstrin – camp for ‘politically family, 104, 111 unreliable officers’, 105, 111, Ley, Dr Robert, 13, 14, 103, 141 162–163 speech and articles after 20 July 1944, 123–124 L., Josef, 59 Liebenstein, Kurt von Major-General, Lammers, Hans-Heinrich, 25 11, 124, 139 Lasch, General Otto, 88 Lindemann, Fritz General, 129 Lattmann, Martin General, 93 family, 152, 153, 156, 161, 170, family, 104, 109, 111 178–179, 181, 182 Lautingen (Stauffenburg home), 137, Linder, Major-General, 88 143, 147, 173 Linstow, Hans-Otfried Colonel, 149 League of German Officers (BDO) Loeper, Wilhelm (Gauleiter of collapse of Army Group Centre Magdeburg-Anhalt), 27 and, 102 Lüdemann, Frau, 25 forcing wives to divorce member Ludwig, Frau, 25 husbands, 100, 101, 110, 113 Lüttwitz, Heinrich von Lieutenant- Goebbels discusses, 94, 98, 99, 116, General, 68 118 Luxembourg, 17, 53, 57, 58 organisation and membership and, implementation of Sippenhaft and, 92–94 69–71, 74 propaganda activities and, 94, 98, 102, 116 M., Gustav, 67–68 Sippenhaft arrests and, 97, 103–105, M., Hermann, 26 109, 110–111 Madrid, 47, 139 Sippenhaft orders and, 76, 108 Magdeburg, 44–45, 103, 133 supposed political significance and, Maisel, Ernst Lieutenant-General, 131 116–119 meets with Rommel, 157–158 Leber, Annedore, 129 meets with von Seydlitz family, 100 Dr Julius, 151 Manchester Guardian (newspaper), 14 Legal code (civil), 7, 55 Mann Thomas, 31 failure to adopt Sippenhaft, 21 Manstein, Erich Field-Marshal, 98 Lehndorff-Steinort, Heinrich Count Meissner, Dr Otto, 155 von Lieutenant, 135, 170 Meissner, Rudolf, 29 family, 156, 176, 178 Mertz von Quirnheim, Albrecht Ritter Lehwess-Litzmann, Walter von Colonel, 126, 131 Lieutenant-Colonel, 109 family, 127 Leiss, Wenzeslaus Panzergrenadier, Metzer Zeitung am (newspaper), 72 61–62 Meyer, Alfons, 72 family arrested and murdered, Meyer, Kurt SS-Brigadeführer, 160 62–63 Minf, Gertrud, 27 aftermath, 63–64 Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, Lejeune-Jung, Dr Paul, 149 181 Index 255

Moabit Prison, 33, 132 becomes involved in BDO, 110–111 Möbius, Rolf SS-Hauptsturmführer, 133 Penal battalions, see Punishment Moers, 63 Battalions Moltke, Davida von, 155 Pension (withdrawal of as family Helmuth James Count von, 45, 46, punishment), 5, 23, 61, 68, 137–138, 142, 146, 150–151 158 Moringen concentration camp, 26, People’s Commissariat for Internal 27, 30 Affairs (NKVD), 7 Mormons, 10 People’s Court, 8–9, 15–16, 50, 51 Müller, Franz, 29 trials and infliction of forms of Müller, Heinrich SS-Gruppenführer, 48, Sippenhaft, 38, 49 63, 154–155, 157, 165 20 July 1944, 129–130, 132, 138, Müller, Dr Josef, 44 143, 158, 162, 166, 186 Müller, Vincenz Lieutenant-General, Pfuhlstein, Alexander von Major- 102, 109 General, 113, 163 Munich, 17, 27, 32, 33, 39, 42, 44, Pieck, Wilhelm, 25 145, 157 Plettenberg-Lenhausen family, 46 Mussolini, Benito, 44 Plötzensee Prison, 41 Poland, 3, 53, 57, 62, 65, 71, 72, 96, National Committee for a Free 103 Germany (NKFD), see League of Potsdam, 46, 133, 147 German Officers Prisoners of war National Socialist Leadership Officers fears of Sippenhaft and, 66–67, 86 (NSFO), 80, 81 property confiscation, 3, 33, 36, 56, Nebe, Arthur SS-Gruppenführer, 129 63–64, 69, 71, 81, 84, 135–138, Nespar, Eugen, 48–49, 61 139, 147, 186 Neuer Vorwärts (newspaper), 23 Punishment Battalions, 121, 131, 133, New York Times (newspaper), 24, 107, 135, 165 117, 139, 165 999th, 132 Night of the Long Knives (1934), 11, Putbus, Prince Malte zu, 137 28, 138, 161 Puttkamer family, 103, 115 Northeim, 22 Nuremberg, 50, 112 R., Johann Lance-corporal, 82, 83 Nuremberg Trials, 23 Rahtgens, Karl-Ernst Lieutenant- Colonel, 149 Oberstdorf, 172, 176 Rastenburg, 102, 122 Olbricht, Friedrich General, 126, 136 Räuchle family, 37 family, 127, 157 Ravenbrück concentration camp, 45, Oslo, 65 46, 47, 115, 132, 134, 143, 147, Oster, Hans Major-General, 129, 150, 179 165, 170 Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle), 17, 36, family, 150 39, 41, 43, 187 arrests, 39–40 Paris, 25, 34, 39, 84, 122, 134, 149, 158 Reich Security Main Office, Berlin Paul, Dr Elfriede, 41 (RSHA), 4, 16, 48, 49, 62, Paul, Hugo, 37 63–64, 79, 82, 89, 129, 134, Paulus, Friedrich Field-Marshal, 155, 179 92–93, 116, 117, 118 Reichsbanner, 22–23 family, 111, 112–113, 158, 164 Reichsdeutsche, 87 256 Index

Reichwein, Dr Adolf, 151 Scholl, Hans and Sophie, 39, 42 Remagen Bridge family, 43 issues of Sippenhaft on officers Scholz, Elfriede, 38 involved, 87 Schrader, Werner von Lieutenant- Remarque, Erich-Maria, 38 Colonel, 128 Rendulic, Lother Colonel-General, 117 Schreiber, Elizabeth, 27 Reyher, Frau, 104, 111 Schröder, Johannes Pastor, 93 Rommel, Erwin Field-Marshal, 151 family, 101, 103, 112, 115 family, 157–159 Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Count von Rothkirch und Trach, Edwin Count der, 134 von General, 87 Schultheis, Jakob, 45 Rumour in Nazi Germany, 19, 25, Schulze-Boysen, Libertas and Harro 29, 66, 77, 78, 84, 89, 117, 139, Lieutenant, 39–40 160–161, 162, 166, 179, 190 Schulze-Büttger, Georg, 151 importance for promoting terror, Schumacher, Kurt and Elisabeth, 41, 14–16 47 Rundstedt, Gerd von Field-Marshal, Schwalbach, Ruth, 30 79, 99 Schwede-Coburg, Franz (Gauleiter of Russia (U.S.S.R), 2, 35, 54, 64, 66, 92, Pomerania), 134 95, 96, 107, 108, 117 Schwerin von Krosigk, Johann Ludwig Count, 153 SA (Sturmabteilung), 22, 28 Schwerin von Schwanenfeld Ulrich Saarbrücken, 105 Count Sachsenhausen concentration camp, family, 153–155, 156, 157, 168, 170, 34, 37, 42, 46, 47, 63, 70, 137, 173–178 163 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 69, 70, 83, 84, Sack, Emma and Heinrich 96, 124, 140, 150 Regierungsoberinspektors, 44–45 Seger, Gerhart, 26–27 Sahm, Dr Ulrich, 134 family, 27, 31 Schacht, Dr Hjalmar, 113 Seydlitz, Hertha von (cousin of Schatz, Dietrich Major, 129 Walter), 106 Scheidemann, Philipp, 23–24, 25 Heinrich von (cousin of Walter), family, 24 106 Nazi press release and, 24 Joachim von, 110 Schenker-Angerer, Gottfried Major, meets with Generals Maisel and 46–47 Burgdorf, 100–101 Schimdt, Armin (Kreisleiter), 130–131 Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walter von Schirach, Baldur von (Gauleiter of Lieutenant-General Vienna), 35 Ingeborg von (wife), 100, 101, 126 Schirmeck concentration camp, 72 children: Mechthild von, 104; Schleicher, Elisabeth & Kurt von Dietland von, 104, 111, Major-General, 11, 28–29 115–116; Ingrid von, ix–x, 104, Schlieben, Karl Wilhelm von 172, 176, 177–178, 180; Ute Lieutenant-General, 184, 185 von, x, 172, 177, 180 Schlotterbeck, Friedrich, 48 sentenced to death, 99–100 family and group murdered, 48–49 release of family from custody, Schmundt, Rudolf General, 100, 153 115–116 prepares loyalty declaration for Simon, Gustav (Gauleiter of Hitler, 98 Moselland), 69 Index 257

Simon, Josef, 23 von Stauffenberg, Clemens Schenk Simon, Max SS-Gruppenführer, 88 Count (uncle of Claus), 145, Sonnenburg concentration camp, 41 146, 147 Spain, 26, 155 Elisabeth Schenk Countess von SPD (German Social Party), 22, 25, (wife of Clemens), 145, 146, 147 26, 30, 34, 45 Hans-Christoph Schenk Baron von Speer, Albert, 115, 120, 130, 151 (cousin of Claus), 142–143 Speidel, Hans Lieutenant-General, Markwart Schenk Count von 151–152, 158, 163 Colonel, 146 Sperr, Franz, 151 Markwart Schenk Count von (son Spoken Newspaper, 14, 29 of Clemens), 145, 146 Sponeck, Hans von Lieutenant- Marie-Gabriele Schenk Countess General, 75 von (daughter of Clemens), family, 75–76 129, 145, 146 Stadelheim police prison (Munich), Otto-Philipp Schenk Count von 25, 26, 27 (son of Clemens), 145 Stalin, Josef, 118 decision to inflict Sippenhaft against Stalingrad, 3, 22, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, the family, 126, 141–142 43, 47, 62, 64, 94, 97, 98, 102, Steinfurth, Frau, 27 108, 110, 119, 187 Stenzer, Franz, 26 and creation of NKFD, 92–93 Stieff, Helmuth Major-General, 130 Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger Count Stoppl, Dr (Deputy Kreisleiter), 37 von, 34–35 Stösslein, Herbert Major, 93 Hitler discussing his case, 35–36 family, 104, 111, 112 Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Count Strasser, Otto, 31 von Colonel, 77, 92, 103, 120, Strobel, Herbert Major, 87 122, 126, 140–141 Strünck, Theodor, 129 Nina Schenk Countess von (wife), 143 Stülpnagel, Karl-Heinrich von Children: Berthold von, 168, 173, Lieutenant-General, 134, 137 174, 175–176, 177, 179, 181–182; Siegfried von Major-General, 134, Franz-Ludwig von, 174–175; 163, 164 Valerie von, 142; Konstanz, 147 Joachim, 134, 163 Stauffenberg, Berthold Schenk Count Walter (son of Karl-Heinrich), 163, von (uncle of Claus), 144–145 184, 185 Gabriele Schenk Countess von family, 149 (aunt of Claus), 145 Stuttgart, 33, 48, 49, 111, 164 Phillip Schenk Count von (uncle of Stutthof concentration camp, 38, 147, Claus), 145 164, 165 Stauffenberg, Dr Berthold Schenk Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Count von Captain (brother of Expeditionary Force (SHEAF), 85 Claus), 142, 143 Sweden, 65, 71, 156 Mika Schenk Countess von (wife of Switzerland, 34, 41, 49, 129, 139 Berthold), 142, 143, 146 Alfred von (son of Berthold), 143 Teifel, Bruno (see also Dittersdorf, Stauffenberg, Dr Alexander Schenk Bruno), 171, 172, 179 Count von (brother of Claus), terror 143 consent versus coercion debate, Melitta Schenk Countess (wife of 6–8 Alexander), 144, 146, 176 role of rumour in, 14–16 258 Index

Thälmann, Ernst, 45 Wächtler, Fritz (Gauleiter of family, 45, 147 Bayreuth), 144–145 Thierack, Otto Georg, 138 Waffen-SS Units Thoma, Wilhelm Ritter von General, ‘Dirlewanger’ Brigade, 133 13, 141 First SS Panzer Division Thomale, Wolfgang Lieutenant- ‘Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler’, General, 154 133 Times, The (newspaper), Sixth SS Panzer Army, 152 45, 140 Wagner, Eduard Lieutenant-General, Traupel, Wilhelm, 10 128 Tresckow Henning von Major- family, 161 General, 128, 152 Wagner, Robert (Gauleiter of Alsace), family, 157, 170, 173–177, 178 71–73 Trott zu Solz, Adam von, 132 Wallenberg, Jacob, 156 family, 157, 170, 174, 178 Walter, Albert, 28 20 July 1944 Weber, Alois, 74 assassination attempt, 8, 11, 16, 37, Wehrmacht 103, 121–126 camp for ‘politically unreliable reaction and threats from Nazi officers’, 105, 111 leadership, 123–124 debate regarding terror against requests for clemency for relatives, soldiers, 54–56 152–156 directive implementing Sippenhaft, fate of those who remained under 80–81 arrest, 162–165 intervention of Himmler in cases of desertion, 63, 65–66, 69, 75–76, Ulbricht, Walter, 93 77, 80, 95–96 Üxküll-Gyllenband, Nikolaus Count NSFO corps in, 80, 81, 84 von, 142, 143 Weinart, Erich, 93 wife arrested, 143 Weisenborn, Günther, 40 Wels, Otto, 30 Vaterrodt, Franz Lieutenant-General, White Rose, 17, 36, 39, 42, 43, 187 73 arrests, 42–43 VDB (Volksdeutsche Bewegung), 74 Wilck, Gerhard Colonel, 78 Vermehren, Dr Erich, 45 fears for his family, 79 family arrested, 46, 124 Wirmer, Josef, 149 Vienna, 35, 38, 47, 133 Witzleben, Erwin von Field-Marshal, Völkischer Beobachter (newspaper), 9, 78, 130 88, 124 Würzburg, 18, 50, 76, 82, 145 Volkmer (Gaupersonnel Amt Vienna), 35, 36 Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Count Volksgemeinschaft, 9, 189 Lieutenant, 130, 137 Volksgrenadier Divisions family arrested, 155, 163 18th, 80 Yugoslavia, 128 256th, 72 Regiments, 980th, 85 Zeitzler, Georg Colonel-General, 153 Volkssturm (national militia), 80 Zossen, 88, 128