ISSN 0970-7247 CONCEPTTHIRD

English Monthly Annual Subscription Rs. 200

Vol. 30 No. 360 FEBRUARY 2017 Rs. 20.00

O Gubernatorial Elections 2017 O Moldova’s Geopolitical Dilemma O Brazil’s Locomotive Breath O Corruption in Sino-World O Corruption in India O Ancient Temples of Kashmir

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 1 2 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 CONCEPTTHIRD INSIDE

Editorial An International Journal Imperiled World! 5 of Ideas B.K. Jakarta Gubernatorial Vol. 30 No. 360 FEBRUARY 2017 Rs. 20. 00 Election 2017 in Perspective 7 Third Concept aims at providing a platform where Igor Dirgantara a meaningful exchange of ideas can take place among the people of the Third World. The attempt will be Geopolitical Significance of Kazakhstan 11 to communicate, debate and disseminate information, Filippo R Omeo ideas and alternatives for the resolution of the common problems facing humankind. We welcome Moldova’s Geopolitical Dilemma 13 contributions from academics, journalists and even from those who may never have published anything Dr. Manabhanjan Meher before. The only requirement is a concern for and Brazil’s Locomotive Breath 16 desire to understand and take the issue of our time. Contributions may be descriptive, analytical or Nicola Bilotta theoretical. They may be in the form of original Combating corruption in the Sino-world 21 articles, reactions to previous contributions, or even a comment on a prevailing situation. All contributions, Ms. Lingbo ZHAO neatly typed in double space, may be addressed to: Popular Culture vs. Cinema in India 27 Editor Consulting Editor Ranjay K. Reddy Babuddin Khan M. L. Sharma Medical Education and Health Managing Editor Art Director Service in India 31 R. Prudhvi Raju Purba Roy Dr. Satyabrata Mishra Business Executive Chief of Production Corruption in India: Causes and Remedies 38 R.S.Rawat N. P. Agarwal Dr.Geetamma.K While the Editor accepts responsibility for the Agriculture Profile of the Farmers selection of materials to be published, individual authors are responsible for the facts, figures, and in Theni Dist 46 views in their articles. However, the Editor reserves the right to edit the articles for reasons of space and S.Velanganni, M. A. Barween clarity. & Dr. D. Jeba S. Anitha Published, Printed and Owned by Ancient Temples of Kashmir Babuddin Khan Third Concept under Karkota Dynasty 55 LB - 39, Prakash Deep Building, 7, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi-110 001. Paryaz Ahmad Bhat Phones : 23711092, 23712249 Capitalizing on Human Misery Fax No: 23711092. E-mail : [email protected] in Occupied Territories 57 Website: www.thirdconceptjournal.co.in Aleksandra Krstiæ Designed by: Pt. Tejpal

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 3 4 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Editorial

Imperiled World! e inhabit an imperiled world, where apart from the vast devastating potential of nuclear weapons, vagaries of climate change and growing inequalities between the rich and the poor, along with Wassociated events, have pushed the entire humankind on the threshold of catastrophe. Climate change has emerged as the threat to the very existence of humankind after nuclear weapons. In the absence of a continuum of policies designed to reduce people’s exposure and vulnerability to climate change, poverty and inequality would only increase. The impacts of climate change are prone to worsen the conditions of low-income people, who already face inequality, thereby making it a double burden for them. According to a recently released UN report, a total of 6,457 weather-related disasters occurred during 1995-2015, which claimed more than 600,000 lives and affected another 4.2 billion people. Combating the menace of climate change, especially in developing countries, requires international resources. At the Paris climate conference in December 2015, countries committed to setting a target of mobilising at least $100 billion per year for climate change mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries. Besides, Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has estimated that adaptation costs will range from $70 billion to $100 billion per year by 2050 in the developing countries alone. In this backdrop that the recently released UN report has voiced concern that international resources to support climate change resilience were insufficient. At a time when the world is passing through a critical situation due to climate change, there is an opportunity for the international community to come together to address the challenges. Various international reports have called for rendering immediate assistance to fight climate- related hazards, interventions for disaster risk reduction and taking up adaptation policies, including introduction of new crop varieties and water management techniques. These reports also suggest ecosystem management and income diversification of people and policies to reduce inequalities, which in turn would help address climate change impacts. The World Economic Forum (WEF) in its recently released report titled ‘2017 Global Risks Report’ has identified four key areas for global risks in 2017: environmental; socioeconomic; technological; and cooperative. The report identifies environmental risks as the most pressing, stressing that immediate, long- lasting action is necessary to provide hope for reversing climate change trajectories. It describes climate change as “one of the truly existential risks to our world” and states that the threat of climate change is among the highest, both in terms of impact and likelihood. The report recognizes progress in cooperation to address climate and other environmental risks in 2016, but concludes “the pace of change…is not fast enough.” The continued challenges related to rising income inequality, polarization of society along ethnic, religious and cultural lines, and strained social protection systems have been identified as socioeconomic threats by the WEF report. On technological risks, the report suggests technology may provide innovative solutions and/or produce additional risks. On cooperation, the report stresses the importance of collaboration among countries, sectors and societies in managing risks. Growing economic inequalities between the rich and the poor have been highlighted by international charity Oxfam in its report, according to which, just eight super-rich men hold the same amount of wealth as the poorest half of the world’s population. Lamenting that it cannot name the bottom half of humanity, more than 3.6 billion people, with that kind of precision, report says that they mostly live in the developing world. Cautioning that worsening inequality threatens to upend the very fabric that’s held democracies together in the post-Second World War global order, the Oxfam report warns, “Left unchecked, growing inequality threatens to pull our societies apart.” On the one hand, billions of people are fighting over crumbs from half of a pie; while on the other hand, the rich dig into fat slices all to themselves. Broad estimates show that 80 percent of the bottom half of the world’s population is adults living in Africa and India. They’re younger and more likely to be single and poorly educated. Women who are poorly educated are even more likely to have very little wealth. Rising inequality causes more than a sense of moral outrage, adversely affects the health, increasing suicide rates and shortening lifespan. Concrete actions are needed to wriggle this world out of perils. BK THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 5 6 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election 2017 in Perspective Igor Dirgantara* [In the wake of approaching polls on February 15, 2017, competition has become increasingly rigorous among the three candidates who are contesting in the Jakarta Gubernatorial Election (Pilgub) 2017, namely, incumbent duet - (Ahok- Djarot), - (Agus-Sylvi), and - (Anies-Sandi). Many have said that the fight in Jakarta gubernatorial election this time is a ‘proxy war’ of the rivalry among the political elites Megawati Soekarno Putri, and .] hok-Djarot is supported by the Indonesian candidates who will compete is still overlapping Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP), the each other within the margin of error. APeople’s Conscience Party (Hanura), the Statistically, no certainty can be made on which Functional Group Party (Golkar), and the pair of candidates will win. National Democratic Party (Nasdem). Agus- Despite of Good Performance’s of Ahok, Sylvi is supported by the Democratic Party, the Jakarta’s Residents Want New Governor (PPP), the (PKB) and the National From the results of survey conducted by SPIN Mandate Party (PAN). Whereas Anies-Sandi is (Survey & Polling ) during August- supported by the Great Indonesia Movement December 2016, it was revealed that Ahok is Party (Gerindra) and the Prosperous Justice Party still considered by the public as the figure who (PKS). best understands the problems in Jakarta (73%), compared to Anies (40%), or Agus (33% ). The Presently, the Jakarta gubernatorial election is pair of incumbent governor Ahok-Djarot has had entering the stage of formal debate among the the advantage in selling the programs they have candidates that began on January 13, 2017. In achieved. the previous informal debate that was aired by some private televisions, the Anies-Sandi looked On the other hand, his rival two contenders dominating over other candidates. focused on issues that have not been covered yet by Ahok-Djarot. Anies-Sandi pairing, for Predictably the Jakarta Gubernatorial Election example, developed issues of job availability, 2017 will take two rounds, because the winner basic stuff price control, and clean water is required to get 50%+1 vote. Agus-Sylvi, Ahok- availability in Jakarta. These issues were raised Djarot, and Anies-Sandi are having equal as a criticism against Ahok’s policies that were opportunity to win and at the same also potentially more physical, rather than human oriented. Anies- to lose, or will not qualify for the second round. Sandi also intends to stop the policy on Support to the three pairs of candidates are still reclamation in Jakarta Bay which is being fluid and attitude of the voters tends to be still contested by many environmental activists. able to change until the last days before the voting day on February 13, 2017. Supporting votes for Meanwhile, Agus-Sylvi’s programs highlighted the three pairs of candidates is nearly the same more the provision of financial assistance, such in number. Electability of the three pairs of as the granting of Rp 5 million per poor family, or Rp 1 billion per RW (Rukun Warga) in Jakarta. * Lecturer, Faculty of Social Politics, University Jayabaya & Director, SPIN, Jakarta. It is obvious that the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 7 election will be the momentum to evaluate the various segments of Jakarta voters due to the incumbent governor’s performance and to draft alleged religious defamation case which has the overall improvement. resulted in a commotion and protest by Muslim community. Significantly, the trend of favorability to Ahok as the incumbent has decreased. Only as low as Presently, Ahok is the accused (defendant) on 30% believe that Ahok deserves to be re-elected the religious defamation case before the court as Governor, while 55% want a new figure for for quoting a Quranic verse in surah Al-Maidah Jakarta governor. Ahok’s positive popularity is 51 during his working visit in the Thousand equal to his negative popularity. Negative Islands. As on January 10, 2017, the case of sentiment against Ahok is also prevalent in alleged religious defamation by Ahok was entering the fifth trial round.

8 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 status as the accused becomes a psychological Undoubtedly, one the one hand, majority of barrier for the public to reelecting him. Jakarta people is rational voters; nonetheless, on the other hand, they are in fact unable to escape Primordial identity has been used for political from the political choice based on primordialism. benefit and gaining support. Ahok’s weakness is The anti-Ahok struggle is stronger due to the that none of Muslim-based parties supports him. religious motive. Ahok is at a disadvantaged However, for Ahok’s supporters, he was merely position because he comes from minority ethnic a victim of religion politicization. Although it is and religious group. Ahok is now in trouble with possible, but somewhat difficult, for Ahok to a sensitive issue of religious defamation. His rebound his electability within the short remaining period to elections.

In contrast, Anies Baswedan is seen as a figure (41%), and Agus (39%). Jakarta’s public is that is more caring to the Jakarta people (57%), indeed expecting a new leader who has respect than Ahok (52%), or Agus (47%). Anies is also and integrity, represents all strata of the Jakarta considered more as representing the entire strata people, capable of creating jobs, and has the of Jakarta people (52%), compared to Ahok ability to improve education of his residents.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 9 Agus Harymurti Yudhoyono is today very popular Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono or Anies Baswedan, or as a candidate for Jakarta Governor. His personal Djarot Saiful Hidayat. This means, if the incumbent branding as a young man and handsome has heavily Ahok-Djarot pair even wins, there will be very little attracted Jakarta’s people. By hearsay, human is an chance for Ahok to be the Jakarta Governor for the eye animal. A candidate who is physically attractive second period because of his accused status and may earn three times more votes, particularly from potential imprisonment related to the religious the first-time and female voters segment. This is defamation proceeding to which he is now because the first impression that begins from subjected. Ahok will remain able to survive if there physical appearance of someone is usually difficult is a gigantic power intervening in his case. However, to change. Theoretically, one’s first image is usually this may trigger a national political uproar that is based on visual aspect. Furthermore, human’s mind even greater. Jakarta Gubernatorial Election 2017 is limited, thus the voters’ perception tends to be indeed correlates with the process and decision of filtered by a physiological filter. This is the advantage Ahok’s court trial that is still current. of Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono that is also possessed With the approaching of the voting day on February by Sandiaga Uno. 15, 2017, each of the candidates will be campaigning This differs with Ahok who has controversial more actively to grab undecided votes and swing leadership style in the public eye. The voters in voters, particularly first-time voters, Muslim voters, Jakarta presently give Anies Baswedan and Agus Javanese voters, and the urban middle class. In the Harimurti an opportunity to be the new governor of capital Jakarta, social media can be used as a tool Jakarta. However, Anies Baswedan is very to grab supports and influence these voters. vulnerable to be rushed by negative religious issues, However, undeniably, the Ahok’s religious such as allegation as a follower of Shia or Liberal defamation case indeed gave benefit and opportunity Islam; whereas Agus Harymurti Yudhoyono is to Anies-Sandi and Agus-Sylvi pairs to win on the deemed lacking in experience and as a part of a Jakarta gubernatorial election on February 15, 2017. political dynasty or a son of former President Susilo Even if Ahok loses the election, the public will still Bambang Yudhoyono. look at Ahok’s performance that has been deemed good as a work barometer for anyone who will Closing Remarks succeed him, no matter whether he is a polite Muslim In 2017, the Jakarta people will predictably have a or not. new Governor on February 15. He will be either 

10 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Geopolitical Significance of Kazakhstan Filippo R Omeo* [Quite until recently Kazakhstan was commonly identified as an impervious, legendary and fascinating place, one of passionate, bloody dusks whose natural beauty, combined with the landscape diversity, has made it the most seductive country in Central Asia. Today, though these features still distinguish it, it is placed in the new global scenario with a fully renewed guise which makes it the jewel in the area’s crown.] ver the past two decades, Kazakhstan has situation via creating and planning great actually managed to endow itself with infrastructural works. Oits own structure and identity, doubtlessly In fact, there is no doubt that in the emerging more incisively and further reaching than other context, continental infrastructures form an former Soviet republics. This fact may be even essential moment for upturn, as they can influence more appreciated if one considers its population, both the technological modernization processes made up of only 17 million inhabitants, which is and foreign policy stability. As well as subdivided into as many as 130 different religious broadening works in the Suez Canal and Panama, confessions, which the state authorities were which have surely stressed the role played by wisely able to harmonize, without any attempt to maritime links, one must in no way ignore the ethnically-religiously characterize the Country. importance of the land ones, which see the Asian State modernization was also the fruit of smart continent as one of the main characters. economic choices, whose strategy did not stop Indeed, Asia – “pivot of the century” -, which on exclusively exploiting the huge energy Prof. Bajrektarevic describes as the place where resources available, but focused on encouraging “demographic-migratory pressures are huge, ambitious development projects based on the regional demands are high, and expectations are public - private partnership and attracting foreign brewing”, is the continent most interested in and investors tempted by the privileged geographical involved by projects to create roads, tunnels and position placing it near the greatest markets in rail infrastructures that should cross it from one Russia, China and India. strip to another. For example, China, which is This geographical peculiarity makes Kazakhstan playing a major role in this process, has for some not only a trans-continental State but also a years now got down to business, creating several potential logistic platform for exchange between strategic infrastructural projects that are useful Europe and Asia. At this particular juncture, in accompanying, protecting and raising the which is recording an epochal change in geo- country’s expansive capacities. political, geo-economic scenarios, the greatest This surely includes the great land and sea “New powers involved are also responding to the Silk Way” project, devised by Beijing with the principal aim of moving China closer to the rest of the Euro-Asian continental mass, as well as * Director, Infrastructure and Territorial Development Programme, IsAG, Rome, Italy Europe. developing the inland zones remaining behind

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 11 the coastal strip. There can be no doubt that the two decades as well as the last in the utopian full completion of this project will have weighty cities chronologically. geo-political repercussions, if one just considers Astana, bearing the signature of Japanese it and focuses on linking Europe and Asia under architect Kisko Kurokava with collaboration an infrastructural economic profile and at the same from artists and intellectuals, was devised to time going against US replacing in the Atlantic represent, despite its distinctive winter and Pacific Ocean. temperatures, the perfect city of the future model In this new picture, Kazakhstan, already and celebrate the growing power of Kazakhstan. identifying itself as “bridge” and joining land It is a revolutionary city that expresses the vision between the economies of Europe and Asia, finds of its planner, man dominating nature, and also itself back in the heart of a new East-West embodies environmental sustainability efficiency logistic axis represented by the current principles, breaking with traditional city surge of motorway, Railroad and pipeline structures. constructions. This looks to new, ambitious Astana was indeed planned and created in business opportunities, some of them already sectors, putting the zones in a row starting from grasped by Italian firms (like Salini Impregilo the industrial one, located around the station so and Todini), already busy creating one of these as to exploit transport possibilities, following international transit corridors, while others could with residential areas, with parks and gardens, be profiled following the passing of the new with the government’s administrative ones and Nurly Zhol state development programme, “The the diplomats’ zone. Along with Astana, Walk Toward the Future”. Kazakhstan also dares on the maritime transport This programme, which aims to modernize the mega-structures, suggesting a “Euro-Asian infrastructure and internal transport apparatus, channel” so that its ships, starting from the also in view of the Expo to be held in the very Caspian Sea, can reach the Black Sea and from modern Astana in 2017, intends to encourage there, via the Bosphorus, the Mediterranean. foreign investments in transport / logistic and Should this proposal become reality, it could turn industrial / energy sectors so as to make the the country, thanks mainly to its geographical country more efficient and in step with the position and its constructive big neghbours, into interconnection processes developing both on a the great “Euro-Asia” logistic platform, a great global level and in the “Euro-Asian” strip. The centre to shift products and services and attract Expo event is bound to contribute to giving gloss investments located in the golden “heart of the to the capital representing the perfect synthesis world”. of modernizing processes launched in the last 

To our Contributors...... & Original articles are welcome. & Only Original copy of the manuscript, neatly typed in double-space should be sent. Please do not send carbon, cyclo-or photo-copies. & Please check up grammatical & typographical mistakes before sending. Editor will not be responsible for these lapses. & Editor reserves the right to reject/ modify / edit an article without assigning any reason.

12 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Moldova’s Geopolitical Dilemma Dr. Manabhanjan Meher* [This article attempts to portray geopolitical dilemma facing the ruling dispensation in Moldova and this predicament is dictated by its geostrategic location and geographic proximity to Russia and Romania along with past historical baggage. While providing a brief overview of contemporary developments in and around Moldova, author succinctly presents the options before the Moldovan ruling dispensation. Ed.] n Moldova, pro-Russian candidate Igor Dodon and his Policy Dodon won 52 percent of the vote, while his rival pro-EU candidate Maia Sandu got 48 Dodon started his political career in the I Moldovan Communist Party and became an MP percent in second round which was held on November 13, 2016 with participation of the first in 2009 and later joined the Socialist Party of two candidates who received the highest number Moldova (PSRM). He had been Deputy Prime of votes on October 30, 2016. Igor Dodon has Minister in 2008-2009, and Minister of Economy been elected President of the Republic of from 2006 to 2009, in a socialist government. Moldova. Dodon has been elected after a campaign in which he promised to improve relations with Russia as Moldova is a poor country in Eastern Europe, one of his main goals. Dodon’s campaign has which faces multiple contradictions. The also been focused against the oligarchs, against situation has become much more complex in those who have robbed ‘our country and want to Moldova in the context of confrontation between destroy it.’ The solution advocated by the the West and Russia in the post-Soviet space. Socialists is, on the one hand, ensuring the The country is particularly affected by the ongoing “neutrality” of Moldova, and on the other, conflict in Ukraine, because of the Transnistrian federalizing the country. and Gagauzian regions in Moldova. The US troops and military equipment arrived in Moldova-Transnistrian Conflict and Russia Moldova for NATO’s Dragon Pioneer 2016 Transnistrian and Gagauzian regions of Moldova Joint Military Exercises, which had taken place are centres of ethno-political conflicts, and both from May 3 to May 20, 2016. The socialists and regions are considered to be under influence of communists condemned the US military presence the Russian Federation. After Russian President in Moldova and demanded that an extraordinary Putin signed a treaty making Crimea part of parliamentary session be convened on May 10, Russia on March 18, 2014, the ruling elites of 2016.1 Moldova, irrespective of being pro-Russian or pro-EU, feared that it may face the same fate in Besides this, Moldova has been engulfed by 3 waves of mass protests against corruption, price breakaway region of Transnistrian Republic. hikes and election fraud for more than a year. The sentiments of the people inside Transnistrian, The biggest scandal happened in 2014 in which after Crimea’s accession to Russia, have strongly $1 billion disappeared from three Moldovan intensified. State authorities and ordinary citizens banks.2 On the other hand; pro-Romanian remember the referendum of September 2006, in political elite are fascinated with the idea of which Transnistrians voted for independence and Moldova’s accession to Romania. close integration with Russia. On April 16, 2014, the Supreme Council of the PMR appealed to * Research Assistant, IDSA, New Delhi. both chambers of the Russian parliament and

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 13 Vladimir Putin to initiate the process of state also by embracing harmonization of laws, rules recognition of Transnistria. and regulations of the Republic of Moldova with EU law, ensuring alignment of key economic Currently, Transnistria, a Russian-speaking self- sectors to European standards.8 proclaimed republic, is completely blocked by Moldova and Ukraine. Moldavian authorities The newly elected President Igor Dodon, in an require “the complete withdrawal of Russian interview to “Interfax”, has asserted that despite troops and warehouses from [their] territory,” of their pro-Russian mood, it wouldn’t harm referring to Transnistria.4 Moldova rejected the relations with EU. He argues that “Party of federalization project proposed by Moscow in Socialists, of which I was elected the President, 2003 as part of a resolution to the Transnistrian openly advocates Eurasian integration, and it will situation. not give up on this political agenda. We cannot afford to curtail cooperation with the European Since the signing of the EU-Moldova Partnership Union, to cancel the agreement on association Agreement in June 2014, Russia has imposed with the EU. We do not need Ukrainian Maidan sanctions and trade restrictions on Moldova by here. Therefore, we will be having a very introducing import duties and import bans on balanced approach to this issue.”9 Moldovan products.5 During the Inaugural speech Moldova-Romania Relations delivered by Mr. Igor Dodon, President of the Republic of Moldova, he claimed that “Restoring There is a serious competition within the country full-fledged friendly and strategic partnership between two models of nation-state projects, one relations with the Russian Federation is my is “Moldavianism” and the other is “Unionism” priority goal as Head of State. My first official (or “Romanianism”). In the late 1980s, visit as President of the Republic of Moldova Moldovan politics was gripped by a wave of will be to the Russian Federation. I am convinced pro-Romanian nationalism, which brought the that this will build the basis for qualitatively new Moldova Popular Front to power. The Front’s relations between our two friendly countries.”6 main objective was to dissolve Moldova as an independent nation-state and unify with the Dodon is expecting that better relations with Romanian nation-state in the process.10 Since Russia will help Moldova to solve the long- USSR’s break-up, the ruling elites of Romania lasting dispute with the self-proclaimed Republic have done everything possible to weaken of Transnistria. The region is inhabited mainly Moldova’s nationhood and its relations with by Russian-speaking population, which broke Russia. away from Moldova in 1991 following a short Political groups which clearly favour Moldova war that killed several hundred people.7 joining Romania are extremely marginal, and Moldova-EU Relations their total support does not exceed 1% of the votes.11 Regarding Moldova’s policy toward In order to accelerate the Republic of Moldova’s Romania, Igor Dodon says “I am not anti- political and economic integration into the EU, Romanian and have never been, but I am anti- the Association Agreement between the Republic Unionist. True, we have common historic routes, of Moldova and the EU, which includes creation we are brothers, but each of us should have his of a deep and comprehensive free trade area own house. I like Romanians as neighbours and (DCFTA) was signed on June 27, 2014 in friends, but they should not infringe Moldavia’s Brussels and it fully came into force on July 1, statehood.”12 2016. DCFTA Agreement provides the Republic of Moldova with the framework for modernizing Conclusion and strengthening its economic and commercial The confrontation between Russia and the relations to the opening of the EU market by EU over Moldova is driven by geopolitics. Since excluding customs duties and export quotas, but the decade of 1990s, Moldova ruling elites have

14 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 adopted a balanced approach towards Russia and 6. See “Inaugural Speech delivered by Mr. Igor Europe. This is also true that whosoever comes Dodon, President of the Republic of to power in Moldova has followed the same. In Moldova”, December 23, 2016, available this case Igor Dodon is no exception, he will at http://www.presedinte.md/eng/discursuri/ have to make every effort for improving ties with discursul-de-investitura-al-domnului-igor- Russia as he promised during campaign but at dodon-in-functia-de-presedinte-al- the same time relations with the European Union republicii-moldova-98116 have to be continued at the same pace in order to 7. Marian Chiriac (2016), “Moldova: Pro- avoid the repetition of Ukraine under Russia Candidate Wins Presidency”, Yanukovych. November14, 2016, available at http:// Endnotes www.eurasiareview.com/14112016- moldova-pro-russia-candidate-wins- 1. Cornel Ciurea (2016), “Political Games presidency/ Around US Military Equipment Exhibition 8. See “EUAssociation Agreement with the in ChiºinÎu”, May 11, 2016, available at Republic of Moldova will enter into force http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/ on 1 July this year”, June 20, 2016, available ?id_4=7651#top-content at http://agepi.gov.md/en/news/eu- 2. See “Moldova And Bulgaria Elected Russia- association-agreement-republic-moldova- Friendly Presidents’, November 14, 2016, will-enter-force-1-july-year available at http://visegradpost.com/en/ 9. See “Igor Dodon: I will not go neither under 2016/11/14/moldova-and-bulgaria-elected- the West nor the East under”, November 22, russia-friendly-presidents/ 2016, available at http://a-tv.md/eng/ 3. See “Transnistria Prepares for Joining the index.php?newsid=23687 Russian Federation”, September 9, 2016, 10. Marin Ekstrom (2013), “Romanian available at http://armedia.am/eng/news/ Nationalism in Moldova from 1988-1994: 39085/transnistria-prepares-for-joining-the- Elite Competition and Nationalism, russian-federation.html September 4, 2013, available athttp:// 4. Ruslan Kostyuk (2016), “Will Moldova www.sras.org/ become a new flashpoint for Russia and romanian_nationalism_in_moldova Europe?”, Feb 22, 2016, available at http:// 11. Kamil Ca³us (2015), In the Shadow of www.russia-direct.org/opinion/will- History: Romanian-Moldovan relations, SW moldova-become-new-flashpoint-russia- Studies, Number 53, Centre for Eastern and-europe Studies, Poland, pp.55 5. See “Standing for closer links with Russia, 12. See”Dodon: Romania should not infringe Igor Dodon is elected new Moldovan Moldova’s statehood”, available at https:// president”, November 14, 2016, available eadaily.com/en/news/2016/11/28/dodon- at http://www.nationalia.info/new/10885/ romania-should-not-infringe-moldovas- standing-for-closer-links-with-russia-igor- statehood dodon-is-elected-new-moldovan-president 

THIRD CONCEPT welcomes your valuable comments on articles published in each issue. Suggestion to further improve quality and get-up of your favourite magazine, which has a record of uninterrupted publication since 1987, are also solicited’s.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 15 Brazil’s Locomotive Breath Nicola Bilotta*

[The process of growth and modernization in Brazil has been always described as an example to be followed by other developing countries. Nevertheless, the Brazilian ‘locomotive’ has stopped. The country is going through a period of dramatic political and economic instability. Although the Olympics Games should have been an international show of Brazilian power, they revealed the structural weakness of a country full of ambiguities and contradictions instead.] etrobras’ inquiry, combined with negative Brazil’s GDP between 1982 and 2015, three effects of the economic crisis, seem to have main trends can be observed. (i) A stable growth Ptemporarily buried the China of South pattern from 1982 to 2002. (ii) The GDP America with oil wealth becoming yet another rocketing up between 2003 and 2012, with a light time not a blessing but a curse. slowdown during 2009-2010 caused by the financial crisis. (iii) A fall of GDP’s values “In a broader sense, the hydrocarbons and its between 2012 and 2015. Analyzing the evolution scarcity psychologization, its monetization (and of the percentage of annual GDP growth, it is not related weaponization) is serving rather a possible to identify a specific trend. coercive and restrictive status quo than a developmental incentive” – diagnoses Prof. Anis The most significant point that can be made is H. Bajrektarevic, and concludes: “That the constant growth of the GDP between 2004 essentially calls not for an engagement but and 2008, which was around 5% per year. The compliance.” economic growth does not just imply a dramatic increase of GDP but also the improvement in To describe the history of the nation we need to socio-economic status of millions of poor focus our attention on oil, because the black gold Brasilians. Starting from 2001 the level of is the embodiment of the success -and fall- of absolute poverty – defined as the percentage the Brazilian economy. living with less than two dollars per day – Oil – how black is gold decreased by 12%. The levels of relative poverty One of the central drivers of Brazilian economic – defined as the percentange of people with less growth has been the production and the export of than 50% of the average income – fell by 25% natural resources and their products. Looking at between 2002 and 2013. Graph 1: Trend of Brazilian GDP 1982 e il 2014

Graph by the author, source: World Bank Database Grafico 2: Percentage of GDP Grotwh 1982-2014

* Research Assistant at The Banker (Financial Times) & external researcher at ISAG .

16 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Graph by the author, source: World Bank Database

Graph 3: Trends of poverty levels 1995-2013

Source: OECD Economic Surveys Brazil, 11/ To clarify, the most important oil reserve in Brazil 2015, p. 34 is Pré-Sal, which needs to compete in a market The value of export and of the satellite activities in which the price is of at least 70 dollars per of natural resources for Brazil is represented by barrel in order to be profitable. The fall of the their proportion on the total GDP. As clearly international price of oil, then, has been shown in Graph 4, one of the engines of the penalizing the Brazilian economy that was Brazilian boom in the 2000s has been oil. Its already damaged by the crisis of Chinese demand incidence on GDP increased remarkably from and the slowdown of FDI. 1999, a stable growth that reached its peak during Graph 4: Percentage of oil and natural 2000s. Between 2003 and 2006 oil rents resourcces on Brazilian GDP 1982-2012 produced around 3% of total GDP. Graph 5 shows the cost of oil per barrel from 1980 to 2015.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 17 his company for 875 million. The devaluation of the asset was due to wrong investment done by the society in Greece, Russia and Czech Republic, which cost millions in loss. Batista exploited new opportunities that arose during the Brazilian economic boom. Between 2001 and 2002, he created and subsequently sold two companies to the Brazilian state; a thermo-dynamics and an iron production company. The holding that would make Graph by the author, source: World Bank Database a Batista billionaire was OGX Graph 5: Trends of oil barrel 1980-2014 (Petròleo e Gàs Participacoes), specialized in the research and refinement of oil and gas. The market strategy of OGX was aggressive from the beginning. In 2007 he arranged the rights of exploration for 21 areas for OGX doubling the amount offered by its competitors. The next year OGX was able to produce barrels at the cost of 145 dollars per barrel and it announced their structures would be able to produce 1 Graph by the author, source: World Bank million barrel per day by 2019. Batista’s Database ambitions and his confidence in Brazilian economy encouraged him to Eike Batista, image of Brazilian fable invest a large amount of money to build The story of Erike Batista is bonded with the up a harbour at Acu, 400 km away from growth and the fall of Brazilian economy. Batista Rio de Janeiro. The project was has been one of the richest men in the world, 8th supposed to create a centre for the in the Forbes rank of worldwide billionaires and refinement and the trade of oil products, owner of 30 billion dollars in 2012. However, which could help in radical increase in this changed in 2014 when he admitted to the OGX’ productivity. loss of his wealth and his debt of one billion From 2008 onwards, the Brazilian magistrate dollars. How is it possible that this self-made billionaire lost his wealth totaling a whopping started to investigate bribes that Batista allegedly 30 billion dollars? The success and the fall of gave to the Governor of Amapà, Waldex Gòez, Batista’s business are connected to oil. concessions of privileges for his companies. In the 80s, after completing his metallurgic Even though the media caught wind of the studies, he went to Amazon forest to implement investigation, the judiciary case was closed machines in the research and the extraction of without any charges. The slowdown of Brazilian gold. In 1983, he bought a small society in the economy and the fall of the oil barrel started to Canadian stock exchange, of extraction and trade strain foreign investors and foreign shareholders of natural resources that gained the value of 1.7 billion dollars in a few years. In 2002 he sold

18 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 and led them to reduce investments into Batista’s finance social expenses that went beyond the companies. fixed amount allocated for public expenses. The final blow was caused by the Abu Dhabi However, the charges that led to her dismissal fund, Mudabala Development, which retired did not include the Petrobas scandal. Eduardo from EBX – one of Batista’s holdings – and asked Cunha was the political leader leading the group for the liquidation of all their stock options which that called for Dilma’s dismissal. Paradoxically, totaled 1.5 billion dollars. The financial pressure he was not only found with a secret million dollar then cut the liquidity of Batista’s companies, bank account in Switzerland, but was also barred which, having invested a lot of money, survived from assuming any public position for eight years using financial leverage. Like a balloon, EBX due to an investigation for his involvement in snapped under the weight of financial debts that corruption and bribes. made Batista lose all of his assets. Some representatives of worldwide left-wing Petrobas investigation parties talk about a conspiracy to dismiss the Workers’ Party. The Brazilian and international In March 2014, a group of Brazilian judges started elite allegedly exploited the economic crisis to to investigate the relationship between the destroy the consensus of Lula and Rouseleff’s Worker’s Party and the public oil company party, which had always had significant popular Petrobras. The charge was that executive support. Lula won the election in 2002 with directors of Petrobras and of the main building 46.4% of the votes against just 23.3% of his societies (Btp) developed a corrupt system in opposing candidate José Serra. In 2006, Lula was which Btp would receive contracts for the confirmed President with 48.6% in the next construction of oil platforms increasing the election. His successor, Dilma Rouseleff, won building costs between 1% and 3%. In exchange, in 2010 with 46.9% of the votes. Even though governmental parties would obtain illegal funds she experienced a small decline, Rouseleff won to sponsor political campaigns. the election in 2014 with 41.6% of the votes. The companies involved were Camargo Corrêa, These Brazilian governments made enemies in Oas, Utc-Constram, Odebrecht, Mendes Júnior, the international market due to their politics of Engevix, Queiroz Galvão, Iesa Óleo & Gás e nationalization and semi-nationalization of Galvão Engenharia and members of the Workers’ natural resources. For example, Petrobras, Party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party founded in 1953, was partially privatized during (Pmdb) and the Progressive Party. (Pp). the 90s. However, Lula started a propagandist The main consequence of the inquiry was the campaign in 2007 to return company under state delegitimization of the Workers’ Party that led control. In addition, to prevent the private Brazil from 2002 onwards. The President, Dilma exploitation of the Pré-Sal oil reserve, Lula’s Rouseleff was forced to leave office despite the government passed a law to give to Petrobras fact she was not personally involved in the the monopoly to explore the area and extract oil investigation. The successor of former President from Pré-Sal. Lula endured immediate pressure to resign for Some influential voices, such as independent her knowledge of systematic corruption as Brazilian experts and academics raised concerns Chairman of Petrobras and Minister of Energy about the nature of the process. Pedro Fassoni (2003-2005). Nevertheless, the impeachment of Arruda argues that there were secret powers Rouseleff regarded the charge of having behind the impeachment that were also involved transferred public funds from national banks to in the coup d’état in 1964. In a similar vein, Pablo

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 19 Ortellado criticised the framing of Rouseleff in References the media. Sapelli contends that the modern 1. K. Blankfeld, Big Man in Brazil, Forbes 3/ political history of Brazil is characterized by a 11/2010 deep fragmentation of parties, which means every President has to deal with many small personalist 2. ECB, What is driving Brazil’s economic parties. downturn, Issue 1/2016-Box 1 The external support that every government needs 3. J. Leahy, Brazil’s left fears Rousseff coup, to administer generated the construction of a Financial Times 3/04/2016 system of corruption intrinsic to Brazilian society. 4. D. Miranda, Brazilian politician who led Many experts believe that judge’s actions could Rousseff impeachment arrested on corruption enforce the trust of markets and investors in charges, 21/04/2016 Brazilian institutions. Cutting the ambiguous bonds that exist between parties and companies 5. OECD, Economic Surveys Brazil, 11/2015 should help to make the legal framework more 6. S. Romero e V. Sreeharsha, Dilma Rousseff stable and safe, strengthening the power of the Targeted in Brazil by Lawmakers Facing law. This could be a message from Brazil to the Scandals of Their Own, New York Times 14/ entire world, that whoever is corrupted, no matter 04/2016 what status, will be punished. 7. M, Sandy, Brazilian politician who led Recently, the news reported that the Brazilian Rousseff impeachment arrested on corruption parliament approved a law with 292 in 393 to charges, The abolish the monopoly of Petrobras on the reserve of Pré-Sal. This law seems to be just the first 8. Guardian 19/10/2016 step of a greater project of privatization pursued 9. G. Sapelli, Dal Brasile all’Italia. I poteri forti by President Michel Temer. With strong politics dietro le inchieste pilotate sul petrolio, Il of liberalization for Brazilian natural resources, Sussidiario 7/04/2016 Brazil seems to offer intriguing opportunities for business and investments for many 10. J. P. Spinetto, P. Millard and K. Wells, How multinationals. If Petrobras’ inquiry is just Brazil’s Richest Man Lost $ 34.5 billion, 4/ conspiracy or smart intuition; is hard to 10/2013 Bloomerang 4/10/2013 understand. Surely, the destiny of Brazil will be, 11. World Bank, Dataset Brazil, http:// another time, defined by black gold, for better or data.worldbank.org/country/brazil worse. 

PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN Edited by Babuddin Khan

A compilation of Select Articles from 25 Years of THIRD CONCEPT

On Emancipation and Empowerment of Women across the world with special emphasis on Indian Women Price: Rs 695

Special Discount of 25% for Third Concept subscribers

20 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Combating corruption in the Sino-world Ms. Lingbo ZHAO*

[After the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a new round of anti- corruption campaign has been going on. With almost fifty provincial officials, more than 600 director-level officials and more than 200,000 petty officials ensnared, this campaign is being conducted in a harsh way on a large scale. More importantly, as Vice Primer WANG Qishan pointed out, the ultimate goal is to reach the “would not think of it” stage from the current “would not dare” stage. In order to realise this goal, the passive control and surveillance measurements, which have been carried on over decades may not be able to meet the demand. What should be prior taken into consideration are institutional designs for a clean government.] f we look for a successful example for China This paper considers the root causes and on anti-corruption reform, Hong Kong may problems of the anti-corruption strategy in Ibe a good one. During the 1960s, with the mainland China. By introducing the incidence of increasing population and the rapid expansion Chen Xitong and the general situation on state of manufacturing industry, Hong Kong was faced personnel corruption, it argues on extent, forms with a similar situation in which corruption was and characteristics and the institutional loopholes wide-spread around as is the force and the of Chinese government. Meanwhile, the process community in mainland China nowadays of the transformation in Hong Kong will be (Manion, 2004). And yet since 1974 when the illustrated empirically and compared with the Independent Commission Against Corruption process in mainland China. The key part—— (ICAC) was created, the anti-corruption ICAC will be evaluated. And the suggestions of interventions have been empowered to establishing such commission in mainland China accomplish the transformation. This commission, will be introduced and tested. The main research according to the Basic Law, functions method is new institutionalism by focusing on independently and is directly accountable to the the institutional design and informal practice in Chief Executive. (Scott, 2011 mainland China. This paper attempts to analyze the causes of The definition of corruption corruption and anti-corruption measurements in Corruption, simply speaking, means the abuse of mainland China, followed by the evaluation and power for illegal monetary transaction. One of comparison of Hong Kong and mainland China. the most comprehensive definitions, that by a Though sharing a Chinese culture, great difference short simply wording, includes both a public and remains between each other. Especially when we private sector corruption, comes from a Vienna- focus on the anti-corruption achievement, Hong based Prof. Anis H. Bajrektarevic: “Seemingly Kong, considered as the freer market from victimless, hidden trade-off between influence government intervention, has incredible and gain” (Bajrektarevic, Palermo Treaty system, achievements in combating institutionalized Addleton NY, 2011). corruption while China, during two decades of anti-corruption campaign, remains one of the The World Bank defines (public) corruption as most corrupt countries. the abuse of public office for private gains; however, when it comes to a definition in * Research scholar, Dept of Govt and International concrete terms which contain too much Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong. connotation (Girling, 1997). In addition, the

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 21 causes and the results of public-private sector found directly engaging in bribe taking, with corruption are diverse. It can be traced in numerous bribe givers and huge material rewards. governments and civil societies, which include Even for Chen Xitong, whose downfall is often economic systems, administrative systems, interpreted as political, the size of his booty judicial systems and so on. (Harris, 2003) No warranted his fate. Two private villas, where matter how broad and complicated the concept Chen spent his leisure time and kept his mistresses is, it can reflect rules and violators who against between January 1993 and February 1995, cost those rules can be identified and punished. the public nearly Y40 million in maintenance (Gambetta, 1999) fees, and Y1.05 million in catering expenses. According to Sun (2004), “The villas were filled In the Chinese context, there are two major with luxuries ranging from gold doors and agate definitions that can be applied to China in the floors to extensive maintenance and security.” transition period. For those who are in favor of Eventually, he was sentenced to 16-year jail term a tough enforcement and party discipline, they (p. 148). would like to provide a more broad-based definition which includes public offices, public In Alan Liu’s categories, the forms of corruption interest and public opinions factors. By contrast, in mainland China can be roughly divided into for those who are in favor of an effective three groups. The first one is universal in all effacement and market efficiency, they would political systems including bribery, focus on the abuse of public office (Sun, 2004). embezzlement and abuse. The state property is Though there is no formalistic answer to the still a main target but not the only one. Instead, it question on what the definition is, this paper is the greater inducement from and dependence would use a definition corresponding with the on the market that now defines the forms and Chinese context. The corruption is defined as methods of violation. the abuse of authority or the public power by The second type is related to the economic reform, occupants in the government or the party to gain such as accounting violation and privilege private interests. This interpretation narrows seeking. When decentralisation was carried on down to the public office level that focuses on gradually, autonomy and increasing resources the abuse of public power in the political have facilitated corruption dynamically. activities. Precisely, there is linkage between economic Corruption in Mainland China liberalisation and corruption. Third one is The process of corruption in China after 1949 resulted from moral degradation in a broad way. can be roughly divided into two periods. There Sun (2004) states, “even here the marketplace is the classical communist period from 1949 to has stimulated distinctive forms of moral 1976 and the socialist market from 1976 to the deviation in recent years” (p. 51). present (Harris, 2003). Causes of corruption in China From the 1980s onward, the development of The growth of corruption is considered as a corruption took place together with the policy outcome (Gong, 1997). It results from legitimating of financial pursuit, delegation of mainly the economic reform in an unconscious power to an individual or an agency, fast way during the reforming and opening period. In expansion of the market economy, deficiency of general, economic reform which is for market the Party’s discipline as well as delaying in development and economic growth, has built up introducing regulatory control and required on the advantageous condition for the explosion of time legislative renewal (Kwong, 1997). corruption. Increasing business opportunities, the One case disclosure shocked the public. That is loose economic policies and the higher payoffs that the mayor of Beijing – Chen Xitong – was motivate officials to get involved in corruption.

22 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 To break through the planned economy, which believes that corruption, as an informal practice, made the economy in China stall market economy, is actually a production of formal practice with was introduced into China 30 years ago. loophole. They are interactional to some extent. Wedeman (2012) states “this reform helped China To stamp out corruption, the starting stage should accomplish an economic miracle,” which also be on the amendment towards formal practice makes China lie on the top in the international such as legal framework, judicial system and community. As the continuous development of institutional design. market economy and reform and opening going As for the judicial system, she also points out deeper, corruption has come out as an ineluctable that the wide spread of corruption is facilitated social phenomenon. by the way the courts are organized and During the reform of economy, market supervised. The courts, in mainland China, are competition is one of the most important factors not different from other governmental agencies. which cannot be underestimated. While analysing They are not independent. The local government the relationship between market economy and decides the finances of the courts. Senior judges corruption, both Western and Chinese scholars are nominated by the local CPC Committee and found out the paradox. There is a negative endorsed by the local People’s Congress; correlation between economic growth and meaning judges whose decisions are seen to corruption. Firstly Paolo Mauro, followed by violate Party policy may be discharged or other economists, found that the higher the rate otherwise punished. The courts are subject to of corruption is, the lower the rate of the extra-legal authority of the Political-Legal development is. Empirically, they drew out a Secretary of the local Party Committee, which conclusion that when the rate of corruption deals with difficult and important cases referred increases one point, it results in the reduction of to it (Manion, 2004). one percent in economic growth. Anti-corruption strategy in Hong Kong Theoretically, this statement also can be correct What makes Hong Kong’s economy successful? because equality and justice are the key factors Several points below are worthy being remarked of market competition. However, this kind of such as low tax collection, freedom in market developmental corruption model cannot competition, a relatively efficient legal system, successfully reflect the facts in Mainland China an efficient and effective network on where we can see the increasing corruption rate transportation and communication and “a together with the fast development of market and competent workforce working along with a pool economic growth. Some severe realities are quite of enterprising entrepreneurs”, as described by obvious. The number of corrupt officials keeps Howlett (1997, p.47) and cited in Manion, 2004). increasing. The involvement of officials in business field is enlarged. Corruption, originally Those factors not only significantly contribute to a concealed individual behaviour, is turning into the economic development in Hong Kong but also an organised collusion such as Shanghai Gang. enable Hong Kong’s economic wealth which does (Gong, 1997) good to combating corruption as the government can afford the salaries of civil servants and As mentioned before, there is a paradox about enough human and financial resources can be the relationship between market economic growth committed (Quah, 2003). and corruption. Admittedly, corruption keeps developing in Mainland China together with the Different from the Central Commission for rapid growth economy. Gong Ting (1997) uses a Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of conceptual framework which is the interaction China (Zhongjiwei), the ICAC operates of formal and informal practice from new independently in terms of structure, power, institutionalism to give the explanation. She finance and personnel. Before 1997, there was a

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 23 direct access between its Commissioner and the The ICAC also has its own recruitment practice. Governor. After July 1997, the ICAC is directly The employees are recruited out of the control responsible to the Chief Executive. So far, the of the Public Service Commission, which makes ICAC has developed into three major functions the staff of the ICAC separate from other which are investigation, prevention and governmental sections. During the recruitment education to fight against corruption in Hong process, the ICAC itself takes the whole Kong (Scott, 2011). responsibility of promotion, screening, interviewing and other processes. As for the The Structure of the ICAC financial fund of it, by the 2001/2002 financial As for its structure, there are main three unequal year, its budget had reached 81 times compared branches and the Administration Branch. Among from the first year when it was established. This the three departments, the largest one which is rapid increase in budget reflects the strong will the Operation Department takes the responsibility of the government on the support of the ICAC’s of the investigative function. Over nine hundred anti-corruption enforcement (Quah, 2003). employees make up 73% of the ICAC human Comparison on Anti-corruption Strategy in resource. The head of the Department also serves Mainland China and Hong Kong as the Deputy Commissioner, assisted by two Institutional Designs Directors who are in charge of the government sector and the private sector respectively. The main difference in mainland China and Hong Kong is the anti-corruption agencies. In Hong The second largest one is the Community Kong, the ICAC is an independent agency with Relations Department. The two divisions of this power and increasing budget. More importantly, Department are mass media and the public. It the Commissioner of the ICAC is directly has 202 staff which is 16% of the total staff in answerable to the Chief Executive, which makes the ICAC. Intensive education projects are the ICAC a separated agency apart from other conducted in schools and business sectors. In governmental departments (Harris, 2003). addition, it also builds up a close relationship However, in mainland China, unclear boundary between mass media and district organisations exists between the party and government branch. in order to raise public awareness and gain their Functional jurisdictions are dominated by support towards the anti-corruption movement. communist party committee generalists at each The smallest department is the Corruption level. Prevention Department (CPD), comprising 4% The second point is the institutional design. In of the total employees in the ICAC. In concrete Hong Kong, one of the three important methods terms, the objectives of the CPD are to inspect of anti-corruption is the prevention through the practice and procedures of government and institutional design; in mainland China, certain public bodies. Also, it takes the responsibility economic reform policies actually stimulate of making amendments and suggestions on the corruption. Reorganisation of procedures to working methods. Training for civil servants is reduce incentives for corrupt transaction has also offered by the CPD for the purpose of been shown recently. Finally, the analysis will prevention. go back to the basic ground of anti-corruption Apart from these three departments, there is a strategy which is the constitutional design. This separated administration department. It is in- essential difference lies in the two different charge of human and financial resources and regimes. Hong Kong has a functioning rule of general matters such as accommodation and law regime and effective civil liberty while technological service. Besides, there is an mainland China is conducted by a rule of law advisory committee to examine the work of each regime less constructively and neglect of civil department. liberty (Manion, 2004).

24 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Hong Kong’s institutional design not only focuses China should emulate when reforming the anti- on the enforcement measures but also pays high corruption strategy. This refers to the exclusive attention to the prevention by offering suggestion. anti-corruption mission of the agency: “The ICAC The ICAC’s Corruption Prevention Department is not embedded in the civil service or any other is to study the work procedures in governmental larger organisation with multiple goals”. Among departments to identify opportunities for this, the most important is the police force corruption (Manion, 2004). remaining independent; especially in the 1973 Having studied and analysed, suggestions would context of a public perception of that department be offered so as to reduce the possibility of as the most corrupt of all. Agency independently corruption by redesigning the working worked in Hong Kong primarily because this procedures. Further, after the suggestions are agency design worked as a signal, a public given, the Department is still in-charge of announcement of an “equilibrium switch”—— checking the effectiveness of the suggestions, but it worked especially well in a particular making sure the new design would not offer context. ground for new chances for corruption. The With corruption structured this way, the creation function as consultant is one of the key and unique of an agency that effectively rejected the police notion of this department, especially when the as anti-corruption agents helped legitimate the government is on its way to draft and amend government effort and enlisted ordinary citizens legislative text and policies. To a great extent, as voluntary enforcers. Independent was this function makes sure that the anti-corruption complemented by power, also an element of movement starts from the beginning level where agency design: the ICAC was given strong new laws are introduced for an incentive purpose. investigative powers and considerable financial Also in mainland China recently, more attention resources. has been paid towards designing incentive Legal Framework structures from the original enforcement stage. Difference also lies in the law set in Hong Kong In Anhui province in 2000, the “taxed for fees” and mainland China. The reasons behind it are reform was adopted from the perspective of being partly contributed by the different policy choices incentive. The reform is to reduced possibility which illustrate different experience and views. of corruption in the township governments and From a perspective of a higher degree, however, villages by reforming the basic collection system. basic difference on constraints of power should It replaces a single agricultural tax, capped at be noticed. about 7 percent of income and collected by higher A solid legal foundation has become the base of level governments, for various fees and charges Hong Kong’s anti-corruption reform. Two levied by township and village administrations. important legislative contexts have to be Compared with the previous regulations against introduced. The Prevention of Bribery Ordinance illegal fees in 1990s, Manion (2004) described was strengthened in 1971. It provided with a that “the reform frees officials at the rural clear definition by including “unexplained grassroots level from fee collection and makes income or property” which can serve as the corruption at the township and village more evidence of corrupt practices. Clarity, stability, difficult” (p.205). In 2003, this reform was scope and whether it is easy for application, all successfully adopted nationwide, becoming a the points above greatly influence on whether good example in mainland China of transforming and how a corrupt official can be punished to the incentive structure. according to law (Quah, 2003). According to policy analysts, the key part of To build up a clear legal basis, several points institutional design in Hong Kong is the should be well defined. Legal clarity, breadth, independence of the ICAC and it is what mainland stability, and ease of application, all contributed

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 25 to a situation where corrupt officials were reduce delay when a corruption crime is routinely punished according to law. And the transferred from the investigation of the party to public confidence of the anti-corruption the prosecutors. Further, even though the “fight enforcement is also, to some extent, based on against tigers” movement may achieve success whether the law is harsh without loopholes. for the current situation, refining the present legal On the contrary, in mainland China, the main force framework still remains the determinant. on combating corruption is centralised by the References CDIC which plays as a leading and 1. Girling, J. (2002). Corruption, capitalism and administrative role. But as for the legal system democracy (Taylor & Francis e-Library, Ed.). itself, it remains weak. London: Routledge. What depletes the development of law and a 2. Gong, T. (1997). Forms and characteristics of legal-based authority in mainland China? One china’s corruption in the 1990s: Change with continuity. Communist and Post - Communist point should be noticed that under the aegis of Studies, 30(3), 277. the CDIC, the investigation and punishment are 3. Gong, T. (2004). Dependent judiciary and conducted within the party system. This makes unaccountable judges: Judicial corruption in lag when a criminal case is transferred into the contemporary china. China Review, 4(2), 33- prosecution process. So the agency design which 54. makes anti-corruption enforcement outside the 4. Harris, R., 1947. (2003). Political corruption: criminal procuratorate’s system may be one of In and beyond the nation state. New York: answers to the question above (Gong, 2004). Routledge. Besides, the law making process is also not 5. Heywood, P. (1997). Political corruption. propitious. The first criminal code was passed Malden, MA: Blackwell. in 1979. Then come rapid changes in political 6. Kwong, J. (1997). The political economy of economy which forced law makers refine the law corruption in China. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. with taking lots of new factors into consideration. The role of law and its distinction between party 7. Lee, Peter N. S., 1940. (1991). Bureaucratic corruption during the Deng Xiaoping era. Hong leadership shows a fundamental contradiction in Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific mainland China. The law should serve as a Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong. powerful tool to fight against the abuse of official 8. Manion, M., 1955. (2004). Corruption by power (Manion, 2004). design: Building clean government in mainland Conclusion china and Hong Kong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. China’s path of corruption is actually quite 9. Quah, J. S. T. (2003). Curbing corruption in similar to the process in Hong Kong, rapid growth Asia: A comparative study of six countries. in population and economic transition. By : Eastern Universities Press. viewing Hong Kong as a good example of 10. Scott, I., 1943, & City University of Hong Kong. mainland China, we can find basically one main Department of Public and Social Administration. loophole which is the ambiguity of power (2011). Corruption control in Hon Kong: Rules, between the party and judiciary from both legal regulations and policies. Hong Kong: Dept. of and institutional perspectives. If mainland China Public and Social Administration, City University is going to set up an independent agency like of Hong Kong. ICAC in Hong Kong, a clear boundary must be 11. Sun, Y., 1959. (2004). Corruption and market well-defined. in contemporary china. Ithaca, N, Y: Cornell University Press. First of all, as for the institutional setting, it is to 12. Wedeman, A. H., 1958. (2012). Double paradox: avoid the interference from the government and Rapid growth and rising corruption in china. the party in order to ensure authority and Ithaca: Cornell University Press. transparency of this agency. Second, it is to 

26 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Popular Culture vs. Cinema in India Ranjay K. Reddy*

[Cinema has emerged as an integral part of popular culture throughout the globe and India is no exception to it where annual production of films is second only to Hollywood. While briefly appraising the concept of culture, with specific emphasis on popular culture, author takes a bird’s eye view of some leading films vis-à-vis their impact on Indian social milieu. Technological advancement and resultant proliferation of the Internet and Social Media have reinforced integration of cinema into popular culture. Ed.] ulture, as theory and practice, has been and finally, the culture can be used to refer to the analyzed by many scholars in different works and practices of intellectuals and artistic Cdisciplines of social science. The activity (Williams, 1983). He further writes that interdisciplinary nature of culture is also overall culture and popular culture describe the identified and articulated in various ways. In works and practices of the intellectuals and recent times, culture is linked to modernity and especially artistic activity- music, painting, its basic features such as the developmental literature, and sculpture, theater and film. The community and market, roads, transports, objective of this paper is to highlight the institutions and the city. Earlier, culture was trajectory of popular culture in India. interchangeable term with civilization. Various Popular culture is analyzed in various ways and studies of disciplines define it in its own subject strongly linked to the contemporary society, area of study with relation to Anthropology as particularly its various groups and segments such human culture, Sociology as social culture or as Indian middle classes and working classes. group or class culture and Politics as political Whether it is popular cinema, popular music and culture. literature; all have been significant parts of the The very meaning of the culture and its study has Indian middle class practices in the society. taken a great transformation in last few centuries. There is a greater impact of such culture that is However, its shift may be recognized by concrete internalized by the middle classes. historical analysis. It’s relation with disciplines, The concept of ‘popular’ in Indian context has history and time indicates that culture is both been discussed by scholars such as Partha theoretical and practical phenomena of human Chattejee and Sudipta Kaviraj, Asish Nandy, society. Biswarup Sen, and Sumanta Banerjee etc. Raymond Williams classifies culture into three Kaviraj points out that “the charm of the literary, categories: firstly, culture, as a way of life, is a poetic voice persuades us to make principles our general process of intellectual, spiritual and own: by charming us and finding a way to our aesthetic development; secondly, it is a particular heart. So that the decisions and desires becomes way of life, whether of a people, a period or a our own, deepest way of persuasion, in other group, for example, development of literacy, words, the literary work charms us into holidays, sports, and religious festivals; thirdly modernity- by placing fictive models in front of * PhD Scholar, Dept of Pol. Sc., University of Delhi, our imagination” (Kaviraj, 2014: 7). Delhi.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 27 Popular culture is the part of overall practices consumed as the Internet and DVD have offered of the middle classes, and scholars have new ways of forming audiences and shaping commented to that as mass culture. Biswarup Sen viewing practices. makes analysis of ‘popular’ as constituted by Films are increasingly viewed outside the lines of “horizontality”- export and import, cinema halls, which themselves are being imitation and emendation, sampling and remixing, transformed from single screen into multiplexes, Hindu and Muslim, Eastern and Western, durbar while others are situated into newly built and tamasha, high and low. To comprehend the shopping complexes, and this too has changed Indian popular is to trace the patterns of its not only audiences but also the films themselves. interactions with what is alongside (Biswarup (Rachel Dwyer, 2011) Sen, 2006). Many box-office-hit films capture market and Popular cinema and its components such as imaginations of middle classes in urban and semi- narratives and music depict a culture that largely urban society. Hollywood-based films are represents life-style and moral values of middle equally popular among middle class people and class subject and classes. In metro cities, semi- other sections of the society. Various video shops urban and rural areas, middle classes are closely are opened in many small towns and cities, which associated with popular cultural practices, which sell DVDs and CDs. There are many other shops show unconditional cultural phenomena. Popular run by mostly youth who provide films at some Indian films and music are celebrated in semi- cost of money. In other words, cinema has urban and urban regions in India. Television become popular to such an extent where all channels are very easy medium which have made classes, groups and even children have available all kinds of films to urban and rural accessibility to it. middle class domesticity. Now Internet has brought a great change in Indian In this way, cinema has become most celebrated society in terms of culture and there has been culture among all classes in India. Bollywood also a pressure on Indian government to make has a huge role in the cultural life and practices India digital. However, it is not that cinema is of the Indian middle classes. Indian film industry, only popular among middle classes but equally with its uniqueness, has a long tradition and working classes also pursue popular cinema but history. In recent decades, it has produced a very though the taste of cinema remains different to ‘powerful culture’ and ‘dominant discourse’ in them. The regional film industry in India is also the realm of ‘the popular’. Indian cinema has thriving. The regional films are generally slightly impacted largely on middle class society as well different from the Bollywood mainstream films as others existing segments and communities. In and mostly based on local/regional communities, other words, Bollywood-based cinema industry which linguistically are also bounded and seen has also played a large role in changing liberal by only those associated with local/regional market economy and politics in India. communities. This has given rise to new corporate companies, However, Hindustani films, mostly produced by such as, Yash Chopra’s Yash Raj Films, whose Bollywood in Hindi language, have ample Bombay studios, opened in 2005, has integrated connection and relation with urban and semi- film finance, production and distribution, even urban middle class imaginary. Such films, while creating their own music company and recording depicting life, culture and story of the people studios. Dwyer in his study shows that the coming and classes, also wield influence on the lives of of new media has changed the way films are the people indirectly. Undoubtedly, it is not

28 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 clearly evident as to what extent the films hits such as Barsat (1949), Awara (1951) and influence human lives; nonetheless, the impact Mera Naam Joker (1970). of this influence depends on the education and Entry of Bengali film-makers into the Hindi film knowledge of culture. But this argument has a industry proved instrumental in further dialectical relation to middle class imaginary. strengthening Bollywood Industry. Bengali film- Cinema has not only been central to the cultural makers like Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinla world of the new middle classes and masses, Sen etc are few names that began to add new but it has also played a particular role in the dimensions to Hindi cinema in the 1970s formation of the imaginary. Charles Taylor’s onwards against the tide of commercialism. Since concept of the ‘social imaginary’ is relevant in then large number of Hindi films have been this context, especially when he argues that the continuously produced by the Bollywood industry social imaginary is not a set of ideas, but it is annually. Scholars have also tried to theorize what enables, through making sense of, the hegemonic discourse of cinema in the context of practices of the society (Taylor, 2004). changed new economic liberalization ambience in the post- 1990s India. This was linked to the Impact of Early Cinema on the Indian direct value and morality of middle class Indians. Middleclass Recently, the subject matter of films has emerged Early classical films like The Chess Players, as the focal point of sociological analysis of the Golmal, Mother India, Sholay etc have been society and culture in the academics. popular among the people. These films were The end of the 1990s was primarily concerned different in narrative and structure that can never with the social values of the new middle classes. be compared to contemporary cinema. Mehboob It brought back, along with romance and music Khan (1906-64) was the first pioneer whose films with new young stars, also fresh marketing were marked by social critique and political strategy. A new style of cinema was celebrated themes, though he was not associated with any by consumerist society of middle classes where communist ideology. His films Roti (1942) and love, romance, fashion and fun were the goals of Mother India (1957) were very successful and the young wealthy Indians in India and outside. nominated for Academy Awards. Then Bimal Nandy has explained that contemporary popular Roy (1909-1966) introduced post-Second World cinema in India may represent both the self- War romantic and realist melodrama focusing on confidence of India’s new middleclass and new the exploitative character of capitalism. His films linkage that it has established with the myriad like Do Bigha Jamin (1953), Naukari (1954), aspects of the country’s public culture on the one and Devdas (1955) have remained influential for hand, and global mass culture on the other later film-makers. (Nandy, 1998). After that Hriishikesh Mukherjee worked with Contemporary film industries are supported by new stars such as Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh a large number of people in India. Indian films Bacchan through some of his films like Anand have been also gaining popularity in the rest of (1970) and Abhiman (1973). Mukharjee’s films the world; especially in those countries were were low-budget family and romantic stories of large number of Indian migrants live. The middle class families in urban settings. After that relationship between films and masses can be Raj Kapoor as actor, producer and director gauged from the increasing viewership, which started his film career and released many super depicts the trend of global consumer culture in terms of nationalism, patriarchy and religion in

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 29 India. New age films like Rang De Basanti, Dil traditional romantic Indian bourgeoisie Chatha Hai, Three Idiots, Krrish, Dhoom, Kai melodrama. Poe Che, and Rock On, etc. and many more are Conclusion such films, which cover and represent urban middle class youth culture and life-style in Indian In Indian social structure, the term popular culture society. accommodates wide range of application which covers cinema, music and literature as close to Some of the modern films produced in past Indian middle classes as well as others existing couple of decades, viz., Three Idiots, Monsoon segments of groups and people. In that sense, Wedding, No Smoking and Ship of Thesus etc popular culture as a phenomenon in urban and give a glimpse of middleclass characters’ life- rural regions, is more than mere entertainment, style and culture. Three idiots, as film, represents entailing intrinsic value that shapes middleclass Indian youth culture such as study, struggle for practices in Indian society. Cinema, music and job and romance. This film gives many massages literature, as parts of popular culture, are not just to the audience in its famous dialogues, for tools of entertainment rather need and demand example, life ek race hai tej nahi bhagge to koi of existing people’s life, which provide impetus tumhe kuchal kar aage nikal jayega and kamyab to the smooth functioning of the social system. It nahi kabil bano. It gives a critique and can be said that in modern times, new commentary on Indian social urban life and technologies and the Internet have transformed education system. The film was an adoption of a the traditional outlook of the viewers where films popular Indian novel by Chetan Bhagat. It was are more consumed outside the cinema hall. directed by Rajkumar Hirani and released in References 2009 and became a huge success. 1. Guttari, Felix and Suely Rolnik, Molecular Monsoon Wedding presents life-style and Revolution in Brazil, Semiotext(e), 2007. cultural character of Punjabi middleclass in an urban set-up. The film, directed by Mira Nair, is 2. Kaviraj, Sudipta, The invention of Private a depiction of Punjabi community, middleclass Life, Permanent Black, 2014. migrants’ family in London. The film shows 3. Nandy, Ashish, Secret Politics of Our complete moral values, lifestyle, and celebration Desires, Oxford University, Delhi 1998. of special occasions in family and sexuality of middle classes. The film depicts wedding 4. Sen, Biswarup, Of the People: Essays on ceremony that usually happens in real life the Indian Popular Culture, Chronicle Books, same way. It also shows as to how the New Delhi, 2006. middleclass sexuality and emotions has been 5. Storey, John, Cultural Theory and Popular transformed into morality of marriages. Culture: A Reader, 2nd edition, (edited) Ship of Thesus is a different kind of new Prentice Hall, 1998 experimental genre film against the tide of 6. Taylor, Charles, Modern Social Imaginary, romance-hate story of Bollywood tradition, Critical Quest. 2004. which shows more value-oriented, oriental and existential culture of rural and urban individuals. 7. Dwyer, Rachel, ‘The New Middle Classes It brings huge debate on science, arts, ethics and and changing forms of Hindi cinema.’ In religion which move around the Indian Henrike Donner, ed. Being Middle Class in middleclass culture. Such new genre directors India, Routledge, 2011. are more concerned to surreal and existential urban cultural narrative which has moved from 

30 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Medical Education and Health Service in India Dr. Satyabrata Mishra* [While focusing on the utility and essentiality of medical education and health services for humans globally in general and India in particular, author laments at the poor state of affairs afflicting the medical education and health services in India. Taking a critical view of India’s national health policy, article proceeds to examine the impact of globalization and privatization of medical education and health services, which have adversely affected the vast majority of country’s population and in the final analysis, it offers suggestions for rectifying the system. Ed.] edical education and health service that it was far more superior to the level of essentially involves the process of education prevalent at that time. Some humanist Mdemocratization of the society in doctors like Ronald Ross who linked their being general and medical education and health and works with the Indian soil and its people services in particular. In a democratic republic, were exceptions. healthcare has to be brought within the access of the people physically up to the remotest Some of India’s illustrious sons and daughters comers; it should be free or with a token, an like Radha Gobinda Kar, Nil Ratan Sircar, affordable payment for the wealth they create Kumud Sankar Ray, U N Brahmachari and others and to permit them continue doing so. It is a who picked up the dialectics of the subject by major expenditure of the national exchequer, dint of their own struggle tried to apply this created mainly out of the indirect taxes they pay. science to the Indian soil, though a proper Even the socially and economically backward environment for research was lacking. But the have to have access and be encouraged to take system in its entirety-including examinations and up the challenges of medical education. The practices--was highly bureaucratic. emphasis on the people should be maintained The healthcare system under the British rule was while formulating the policies on medical very narrow and restricted to serve only the education and health services giving due interests of the Crown. The Bhore Committee, representation to the public and students’ set up by the British in 1943 to study the health community. In this paper we shall scan whether problems of India, clearly stated that ‘the the best aspirations and interests of the people incidence of malaria, TB, hookworm, leprosy have been fulfilled or not. and venereal diseases increased due to the II.Development of Medical Education and changed social and economic conditions brought Health Services in India about by British rule in India.’ In 1859, a Royal Commission was appointed to investigate the The present system of modern medical education causes of the extremely unsatisfactory conditions and health services in India is a hangover from of health in the British Army stationed in India. its colonial past. The practical colonial necessity of safeguarding the extremely unsatisfactory No serious attempt was made to introduce public condition of health of the British Army forced health measures, except in 1880 when an Act was the British to set up medical colleges and schools passed to make vaccination against small pox and to train “native doctors”, though one must admit cholera compulsory. Serious attempts were undertaken only in those regions where economic * Associate Prof., Dept of Environmental Economics, interest was affected because of diseases, like M.P.C. (A) College, Mayurbhanj, Odisha.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 31 malaria hindering the process of completion of undergraduate seats and institutions for medical Raipur- Vizagapattanam section of Bengal- practitioners, nursing, technical and paramedical -Nagpur Railway, and work on the Mettur Dam workers of all categories and all systems of and Sarada Canal. But no further efforts were medical practice. The requirements of specialists made to control malaria, which subsequently and super specialists, including basic and family spread as a result of those projects (Bhore physicians, public health workers, planners and Committee Report, 1946; Sathyamala, C., health and hospital administrators etc have to be Sundharam, N., and Bhanot, N., 1986). worked out and fulfilled accordingly. In the post-independence scenario, the system of Specialists should have a clear perspective of education remained basically unchanged in the general understanding of the lives and design with addition of some new specialties and livelihood of the people to make ‘healthcare technologies; the character of output of medical socially acceptable ... and universally accessible education’ basically continued as such. Basic all- ... through the full participation of individuals round research to develop medical science and and the community [in the spirit of the Alma Ata scientific outlook to solve the health problems Declaration, 1978 to which India was’ also a of India was never encouraged. signatory]. The training and grooming of each category of worker should be based on dignity III. Determinants of Medical Education of labor, clear understanding of the position of Medical education develops in a country against that particular work relative to the total health the backdrop of its fundamental economic, problem, evolution of the science in general and political and socio-cultural outlook, which is particular work relative to the total health reflected in the health policy of the country. It problem, evolution of the science in general and can be said to have three major aspects: particular, including the struggles of the pioneers, love for the service and caring for the served. i. Objective of medical education, training and research. Issues of prime import in the production of medical manpower, or health professionals are ii. Medical manpower/health personnel (a) Their purpose and utilization. (b)Their production. outlook and orientation) Technology and iii. A well-researched and thoroughly worked Logistics out national health policy can earmark the A. Purpose and utilization of health professionals problem zones and prioritize them according to severity, magnitude and direction of growth I. The basic purpose should have been (i) solve complications. the existing problems of the healthcare in national soil, and (ii) take up newer Except the Bhore Committee, all other challenges to a healthy nation. committees/commissions/working groups have adopted compartmentalized piecemeal approach II. In actuality it was reduced to (i) Supply of with predetermined conditions. health professionals to the G7 countries and Recommendations were followed by usual (ii) selling curative healthcare to the elites inaction in most cases. The motive and ensuing of India and other countries. inaction was never critically reviewed. The Though the various expert committees had priorities of the people have never subsequently objectively prioritized the problems zones of been accepted as the frame of reference. health to quite an extent, the former purpose, A scientific secular democratic medical which should have formed the bulwark of education policy, as a part of a scientific health National Health Service, was never realized. The policy, should set the targeted total number of petty interest of the rulers to reduce health to a

32 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 marketable commodity remained the top priority paramedic has to function as a physician. Thus all the time. The scientific development of the while the toiling millions do not have the scope nation became stunted. Solutions to the problems for adequate healthcare, sale of the highest modeled in the developed countries were curative services to other countries is promoted borrowed and cut up to fit into our slots! and advertised as a source of earning foreign exchange. It is considered respectable to work on problems that engage the attention of advanced countries, The National Health Policy 2002 promotes India howsoever irrelevant these might be in our as a global healthcare destination to enable it to context. “In administered research at its worst carve a bigger pie out of the $ 3.5 trillion world the scientist-turned bureaucrat is often a pompous healthcare market. Also, institutions are being fool and having failed to achieve anything founded, mostly by corporate organizations to worthwhile himself, gets vicarious pleasure in produce health professionals who will be showing his superiority. Instead of scouting for oriented to put themselves up for sale to man the talent, which ought to be their major objective services in G7 countries and to ensure (and we have no dearth of talent in our country), uninterrupted sale of the technology of the MNCs they sit back and wait for people to come and worldwide. kowtow before them.” [Sethi, P.K., 1993]. B. Outlook and orientation of health Hence even over half a century after professionals independence, India “did not have a national (i) Pledge to build up the health of the nations health service. The existing hospital-based, should be the outlook of any professional. disease-oriented healthcare model has provided health benefits to the urban elite. Approximately (ii) But actually, it has been reduced to sheer 80 per cent of health facilities are concentrated profiteering. in urban areas. Even in urban areas there is an uneven distribution of doctors. With large This profit-motive, in other words, privatization migrations occurring from rural to urban areas, and commercialization of healthcare services, urban health problems have aggravated. They lends to the content of education and the purpose include overcrowding in hospitals, inadequate and utilization of health professionals a staffing and scarcity of certain essential drugs consumerist orientation, which is reflected in the and medicines.” attitude of the budding health professionals. As the background outlook of freshers vastly vary “The rural areas, where 74 per cent of the according to their familial, schooling and social population lives, do not enjoy the benefits of the background, even up to a commercial leaning the modem curative and preventive health service in-training orientation assumes prime ... Thus the major medical care problem in India importance. In the absence of social commitment is inequitable distribution of available health the profession often is used as a stepping-stone resources between urban and rural areas and lack to project oneself, to boost ones’ social status. of penetration of health services into the social periphery” [Park K., 2003]. If medical education is reduced to an investment through massive hike of fees and/or capitation Inequitable distribution plagues education and fee setting merit aside then the one and only target training too, and as the numbers of seats required of the graduates will be to realize the sum with annually front each specialization and category interest and get maximum out of that investment. of workers is not known, training and manning The inherent bureaucratic mechanism ingrained of health professionals is arbitrary. Resultant: into the functioning of institutions and hostels physicians have often to function as paramedics have been equally carried over to the post- in many health centers, while elsewhere a independence period. The role of students and

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 33 even teachers at large are reduced to perfunctory putting these to indiscriminate use for commercial motions, with policies including the curriculum interest. Take for example, the number of MRI being totally dictated from above. Fundamental machines in urban areas: as they far exceed the changes even up to the highest level (Medical optimum number required for the accessible Council of India) are pushed through in a manner population, hence much higher than optimum that results in a down scaling of the minimum expenses are incurred to keep them running! The standard requirements for medical colleges, Union Government rather promotes healthcare minimum qualifications for teachers, postgraduate as ‘infrastructure industry’, which is basically medical education regulations. [Gazette of India, the domain of the private sector. Encouragement 29.4.1999 and 7.10.2000] to private investment in health sector· Again, in various states (lately as in West Bengal) With a view to reducing government expenditure steps are afoot to dilute the MCI criteria for and fully utilizing untapped resources, planned admission of students, replacing merit-based programmes may be devised to encourage the recruitment by capitation fees, etc., and are establishment of practice by private medical moving the administration, legislature and even professionals, increased investment by non- the judiciary to force anti-education moves. The governmental agencies establishing curative outlook and orientation of the system does not, centers. And the lure of the ‘One-Step Health on one hand inspire graduates to go for Shop under the Same Roof’ is being marketed, fundamental research - mainly on grounds of irrespective of necessity, utilization and economic career prospect. Also it does not inculcate the viability [vide supra: the case of MRI machines] ethics of the pioneers among the practitioner, the oath-taking being reduced to just a formal Unsuspecting physicians often fall prey to this vestigial function. market-oriented government policy, which catches the lay public’s fancy all the more easily. C. Technology and Logistics Marketing and peer pressures tend to fall heavy Since the post-independence period, research on physician who prefers to use his discretion. problems have been chosen mostly on the basis Rationality and the patient are the victims of this of works carried out in the developed countries. system. Noteworthy is the Statement of the Solutions to problems are viewed in the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons framework of models used their rather than sought (AAPS) to the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, in a creative and independent way. Hence Drug Policy, and human Resource of the concepts and technology often not conforming to Committee on Government Reforms U.S. House our medical and socio-economic structure are of Representative, Re: Hepatitis B vaccine on thrust down upon us. For example the Indian June 14, 1999; “AAPS opposes federal mandates people will have to pay out of the budgetary for vaccines, on principle, on the pounds that allocation for getting to get an AIDS-vaccine they are: tested on them, they will have to bear the interest burden too as the money will come from the US 1. An unconstitutional expansion of the power National Institutes of Health, the International of the federal government. AIDS Vaccine Initiative, and $ 250 million World 2. An unconstitutional delegation of power to a Bank loan to India in April 1990. India is also to public-private partnership. host trials for azathioprine in HIV positive mothers [Srinivasan, S., 1999]. 3. An unconstitutional and destructive intrusion into the patient-physician and parent-child IV. PRESENT TREND relationships. In the name of scientific development, those who 4. A violation of the Nuremberg Code in that they own the means of technical advancement are force individuals to have medical treatment

34 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 against their will, or to participate in the government. “So the NGO sector in the changed functional equivalent of a vast experiment circumstances is being used to promote the kind without fully informed consent. of policies that our international funders want. And only very few NGOs can see through this 5. A violation of rights to free speech and to the and are resisting it. Most of them are very happy practice of one’s religion (which may require to participate because they can now network;’ one to keep oaths). they can fly from one place to another. I think AAPS would specifically oppose the campaign there is a massive absorption and partial for universal immunization against hepatitis B, dissent.” [Quadeer, 1] even if the above did not apply, because the The promise to initiate our health services to safety of the vaccine is in question.”[Orient, J., provide for healthcare from ‘Womb to Tomb’, 1999] the commitment at least on paper to ‘Health for The modern medical establishment has even been all by 2000 AD’ created a semblance of a impeached as a ‘major threat to health’ for, among pyramidal structure to reach up to remote comers. others, it obscures the political conditions of an But the government never even took up the major over-industrialized society, which renders it responsibility of health care. “At that point of unhealthy. [Illich, I., 1975]. time (the time of independence: author) the Thus in the WTO era, we are being tuned to such capital cost for Bhore’s plan was only one approaches that will ensure sale of technologies, percent of GDP and the recurring cost (including equipment and pharmaceuticals produced by the amortization of capital expenditure) a mere MNCs to ensure their super profit. Under the plea 1.33% of GDP. of economic constraint in teaching institutions, This level of spending was about three times less we are being oriented theoretically to such (as % of GDP) than what many developed technology that will be economically viable to countries were spending during those years. most. And, there is no balance. [Duggal, R., 1992] Duggal goes on to stress on Even a basic requirement like sanitation has been the present bearing of responsibility: “Financially utterly neglected even on paper. Safe drinking too, a universal healthcare system is feasible, water is still a mirage, and now is being India is today spending about 6% of its GDP on converted to a commodity supported by the the health sector, i.e. about Rs. 36,000 crore elected (!) legislature. (about one--third by the State). Because of the disorganized and market-oriented system, there With freezing of service posts and opening of is a lot of wastage of resources. contractual service, health workers at all levels are facing retrenchment and state oppression. Just Private services have always borne the bulk of let us for once go through the rights spoken of in initial and outdoor care. Hospitalization under our hallowed Constitution. The destination cannot the public sector, though more prevalent, has cost be farther than the opposite meridian of more to the patient and relatives than to the democracy! government in terms of medicine and accessories, food, transport and man-days lost. Simultaneously, the transition to the funded NGO sector took place. Both the national funders and The promise dried on the lips with drastic the international funders, more so international curtailment of government funding down the funders, saw the instrumental use of this sector. subsequent 5-year plans. The pyramid became The NGO sector evolved out of that empty with disproportionate overburdening understanding. It is a paid, subsidized sector, around the tip. Medical insurance will benefit which has been created as an option to young those who can afford it. But it is no solution for people who can’t be given jobs in the the toiling masses who cannot afford to pay the premium regularly.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 35 User Costs and Duration of Stay of in-Patients Particulars Rural Urban Govt. Private Govt. Private Payment to Hospital (Rs. Per 320 735(+415) 385 1206(+821) episode) All Wards Total Expenditures (Rs.) Free Ward 582 975(+393) 630 666(+36) Paying General Ward 1421 1393(-28) 1040 1031(-9) Number of Days stayed Free Ward 17 16(-1) 17 11(-6) Paying General Ward 17 10(-7) 19 12(-7) Source: NSS data 2002. Comparative Costs in Public and Private Hospitals Cost Public (Rs.) Private (Rs.) Total Cash Cost to the Patient= (Average of various 635 1338 wards- rural/urban Cost Incurred by the Government 840 Nil Cash Cost to the Nation 1475 1338 Opportunity Cost @ Rs. 57/day 1026 656 Total Cost to the Nation 2051 1994 Source: NSS data 2002. Panchayats and municipalities are being invoked GATT and globalization in the 90’s toppled the in the name of people’s participation and pyramid to ‘Health for all who can buy’. Our “People’s health in people’s hands’. In reality country was spruced up to be projected as global this is but a subtle regimented propagation of healthcare destination for the elite (here and focal mantra: ‘people’s participation’, abroad) while primary care is still distant dream ‘community responsibility’, ‘local generation of for the people who have been taxed to buy resources’, ‘user’s charge’, it amounts to shirking outdated technologies and drugs banned of responsibility by the government. Ultimately elsewhere since independence and even being in the name of improvement of public health, used as human guinea pigs by MNCs as detailed health services even in government sector are above. gradually being converted into a commodity with direct entry of the private sector being engineered. Medical colleges and universities are being tailored to permit sale of medical education to The drug industry is being tailored to ensure the highest bidder (introduction of self-financing maximum profit for the MNCs. Even life-saving seats in government (!) and private colleges and drugs are going beyond the reach of the universities [West Bengal University of Health commoners. Science Act 2002] to create a band of elitist V. Our Tasks professionals”. The globalized moneybags will buy and sell medical education and health To realize medical education and health services, service- a complete turnabout from the ideals of we cannot ‘forgive and forget’. We have to democracy! critically review the past on the lines as

36 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 enunciated above to do what has been left undone. society in order to achieve democratization of In the present state of affairs in countries like medical education and health services. This ours, the rulers, in their outlook and policies cater movement will be open to criticism and free to the needs of the affluent elite while the vast exchange of though Freedom of opinion has to majority and their needs remain uncared for. be ensured. Especially in the present stage of globalization, Let us callout with the uncompromising they are passing off these measures as steps for internationalist revolutionary, Dr. Norman promotion of national interest and modernization Bethune: “The function of medicine is greater and advancement of the country than the maintenance of the doctor’s position. We In our battle against the imperialist attack of are the servants not masters of the people. The globalization, liberalization and privatization, we security of the people’s health is our primary duty. have to realize the pains of Madam Curie when Human rights are above professional she refused to patent radium. We have to stand privileges.”[Allen, T. and Gordon, S.]. We have with Banting in his fight against diskettes when to pledge to hand over the fire from our age to he handed over the patent of insulin to the the next. In step with the struggle against Canadian Government. We have to walk exploitation, we have to evolve and execute pro- alongside Florence Nightingale, fighting against people scientific health policy warding off newer social norms to palate the people’s sufferings attack on people’s health to achieve what the that urged her to create the science and art of torch-bearers had set out for. Modern Nursing, analyzing the importance of References sanitary system on people’s health even up to the distant foreign land of India. 1. Allen T and Gordon S, The S, the Scalpel, The Sward. We have to raise our hands to join the struggle of Norman Bethune against TB in Canada, against 2. Alma Ata Declaration (1978). fascism in Spain and against imperialist attack in Chine where he pioneered blood transfusion 3. Duggal, R. (1992), Resurrecting Bhore: RE- in battlefield. We have to share the dream of Emphasizing a Universal Health Care Servateus when he was burnt and frozen alive System, MFC, Bulletin No.188-92, for daring to oppose the subjective Galeninan November-December, 1-6. system of Anatomy. “Can we afford to overlook 4. GOI (1983), National Health Policy 1983. the blood and sweat in the spaces between the words and the lines we study? Do we not owe 5. GOI (2002), National Health Policy 2002. our prestige, our position, our position, our 6. GOI (2003), Union Health Budget 2003·04. career to the hundreds of ‘silent pioneers, lonely martyrs, prisoners and exiles’ ‘who strove for 7. GOI, Bhore Committee Report (1946), Vol. light’, ‘who handed on the fire from age to age’ 11,_ p.17 and Vol. II, p. 14 . as Alfred Noyes had written - can we wash our 8. Go WB (2002), West Bengal University of responsibility just by paying a royalty?”[Samanta, Health Science Act 2002. A., 2001]. 9. Illich I (1975), Medical Nemesis, Calder and We have to learn from them. And learn to look in Boyars, London. the people’s perspective. It is in this perspective that we have to forge the entire medical 10. Medical Council of India (1999), Minimum community throughout India into a powerful Standard Requirement for the Medical movement as a part of the movement to realize College for lO0 Admissions Annually the historically necessary transformation of the Regulations 1999 (published In part III, Section 4 of the Gazette of India dated the

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 37 29th April 1999), dated the 30th March, No. 15. Somanata A.(2001), Right of People To MCI 35(1) 98- Med. Healthcare and Right Health Workers at FIA of ILPS, Health Spectra, Vol. 14,16-17. 11. Medical Council of India (2000), Postgraduate medical Education Regulations 16. Sathyamala, C., Sundharam, N., and Bhanot, 2000(Existing and Proposal New) N. (1986), Taking Sides: the Choices before (Published in Part III, Section 4 of Gazette the Health Worker” Madras Asian Network of India dated the 7th October, 2000) dated for Innovative Tanning Trust Section II, ch. the 22'”1-~ August, No, MCI, 18(1) 90-Med. 2, 93-101 in Why were businessmen interested in promoting modem medicine? 12. Medical Council of India (2000), Minimum Sorceresses reborn Medical Power and Qualification’ for the Teachers in Medical Bioethics, 09/23/2003. Institutions 1 Regulations (1998) (Published in part II, Section 4 of Gazette of India, 17. Sethi P.K. (1993), Seminar 409, September October, 2000, 22ndAugust. 1993. 13. Orient J, (1999), Sorceresses Reborn 18. Srinivasan S. (1999), Needs Unlimited, Medical Power and Bioethics, 09123/2003, Humans Cape, February. 14. Park K. (2003), Park’s Textbook of  Preventive and Social Medicine, 17th (ed.), 654. Banarsidas Bhanot. Jabalpur.

Corruption in India: Causes and Remedies Dr.Geetamma.K* [Corruption is today a world-wide phenomenon. In our own country some people in high positions have been charged for it. A corrupt person is termed immoral, dishonest and unscrupulous in his dealings. His disregard for honesty, righteousness and truth results in his alienation from society. He is treated with contempt. But as erosion of values leads to decadence, remedies for the social malaise remain elusive, and so no amount of contempt can eradicate corruption which is a symptom of decadence. Corruption is the most virulent when crises everywhere threaten the very existence of the society and the faith in life is shaken. It has always been there like tie leech, but when the system grows weaker and the boat flounders, it gets bolder and drains its victims of the last drops of their blood.]

orruption starts at the top and percolates The older the system the weaker it grows and down to the entire society. Such fails to solve the riddles of life that grows more Ccorruption cannot be confined to the complex every day. So men lose faith in it and towns alone. It is as widespread in the villages let it drift down. At this point, corruption takes where the dishonest officials and the traders over and plunges the entire society. carry the germs of the disease. The tyranny of After the Second World War, the old system with confusion and price rules the land and the people all its values was left in shambles. The crippling are helpless victims of corruption everywhere. effects of the war, the recession and depression, and uncertainties in a faithless world of maimed * Guest Faculty, Government First Grade College for and moribund together proved instrumental in Women, Raichur.

38 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 encouraging cynicism in a section of the costly to economic development”. They describe population. Today, when India is free, many of in detail the process of bribe-taking by the officials representing different government government officials distinguishing between the departments are very close to the most corrupt bribe with and without theft and conclude that businessmen who are too unscrupulous to let any even organized corruption is more distorting to opportunity of amassing profits slip. firms and economy than taxation. Another group This collusion broadens the base of the vicious of scientists states that corruption can be circle and corruption spreads ‘like wild fire to beneficial to growth in certain cases. engulf the entire society. The political and social According to N. Leff, corruption can be guardians depend only too much on the richer beneficial to investment as it reduces uncertainty, communities and they look indulgently on while which completely contradicts Mauro’s these communities hold the entire society and the contribution to this topic. Moreover, N. Leff government to ransom. mentions that corruption can be useful in the Objectives developing market if it can “bring an element of 1. To know the history of corruption competition”, especially in the environment where monopoly is common or many ineffective 2. To know various causes of corruption enterprises are supported by the government. 3. To know the impact and effect of corruption Definitions 4. To know various remedies Statement of the problem 1. Corruption can be called a problem of routine deviation from the established norms set by Corruption is the most virulent when crises public officials and parties. everywhere threaten the very existence of the society and the faith in life is shaken. It has 2. World Bank defines it as the misuse of public always been there like tie leech, but when the property for private gain. It can range, system grows weaker and the boat flounders, it however, from embezzlement of public money gets bolder and drains its victims of the last drops to abuse of power i.e. asking for bribes. A of their blood. It is much more important to study study conducted by Transparency the causes of corruption, its ill-effects and International in 2005, said that in India, more remedies. than 62% of Indians have had a first-hand Methodology experience of paying bribes or influencing to get jobs done in public offices successfully. The data is collected with the help of secondary sources such as books, journals, magazines, Brief History of Corruption in India newspapers, official publications, the Internet Merely shouting from the house tops that sources, etc everybody is corrupt creates an atmosphere of Review of Literature corruption. ‘People feel they are in a climate of P. Mauro claims that malfunctioning government corruption and they get corrupted themselves’, institutions constitute a severe obstacle to these words of Jawaharlal Nehru, spoken shortly investment, entrepreneurship, and innovation. He after India’s independence from British rule, also states that “corruption lowers private seem particularly apt given the overtly Gandhian investment, thereby reducing economic growth”. style of today’s anti-corruption crusader, Anna Thus, he points out the main correlation between Hazare. But for most Indians, Hazare’s movement corruption and growth that is investigated through has produced few surprises: there is a long- the mechanism of investment. standing popular critique of the country’s A.Shleifer and R.Vishny support P.Mauro’s apparently growing crisis of corruption that cuts conclusions and claim that “corruption may be across nearly every strata of society. Popular

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 39 resignation about the permanence of corruption also in its reflection of older critiques of the is partly explained by the political purchase of colonial system as being ‘corrupt’, and as a ‘corruption’ as an idea and a term. regime which encouraged and nurtured societal corruption. Accusations of corruption have historically been wielded as a political weapon – a means of Alarmingly corrupt: Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, tarnishing rivals in the right circumstances. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh During India’s very first General Election in Very highly corrupt: Karnataka, Rajasthan, Tamil 1951-52, newspapers and party offices, Nadu particularly those of the Congress party, were bombarded with allegations about corrupt Highly Corrupt: Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Kerala, electoral candidates. The system of food and Gujarat, Jharkhand, Orissa civil supply was subject to commodity controls and rationing – a legacy of the war years which Moderately corrupt: Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Andhra had generated complex systems of patronage. Pradesh, West Bengal These involved deeply entrenched black markets in lucrative industrial and agricultural concerns. Causes of Corruption This was the background to what was later known Corruption is broadly construed as an act done as ‘Permit-Licence-Quota Raj-the linking of with intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the rights of others. It business interests with political brokers. It is includes bribery, but is more comprehensive; partly this nexus that underpins the protests in because an act may be corruptly done, though post-liberalization India. But it wasn’t just the advantage to be derived from it is not offered the circumstances of war that generated concerns by another. Sometimes corruption is understood about graft in the 1940s and fifties. as something against law; such as, a contract by More broadly, the problem of corruption seemed which the borrower agreed to pay the lender to correspond to phases of rapid political usurious interest. It is said, in such case, that it transformation. The first, officially coordinated was corruptly agreed, etc. Salient factors ‘anti-corruption’ drives, described as such, took contributing to corruption can be summed up as place under the auspices of provincial Congress follow: governments in the late 1930s, while the British 1. Emergence of political elite who believe in still ruled at India’s centre. The Congress interest-oriented rather than nation-oriented juxtaposed its democratic principles against programmes and policies. ‘corrupted’ systems of colonial despotism. 2. Artificial scarcity created by the people with Since the 2010 protests by the ‘India Against malevolent intentions wrecks the fabric of the Corruption’ activists, since Hazare’s recent fast, economy. the issue of corruption has led Indians to re- 3. Corruption is caused as well as increased evaluate what the state really means to them. because of the change in the value system and What is its role? How far are its agents ethical qualities of people who administer. accountable, and to what extent does it protect The old ideals of morality, service and civic and democratic rights? Such questions honesty are regarded as an anachronism. reflect back on the colonial past. Most stark in both the anti-corruption protests and the recent 4. Tolerance of people towards corruption, critiques of Anna Hazare is something which both complete lack of intense public outcry against sides share – a profound distrust of the state itself. corruption and the absence of strong public forum to oppose corruption allows corruption Hazare’s Gandhian style is not only significant to reign over people. in its evocation of the ‘father of the nation’, but

40 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 5. Vast size of population coupled with Disregard for officials: People start widespread illiteracy and the poor economic disregarding the official involved in corruption infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in by talking negatively about him. But when they public life. have work with the same official, they again approach him with a thought that the work is done 6. In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries if some monetary or other benefits are provided. of government officials compel them to resort to the road of corruption. Graduates from IIMs Lack of respect for rulers: Rulers of the nation with no experience draw a far handsome like president or prime ministers lose respect salary than what government secretaries draw. among the public. Respect is main criteria in social life. 7. Complex laws and procedures alienate common people to ask for any help from government. Lack of faith and trust on the persons & governments: People vote to a ruler based on 8. Election time is a time when corruption is at their faith in him/ her. But if rulers are found to its peak level. Big industrialists fund be involved in corruption people lose faith in politicians to meet high cost of election and them and may not vote next time. ultimately to seek personal favour. Bribery to politicians buys influence, and bribery by Aversion for joining the posts linked to politicians buys votes. In order to get elected, corruption: Sincere, honest and hard working politicians bribe poor illiterate people, who people develop aversion to apply for the post are slogging for two times’ meal. though they like to as they believe that they also need to be involved in corruption if they get into Impact of corruption on public life in India post. Impact and effect of corruption on public life is mostly adverse and awkward. But the scene is Lack of development: Many new that the corruption is rising and unstoppable. industries willing to Further, the people involved seem to be proud of get started in particular region hang their plans them and think it is courageous and respectable if the region is found to be highly corrupt. to be so. To worsen the condition those involved This hinders the company’s growth as every are getting better promotions and opportunities. work linked to officials gets delayed due to need People also are in full frame of mind that it is the to provide bribes or other benefits. only way to get their work done faster and as The impact of corruption on democracy in desired. India Impact of corruption on Public The two most explosive reports – on the Lack of quality in services: If a person has to allocation of 2G licenses and on the allocation purchase a degree in medicine, due of coal blocks – brought into sharp focus the to corruption in education, then the candidate after questionable resource distribution policies of the completion of his course will not like to provide United Progressive Alliance government. Aside quality health service if there is not enough from the gargantuan nature of presumptive loss remuneration for his service. Further, candidates figures, the intangible impact audits have had on who do not have the ability can also get into the the skeletal structure of India’s administration same seat by purchasing it. So though he becomes made Rai’s tenure a landmark one in the coal a medical practitioner, he may not be competent scam. enough. Lack of proper justice: Corruption in judiciary In both the coal and 2G reports, the auditor system, leads to improper justice. And alleged that the government’s policy of allocating the victims of offence might suffer. coal mines and spectrum (instead of auctioning

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 41 them to determine market rates) had led to the Committee (JPC) that was probing the 2G scam. public exchequer incurring huge losses: 1.86 lakh The controversial draft report, which the crore rupees (approximately US$ 32.8 billion) opposition parties have rejected, states that the in the allocation of coal mines from 2006 to 2009, prime minister had no knowledge of the 2G scam and 1.76 lakh crore rupees (approximately US$ as it happened and hence could not be held 31 billion) in the allocation of 122 accountable. This aspect of public accountability spectrum licenses in 2008. In its 2G report, the has been seriously questioned since the draft CAG presented two other figures based on report was leaked to the media. alternative methods of loss calculation, with one Equality before the law: Rule of law is integral method estimating a loss of US$ 11.8 billion and to a sustainable democracy. In both the coal and the other estimating the figure to be between US$ 2G scams, instances of impropriety during 10.23 billion and 26.8 billion. investigations raised questions about the Indian The issue is not that the government has come state’s ability to prosecute the powerful and under fire for a misplaced policy; in both cases, influential. Earlier this year, an Indian news its defence has been rooted in the notion of public channel showed how a prosecutor of the CBI welfare. The problem is the allegations of crony was colluding with one of the chief accused to capitalism and rank graft that determined how subvert the investigation. A national daily also these resources were allocated. In fact, A. Raja, revealed that top government officials the telecom minister under whom the 2G scam synchronised their testimonies to the JPC and the occurred, and his party colleague Kanimozhi, Public Accounts Committee (PAC). also a Member of Parliament, were jailed for Public finances: This is where the ill-effects of their alleged roles in the 2G debacle after the a policy scam can be most sorely felt. Coal and Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed telecom are key infrastructure related industries. charges against them. Since these have come under serious litigation Corruption has been a mainstay of Indian public and scrutiny, private players and investors are life since the Bofors scandal broke in the late obviously weary of further investments. Take, 1980s. Whether it was the fodder scam in Bihar for instance, the auction of 2G licenses in during the 1990s, which led to the then chief November 2012, after the Supreme Court struck minister resigning, or the many alleged defence down the 122 licenses allotted in 2008, which procurement kickbacks over the years, ‘deal- was expected to fetch 40,000 crore rupees specific’ graft seems to have become a perverted (approximately US$ 7.06 billion). inevitability. What makes the revelations of the The government received bids worth only 9,407 2G scam and coal-gate-and by extension, Rai’s crore rupees (US$ 1.6 billion). Moreover, after tenure – significant is that they represent a new the licenses were cancelled, Fitch estimated that scam ‘methodology’: the deliberate warping of the profitability of the banks that had extended policy to serve nefarious ends. loans to these companies would drop by 10 per While accepting kickbacks and embezzlement are cent. With ambitious projects such as scourges that need to be rooted out systematically, MGNREGA underway, it is unpardonable to ‘policy scams’ signal a more troublesome trend deprive the Indian citizenry of such vast sums of because their after-effects have struck deeper into money. the roots of Indian democracy. Three main Remedies of Corruption democratic tenets have been seriously Is it possible to contain corruption in our society? undermined by the recent scams: Corruption is a cancer, which every Indian must Public Accountability: Much has been made of strive to cure. Many new leaders when come into the so-called ‘clean chit’ given to Prime Minister power declare their determination to eradicate Manmohan Singh by the Joint Parliamentary corruption but soon they themselves become

42 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 corrupt and start amassing huge wealth. Many should have a right to recall the elected People become materialistic and money oriented, representatives if they see them becoming there is no importance of ethics and morals in indifferent to the electorate. business dealings. Many people thinking that 4. Funding of elections is at the core of political money coming to their pocket is good, same way corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in many thinking that money which is going out of this regard. Several reforms like: State their pocket is bad, but they don’t consider the funding of election expenses for candidates; way money is travelling. strict enforcement of statutory requirements This is because these kinds of people have no like holding in-party elections, making moral accountability to anybody; and such people political parties get their accounts audited have full trust on money, they strongly believe regularly and filing income-tax returns; that money can hold big role in their life, they denying persons with criminal records a believe that money can solve their current and chance to contest elections, should be brought future problems and that money can give them in. life without problems. 5. Responsiveness, accountability and Some of the remedies are suggested below: transparency are a must for a clean system. 1. What can be remedy of corruption? It can be Bureaucracy, the backbone of good only possible if people can understand and governance, should be made more citizen- start to believe the values of ethics and friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent. morality in their life. 6. More and more courts should be opened for 2. Foolproof laws should be made so that there speedy and inexpensive justice so that cases is no room for discretion for politicians and don’t linger on in courts for years and justice bureaucrats. The role of the politician should is delivered on time. Local bodies, be minimized. independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lok adalats, CVCs and Vigilance 3. Cooperation of the people has to be obtained Commissions should be formed to provide for successfully containing corruption. People speedy justice with low expenses. State 1990–95 1996-00 2001–05 2006–10 Bihar 0.41 0.30 0.43 0.88 Gujarat 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69 Andhra Pradesh 0.53 0.73 0.55 0.61 Punjab 0.32 0.46 0.46 0.60 Jammu & Kashmir 0.13 0.32 0.17 0.40 Haryana 0.33 0.60 0.31 0.37 Himachal Pradesh 0.26 0.14 0.23 0.35 Tamil Nadu 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.29 Madhya Pradesh 0.23 0.22 0.31 0.29 Karnataka 0.24 0.19 0.20 0.29 Rajasthan 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.27 Kerala 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.27

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 43 Maharashtra 0.45 0.29 0.27 0.26 Uttar Pradesh 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.21 Orissa 0.22 0.16 0.15 0.19 Assam 0.21 0.02 0.14 0.17 West Bengal 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.01 Table-1 5. CCTV cameras in most govt offices: When Index trends in major states by respective in every ATM there is camera to keep a watch on the public taking their money, then why anti-corruption effort not government office should have cameras Source: Corruptionindia.org to have a watch on the employee performance. Even there are many employees who openly Preventive measures to stop corruption take bribe in the presence of common 1. Give better salary in govt jobs: Many people. This public bribery is due to employees in government positions receive confidence that people want their work more low salary like clerks, office staff etc. Hence than the amount they are paying to them as they expect to make money by bribery. For bribes. this they try to delay the work for so long 6. Speed up the work process in that the client is fed up and opts for bribery govt institutes: Most corporate offices open for progress in the work. at 8- 9 am but the government offices start 2. Increase the number of workers: In many by 10 to 11 am and wind up by 3.30 to 4 pm offices of the government sector, the work with a lunch break of 1& half hour in load has gone up drastically but between. This indicates how much of the recruitment of vacancies has declined. This commitment lies in the work and how fast the gives an option for delaying the work by work goes on. If there are mistakes in the officials and they expect monetary or other work or delay in the work, civilians have to benefits for faster completion. run behind those workers to rectify or complete the work. 3. Law to dismiss from service if found to be involved in corruption. This seems a better 7. Make Media responsible and fix laws to option. For instance if you see cases where be so: There are many major scams anti-corruption bureau raids an officer’s and corruption events involving media. home and finds disproportionate assets, the Though the media are well aware of officer is suspended from employment and the corruption happening they stay silent due taken for judicial trials. But after couple of to their support for some political parties or years you will find him in employment at else their owners get some monetary benefits same or even better position. So this creates from the rulers. Even there are no fear among the officials against corruption. many reporters who though come across some scam or corruption; they stay silent 4. Keep transactions online and provide bill without revealing it for press for having for every purchase: Many people do not pay received monetary benefits. If taxes and escape the tax net; however, this media personnel are found to be guilty for not involves corruption. Making payments online having exposed the scam or corruption through bank accounts and provision of bills intentionally, they have to be prosecuted and for every transaction involving money is their licence be withdrawn. essential to ward off corruption.

44 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 8. Verify the selection procedures: Many Review of Recent Empirical Contributions,” IDS people compete for government jobs and in Bulletin, 27, No. 2, the process there are incidents of corruption 2. Alam, M. Shahid. 1991. “Some Economic Costs happening in the selection of candidates for of Corruption in LDCs,” Journal of the posts. So let the selection criteria and Development Studies, 27. procedure used be transparent and any 3. All India Reporters (AIR) SC 870 “State of misconduct from this should be punishable. Madhya Pradesh Vs. ShriRam Singh”, April 9. Keep inflation low: This is another factor 2000. for keeping corruption high and also 4. Bardhan, Pranab. 1997. “Corruption and persistent. Due to rise in prices, any amount Development: A Review of Issues,” Journal of of income seems to be insufficient. This Economic Literature, 35. Building a Global inflation is a corruption involving politicians Coalition Against Corruption: Transparency and businessmen. Businessmen try to raise International Report 1995 (Berlin: Transparency the prices to sell their inventory or stock of International, 1995). goods at higher price. For this the politicians 5. Doig, Alan, and Robin Theobold. 1999. support them and are paid monetary or other Corruption and Democratisation, London: benefits. This is a cheap business tactic but Frank Cass. even the so-called richest business magnets 6. Elliot, Kimberly (Ed.) 1997. Corruption and play this corruption game. Global Economy. Washington DC: Institute of 10. Speed up the judgment and increase the International Economics. 362 SOCIAL ACTION VOL. 59 OCTOBER – DECEMBER number of courts: Many cases of corruption 2009 take years to be given verdict. This delay in cases creates lack of fear for being corrupt 7. India. Committee to Take Stock of All and also huge time span for court trials gives Information about the Activities of the Crime sufficient time to make alterations in the Syndicates/Mafia Organisations. 1995. Report: witness. Therefore, there is need to speed Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi. up the process of justice and increase number 8. Noorani, A.G., 1973. Minister’s Misconduct. of trial courts. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. Conclusion 9. Pavarale, Vinod. 1996. Interpreting Corruption: Elite perspectives in India. New Delhi: Sage. Corruption is an intractable problem. It is like diabetes, can only be controlled, but not totally 10. Quah, J.T. “Bureaucratic Corruption in the eliminated. It may not be possible to root out ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Analysis of corruption completely at all levels but it is their Anti-Corruption Strategies”. 1982 Journal possible to contain it within tolerable limits. of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.13, No. 1. Honest and dedicated persons in public life 11. http://www.corruptioninindia.org/ should be honoured and encouraged. Control 12. http://www.transparency.org/ over electoral expenses could be the most 13. http://www.iccwbo.org/policy/anticorruption/ important prescription to combat corruption. 14. http://www.u4.no/ Corruption has a corrosive impact on our economy. It worsens our image in 15. http://www.irmt.org/ international market 16. http://ethisphere.com/anticorruption/ and leads to loss of overseas opportunities. 17. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/ References sc_country.asp 1. Ades, Alberto and Rafael di Tella. 1996. “The 18. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/ Causes and Consequences of Corruption: A index.html?ref=menuside 

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 45 Agriculture Profile of the Farmers in Theni Dist S.Velanganni* M. Akina Barween** & Dr. D. Jeba Selvi Anitha***

griculture in our economy is based on in Theni district has declined over the past 15 the technology of production by the years due to number of factors. The major Amasses. As a consequence, it is the problems are monsoon failure, lack of irrigation backbone of the national livelihood security and high cost of production. Different studies system. Responding to this Dr.Manmohan Singh, have been made on the impact of globalization the former Prime Minister called for second on Indian economy and agriculture in general. green revolution. The package of first green However few studies are available on the impact revolution was favored for large farmers and of globalization on production performance of particularly succeeded in irrigated area. The principal crops, land uses and farmers. Hence program was cost oriented also. Hence Dr. Singh the present study is an attempt made by the suggested covering the marginal and small researcher to analyze the production performance farmers through various programs and also and land utilization pattern of Tamil Nadu and to mentioned that 55 percent of the farmers were investigate the various issues related to farmers bypassed by the first green revolution and poverty with special reference to globalization. is still remained among the farming community. High cost of production, low price for the Significance of the study agriculture produces, conversion of traditional Tamil Nadu receives 7.4 percent of GSDP from crops to cash crops, poor irrigation facility, low agriculture sector and provides employment productivity due to monsoon failure and ecological vulnerability have made the farmers opportunity to more than 40 percent of the people. The State has received Krishi Karman Award to become even agricultural labors and commit from the Government of India for the achievement suicide. So the researcher has concentrated on these issues very particularly. Another important of high record production in food grains of 10.1 million tons during 2011-12. As per the latest issue to be considered, while studying or Agricultural Census 2010-11, marginal and small analyzing the issues related to agriculture, is the socioeconomic and agricultural status of the holdings of less than 2 hectares accounted for 92.0 percent of the total holdings and 61.0 percent farmers; because they are the land owners, of the total operated area. They in turn are operate their activities, partially depend on the nature and partially depend on the government unsuitable for conventional technology and machinery use to boost agricultural production. for input, subsidy, price and marketing. Hence This led to a process of marginalization of small an attempt has been made to know the agriculture profile of the sample respondents (Farmers) in and marginal farmers and casualization of agricultural laborers. Theni District. Agriculture profile includes the type of farmers, size of land holding, type of land Theni is one of the southern districts of Tamil holding, agriculture implements posses, cattle Nadu and is an agrarian region having more than posses, type of seed used, sources of seed used 1,20,000 land holders. The cultivable land area and awareness about private company seed. * Assistant Professor of Economics, Objective: To study the agriculture profile of ** Professors of Commerce, the sample respondents *** Jayaraj Annapackiam College for Women, Periyakulam, Theni Dist.

46 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Sample technique: The study is based on both Agriculture profile of Theni District primary and secondary sources. For the purpose The district enjoys salubrious climate which is of primary data Theni district is taken as universe, conducive for agriculture and horticulture crops. the blocks and villages of the districts are taken In addition to that 40 percent of the district as strata and the farmers are the ultimate unit. economy is received from agriculture sector and Primary data were collected using stratified it provides employment opportunity to more than random sampling by using proportionate 40 percent of the rural people. In the hilly areas probability random sampling technique during viz. Uthamapalayam and Periyakulam, fruits and the year 2015-2016 from November 2015 – vegetables are grown and supplied to other March 2016.The block wise number of farmers districts and northern states also. But paddy holds list was obtained from the Deputy Director of the first rank in food crop cultivation and maize statistics, Theni, for the present study. comes next to paddy. Sample Design As per the crop data taken from the Compendium The total sample size is 1200 which is of Agriculture Statistics, 1950-51 to 2007-2008, statistically significant number. The total Chennai and the recently published sources of respondents are distributed among marginal, the various websites of the agriculture department small, medium and large farmers based on the of Theni District and the Economics and size of the holding. According to the census 2011, Statistics Department of Tamil Nadu and India Theni District has high proportion of marginal the cultivation of paddy has decreased from farmers, followed by small farmers and followed 19029 hectares in 1996-1997 to 14400 hectares by medium and large farmers. All the records of in 2007-2008 and further increased to 15230 agricultural statistics referred by the researcher hectares in 2014-2015. showed that large farmers are found very Agriculture population of Theni district as per minimum in total farming community. Among the census data 1200 farmers, 624are marginal farmers, 288 are small farmers and the medium and large farmers Year Cultivators are 144,144 respectively. 2001 50,436 Five blocks were selected based on the agricultural population from which one revenue 2011 36371 village was selected. Since paddy is the principal Source : Census data : 2011 food crop cultivated almost in all the villages and Blocks in the District. Hence the farmers Hence, the researcher has chosen exclusively who cultivated paddy were selected based on Theni District for the study. The primary data the crop data obtained from the Assistant Director were collected from the farmers through personal of Statistics, Theni. According to the crop data, interview schedule exclusively designed for an intensive study was made by the researcher them. Pre test and pilot study was made before through field survey during the period 2015-2016 finalizing the interview schedule. 3.5 percent of farmers have been selected from the total Tool adopted in the study: Simple percentage farmers’ population. Due to financial and time analysis constraint the researcher has chosen only 1200 farmers

Table 1-Block Wise Classification of the Sample Respondents Type of Respondents (Farmers)

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 47 Name of the blocks Marginal Small Medium Large Total Periyakulam 120 60 30 30 240 (19.2 %) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.0%) Theni 120 60 30 30 240 (19.2 %) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.0%)

Aandipatti 144 48 24 24 240 (23.1%) (16.7%) (16.7 %) (16.7%) (20.0%)

Chinnamanur 120 60 30 30 240 (19.2%) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.0%) Bodinayakanur 120 60 30 30 240 (19.2%) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.8%) (20.0%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (1000.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) 100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows Next to marginal farmers, small farmers are 288, percentage to total followed by medium and large farmers are 144, 144 respectively. It is also recorded in the table The table 1 shows the block-wise classification that except Andipatti block, all other blocks have of the sample respondents. The compositions of the equal distribution of sample respondents’ viz. all types of farmers are shown in the table. It marginal farmers120, farmers60, medium farmers could be observed from the table that the total 30 and large farmers 30. The reason for more numbers of sample respondents are 1200 and the number of marginal farmers in Andipatti is compositions of the sample respondents are attributed with the size of agricultural population. marginal, small, medium and large farmers. They The percentage shows that marginal farmers in are equally distributed in all blocks as 240 per Andipatti are recorded 23.1 when compared with block. The distribution shows that marginal all other blocks. farmers are 624 which is a high number in the total sample respondents. Table-2 Gender Wise Classification of the Sample Respondents Type of Respondents (Farmers) Gender Marginal Small Medium Large Total Male 474(76.0%) 216(75.0%) 120(83.3%) 132(91.7) 942(78.5%) Female 150(24.0%) 72(25.0%) 24(16.7%) 12(08.35) 258(21.5%) Total 624(100.0%) 288(100.0%) 144(100.0%) 144(100.0%) 1200(100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets female respondents. The percentage shows that shows percentage to total 78.5 percent are male and 21.5 percent are female represents. It is understood from the table that Table 2 reveals the gender wise classification three fourth are the male and one fourth are of the sample respondents. It could be observed female respondents. from the table that in the total sample respondents 942 respondents are male which and 258 are

48 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Table 3 Age Wise Classification of the Sample Respondents Type of Respondents (Farmers) Age Marginal Small Medium Large Total 20-30 48 24 0 0 72 (7.7%) (8.3%) (.0%) (.0%) (6.0%) 30-40 54 06 0 0 60 (8.7%) (2.1%) (.0%) (.0%) (5.0%) 40-50 114 108 12 06 240 (18.3%) (37.5%) (08.3%) (4.2%) (0.0%) 50-60 234 78 78 42 432 (37.5%) (27.1%) (54.2%) (29.2%) (36.0%) Above 60 174 72 54 96 396 (27.9%) (25.0%) (37.5%) (66.7%) (33.0%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets that the respondents who cross above 50 and 60 shows percentage to total Age wise years are more or less equal than other age group. The age group belongs to 40-50 also moderate The age wise classification of the sample in the total sample size. At the same time those respondents are given in table 4. From the total who are in the age of 30-40 and 20-30 show the sample respondents 432 fall in the age in 50-60, same trend. It is very important that there are no 396 fall in the age between above 60 followed farmers fall in the age of 20-30 and 30-40 from by 240, 72 and 60 falling in the age group 40-50, medium and large type. While comparing the type 30-40 and 20-30 respectively. It is very clear of farmers based on the age it is shown that marginal and small farmers occupy high Table 4-Source of the Household income of the Sample Respondents Type of (Respondents)Farmers Source of the Marginal Small Medium Large Total household income Main/other 384 162 60 36 642 (61.5%) (56.3%) (41.7%) (25.0%) (53.5%) Main/ subsidary 180 120 0 72 372 (28.8%) (41.7%) (.0%)372 (50.0%) (41.0%)

Main/subsidiary/others 60 6 84 36 186 (9.6%) (2.1%) (58.3%) (25.0%) (15.5%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows percentage to total

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 49 Source: Primary data Figures in in the total respondents. At the same time it is brackets shows percentage to total very important to note that no medium farmers fall in this category. Only 15.5 percent of the Table 4 shows the sources of income of the sample respondents consisting of all types of sample respondents. In the total respondents 53.5 farmers have all the three sources. But the medium percent fall in the source main and others. This and large farmers ranks first and second and is the highest percentage when compared with recorded 58.3 percent and 25.0 percent other two sources. Taking in to account of other respectively. While comparing the marginal and two types of farmers medium farmers have small farmers, it is revealed that 9. 6 percent of recorded 41.7 percent and the larger farmers marginal farmers have all the three sources. Mere have recorded 25. 0 percent It is also seen from 2.1 percent of the small farmers fall in the third the table that main and subsidiary occupation type source of income. being the source of income for about 31.0 percent Table 5 Annual Income of the Sample Respondents Type of (Respondents) Farmers Annual Income Marginal Small Medium Large Total Less than 50,000 186 0 0 0 186 (29.8%) (.0%) (.0%) (.0%) (15.5%) 50,000-1,00,000 372 222 6 0 600 (59.6%) (77.1%) (4.2%) (.0%) (50.0%) 1,00,000-1,50,000 66 66 18 0 150 (10.6%) (22.9%) (12.5%) (.0%) (12.5%) 1,50,000-2,00,000 0 0 60 78 138 (.0%) (.0%) (41.7%) (54.2%) (11.5%) Above 2 lakhs 0 0 60 66 126 (.0%) (.0%) (41.7%) (45.8%) (10.5%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows percentage to total The annual income of the sample respondents percent respectively. No large farmers fall in are shown in the table 4.12. Of the total sample this range. Whereas no farmers belong to marginal respondents, half of them, except large farmers, and small type fall in the range of income Rs fall in the range of income Rs. 50,000- 10,0000. 150000- 200000. It is also inferred from this that 15.5 percent of the sample respondents earn less it is shared by marginal and medium farmers as than Rs. 50000 annually. Next to them the other 54.2 and 41.7 percent respectively. It is proved three ranges of income holders recorded more that only large and medium farmers earn above or less same trend with slight change as 12.5, Rs 2 lakhs annually and they have recorded 45.8 11.5 and 10.5 percent respectively. There is a and 41.7 percent respectively. high difference in the income range between Rs. 100000 -150000 and above 150000- 200000. Table-6 Involvement In Agriculture By In the range of Rs. 100000 -150000 small and Respondents medium farmers have recorded 22.9 and 12.5

50 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Type of Respondents (Farmers) Involvement of the sample Marginal Small Medium Large Total Total respondent in agriculture Traditional 516 186 78 126 (75.5.0%) 1104 (82.7%) (64.6%) (54.2%) (87.5%) (92.0%) Initiated by you 102 84 60 18 264 96 Individual (16.3%) (29.2%) (41.7%) (12.5%) (22.0%) (8.0%) Initiated by friends 6 18 6 0 30 and relatives (1.0%) (6.3%) (4.2%) (.0%) (2.5%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows percentage to total It could be observed from the sample table that sample respondents have involved in agriculture three-fourth of the sample respondents have been traditionally. 22.0 percent farmers have initiated involved in agriculture sector traditionally. In by themselves and taken up on their own interest. terms of percentage 75.5 percent of the total Mere 2.5 percent of the sample respondents have induced by friends and relatives Table- 7 Experience Wise Classification of the Sample Respondents Type of Farmers EXPERIENCE Marginal Small Medium Large Total Less than5yrs 30 6 0 0 36 (4.8%) (2.1%) (.0%) (.0%) (3.0%) 10-15yrs 60 30 0 0 90 (9.6%) (10.4%) (.0%) (.0%) (7.5%) 15-20yrs 126 114 24 24 288 (20.2%) (39.6%) (16.7%) (16.7%) (24.0%) Above 20yrs 408 138 120 120 786 (65.4%) (47.9%) (83.3%) (83.3%) (65.5%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data percent. It is very important to note that in this It is inferred from the table 7 that 65. 5 percent category no farmers fall from medium and large of the total sample respondents comprised by all type. Just 3.0 percent of the respondents have types of farmers having than 20 years of minimum experience with less than 5 years. In experience in agriculture. Likewise 24.0 percent this category also no farmers fall from medium of the farmers have 15- 20 years of experience. and large type. It also has in all types. The farmers with 10- 15 Table-8 Nature of the Ownership Sample years of experience is recorded about 7.5 Respondents

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 51 Type of Respondents (Farmers) Nature of Ownership Marginal Small Medium Large Total Owned 270 132 84 114 600 (43.3%) (45.8%) (58.3%) (79.2%) (50.0%) leased 330 120 36 6 492 (52.9%) (41.7%) (25.0%) (4.2%) (41.0%) Both 24 36 24 24 108 (3.8%) (12.5%) (16.7%) (16.7%) (9.0%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows 25.9percent and 16.7 percent respectively. percentage to total Followed by them small farmers having the It can be inferred from the table that 50 percent ownership under own, lease and both as of the sample respondents have own land.41. 0 45.8percent 41.7percent and 12.5 percent percent of the sample respondents possess leased respectively. As far as marginal farmers are land. It is seen that the difference in the concerned the ownership of leased is higher than ownership between owned and leased is only 9 the farmers who owned land. The percentage percent. There is no wide difference between shows that 52.9 percent of the marginal farmers them. Mere 9.0 percent of the farmers have both are having owned land ownership and 43.3 type of ownership. Further, it is evident from the percent are having leased ownership. Mere table that large farmers have recorded highest 3.8percent are having both type of ownership. percent in the owned land followed by 16. 7 On the whole, it is inferred that large farmers percent and 4.2 percent fall in to both and leased have recorded very low percent in the leased category. category while comparing other three types of Next to large farmers medium famers have farmers. It is further reported that merely 3. 8 recorded owned, lease and both as 58.3 percent, percent of the marginal farmers have both type of land ownership Table -9 Type of the Landholding Sample Respondents Type of respondents (Farmers) Type of the landholding Marginal Small Medium Large Total Dry land 0 6 0 0 6 (.0%) (2.1%) (.0%) (.0%) (.5%) Wet land 492 180 66 792 798 (78.8%) (62.5%) (45.8%) (66.0%) (66.5%) Both 132 102 78 90 402 (21.2%) (35.4%) (54.2%) (62.5%) (33.5%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data- Figures in brackets shows The table 9 reveals that only 6 percent of the percentage to total total sample respondents are having dry land.

52 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 66.0 percent of the farmers have irrigated land large farmers 37.5 percent. It is also inferred followed by 33.5 percent of the farmers having from the table that the farmers having both types both types of land. As far as irrigated land is of land holding have recorded 62.5 percent, 54.2 concerned marginal farmers have recorded 78.8 percent, 35.4 percent and 21.2percent by large, percent followed by small farmers 62.5 percent medium, small and marginal respectively. followed by medium farmers 45.9 percent and Table -10 Types of Seed Used By Respondents Type of Respondents Farmers TYPES OF SEED Marginal Small Medium Large Total Farm seed 378 204 84 120 786 (60.0%) (70.8%) (58.3%) (83.3%) (65.5%) Company seed 246 84 60 24 414 (39.4%) (29.2%) (41.7%) (16.7%) (34.5%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows small farmers, marginal farmers and medium percentage to total farmers have used 83 3 percent, 70.8 percent 60.6 percent and 58.3 percent respectively. As It is inferred from the table that 65. 5 percent of far as company seed is concerned, the medium the total sample respondents have used farm seed farmers have recorded highest percentage as and 34. 5 percent of the sample respondents have 41.7. This is the highest percent while comparing used company seeds. It is to be noted that while all other types of farmers. Next to them marginal, comparing farm and company seed users small and large farmers have recorded 39.4 , according to the size of the farm large farmers, 29.2 and 16.7 percentages respectively. Table -11 Sources of Seed Obtained By Respondents Type of Respondents (Farmers) Sources of seed Marginal Small Medium Large Total Total Open market 390 192 90 120 792 792 (62.5%) (66.7%) (62.5%) (83.3%) (66.0%) (66.0%) Government 234 96 54 24 408 408 (37.5%) (54%) (37.5%) (16.7%) (34.0%) (34.0%) Total 624 288 144 144 1200 1200 (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) Source: Primary data Figures in brackets shows table that there is no difference among marginal, percentage to total small and medium farmers in response to both It could be observed from the table 11 that 66.0 sources. Same kind of changes is same kind of percent of the sample respondents have purchased trend is persisting with little changes. As far as large seed in the open market. About 34.0 percent of farmers are concerned, there is a wide difference the sample respondents have purchased in the between the two sources. 83.3 percent of the large government departments. It is also seen from the farmers have purchased in open market and 26. 7 percent have purchased in government departments.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 53 The sample respondents comprising all types of one of the agricultural machineries and farmers have purchased seed in the government implements. department at subsidized price. In response to Conclusion subsidized seed it is understand that both medium and large farmers have equally distributed viz. Based on the above analysis, it is proved that 54.2 and 54.2 respectively and the marginal and majority of the farmers are marginal and small small farmers have also distributed equally with and have no sound economic background. Most a small change 29.8 and 29.2 respectively. of the farmers are illiterate and their income is Regarding non subsidized seed marginal, small between Rs. 50,000 to 1,00000. Most of the and large farmers have recorded 32.7, 39.6 and farmers belong to all the four types which have 29.2 respectively. Mere 8.3 percent medium been involved in agriculture traditionally. farmers have recorded under non-subsidized Marginal and small farmers find very difficult seed. The farmers who purchased subsidy in in getting agricultural subsidy and hence they open market have no subsidy. Hence it is noted expect that the government should relax the rules as NA which registered 33.5 percent consists all and regulations and monitor the sanctioning types of farmers. authorities whether they are farmers friendly or not. They also stated that collective support from It is very important to note that all the sample the government, public, dealers and agents would respondents are aware of the company seed. enable them in the midst of all crises. The Hence it is recorded 100 percent. perception of the above stakeholders should be It is evident from the table-14 that 64.0 percent farmers’ welfare-centric. of the total farmers comprising by all types have References no cattle. Only 36.0 Percent of the farmers have cattle. It is also important that the number and 1. Indian economy, Gaurav Datt and Sundharam, percentage of the farmers with cattle no is greater S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 2012, p. than cattle yes. 505 The details of the agricultural implements and 2. Tamil Nadu State Appraisal, Retrieved from machineries possessed by the farmers. The http:/ www. tn.stat.gov.in overall percentage belong to category yes is 3. Agriculture Statistics at a Glance recorded highest percentage as 65.0. It consisting 2014and2015 Retrieved from www e and s. almost all types of farmers. Particularly medium dacnet.nic.in and large farmers fall in to the category yes has 4. www.districts. nic.in no difference in percentage. While comparing marginal and small farmers marginal farmers have recorded 62.5 percent which much higher than small farmers’ percentage 35.0. It is also inferred from the table that it is not to be wondered that all the medium and large farmers are having any 

54 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 Ancient Temples of Kashmir under Karkota Dynasty Paryaz Ahmad Bhat* [The ancient Kashmir’s splendid and wonderful ruins demonstrate that the ancient Kashmiris were great architects and produced a beautiful and impressive temple architectural style under Karkota dynasty, distinct as compared to the temple architecture of other parts of India. The ancient temples of Kashmir under Karkota dynasty possess some unique features in many aspects because Kashmir since antiquity has been functioning as a cultural bridge between India on the one hand and Central Asia, China and Tibet on the other hand. Consequently ancient temple architecture of Kashmir under Karkota dynasty was greatly influenced by the art of these foreign countries very much, which is accepted by many national as well as international scholars like; Alexander Cunningham, Smith, Fergusson, D.R Sahani, R.C Kak, R.C Agarwal etc.] he great ancient Kashmiri architects believed that in those days the rivers in Valley created a distinct temple architectural were much fuller of water than they are now. Tstyle which possesses its own features as In plan, the ancient Kashmiri temple is a well as it is also affected by both Indian as well rectangular quadrangle built in the centre of as Central Asian art styles. One more reason of open courtyard surrounded by a range of cells these unique features of ancient temples of on all the sides whereas this plan is absent in Kashmir is that the European art also imposed other parts of India. some influence on it because due to close contact  The main gate, which is always equal in of Kashmir with Gandhara Kingdom in the early dimensions to main shrine, is double centuries. The unique features of ancient temple chambered structure and is always built in architecture of Kashmir under Karkota dynasty, the middle of the shorter side of the Peristyle, which differentiates it from the other parts of it consists a double flight of steps one external India, are mentioned as under: and the other facing the temple with pyramidal  In the ancient Kashmir, the architects had roof. always invaluably chosen the most natural  As compared to the other monuments of India spots for their sanctuaries, as compared to the internal surface of the cella of Kashmiri other parts of India, such as Martand Temple, temple is generally kept plain and externally Buniyar Temple Wangath Temple etc. were the walls of Peristyle are also plain. built on superb natural sites, which are gentle slopes of grass lands, with snow mountains  All the ancient temples of Kashmir except as a background and close to fine trees and those of Wangath and Buniyar, in which the streams of cold water. The Ancient Kashmiri material used is granite, are built of lime architecture was a wonderful gift of choosing stone like Martand Temple etc. high sites for their temple buildings so to  These lime stones were brought from Zewan command spacious views of the valley as also to ensure safety from the ravages of floods. and Dachigamnala. Bricks and wood was not used. However, Mortar was used in less  Perhaps they chose high grounds as much as quantity. There exist no traces of any possible so as to avoid big floods. It must be windows or sky light in any of the known * Research scholar, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P) ancient temples of the Valley.

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 55  The roofs of ancient temples of Kashmir  The ancient temples of Kashmir are simple, under Karkota dynasty are invariably attractive and impressive but smaller in size pyramidal. The Pyramidal is a double one. than other parts of India.  Perhaps pyramidal shape of roofs was  However, all the ancient temples of Kashmir necessitated by the climate of the valley, under Karkota dynasty have a single storied where snowfall and heavy rain is a common elevation and the double storey was never feature. In this way, the pyramidal roofs of used. The temple was conceived as a single ancient temples of Kashmir are fundamentally whole and after its construction afforded no differs from the roofs of the temples of other scope for subsequent additions. Another parts of India, which are either of the carved unique feature of ancient temples of Kashmir, pyre or of the stepped roof type. The figures according to Stein are, irrespective all ancient or sculptures in all the ancient temples of temples, that they built in the middle of water Kashmir under Karkota dynasty are almost tanks. always in an erect position, without any Conclusion inscription. It can be surmised, on the basis of discussion  Mostly figures of Hindu Gods and Goddesses above, hat the ancient temple architecture of were engraved like: Shiva, Vishnu, Ganga, Kashmir under Karkota dynasty represented a Yamuna and Kamdev. The number of flutes tradition of its own. The ancient temples of in the columns of different temples in the Kashmir possess some unique features as Kashmir valley is 12, 16, 20 and 24. compared to other parts of India, because the  But the number of these flutes in the columns great ancient Kashmiri architects used many own is neither less than 12 nor more than 24. The styles, designs, and techniques as well as local shafts of the Kashmiri Pillars of these temples material from base to the top for the construction being almost identical with those of the of these temples. But it is true that the ancient Grecian – Doric and unlike anything of the Kashmiri temple architecture is greatly affected class found in other parts of India. by many foreign art styles like Bactro-Gandhra, Greco- Egyptian and Tibetan elements than the  The one more important and unique feature art styles of other parts of ancient India. of ancient Kashmiri temples, as compared to other parts of India, is the unity of design. All References these ancient temples are similar in terms of 1. Agrawal R.C.; Kashmir and its monumental material, style, techniques etc. glory, Aryan Pub., Delhi, 1998, P-102.  During the long period of King Lalitaditiya 2. Bakshi R.S.; Kashmir Through the ages, of Karkota Dynasty, capped and simple Sarup Pub., Delhi, 1993, P – 71-92. triangular gable became a favourite motif of Kashmiri temple architecture. These gabbles 3. Cunningham A; “Essay on the Arian order of were especially used in Sun Temple of Architecture”, Journal of Asiatic society of Martand, which is a unique feature in India. Bengal, Vol. vii, 1848, pp.241 – 327.  As compared to the North and South Indian 4. E. B. Havell; Indian Architecture, Delhi, temple architecture, the Kashmiri temples 1980, pp.80, 86. have the great width of the intervals between the columns but it is constant. The inter- 5. Goetz Herman; Studies in History and art columnisation followed in Kashmiri temples of Kashmir and the Indian Himalaya, Otto was never less than twenty four meters. Harrasswitz Pub., Wiesbradon, 1996, p. 59. 6. Ibid.

56 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 7. Kak R.C.; Ancient monuments of Kashmir, 13. Malik Akhter; Ancient monuments of Sagar Pub., Delhi, 1971, p.64. Kashmir, Anmol pub., Delhi, 2008, p. 117. 8. Kapoor Sindhu; Ancient India Ancient 14. Ibid. Kashmir, Modern Pub., Delhi, 2010, pp. 170- 15. Ray Sunil Chandra; Early History and 175. culture of Kashmir, Munshiram Pub., Delhi, 9. Koul Manohar; Kashmir Hindu, Buddhist 1970, p. 228. and Muslim architecture, Sagar Pub., Delhi, 16. Shafi, Zahoor Qazi, Farooqi; Europeans in 1971, p. 27. Kashmir, Summit Pub., Srinagar, 1998, p.38. 10. Ibid. 17. Stein; Tours, Archaeology and Topography 11. Ibid. in Kashmir, London, 1894, p.20. 12. Lawrence R.; Kashmir Gazetteer, Vol. I, Rima Pub., Delhi, 1985, p.175.

Capitalizing on Human Misery in Occupied Territories Aleksandra Krstić* [While the new cold war is taking its momentum, the world community is gradually forgetting other pressing issues; such as human rights, right to labor, human dignity and respect. Of course, the national and international corporations hereby play a major role when it comes to respect and observance of social and labour rights. Even at the Geneva-based world standard-setting organization, International Labor Organization (ILO) has a strong say.] hat is the degree of due diligence Armenian companies, as well as foreign (mostly diaspora deployed by corporations today? Does controlled, such as the -based Artsakh Roots the corporate world comply with the law and Investment; the US-based Tufenkian Foundation; Wstandards of business conduct, transparency of business Armenian General Benevolent Union /AGBU/; operations? And – importantly – does the private sector Cherchian Family Foundation, etc.) businesses play a respect standards of international humanitarian law, decisive role in funding, enabling and facilitating especially in situations of armed conflicts and the so- permanent changes in economic (including fiscal and called forgotten conflict-prone places where open monetary), demographic and cultural character of the hostilities have ceased, but yet peace has never really occupied territories both for private gain and for come? supporting the prolongation of the occupation of these Notably, does the corporate world comply with the set territories. of important international standards such as the UN Over the past years, the well-orchestrated transfer of Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights or Armenian settlers from Armenia and elsewhere into the the OECD Guidelines for multinational corporations, contested territories (via e.g. Hayastan All-Armenian to name just a few? Could we go as far as to claim that in Fund), including the areas adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh, some cases the private corporate entities play a decisive in particular the districts of Lachyn, Kalbajar, Gubadly, role in funding, enabling and facilitating permanent Zangilan and Jabrayil, has continued with accelerated changes in economic, demographic and cultural pace. character of the occupied territories? And if so, does it To worsen the things, fishing of the human souls exploits serve, to say, dual purpose: a corporate gain and a an epic human tragedy of Syria and its people: The prolongation of the occupation on the given territory? shadowy Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) is To understand the gravity of that problem, let’s take as deceiving Syrian Armenians with an instant-better life an example conditions in Caucasus – a typical case of promise if they relocate from e.g. Qamishli and Aleppo the forgotten conflict – region where war stopped, still cities in Syria to Caucasus and its occupied territories peace has never arrived. (e.g. Zangilan, Gubadly and Lachyn districts). Nearly a mass-manipulation replica of the famous call to Bosnian Croatians from Zagreb to settle the former Serb * Post-doctoral researcher, Kent University in Brussels. inhabited and ethnically cleansed territories of Croatia. THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 57 This is of course, a direct criminal meddling into the been illegally appropriated and extensively exploited by domestic matters of two sovereign states. Armenia. This poses a stress on natural water flows (for Armenia, directly or via its corporate proxies, continues consummation, irrigation or opportunity for an illegal permanent energy, agriculture, social, residential and electricity generation) and soil (overuse of arable lands transport infrastructure changes in the occupied and monoculture cropping) – which, in return, alters territories. This is increased and prioritized as to change micro climate and jeopardizes the biota and human the demographic character once for good: That of course existence (e.g. Armenia’s Arm Water Project Company includes the construction of irrigation networks, water- Ltd. in the Araz Valley). canalization, roads, power-grids and other vital Dismantling of infrastructure (metals, pipes, bricks and economic and social facilities. (Several international other construction materials) from the ruins of reports, conducted independently by different FORAs, demolished Azerbaijani households and public buildings repeatedly confirmed that property of IDPs has been was previously conducted more sporadically. However, appropriated. E.g. that empty houses of Azerbaijani the currently examined cases show that it becomes more internally displaced persons were often dismantled for organized system of pillage with a clear foreign use as construction materials or that new houses are involvement. being built on their lands and properties.) Mining of the precious minerals and metals is one of Armenia exercises pervasive control over the entire the main enterprises in the occupied territories; e.g. economic and commercial system in the contested Gyzylbulag underground copper-gold mine (wholly territories, including inbound and outbound trade flows owned subsidiary of Armenia’s Vallex Group CJSC, and economic resources. Tacit presence of the registered in Liechtenstein), led to its almost complete international companies is rather interesting: there are depletion. Similar faith is of Demirli open-pit copper hundreds of various types of US-manufactured and molybdenum mine. In 2014, Gold Star CJSC Caterpillar machines, farm tractors and equipment of reportedly started exploitation of gold near Vejnali US-based John Deere and Germany’s Deutz-Fahr village (occupied Zangilan district of Azerbaijan). Since companies, South Korean Hyundai trucks, Belarus MT3- 2007, GPM Gold, a subsidiary of Russia-based 82, 3 model farm tractors, as well as other heavy GeoProMining Ltd., has been extracting ore in Soyudlu machinery for illegal mining, agriculture, expansion of gold mine in the occupied Kalbajar district. settlements and construction of the supporting There is an illegal traffic in natural resources across the infrastructure. The true ownership for most of those occupied section of the international border between companies remains unclear, as oftentimes registered Azerbaijan and Armenia that is controlled by the armed offshore in Cyprus, Liechtenstein and the like. forces of Armenia via Armenia constructed Vardenis- Often their funding is channeled through the branches Aghdara highway. The Government of Armenia, via its of Armenian banks operating in the occupied territories Energy Ministry, is directly operating: The ore and conducting international financial transactions via concentrate from Gyzylbulag is transported to Armenia, intermediary banks in Russia, EU and elsewhere. Further where it is further processed into gold containing copper on, numerous foreign retailers, from Ukraine, the US and exported to international markets, mainly to Europe. and the EU states (particularly from France, Bulgaria, Armenia is also extracting coal from the mine near Hungary, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, the Chardagly village in the occupied part of the Tartar Netherlands), as well as from Australia and UAE, have district to supply the power plant in Yerevan, Armenia. concluded their supply contracts with Armenian There is a clear correlation between the business and companies. That, of course, makes them complicit with the political status quo. Hence, it is safe to conclude Armenia’s occupation of the territories, drain of that the prolong occupation directly translates into more resources, expansion of illegal settlements as well as mineral, agricultural, water resources and other wealth with a violation of fundamental rights of IDPs. for the neighboring government and gloomy Little wonder, since Armenia’s high-ranking officials, international business. Demographic engineering is a key including President Sargsyan, PM Abrahamyan and other here, and is – of course – done by conflicting the ministers, routinely visit the occupied territories and fundamental human rights and norms of humanitarian inspect production facilities there. To camouflage the law, including those of IDPs. illegal nature of production there, Armenian agricultural In its epilogue, a clandestine population-reshuffle and liquor export companies (e.g. “Stepanakert Brandy coupled with illegal economic activities on the Factory” and “Artsakh Fruit CJSC”) routinely mislabel contested territories produces the notorious “blood the products wholly or partially produced or packed in diamonds”: socio-political status-quo, demographic the occupied territories as originating from Armenia, inversion, and extension of the armed conflict. thus misleading governments, international retailers and Is there anything larger than a problem of such a huge consumers. gravity for the resident population? Of course, there is: The agricultural lands in the contested territories along Our silence about it! the Araz River, Zangilan and Jabrayil districts too have 

58 THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 DELHI POSTAL REGN. NO. DL (ND) - 11/6026/2015-16-17 R.N.I. NO. 45898/87 POSTED AT N.D. PSO ON 7/8 EVERY MONTH Date of Publication : 4 - 2 - 2017

Total Page (60)

THIRD CONCEPT, FEBRUARY 2017 59