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The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 2

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Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. II) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. II Volume II accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew The Tiberian Pronunciation in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias. Links and QR codes in the book allow readers to listen to an oral performance of samples of the reconstructed Tiberian pronuncia� on by Alex Foreman. This is the fi rst � me Biblical Hebrew has been recited with the Tiberian pronuncia� on for a millennium. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at www.openbookpublishers.com Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Cover design: Luca Baff a book 1 ebooke and OA edi� ons also available OPEN ACCESS OBP THE TIBERIAN PRONUNCIATION TRADITION OF BIBLICAL HEBREW VOLUME II The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Including a Critical Edition and English Translation of the Sections on Consonants and Vowels in the Masoretic Treatise Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’ Volume II Geoffrey Khan https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2020 Geoffrey Khan. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Geoffrey Khan, The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume II. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit, https:// doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at, https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. Semitic Languages and Cultures 1, volume 2. ISSN (print): 2632-6906 ISSN (digital): 2632-6914 ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-857-0 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-858-7 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-859-4 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0194 Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāri ). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library ʾ Cover design: Luca Baffa. Volume II Edition and English Translation of the Sections on Consonants and Vowels in the Masoretic Treatise Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’ CONTENTS II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 II.Int.0.1. Preliminary Remarks ............................................ 1 II.Int.0.2. The Long Version ................................................. 2 II.Int.0.3. The Short Version ................................................ 5 II.Int.0.4. The Manuscript Corpus ........................................ 8 II.Int.0.5. The Edition and Translation of the Texts............ 11 II.Int.0.6. Terminology ....................................................... 16 II.Int.0.6.1. Arabic Terms .............................................. 16 II.Int.0.6.2. Hebrew and Aramaic Terms ....................... 19 HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (LONG VERSION) ................................... 24 II.L.0.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 24 II.L.1.0. THE FIRST DISCOURSE: ON THE LETTERS .......... 40 II.L.1.1. Preliminary Discussion concerning the Nature of Letters ......................................................... 40 II.L.1.2. Section concerning the Inventory of Letters ..... 48 II.L.1.3. Chapter concerning the Place of Articulation of the Letters ................................................... 48 II.L.1.4. Section concerning some General Issues relating to Letters ..................................................... 58 II.L.1.5. Chapter on the Interchange of Letters .............. 66 II.L.1.6. Chapter concerning the Influence of the Four Let- ters ʾalef, vav, yod and he on the Six Letters 76 ......................................................... ב̇ג̇ד̇כ̇פ̇ת̇̇ II.L.1.7. Section on Deviations from the General Rule ... 76 viii The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition II.L.1.8. Section on Further General Issues Relating 90 .......................................................... א̇ ו̇י̇ה̇̇ to II.L.1.9. Chapter concerning Letters that Occur in Three Grades ......................................................... 94 II.L.1.10. Conjugations ................................................... 98 II.L.1.11. Chapter concerning the Occurrence of Letters for the Sake of Enhancement ........................... 100 II.L.1.12. Section (more on Enhancement) ................... 106 II.L.1.13. Chapter on Contraction ................................. 110 II.L.2.0. THE SECOND DISCOURSE .................................. 116 II.L.2.1. Preliminary Remarks on Vowels ..................... 116 II.L.2.2. Chapter concerning the Number of the Vowels and those of them that are ‘High’, those of them that are ‘Level’ and those of them that are ‘Low’, and what is Connected to this ... 118 II.L.2.3. Section concerning what Corresponds to (Arabic) Inflectional Vowels .................................... 122 II.L.2.4. Section on the Correspondence (of Hebrew Vow- els) to Arabic Inflectional Vowels .............. 124 II.L.2.5. Section on Rafʿ ................................................ 126 II.L.2.6. Section on the Second Rafʿ ............................. 128 II.L.2.7. Section on Naṣb .............................................. 128 II.L.2.8. Section on Khafḍ ............................................. 130 II.L.2.9. Section (Preliminary Remarks on the Shewa) .. 132 II.L.2.10. Section concerning the Shewa ....................... 132 II.L.2.11. Section on the Nature of Mobile Shewa ......... 136 II.L.2.12. Chapter concerning the Mobile Shewa and what is Related to this ........................................ 138 Contents ix II.L.2.12.1. The First Subsection ............................. 138 II.L.2.12.2. The Second Subsection ......................... 144 II.L.2.12.3. The Third Subsection ............................ 146 II.L.2.12.4. The Fourth Subsection .......................... 150 II.L.2.12.5. The Fifth Subsection ............................. 154 II.L.2.12.6. The Sixth Subsection ............................ 154 II.L.2.12.7. The Seventh Subsection ........................ 156 II.L.2.12.8. The Eighth Subsection .......................... 160 II.L.2.12.9. The Ninth Subsection ........................... 162 II.L.2.12.10. The Tenth Subsection ......................... 164 II.L.2.12.11. The Eleventh Subsection ..................... 164 II.L.2.12.12. The Twelfth Subsection ...................... 164 II.L.2.12.13. The Thirteenth Subsection .................. 166 II.L.2.12.14. The Fourteenth Subsection ................. 168 II.L.2.13. Section concerning Uncertainty regarding the Reading of the Shewa ................................ 168 II.L.2.14. Section on the Names of the Vowels ............ 172 II.L.2.15. Section on their Place of Articulation ........... 172 II.L.2.16. Section concerning Combinations of them (i.e. the Vowels) to Form Basic Nouns and Combi- nations of them to Form Abstractions ....... 174 II.L.2.17. Chapter concerning the Descending of the Vow- els from One to the Other according to the Order of their Places of Articulation ......... 176 II.L.2.18. On the Origin of the Vowels ......................... 178 II.L.3.0. THE THIRD DISCOURSE: ON THE ACCENTS (SELECTED
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  • Beginning Biblical Hebrew

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    Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . 1 2. THE VOWELS . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY .
  • How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)

    How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)

    INSTALLING SBL HEBREW FONT (SIL) For Mac OS 1. Open Safari (or Chrome) 2. CLICK LINK Teaching Bible SBL HEBREW FONT Biblical Fonts Texts and Resources Bible Odyssey Font download (True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) Keyboard Drivers (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, SIL Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, Tiro Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/OS X). PASSWORD User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) SBL Hebrew User Manual ... Login SBL Hebrew SIL Keyboard Driver Manual Create new 12assword SBL Hebrew Tiro Keyboard Driver Manual ForgQL'{.our12assword? Join SBL To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our Biblical Fonts FAQ. Please donate to support Font development and other SBL projects. 3. CLICK AND DOWNLOAD HEBREW FONT FOR MAC ~r.(True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) rs (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) fl r·,rrl r,-iur T' C,. I U"""-1 • -- - -- • /r" \ SBL Hebrew keY.board Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/0S X). User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) !, ,L H- t-,-.!w L 1r'!" r,1c-,,-1..-- !, ,L H- t-""•w !, "'ry~o;. rrt >r.v---r, 1111 11 f, ,L H ~ • ,·J 1ro K .ybo·1rdL•r1¥1 r ' T' 1, 1 To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our r 1t"lic I r or•, r Af , , _or J to support Font development and other SBL projects.