DOCSLIB.ORG

The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume 2 Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. II) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. II Volume II accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew The Tiberian Pronunciation in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias. Links and QR codes in the book allow readers to listen to an oral performance of samples of the reconstructed Tiberian pronuncia� on by Alex Foreman. This is the fi rst � me Biblical Hebrew has been recited with the Tiberian pronuncia� on for a millennium. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found at www.openbookpublishers.com Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Cover design: Luca Baff a book 1 ebooke and OA edi� ons also available OPEN ACCESS OBP THE TIBERIAN PRONUNCIATION TRADITION OF BIBLICAL HEBREW VOLUME II The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Including a Critical Edition and English Translation of the Sections on Consonants and Vowels in the Masoretic Treatise Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’ Volume II Geoffrey Khan https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2020 Geoffrey Khan. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Geoffrey Khan, The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume II. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit, https:// doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at, https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0194#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. Semitic Languages and Cultures 1, volume 2. ISSN (print): 2632-6906 ISSN (digital): 2632-6914 ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-857-0 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-858-7 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-859-4 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0194 Cover image: Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 31.61 (Hidāyat al-Qāri ). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library ʾ Cover design: Luca Baffa. Volume II Edition and English Translation of the Sections on Consonants and Vowels in the Masoretic Treatise Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘Guide for the Reader’ CONTENTS II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 II.Int.0.1. Preliminary Remarks ............................................ 1 II.Int.0.2. The Long Version ................................................. 2 II.Int.0.3. The Short Version ................................................ 5 II.Int.0.4. The Manuscript Corpus ........................................ 8 II.Int.0.5. The Edition and Translation of the Texts............ 11 II.Int.0.6. Terminology ....................................................... 16 II.Int.0.6.1. Arabic Terms .............................................. 16 II.Int.0.6.2. Hebrew and Aramaic Terms ....................... 19 HIDĀYAT AL-QĀRIʾ (LONG VERSION) ................................... 24 II.L.0.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 24 II.L.1.0. THE FIRST DISCOURSE: ON THE LETTERS .......... 40 II.L.1.1. Preliminary Discussion concerning the Nature of Letters ......................................................... 40 II.L.1.2. Section concerning the Inventory of Letters ..... 48 II.L.1.3. Chapter concerning the Place of Articulation of the Letters ................................................... 48 II.L.1.4. Section concerning some General Issues relating to Letters ..................................................... 58 II.L.1.5. Chapter on the Interchange of Letters .............. 66 II.L.1.6. Chapter concerning the Influence of the Four Let- ters ʾalef, vav, yod and he on the Six Letters 76 ......................................................... ב̇ג̇ד̇כ̇פ̇ת̇̇ II.L.1.7. Section on Deviations from the General Rule ... 76 viii The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition II.L.1.8. Section on Further General Issues Relating 90 .......................................................... א̇ ו̇י̇ה̇̇ to II.L.1.9. Chapter concerning Letters that Occur in Three Grades ......................................................... 94 II.L.1.10. Conjugations ................................................... 98 II.L.1.11. Chapter concerning the Occurrence of Letters for the Sake of Enhancement ........................... 100 II.L.1.12. Section (more on Enhancement) ................... 106 II.L.1.13. Chapter on Contraction ................................. 110 II.L.2.0. THE SECOND DISCOURSE .................................. 116 II.L.2.1. Preliminary Remarks on Vowels ..................... 116 II.L.2.2. Chapter concerning the Number of the Vowels and those of them that are ‘High’, those of them that are ‘Level’ and those of them that are ‘Low’, and what is Connected to this ... 118 II.L.2.3. Section concerning what Corresponds to (Arabic) Inflectional Vowels .................................... 122 II.L.2.4. Section on the Correspondence (of Hebrew Vow- els) to Arabic Inflectional Vowels .............. 124 II.L.2.5. Section on Rafʿ ................................................ 126 II.L.2.6. Section on the Second Rafʿ ............................. 128 II.L.2.7. Section on Naṣb .............................................. 128 II.L.2.8. Section on Khafḍ ............................................. 130 II.L.2.9. Section (Preliminary Remarks on the Shewa) .. 132 II.L.2.10. Section concerning the Shewa ....................... 132 II.L.2.11. Section on the Nature of Mobile Shewa ......... 136 II.L.2.12. Chapter concerning the Mobile Shewa and what is Related to this ........................................ 138 Contents ix II.L.2.12.1. The First Subsection ............................. 138 II.L.2.12.2. The Second Subsection ......................... 144 II.L.2.12.3. The Third Subsection ............................ 146 II.L.2.12.4. The Fourth Subsection .......................... 150 II.L.2.12.5. The Fifth Subsection ............................. 154 II.L.2.12.6. The Sixth Subsection ............................ 154 II.L.2.12.7. The Seventh Subsection ........................ 156 II.L.2.12.8. The Eighth Subsection .......................... 160 II.L.2.12.9. The Ninth Subsection ........................... 162 II.L.2.12.10. The Tenth Subsection ......................... 164 II.L.2.12.11. The Eleventh Subsection ..................... 164 II.L.2.12.12. The Twelfth Subsection ...................... 164 II.L.2.12.13. The Thirteenth Subsection .................. 166 II.L.2.12.14. The Fourteenth Subsection ................. 168 II.L.2.13. Section concerning Uncertainty regarding the Reading of the Shewa ................................ 168 II.L.2.14. Section on the Names of the Vowels ............ 172 II.L.2.15. Section on their Place of Articulation ........... 172 II.L.2.16. Section concerning Combinations of them (i.e. the Vowels) to Form Basic Nouns and Combi- nations of them to Form Abstractions ....... 174 II.L.2.17. Chapter concerning the Descending of the Vow- els from One to the Other according to the Order of their Places of Articulation ......... 176 II.L.2.18. On the Origin of the Vowels ......................... 178 II.L.3.0. THE THIRD DISCOURSE: ON THE ACCENTS (SELECTED
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Hebrew Alphabet
    BBH2 Textbook Supplement Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1 The following comments explain, provide mnemonics for, answer questions that students have raised about, and otherwise supplement the second edition of Basics of Biblical Hebrew by Pratico and Van Pelt. Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1.1 The consonants For begadkephat letters (§1.5), the pronunciation in §1.1 is the pronunciation with the Dagesh Lene (§1.5), even though the Dagesh Lene is not shown in §1.1. .Kaf” has an “off” sound“ כ The name It looks like open mouth coughing or a cup of coffee on its side. .Qof” is pronounced with either an “oh” sound or an “oo” sound“ ק The name It has a circle (like the letter “o” inside it). Also, it is transliterated with the letter q, and it looks like a backwards q. here are different wa s of spellin the na es of letters. lef leph leˉ There are many different ways to write the consonants. See below (page 3) for a table of examples. See my chapter 1 overheads for suggested letter shapes, stroke order, and the keys to distinguishing similar-looking letters. ”.having its dot on the left: “Sin is never ri ht ׂש Mnemonic for Sin ׁש and Shin ׂש Order of Sin ׁש before Shin ׂש Our textbook and Biblical Hebrew lexicons put Sin Some alphabet songs on YouTube reverse the order of Sin and Shin. Modern Hebrew dictionaries, the acrostic poems in the Bible, and ancient abecedaries (inscriptions in which someone wrote the alphabet) all treat Sin and Shin as the same letter.
    [Show full text]
  • ב Bet ה Heh ו Vav ט Tet י Yod ך מ Mem ם
    Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script Using the examples at the right, practice writing out the Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. Be sure to accurately reflect the position of the letter in relation to the base line. Boxes are used to indicate final forms. Letter Name aleph א aleph bet ב bet gimel ג gimel dalet ד dalet heh ה heh vav ו vav zayin ז zayin .het ח ḥet tet ט tet yod י kaph כ yod ך kaph final kaph lamed ל mem מ lamed ם mem 3 Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script final mem Letter Name nun נ ן nun final nun samek ס samek ayin ע pe פ ayin ף pe final pe tsade צ ץ tsade final tsade qoph ק qoph resh ר resh שׂ sin sin shin ׁש shin tav ת tav NAme: __________________________________________________ Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script 4 Exercise 1B: Reading Proper Names In this exercise you will practice identifying the Hebrew consonants by reading familiar proper names. Write the English name in the space to the left of the Hebrew name. Since the alphabet has no vowels, you will have to provide vowel sounds to recognize each word. Start by trying an “a” vowel between each con- sonant. The “a” vowel is the most common vowel in Hebrew and, while it will not always be the correct one, it should help you recognize these names. לבן Laban יעקב אסתר אברהם עבדיה יצחק יחזקאל יׂשראל דוד רבקה נחמיה נבכדנאזר ירבעם ירדן מרדכי מׁשה דברה גלית יׁשמעאל עׂשו 5 Exercise 1B: ReAding Proper NAmes Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional) Using the examples shown, practice writing out the cursive Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragmente Jüdischer Kultur in Der Stadtbibliothek Mainz
    Veröffentlichungen der Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz Herausgegeben von der Landeshauptstadt Mainz Band 62 Andreas Lehnardt und Annelen Ottermann Fragmente jüdischer Kultur in der Stadtbibliothek Mainz Entdeckungen und Deutungen Mainz 2014 Umschlag: III d:4°/394 ® Gestaltung: Tanja Labs (artefont) Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-00-046570-3 © Landeshauptstadt Mainz / Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz 2014 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung der Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfi lmungen und für die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. Gestaltung, Satz, Einband: Silja Geisler, Tanja Labs (artefont) und Elke Morlok Druck: Lindner OHG Mainz Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort des Direktors 7 Vorwort 9 Allgemeine Hinweise 11 1. Einführung 13 Hebräische Makulaturforschung in Mainz 15 Die Stadtbibliothek Mainz und ihre Bestände 18 Zwischen Verfolgung und Vernachlässigung - Wie kamen die Fragmente zu den Büchern? 19 Was besagen die Fragmente über die jüdische Lesekultur im Mittelalter? Welche Schriften wurden von Juden gelesen? 27 Zur Beschreibung der Fragmente 30 2. Tora-Rollen 35 3. Bibel (Tanakh), Masora und Targum 49 4. Bibel-Kommentar 87 5. Mischna 95 6. Talmud 105 7. Talmud-Kommentare 131 8. Midrasch Tanchuma 145 9. Machsor 157 10. Piyyut-Kommentar 201 11. Kodizes 207 12. Nicht identifi zierte hebräische Fragmente 223 13. Anhang: Orientalische Genisa-Fragmente 233 14. Liste aller hebräischen Fragmente in der Stadtbibliothek Mainz 241 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Marks .א3
    Other Marks .א3 Reading Biblical Hebrew Chapter 3: Other Marks John C. Beckman 2016-08-29 Goal: Prepare to Memorize the Other Marks 2 Other marks • Everything other than consonants and vowels Be able to • Symbol name and meaning • Name symbol and meaning Caveat: We will cover specific accents later Not Part of the Original Manuscripts 3 The original texts had only consonants (including vowel letters) • Vowel letters (using consonants) began in 900 BC • No regular vowels, accents, or other marks Vowels, accents, and other marks began in post-biblical period • Consider them an early, generally reliable commentary. • Like breathing marks and accents in the Greek NT iff = If and Only If 4 Compact notation Example: • Dagesh has meaning iff it is preceded by a vowel, not shva • Every dagesh that is preceded by a vowel has meaning. • Every dagesh that is not preceded by a vowel is meaningless. is Consonantal 5 ה Indicates Word-Final He ַמִּפיק Mappiq is a vowel letter iff word-final ה He ָהְיָתהִּ יְהֶיה ִּ הֵּנהֹּכה is a vowel letter ה Word-final • ,elsewhere is always a consonant ה • הָ אָ ֶ רץ א ִּהֹלהים never a vowel letter ?ה What if a word needs to end in a he אֹּתָ ּה ה Put a dot inside the word-final • ַמִּפיק Mappiq • Means ‘Dot’ 6 דָ גֵּׁש Dagesh • Dot inside the consonant (or to the left if there is no ‘inside’) ה Looks like mappiq, but not in a word-final he • • ּב ּג ד ּוּזּטּיכ ּל ּמ נ ּס פ ּצ ּק ּׂש ּׁש ּת and resh (אהחע) Dagesh in all consonants except gutturals • to a point-like sound בכפ Dagesh changes the sound of • Dagesh Doubles Consonant IFF Preceded by Vowel, not Shva 7 בכפ Dagesh always changes the pronunciation of ְכ ֶנְג דֹו Meaningless dagesh • Multiple categories and names • Dagesh qal (‘light dagesh’), dagesh lene • Conjunctive dagesh, … (בכפ Ignore it (other than pronouncing • ַו ְּת ַ דּבֵּ ר Meaningful dagesh • Doubles the consonant • Has meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • High Holy Day Cantillation Treitman RB-CANTR-523B
    Rabbinical School RB-CANTR-523B: High Holy Day Torah Cantillation Cantor Louise Treitman 1 graduate credit Syllabus for Spring Semester 2019: High Holy Day Torah 9:30-10:40 Wednesdays Contact Information: 617-699-8864 (mobile) [email protected] (please put “CANTILLATION” in subject line) COURSE DESCRIPTION: This class builds on the skills learned in the Basic Cantillation course while acquiring the melodic skills needed to chant High Holy Day Torah using a common Ashkenazi trope. We will continue to explore the concepts of cantillation – chanting our sacred texts according to ancient tradition. There will be a review of the underlying syntactic structure of the system of cantillation. Then, we will delve deeper into the grammar with sentence diagramming and ongoing focus on correct contemporary pronunciation of biblical Hebrew This course is primarily for rabbinical students (preferably who have taken one of the pre-requisite courses or some solid understanding of cantillation). However, others are welcome (depending on size of the class), provided they have an adequate sense of musical pitch and the ability to read and translate biblical Hebrew and have the following pre-requisites. Suggested pre-requisite for this course: Basic Cantillation (Treitman), Cantillation I (Jacobson) or permission of the instructor. This course does not count for graduate credit for students in the Cantorial Ordination programs, although cantorial students are welcome to audit. REQUIREMENTS: Attendance: Students are expected to attend each session and to participate fully. Learning cantillation melodies (with the voice that you have been given): Students are expected to go over chanting and to prepare texts as required.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptations of Hebrew Script -Mala Enciklopedija Prosvetq I978 [Small Prosveta Encyclopedia]
    726 PART X: USE AND ADAPTATION OF SCRIPTS Series Minor 8) The Hague: Mouton SECTION 6I Ly&in, V. I t952. Drevnepermskij jazyk [The Old Pemic language] Moscow: Izdalel'slvo Aka- demii Nauk SSSR ry6r. Komi-russkij sLovar' [Komi-Russian diclionary] Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izda- tel'slvo Inostrannyx i Nacional'nyx Slovuej. Adaptations of Hebrew Script -MaLa Enciklopedija Prosvetq I978 [Small Prosveta encycloPedia]. Belgrade. Moll, T. A,, & P. I InEnlikdj t951. Cukotsko-russkij sLovaf [Chukchee-Russian dicrionary] Len- BENJAMIN HARY ingrad: Gosudtrstvemoe udebno-pedagogideskoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva Prosveldenija RSFSR Poppe, Nicholas. 1963 Tatqr Manual (Indima Universily Publications, Uralic atrd Altaic Series 25) Mouton Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: "lagguages" rgjo. Mongolian lnnguage Handbook.Washington, D C.: Center for Applied Linguistics Jewish or ethnolects HerbertH Papet(Intema- Rastorgueva,V.S. 1963.A ShortSketchofTajikGrammar, fans anded It is probably impossible to offer a purely linguistic definition of a Jewish "language," tional Joumal ofAmerican Linguisticr 29, no part 2) Bloominglon: Indiana University; The - 4, as it is difficult to find many cornmon linguistic criteria that can apply to Judeo- Hague: Moulon. (Russiu orig 'Kratkij oderk grammatiki lad;ikskogo jzyka," in M. V. Rax- Arabic, Judeo-Spanish, and Yiddish, for example. Consequently, a sociolinguistic imi & L V Uspenskaja, eds,Tadiikskurusstj slovar' lTajik-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Gosudustvennoe Izdatel'stvo Inostrmyx i Nacional'tryx SIovarej, r954 ) definition with a more suitable term, such as ethnolect, is in order. An ethnolect is an Sjoberg, Andr€e P. t963. Uzbek StructuraL Grammar (Indiana University Publications, Uralic and independent linguistic entity with its own history and development that refers to a lan- Altaic Series r8).
    [Show full text]
  • How Was the Dageš in Biblical Hebrew Pronounced and Why Is It There? Geoffrey Khan
    1 pronounced and why is it בָּתִּ ים How was the dageš in Biblical Hebrew there? Geoffrey Khan houses’ is generally presented as an enigma in‘ בָּתִּ ים The dageš in the Biblical Hebrew plural form descriptions of the language. A wide variety of opinions about it have been expressed in Biblical Hebrew textbooks, reference grammars and the scholarly literature, but many of these are speculative without any direct or comparative evidence. One of the aims of this article is to examine the evidence for the way the dageš was pronounced in this word in sources that give us direct access to the Tiberian Masoretic reading tradition. A second aim is to propose a reason why the word has a dageš on the basis of comparative evidence within Biblical Hebrew reading traditions and other Semitic languages. בָּתִּיםבָּתִּ ים The Pronunciation of the Dageš in .1.0 The Tiberian vocalization signs and accents were created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the early Islamic period to record an oral tradition of reading. There is evidence that this reading tradition had its roots in the Second Temple period, although some features of it appear to have developed at later periods. 1 The Tiberian reading was regarded in the Middle Ages as the most prestigious and authoritative tradition. On account of the authoritative status of the reading, great efforts were made by the Tiberian Masoretes to fix the tradition in a standardized form. There remained, nevertheless, some degree of variation in reading and sign notation in the Tiberian Masoretic school. By the end of the Masoretic period in the 10 th century C.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Errata
    Transliterations page: The second header should read: Translations. p. 4 footnote 11 the second Hebrew phrase should read: vnhgbc true. p. 10 second paragraph of the Hebrew should read: dyrcb. p. 14 the figure on the right should read 1.3. p. 15 the figure should read 1.4. p. 16 the figure should read 1.5. p. 17 should read Figure 1.6. p. 19 footnote 61 the first word should read: Athanasius. p. 26 example 2.1.1 should read: hearken, O earth, to the words of my mouth. p. 50 footnote 1 should read: Cheironomy. p. 52 about 2 inches from the bottom of the page should read: N¡E;b dRl∞E;tÅw rAh™A;tÅw. p. 53 about 2 inches from the bottom of the page should read: X…wlSj. p. 56 footnote 2 should read: µytir]v…m]. p. 65 sixth line should read: then the “soft” form is (normally) used. p. 89 first line should read: protagonist. p. 195 footnote 14 should read: the shalshelet sign can serve as both. p. 115 example 2.8.5 should read: PRl™Ra. p. 127 the heading should read: conjunctives. p. 133 the text just below the double rule should read: conjunctive. p. 140 footnote 3 should have this additional text: The Hebrew equivalent of revia‘ would be ravuts, meaning, “seated.” p. 159 third line of text from the bottom should read: and the first level-three segment terminates with revia‘. p. 167 note 7 the last word should read: h∂rVÚpAs◊n…w. p. 210 note 2 should read: conjunctive.
    [Show full text]
  • 17372R-N4923-Dam1-Chart.Pdf
    Title: Additional repertoire for ISO/IEC 10646:2017 (5th ed.) Amendment 1 (DAM1) Date: 2017-11-22 L2/17-xxx WG2 N4923 Source: Michel Suignard, project editor Status: Project Editor's summary of the character repertoire addition as of November 2017 Action: For review by WG2 and UTC expertsm Distribution: WG2 and UTC Replaces: Status This document presents a summary of all characters that constitute the tentative new repertoire for ISO/IEC 10646 5th edition Amd1, with code positions, representative glyphs and character names. Manner of Presentation The character names and code points shown are the same for Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646, including annotations. Note to Reviewers UTC reviewers, please use this document as a summary of UTC review of pending ballots and proposals. WG2 Reviewers, please use this document as an aid during disposition of ballot comments. Contents This document lists 911 characters (yellow highlight) and other modified characters (blue highlight). The following list shows all 40 blocks (existing or new) to which characters are proposed to be added, or which have been affected by other changes documented here. 0530-058F Armenian See document: L2/17-032 0590-05FF Hebrew See document: L2/16-305 07C0-07FF NKo See document L2/15-338 08A0-08FF Arabic Extended-A See document L2/16-056 0980-09FF Bengali See document L2/16-322 0A00-0A7F Gurmukhi See document L2/16-209 0C00-0C7F Telugu See document: L2/16-285 0C80-0CFF Kannada See document L2/16-031 1800-18AF Mongolian See document: L2/17-007 2B00-2BFF Miscellaneous Symbols and
    [Show full text]
  • 1דwriting Hebrew
    Writing Hebrew ד1 Reading Biblical Hebrew Chapter 1: Consonants John C. Beckman 2016-08-08 Goal: Learn to Write the Hebrew Alefbet 2 General comments • Stroke order and direction are suggested but optional. • Precise letter shapes are optional. • Only certain features are required (e.g., foot on nun) • All letters are full height, unless otherwise noted. Dot (Dagesh or Mappiq) is shown with all letters. • It is not part of the letters. • Don’t add it when writing the alefbet. • Chapter 3 discusses when the dot is added. • It is shown now so that you know where it goes. 3 א ל ָ֫ ָ֫ ף Alef 1 2 3 4 בֵּ ית Bet 1 2 כ from Kaf ב Bump on lower right distinguishes Bet 5 ג ימֵּ ל Gimel Optional hook 1 in top left 2 6 ד לת Dalet 1 2 ר from Resh ד Bump on upper right distinguishes Dalet 7 הֵּ א He 1 2 ח from ḥet ה Gap in upper left distinguishes he 8 וו Vav Optional hook in top left 1 .extends below . ן is half height. Final nun י is full height. Yod ו Vav 9 ז ין Zayin 1 2 ו from vav ז Bump on upper right distinguishes zayin 10 חֵּ ית Ḥet 1 2 ה from he ח Lack of gap in upper left distinguishes ḥet 11 טֵּ ית Tet 1 12 יֹוד Yod Optional hook in top left 1 .is full height ו is half height. Vav י Yod .extends below the baseline . ן Final nun 13 כף Kaf 1 ב from bet כ Round lower right distinguishes kaf 14 כ ףָ֫סֹופית Final Kaf 1 Alternately, final kaf can be a single curved line 2 ן from final nun .
    [Show full text]
  • Beginning Biblical Hebrew
    Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . 1 2. THE VOWELS . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY .
    [Show full text]
  • How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)
    INSTALLING SBL HEBREW FONT (SIL) For Mac OS 1. Open Safari (or Chrome) 2. CLICK LINK Teaching Bible SBL HEBREW FONT Biblical Fonts Texts and Resources Bible Odyssey Font download (True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) Keyboard Drivers (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, SIL Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, Tiro Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/OS X). PASSWORD User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) SBL Hebrew User Manual ... Login SBL Hebrew SIL Keyboard Driver Manual Create new 12assword SBL Hebrew Tiro Keyboard Driver Manual ForgQL'{.our12assword? Join SBL To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our Biblical Fonts FAQ. Please donate to support Font development and other SBL projects. 3. CLICK AND DOWNLOAD HEBREW FONT FOR MAC ~r.(True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) rs (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) fl r·,rrl r,-iur T' C,. I U"""-1 • -- - -- • /r" \ SBL Hebrew keY.board Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/0S X). User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) !, ,L H- t-,-.!w L 1r'!" r,1c-,,-1..-- !, ,L H- t-""•w !, "'ry~o;. rrt >r.v---r, 1111 11 f, ,L H ~ • ,·J 1ro K .ybo·1rdL•r1¥1 r ' T' 1, 1 To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our r 1t"lic I r or•, r Af , , _or J to support Font development and other SBL projects.
    [Show full text]