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Fragmente Jüdischer Kultur in Der Stadtbibliothek Mainz

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Fragmente Jüdischer Kultur in Der Stadtbibliothek Mainz Veröffentlichungen der Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz Herausgegeben von der Landeshauptstadt Mainz Band 62 Andreas Lehnardt und Annelen Ottermann Fragmente jüdischer Kultur in der Stadtbibliothek Mainz Entdeckungen und Deutungen Mainz 2014 Umschlag: III d:4°/394 ® Gestaltung: Tanja Labs (artefont) Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-00-046570-3 © Landeshauptstadt Mainz / Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz 2014 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung der Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfi lmungen und für die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. Gestaltung, Satz, Einband: Silja Geisler, Tanja Labs (artefont) und Elke Morlok Druck: Lindner OHG Mainz Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort des Direktors 7 Vorwort 9 Allgemeine Hinweise 11 1. Einführung 13 Hebräische Makulaturforschung in Mainz 15 Die Stadtbibliothek Mainz und ihre Bestände 18 Zwischen Verfolgung und Vernachlässigung - Wie kamen die Fragmente zu den Büchern? 19 Was besagen die Fragmente über die jüdische Lesekultur im Mittelalter? Welche Schriften wurden von Juden gelesen? 27 Zur Beschreibung der Fragmente 30 2. Tora-Rollen 35 3. Bibel (Tanakh), Masora und Targum 49 4. Bibel-Kommentar 87 5. Mischna 95 6. Talmud 105 7. Talmud-Kommentare 131 8. Midrasch Tanchuma 145 9. Machsor 157 10. Piyyut-Kommentar 201 11. Kodizes 207 12. Nicht identifi zierte hebräische Fragmente 223 13. Anhang: Orientalische Genisa-Fragmente 233 14. Liste aller hebräischen Fragmente in der Stadtbibliothek Mainz 241 15. Die hebräischen Fragmente nach Institutionen-Provenienzen 243 16. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 245 17. Register 267 18. Glossar 273 Vorwort des Direktors Das vorliegende Werk ist die jüngste wichtige und tragende Säule im stetig wachsenden Gebäude unserer Forschungsbibliothek für Buch- und Kulturwissenschaften. Diese Bezeichnung für die Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz entwickeln wir als Anspruch und füllen ihn nun erneut mit Leben. Bestätigt wird das durch die individuelle Qualität und Tiefe der Arbeit, die der versierte Leser darin sofort erspürt. Universität als Impulsgeber, Bibliothek als Hort der Schätze, um die es geht, und das Zusammenwirken von Hochschullehrer und wissenschaftlicher Bibliothekarin weit über das Übliche hinaus haben diese Publikation möglich gemacht. Und ich freue mich besonders, dass das Buch zudem in unserer Schriftenreihe erscheint, diese um ein weiteres Juwel reicher macht und umgekehrt wohl auch einen soliden und inzwischen recht renommierten Rahmen erhält. Fragmente tragen begriffl ich in sich die Beschreibung einer Kleinteiligkeit als vorliegende Form, gleichzeitig aber auch einer Anteiligkeit zu etwas Größerem. Die Beschäftigung damit hat also wie jede detaillierte Erfor- schung der Welt auch zum Ziel, das Ganze zu verstehen. Darüber hinaus kann die kluge Einordnung in größere Zusammenhänge auch virtuelle Wis- sensräume bilden und längst verstreute Bestände über Jahrhunderte hinweg zusammenknüpfen und im Buch wie im digitalen Forschungsnetz wieder vereinen. Mein Dank gilt Professor Dr. Andreas Lehnardt für die unermüdliche For- schung in und mit der Bibliothek und die Nutzung unserer Bestände, für den Anstoß zu dieser Publikation sowie für die Organisation ihrer Finanzierung. Dank und Anerkennung gilt ebenso seinem Team für die Begleitung der Publikation, vor allem aber auch meiner Kollegin Annelen Ottermann für die außerordentliche Leistung zur inhaltlichen und redaktionellen Vollreife dieser ‚Wissensfrucht‘. Mir selber bleibt es hiermit vorbehalten, staunend und erfreut von einem weiteren wertvollen Dokument unseres Wirkens zu berichten – aber lesen Sie selbst … Mainz, im Herbst 2014 Dr. Stephan Fliedner Direktor der Bibliotheken der Stadt Mainz 8 Vorwort Der Wert einer Bibliothek erschöpft sich nicht im Fiskalischen. Den Reich- tum einer Bibliothek macht ihre Sammlung aus, die über Jahrhunderte ge- wachsen ist und von diesem Wachsen Zeugnis ablegt. Jahresringe wie bei einem Baum, viel verästelt, starke und schwache Wachstumsjahre, mit weit verzweigten Wurzeln, die stark machen, um Stürmen zu widerstehen. Nicht alle, die auf diese Sammlung als Ganzes schauen, sehen dasselbe: Je nach Kenntnis der Bibliotheks-, Orts- und Regionalgeschichte und der Vertrautheit mit den Objekten, je nach persönlichen Erfahrungen und fach- wissenschaftlicher Verortung bemerkt der eine dies, fällt dem anderen jenes auf. Wenn Interessierte, Liebhaber und Kenner zusammenkommen, kön- nen sich immer wieder neue Perspektiven auf eine Bibliothek auftun, die vermeintlich längst bekannt war. Bibliothekare leben davon, dass sie sich die Sichtweisen und das Fachwis- sen der Wissenschaftler, die mit ihren Beständen arbeiten, zunutze machen. Das Bereitstellen von Materialien, das Hinweisen auf besondere Schätze, ihre Erschließung und Erhaltung – das ist der Part der Bibliothek. Alles, was darüber hinausgeht, gehört nicht mehr der bibliothekarischen Pfl icht, sondern der Kür an. Gleichwohl macht diese Kür den Reiz dessen aus, was der wissenschaftliche Bibliothekar leistet. Wenn die bibliothekarischen Angebote durch die Forschung aufgegriffen werden, so sind dies oft Ausgangspunkte für einen fruchtbaren und wei- terführenden Diskurs zwischen Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Sternstunden für die Bibliothek! Im gemeinsamen Sichten, Zuordnen und Erforschen ihrer hebräischen Einbandfragmente konnte die Mainzer Stadtbibliothek einmal mehr diese beglückende Erfahrung machen. Auch hier galt, dass sich im wechselseiti- gen Austausch Perspektiven änderten, Bewertungen annäherten, neue Kon- turen und Zusammenhänge erkennbar wurden. Das Ergebnis liegt vor. Die seit drei Jahrzehnten auf- und ausgebauten Son- dersammlungen an Handschriften, Fragmenten und Rara sind unter einem neuen Blickwinkel untersucht und in den Kontext der Provenienzforschung gestellt worden. Damit bestätigt sich, wie wichtig diese Basisarbeit für die Außenwirkung und -wahrnehmung der Bibliothek war, ist und bleiben wird. Aus dem Diskurs entstanden nachhaltige Sichtweisen, die ihren Nieder- schlag in der vorliegenden Publikation fanden. 10 Vorwort Es ist ihr zu wünschen, dass sie über den bibliothekarischen und fachwis- senschaftlichen Rahmen hinaus als Mosaikstein und bleibender Beitrag zur Erforschung der jüdischen Kultur in einer der Schum-Städte am Rhein wei- terwirkt (AO). Die in diesem Band vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse stehen im Kontext eines größeren Projekts aus Mitteln der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Das Projekt Genizat Germania“ wurde vom Lehrstuhl für Juda- istik an der Evangelisch-theologischen Fakultät der Johannes Gutenberg- Universität Mainz initiiert und ist dort angesiedelt. Die Drucklegung des Bandes ist aus Berufungsmitteln des Lehrstuhlinhabers für Judaistik an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität sowie durch einen Druckkostenzuschuss der Kulturabteilung der Landeshauptstadt Mainz ermöglicht worden. Besonderer Dank gilt Professor Dr. Simha Emanuel von der Hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem. Er konnte aufgrund seiner jahrzehntelangen Erfahrung bei der Identifi zierung helfen und auf wichtige Details aufmerksam machen. Unterstützt wurde die Arbeit durch Professor Dr. Jacob Sussmann; bei der Beschreibung einiger talmudischer und an- derer Fragmente waren Dr. Yoav Rosenthal und Dr. Pinchas Roth (alle: Jerusalem) behilfl ich. Dr. Bill Rebiger danke ich für die eingehende Korrek- tur des Manuskripts. Die Satzarbeiten wurden von Silja Geisler vorbereitet. Die Ablösung und Restaurierung einzelner Fragmente leistete Maike Warnecke, die Buchbin- dermeisterin der Stadtbibliothek Mainz. An der Vereinheitlichung des Manuskripts hat Dr. Elke Morlok vom Lehr- stuhl für Judaistik mitgewirkt; sie hat auch den Satz gestaltet und somit maßgeblich zum Gelingen des Projekts beigetragen. Dafür und für die Übertragung eines schwierigen hebräischen Fragments ins Deutsche sei ihr herzlich gedankt (AL). Annelen Ottermann Abteilungsleitung Handschriften, Rara, Alte Drucke Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz Andreas Lehnardt Professur für Judaistik Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz, im Herbst 2014 11 Allgemeine Hinweise Das in diesem Band verwendete Transkriptionsverfahren ist in den Frank- furter Judaistischen Beiträgen 2 (1974), S. 65–68 entwickelt und begründet worden. Nicht transkribiert werden biblische Namen sowie Termini techni- ci oder Werktitel (z.B. Mischna für „mishna“, Machsor für „ma zor“, Piyyut für „piyyu ). Die rabbinischen Traditionswerke und talmudischen Traktate werden in der Regel ausgeschrieben angegeben; nur in einigen Fällen ist ein kleines b vor den Traktatnamen gesetzt und verweist auf den Babyloni- schen Talmud. Bibelzitate sind in der Regel kursiv gesetzt, Mischna-Zitate in Kapitälchen. Die Wiedergabe der Bibeltexte orientiert sich an der Über- setzung von Leopold Zunz, Tora, Nevi’im, Ketuvim. Die vier und zwanzig Bücher der Heiligen Schrift, unter der Redaktion von L. Zunz übersetzt von H. Arnheim, J. Fürst, M. Sachs, Berlin 1838. In den übersetzten Texten werden folgende Zeichen verwendet: In eckige Klammern [ ] gesetzt werden ergänzte Sätze oder Satzteile, die aufgrund von vollständigen Fassungen rekonstruiert werden können. In runde Klam- mern
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