Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script

Using the examples at the right, practice writing out the Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. Be sure to accurately reflect the position of the letter in relation to the base line. Boxes are used to indicate final forms.

Letter Name aleph א aleph bet ב bet gimel ג gimel dalet ד dalet heh ה heh vav ו vav zayin ז zayin .het ח ḥet tet ט tet yod י kaph כ yod ך kaph final kaph lamed ל mem מ lamed ם mem 3 Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script final mem Letter Name nun נ ן nun final nun samek ס samek ayin ע

pe פ ayin ף pe final pe tsade צ ץ tsade final tsade qoph ק qoph resh ר resh שׂ sin sin shin ׁש shin tav ת tav

Name: ______

Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script 4 Exercise 1B: Reading Proper Names

In this exercise you will practice identifying the Hebrew consonants by reading familiar proper names. Write the English name in the space to the left of the Hebrew name. Since the alphabet has no vowels, you will have to provide vowel sounds to recognize each word. Start by trying an “a” vowel between each con- sonant. The “a” vowel is the most common vowel in Hebrew and, while it will not always be the correct one, it should help you recognize these names.

לבן Laban יעקב אסתר אברהם עבדיה יצחק יחזקאל יׂשראל דוד רבקה נחמיה נבכדנאזר ירבעם ירדן מרדכי מׁשה דברה גלית יׁשמעאל עׂשו

5 Exercise 1B: Reading Proper Names Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional)

Using the examples shown, practice writing out the cursive Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. Be sure to accurately reflect the position of the letter in relation to the base line. Boxes are used to indicate final forms.

Letter Name aleph א aleph bet ב bet gimel ג gimel dalet ד dalet heh ה heh vav ו vav zayin ז zayin .het ח tet ט ḥet

tet yod י kaph כ yod ך kaph

final kaph lamed ל lamed

7 Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional) mem מ ם mem final mem nun נ ן nun final nun samek ס

samek ayin ע

pe פ ayin ף pe final pe tsade צ ץ tsade final tsade qoph ק qoph resh ר resh sin ש sin shin ׁש shin tav ת tav

Name: ______

Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional) 8 Exercise 2: Vowel Identification

In this exercise you will practice identifying each vowel, shewa, and dot in a given word. Each vowel is treated in its own line, although you should also note any “dots” within a consonant. It is your task to identify three pieces of information:

1. VOWEL NAME: What is the name of the vowel or shewa? Be sure to distinguish between silent shewa, vocal shewa, and composite shewa.

2. VOWEL SOUND: What sound do you hear? Identify both length (vowels: long or short, shewa: abrupt sound or no sound) and class (a, e, i, o, u). Since long /ā/ and short /o/ look the same, for .this exercise you should assume that ָ marks a long /ā/ unless you are specifically told otherwise 3. DOT: Does the consonant have a dot? If so, is it dagesh lene (BeGaD KePhaT dot), dagesh forte (doubling dot), or mappiq (H‑dot)?

VOWEL NAME VOWEL SOUND DOT

dagesh lene 1a vocal shewa abrupt sound (bgdkpt) דְ בִ י ר hireq. yod long i דְ בִ י ר 1b patah. short a מַ אֲ כָ ל 2a composite shewa abrupt a מַ אֲ כָ ל 2b qamets long a מַ אֲ כָ ל 2c short o מָ תְ ֫ ַ נ ִ י ם 3a מָ תְ נַ֫ יִ ם 3b מָ תְ נַ֫ יִ ם 3c מָ תְ ֫ ַ נ יִ ם 3d

תְ בּואָ ה 4a תְ בּו אָ ה 4b ב תְ ּו אָ ה 4c

9 Exercise 2: Vowel Identification VOWEL NAME VOWEL SOUND DOT

ֹ֫א כֶ ל 5a ֹ֫א כֶ ל 5b

תוֹלֵ דוֹת 6a תוֹ לֵ דוֹת 6b תוֹלֵ דוֹת 6c

֫עֵ בֶ ר 7a ֫עֵ בֶ ר 7b

טֻ מְ אָ ה 8a טֻ מְ אָ ה 8b טֻ מְ אָ ה 8c

אַ צ רְ ָ ּה 9a אַ רְ צָ ּה 9b אַ רְ צָ ּה 9c

רּוץ 10

כְ לִ מָ ה 11a כְ לִ מָ ה 11b כְ לִ מָ ה 11c

Exercise 2: Vowel Identification 10 VOWEL NAME VOWEL SOUND DOT

אֱ ֹלהִ ים 12a אֱלֹ הִ י ם 12b אֱ ל ֹ הִ י ם 12c

יַ לְ דָ ה 13a יַ לְ דָ ה 13b יַ לְ דָ ה 13c

יֶ חֱ ַ ז ק 14a יֶ חֱ זַ ק 14b ֶ י חֱ זַ ק 14c

גִ ּלּולִ ים 15a גִ ּלּו לִ י ם 15b גִּל ּו לִ י ם 15c

ֹ֫ ג בַ ּה 16a ֹ֫ ג בַ ּה 16b

מַ טֶ ה 17a מַ טֶ ה 17b

11 Exercise 2: Vowel Identification VOWEL NAME VOWEL SOUND DOT short o מָ עֳ מָ ד 18a מָ עֳ מָ ד 18b מָ עֳ מָ ד 18c

Name: ______

Exercise 2: Vowel Identification 12 Exercise 3A: Syllable Division

Practice dividing the following words into syllables and pronouncing them. Remember that the accent in a Hebrew word usually falls on the last syllable of the word. If the accent is not on the last syllable, the symbol < will appear above the accented syllable. When you encounter a dagesh forte (doubling dot) in a word, use a strike-­through (as in the advanced examples below) to remind you that the letter is doubled and that one consonant closes the preceding syllable while the second consonant opens the next syllable.

דָ | בָ ר :EXAMPLES

ָ י מִ י ם יְ רּו ָ ׁשלַ֫ יִ ם דְ ָ ב רִ י ם

נְ בֵ לָ ה מִ דְ בָ ר ּו מֵ אֶ֫ רֶ ץ

מִ לְ חָ מָ ה ִ י ׁשְ ב כְ ּו ֻ ׁשלְחֲנוֹתֵיהֶ ם

לְ ָ ׁשלֹום וִיהּודָ ה ָ ׁש ֫מַ רְ תִ י

בִ ְ ג דֵ י ִ י כְ תָ ב ־ ָ ׁשם בָ קָ ר

13 Exercise 3A: Syllable Division ADVANCED הַ דִ מ | יֹון פָ עֳ | לֹו יְ | בָ ֽ | רְ | כּו :EXAMPLES with meteg composite shewa with dagesh forte for silent shewa

הַטְהוֹרָ ה חֻ קֹתֵ֫ ינּו חָ ֽ ְ כ מָ ה

הַ ֫ ֶ כ רֶ ם ׁשַ ח בְ ּו יַ עֲ בֹ ד

יִכְבַד ֶ נ אֱ מָ ן וַ ֫ ָ י מָ ת

ֽ ט קָ ל ְ ּו צַ דִ י קִ י ם הָ אִ שָ ה

Name: ______

Exercise 3A: Syllable Division 14 Exercise 4B: The Conjunction

Memorize the principles related to the vocalization of the conjunction in table 4.3 of the grammar (see page 56). Then add the conjunction to each of these words. Use an arrow to indicate where the addition of a con- junction requires the removal of a dagesh lene.

וְ ָ ׁשלֹום ”peace“ וְ דָ בָ ר ”EXAMPLES: “word

ָ ׁשלַ ח ”he sent“ אֱ מֶ ת ”truth“

מָ צָ א ”he found“ י אִ ׁש ”man“

֫כֶ סֶ ף ”silver“ חֲ לֹום ”dream“

חֳ לִ י ”sickness“ מְ קֹומֹות ”places“

בֵ ן ”son“ ׁשְמּואֵ ל ”Samuel“

קֹול ”voice“ אֲ ָנ ִ ׁשי ם ”men“

ADVANCED PRACTICE Further practice is available on the back of this page. We encourage students to become familiar with all the ways a conjunction attaches. It is up to the individual instructor to decide what level of memorization is required.

23 Exercise 4B: The Conjunction Add conjunction Apply secondary adjustment → יְ רּו ָ ׁשלַ֫ יִ ם ”Jerusalem“ → אֱֹלהִ ים ”God“ → אֲ ד ֹ ָ נ י ”Lord“

Also applies to → יְ ה וָ ה Divine Name

Use the conjunction to connect the following two words:

“formless and תֹ֫ הּו ב֫ ֹהּו ”void

Name: ______

Exercise 4B: The Conjunction 24 Exercise 5: Adding Gender and Number Endings

Desired Phrase Historic form Add ending & syllabify Apply rules (& add prefixes)

and great N D1 women ּוגְ דֹולֹות * גַ | דוֹ | לֹות *גַ דֹול (גָ דוֹל)

the righteous woman ( צַ דִ י ק)

and a wise woman ( חָ כָ ם)

the judgments ( מִ ְ ׁשפָ ט)

the elders ( ָ ז קֵ ן)

and the prophetesses ( נָ בִ י א)

27 Exercise 5: Adding Gender and Number Endings ADVANCED PRACTICE Segolate Nouns (base = one-­syllable singular & two-­syllable plural)1

Desired Phrase Historic form Add ending & syllabify Apply rules (& add prefixes)

the queen * מַ לְ כ ( מֶ ֫ לֶ ְך) (historic sg. base)

and kings * מַ לַ כ ( מֶ ֫ לֶ ְך) (historic pl. base)

1. See LBH, pages 76-79.

Name: ______

Exercise 5: Adding Gender and Number Endings 28 Exercise 7: Vowel Changes with Construct Nouns

INSTRUCTIONS Practice creating construct forms using the nouns and adjectives listed below. Attach the construct endings you have memorized to the historic form of the word and adjust the vowels according to the vowel rules. (See Exercise 5 Instructions: Adding Gender and Number Endings on page 25.) Remember that vowels in construct nouns adjust as if the accent is on the following word. Though construct nouns are not always marked with the maqqeph (hyphen), use the symbol in the exercises below to remind you of this shift in accent. ־ ֫

EXERCISE 7: CONSTRUCT NOUN ENDINGS

Desired Phrase Historic form Add ending & syllabify Apply rules (& add prefixes)

hands of ְי ֵדי־ ֫ * ַי | ֵדי־ ֫ *יַ ד (יָ ד)

wise women of ( חָ כָ ם)

wise woman of ( חָ כָ ם)

judgments of ( מִ ְ ׁשפָ ט)

hand of (יָ ד)

29 Exercise 7: Vowel Changes with Construct Nouns ADVANCED PRACTICE Segolate Nouns (base = one-­syllable singular & two-­syllable plural)1

Desired Phrase Historic form Add ending & syllabify Apply rules (& add prefixes)

queen of * מַ לְ כ ( מֶ ֫ לֶ ְך)

(historic sg. base)

kings of * מַ לַ כ ( מֶ ֫ לֶ ְך) (historic pl. base)

books of * סִ פַ ר ( סֵ֫ פֶ ר) (historic pl. base)

Name: ______1. Remember that segolate nouns have some unique characteristics. These are presented in LBH, pp. 76-79. Exercise 7: Vowel Changes with Construct Nouns 30 Exercise 8: Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes

Circle suffix Identify (with vowels) Vocabulary Word + Endings Translation טַ בָ חָ י ו

דְ ָ ב רִ י

חֲ לוֹמוֹתֵ֫ ינּו

מְקוֹ מֵ ְך

עֲבָדָ֫יו

סְכַ נ ֫ פֵ ּו

33 Exercise 8: Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes Circle suffix Identify (with vowels) Vocabulary Word + Endings Translation רְאַ צ ָ ּה

אֲ ָנ י ֫ ׁשַ ִ ְך

ְ י מֵ י הֶ ן

בְנוֹתַ י

אַ ְנ ֵ ׁשי כֶ ם

ְ נ ֵ ׁשי הֶ ם

Name: ______

Exercise 8: Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes 34 Active Ptc. Active Ptc. Passive Impv. Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 13: QAL VERB PRACTICE SHEET EXERCISE 13: QAL VERB PRACTICE

37 Exercise 13: Qal Perfect Active Ptc. Active Ptc. Passive Impv. Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 14: QAL VERB PRACTICE SHEET EXERCISE 14: QAL VERB PRACTICE

39 Exercise 14: Qal Imperfect Active Ptc. Active Passive Ptc. Passive Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you you (2fs) you I (1cs) (2fp) you (1cp) we they (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you EXERCISE 15: QAL VERB PRACTICE SHEET EXERCISE 15: QAL VERB PRACTICE

41 Exercise 15: Qal Jussive & Imperative Active Ptc. Active mp mp fp ms fs fp Ptc. Passive ms fs Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) they (3mp) they she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 16: QAL VERB PRACTICE SHEET EXERCISE 16: QAL VERB PRACTICE

43 Exercise 16: Qal (All Forms) HIPHIL HOPHAL Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. Ptcpl. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. PIEL PUAL HITHPAEL Ptc. Pf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Abs. Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. QAL NIPHAL Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Ptc. (pass.) Pf. Ptc. (act.) Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. EXERCISE 18: REPRESENTATIVE VERB FORMS EXERCISE 18: REPRESENTATIVE

45 Exercise 18: Representative Forms (Qal–Niphal) HIPHIL HOPHAL Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. Ptcpl. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. PIEL PUAL HITHPAEL Ptc. Pf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Abs. Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. QAL NIPHAL Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Ptc. (pass.) Ptc. Pf. Ptc. (act.) Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. EXERCISE 19: REPRESENTATIVE VERB FORMS EXERCISE 19: REPRESENTATIVE

47 Exercise 19: Representative Forms (Qal–Hithpael) HIPHIL HOPHAL Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. Ptcpl. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. PIEL PUAL HITHPAEL Ptc. Pf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Abs. Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. QAL NIPHAL Ptc. Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Ptc. (pass.) Pf. Ptc. (act.) Inf. Abs. Inf. Cst. Pf. EXERCISE 20: REPRESENTATIVE VERB FORMS EXERCISE 20: REPRESENTATIVE

49 Exercise 20: Representative Forms (Qal–Hophal) Exercise 23: Verbs with Direct Object Suffixes

Optional Endings Suffix Vowel Sufformative Parsing Practice Qal 3fs pf. 2fs 2nd pers. = historic 3fs 2fs suffix + מָ ׁשְ רָ ֫ תֶ ְך (“you”) inconclusive (“she ___”) i-class (“she kept you”)

נְכַבְדְֵך

בִ קְ ָ ׁשם

תְ בַ קְ ֫ ֶ ׁשהָ

ָ ׁש פְטֵ֫נּו

הַמְ ִילׁ֫ש ּוהּו

ׁשִ מְ ר֫ ּו הָ

ְ ז ָ כ רַ ֫ תְ ִ נ י

ִב ְ ׁשמָ רְ ֶ כ ם

רְדַפְתִ֫יָך

כִ בְ דַ ֫ ת ּו

הִ לְבַ ְׁש ֫ תּונּו

53 Exercise 23: Verbs with Direct Object Suffixes Optional Endings Suffix Vowel Sufformative Parsing Practice

תַ ׁשְמִ יעּום

הִ לְ בִ י ֫ ׁשַ תְ ָך

יִׁשְמָעֵ֫נִי

הִ מְ ׁשַ לְ ה ֫ תָ ּו

אֶ מָ ׁשְ רְ ָך

ְ ז ָ כ רַ ֫ תָ ה

פִ ּלְטּוכֶ ם

ְ ל ָ ׁשמְ רִ י

ְ ל ָ ׁשמְ רֵ ֫ ִ נ י

בִ קֶ ׁשְ ָך

מְ ָ כ רָ ֫ תַ ן

בַ קְ ֵ ׁשם

Name: ______

Exercise 23: Verbs with Direct Object Suffixes 54 Exercise 24A: General Principles for Weak Verbs

The left column in the table below presents the form that the verb would have if it reflected the strong pattern. The middle column gives the form you will actually encounter in the Hebrew Bible. Based on the general principles you learned for the weak verbs: 1) identify what type of weak verb it is by circling the weak letter in the left column and then 2) explain in the right column why this verb departs from the standard pattern (see example below).

Hypothetical form (strong verb) Actual form Explain What Is Happening

Vowelless nun likes to assimilate טַנִ ׁש * נִ נְ טַ ׁש

ֵ י י טִ י ב *יַ יְטִ יב

מֵ אֵ ן * מִ אֵ ן

הּו ַ ׁשב * הֻ ְו ַ ׁשב

ִ נ חֵ ׁש * ִ נ חֵ ּ ׁש

ֹ מְ ב רָ ְך * בֻ מְ רָ ְך

55 Exercise 24A: General Principles for Weak Verbs Hypothetical form Actual form Explain What Is Happening (strong verb)

ֶ י חֱ ַ ז ק * ִ י חְ ַ ז ק

בָ רָ א תִ י * בָ רַ אְ תִ י

ִ י י טַ ב *יִ יְטַ ב

ִ י א ׂשְ ּו1 * ִ י ְנ א ׂשְ ּו

יוֹ ִ ׁשיב * ַ י ְו ִ ׁשי ב

סַ ב ּו * סָ ב בְ ּו

Name: ______

1. Remember that dagesh forte is occasionally dropped from cer- you that the dagesh forte is often stripped off when the “s” sounds (Skin ‘em Levi) י ,ו ,ל ,מ ,נ ,ק or the consonants (ׂש ,ׁש ,צ ,ס) -tain consonants when they have a vocal shewa because it is dif ficult to hear doubling. The catch-phrase Skin ‘em Levi reminds appear with a vocal shewa.

Exercise 24A: General Principles for Weak Verbs 56 Exercise 24B: Original A-­Class Preformative Vowels

The left column of the table below presents a form of the weak verb with the short a-class preformative vowels of the historic qal and niphal. The middle column gives you the form that you will actually find in the Hebrew Bible. For each example answer two questions: (1) Did the change from a → i take place , yes or no? (2) Why or why not?

Hypothetical form (strong verb) Actual form Did shift occur? Why or why not?

(1) Yes, shift occurs (a → i) Closed unaccented syllable allows shift (2) ִ י קְ טֹ ל *יַ קְ טֹ ל

(1) No shift (סבב) Open syllable prevents shift (2) יָסֹב *יַסֹב

גַיִ ׁש *י ַ גַ ׁש (נגׁש)

ִ י תֵ ן * ַי תֵ ן (נתן)

יִ פֹ ל * ַי פֹל (נפל)

יַ עֲ ֹמ ד * ַי עֲ מֹד

ִ י ְ ׁשלַ ח * ַי ְ ׁשלַ ח

ִ י מְ צָ א * ַי מְצָ א

57 Exercise 24B: Original A-­Class Preformative Vowels ַ ו ֫ ָ י קָ ם * ַ ו ֫ ַ י קָ ם (קום)

NIPHAL

ִ נ קְ טַ ל * ַנ קְטַ ל

נוֹ ַ ׁשב * ַנ וְ ַ ׁשב

נָ סַ ב * ַנ סַ ב (סבב)

Name: ______

Exercise 24B: Original A-­Class Preformative Vowels 58 Active Ptc. Active Passive Ptc. Passive mp mp fp ms fs fp ms fs Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we they (3mp) they EXERCISE 25: QAL STRONG VERB EXERCISE 25: QAL STRONG

61 Exercise 25: Qal Strong Verb Ptc. ms fs mp fp Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 26: NIPHAL STRONG VERB EXERCISE 26: NIPHAL STRONG

63 Exercise 26: Niphal Strong Verb Ptc. ms fs mp fp Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 27: PIEL STRONG VERB PIEL STRONG EXERCISE 27:

65 Exercise 27: Piel Strong Verb Ptc. ms fs mp fp Inf. Abs. Inf. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 28: PUAL STRONG VERB STRONG EXERCISE 28: PUAL

67 Exercise 28: Pual Strong Verb Ptc. ms fs mp fp Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 29: HITHPAEL STRONG VERB STRONG EXERCISE 29: HITHPAEL

69 Exercise 29: Hithpael Strong Verb Ptc. ms fs mp fp Impv. → → → → Inf. Abs. Inf. Juss. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 30: HIPHIL STRONG VERB EXERCISE 30: HIPHIL STRONG

71 Exercise 30: Hiphil Strong Verb Ptc. ms fs mp fp Inf. Abs. Inf. ↓ Impf. Inf. Cst. Inf. Pf. he (3ms) she (3fs) (2ms) you (2fs) you I (1cs) (3mp) they (3fp) they (2mp) you (2fp) you (1cp) we EXERCISE 31: HOPHAL STRONG VERB EXERCISE 31: HOPHAL STRONG

73 Exercise 31: Hophal Strong Verb Exercise AP-­5: Transliteration Exercise

Memorize the transliteration chart in Appendix 5 of Learning Biblical Hebrew and transliterate the passage that appears below. Anything that does not look like a vowel you have learned will be an accent mark.

Transliterate the following passage from Psalm 1:1–3:­

1 אַ ׁשְרֵ י־הָאִיׁש אֲ ֶ רׁש לֹא הָ לְַך בַעֲצַת רְ ָ ׁשעִ ים

ּובְדֶ֫רְֶךחַטָאִ ים לֹא עָמָ דּובְ מֹו ַ ׁשב לֵצִ ים לֹא יָ ָ ׁשב׃

2 כִי אִם תבְתֹורַ יְהוָהחֶפְ צֹוּובְתֹורָ תֹו יֶהְ גֶ ה

יֹומָ ם וָלָ֫ יְלָ ה׃ 3 וְהָ יָה כְעֵ ץ ָ ׁשתּול עַל־פַלְגֵי מָ֫ יִם

אֲ ֶ רׁש פִרְ יֹו יִתֵ ן בְעִ תֹו וְעָלֵ֫ הּו לֹא־יִבֹול

וְ כֹל אֲ ֶ ׁשר־יַעֲ ֶ ׂשה ַיַצְלִ֫יח ׃

Convert the following transliteration from Psalm 23:1–4­ back into Hebrew:

1 mizmôr ledāwid. yhwh rōʿî lōʾ ʾeḥsār.

2 binʾôt dešeʾ yarbîṣēnî, ʿal mê menuḥôt yenahălēnî.

3 napšî yešôḇēḇ. yanḥēnî ḇemaʿgelê ṣeḏeq lemaʿan šemô.

4 gam kî ʾēlēḵ beḡêʾ ṣalmāweṯ lōʾ ʾîrāʾ rāʿ, kî ʾattâ ʿimmāḏî.

šiḇṭeḵā ûmišʿanteḵā hēmmâ yenaḥămunî.

75 Exercise AP-­5: Transliteration Exercise