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Biblical Hebrew: Dialects and Linguistic Variation —— ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 1 A–F General Editor Geoffrey Khan Associate Editors Shmuel Bolokzy Steven E. Fassberg Gary A. Rendsburg Aaron D. Rubin Ora R. Schwarzwald Tamar Zewi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 Table of Contents Volume One Introduction ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ ix Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii Articles A-F ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Two Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles G-O ........................................................................................................................ 1 Volume Three Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles P-Z ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Four Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Index ................................................................................................................................... 1 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 338 biblical hebrew: dialects and linguistic variation ——. 1970. “Aramaic”. Current trends in linguis- Shin, Seoung-Yun. “A lexical study on the language tics, ed. by Thomas Sebeok, vol. 6, 347–412. The of Haggai–Zechariah–Malachi and its place in the Hague: Mouton. history of Biblical Hebrew” (in Hebrew). PhD dis- ——. 1982. A history of the Hebrew language. Jeru- sertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. salem: Magnes and Leiden: Brill. Tur-Sinai, Naphtali H. 1954. Sefer ±Iyov: ≠Im peruš Levine, Baruch A. 1983. “Late language in the ≤adaš. Jerusalem: Yavne. Priestly Source: Some literary and historical obser- ——. 1965. “Hašpa≠at ha-±aramit ≠al ha-≠Ivrit šel ha- vations”. Proceedings of the Eighth World Con- miqra”. Encyclopaedia Biblica, vol. 1, 593–595. gress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, August 16–21, Jerusalem: Bialik Institute. 1981: Panel Sessions: Bible Studies and Hebrew Von Soden, Wolfram. 1966. “Aramäische Wörter im Language, 69–82. Jerusalem: World Union of Jew- neuassyrischen und neu- und spätbabylonischen Tex- ish Studies. ten. Ein Vorbericht. I”. Orientalia (N.S.) 35:1–20. Morag, Shelomo. 1972. Review of Wagner 1966. ——. 1968. “Aramäische Wörter im neuassyrischen Journal of the American Oriental Society 92:298– und neu- und spätbabylonischen Texten. Ein 300. Vorbericht. II”. Orientalia (N.S.) 37:261–271. Nöldeke, Theodor. 1903. Review of Kautzsch 1902. ——. 1977. “Aramäische Wörter in neuassyrischen Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen und neu- and spätbabylonischen Texten. Ein Gesellschaft 57:412–420. Vorbericht. III”. Orientalia (N.S.) 46:183–197. ——. 1910. “Hebräische und aramäische Wörter Wagner, Max. 1966. Die lexikalischen und gram- im Äthiopischen”. Neue Beiträge zur semitischen matikalischen Aramaismen im Alttestamentlichen Sprachwissenschaft, 32–46. Strassbourg: Trübner. Hebräisch. Berlin: Töpelmann. Polotsky, Hans Jakob. 1964. “Aramaic, Syriac, and Young, Ian, Robert Rezetko, and Martin Ehrensvärd. Ge≠ez”. Journal of Semitic Studies 9:1–10. 2008. Linguistic dating of biblical texts. 2 vols. Polzin, Robert. 1976. Late Biblical Hebrew: Toward London / Oakville, Connecticut: Equinox. an historical typology of Biblical Hebrew prose (Harvard Semitic Monographs 12). Missoula, Avi Hurvitz Montana: Scholars Press. (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Qimron, Elisha. 1978. “The language of the second temple in the book of Psalms” (in Hebrew). Beit Mikra 23:139–150. ——. 1986. The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Biblical Hebrew: Dialects and Atlanta: Scholars Press. Linguistic Variation Rabin, Chaim. 1958. “The historical background of Qumran Hebrew”. Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Scripta Hierosolymitana 4), ed. by Chaim Rabin During much of the late 19th and early 20th and Yigael Yadin, 144–161. Jerusalem: Magnes. centuries, scholars theorized the existence of dif- ——. 1970. “Hebrew”. Current trends in linguistics, ferent Hebrew dialects in ancient Israel (cf., e.g., ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, vol. 6, 304–346. The GKC §2w), though only Burney made a seri- Hague: Mouton. ——. 1971. “≠Ivrit”. Encyclopaedia Biblica, vol. 6, ous attempt to identify specific evidence. In his 51–73. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute. commentary on Judges (1918:171–176), Burney Rendsburg, Gary A. Diglossia in Ancient Hebrew isolated various northern features in the Song of (American Oriental Series 72). New Haven, Con- necticut: American Oriental Society. Deborah (Judg. 5); while in his commentary on Rezetko, Robert. 2010. “The spelling of ‘Damascus’ Kings (1903:208–209) he performed the same and the linguistic dating of biblical texts”. Scan- task with regard to the Elijah and Elisha narra- dinavian Journal of the Old Testament 24:110– tives (most of 1 Kgs 17–2 Kgs 13). 128. Rooker, Mark F. 1990. Biblical Hebrew in transi- Nonetheless, these early efforts were suf- tion: The language of the book of Ezekiel (Journal ficient to establish the basic picture. Since so for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement much of the Bible emanates from Judah in gen- Series 90). Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the eral and Jerusalem in particular (or was written Old Testament Press. Sáenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. A history of the Hebrew by exiles from Judah/Jerusalem, e.g., Ezekiel, language. Trans. by John Elwolde. Cambridge: Second Isaiah, etc.), the working assumption is Cambridge University Press. that Standard Biblical Hebrew (SBH) represents Schoors, Anton. 1992–2004. The preacher sought the dialect of Judah/Jerusalem (Rabin 1979). to find pleasing words: A study in the language of Qoheleth. 2 vols. (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta But since a significant proportion of the bibli- 41; 143). Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek. cal canon stems from northern Israel, and since Segal, Moshe H. 1927. A grammar of Mishnaic these texts reflect atypical grammatical and Hebrew. Oxford: Clarendon. lexical traits—atypical, that is, from the van- Seow, Choon L. 1996. “Linguistic evidence and the dating of Qohelet”. Journal of Biblical Literature tage point of SBH—one can assume a distinct 115:643–666. dialect for northern Israel. Building on Burney, © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 biblical hebrew: dialects and linguistic variation 339 such works would include not only the Song point which has led to some scholarly disagree- of Deborah, but other material in the book of ment (cf., e.g., Young 1995; Schniedewind and Judges geographically situated in the north (e.g., Sivan 1997). Notwithstanding these difficul- the Gideon cycle, i.e., Judg. 6–8); along with ties, however, a reasonable picture of IH has all the portions of the book of Kings concerning emerged in the last few decades. Fortunately, the northern kingdom, beyond the chapters additional assistance is provided by Mishnaic concerning Elijah and Elisha expressly. In addi- Hebrew (MH), since frequently an IH feature tion, one may look to the book of Hosea, and surfaces a millennium later in rabbinic sources, perhaps Amos, too, as northern compositions a phenomenon to be explained by the fact that with linguistic elements representative of the the Mishna and related texts were written and northern dialect (Rabin 1981). compiled in the Galilean centers of Sepphoris The result is the recognition of two main dia- and Tiberias. lects of ancient Hebrew: (a) Judahite Hebrew Space allows for only a limited number of (JH), essentially the same as SBH (see above), examples of IH features, identified via the though there may have been some dialectal above methodology. Distinctive IH grammati- variations in certain villages and sub-regions cal features (extracted from the convenient of Judah; and (b) Israelian Hebrew (IH), which list in Rendsburg 2003a) include (a) special final) ל"י serves as an umbrella term for a host of sub- forms for the infinitive construct of lëhèrå< ±ò ְל ֵהָר ֖ ֹאה ,.dialects (Samarian, Galilean, Transjordanian), yod) verbs (cf. Ugaritic), e.g even if in most cases we lack the evidence and ‘to appear’ (nif≠al) (Judg. 13.21 [Samson]), ,([šå< μò ‘to drink’ (qal) (1 Sam. 1.9 [Shiloh ָשׁ ֑ ֹתה -hence the finesse to say more about these sub lëhèrå< ±ò ‘to appear’ (nif≠al) (1 Sam. 3.21 ְל ֵהָר ֣ ֹאה dialects. The most active researcher into these kallè ‘to complete’ (pi≠el) (2 Kgs ַכּ ֵ ֽלּה ,([regional dialects has been Rendsburg, who in a [Shiloh ’u-úë-™akkè ‘to wait ְוּכ ַח ֵ֨כּי ,([series of studies devoted to specific books and 13.17 [Elisha chapters has uncovered scores of grammatical (pi≠el) (Hos. 6.9 [northern prophet]); (b) the ,(qå< ∫ål ‘before’ (cf. Aramaic ָ ֽק ָבל and lexical features which together give us an preposition ’qå< ∫ål-≠åm< ‘before the people ָ ֽק ָב ְל ָ ֖־ﬠם ,.excellent picture of IH. The main studies are e.g Rendsburg 1990 (on selected psalms), Rends- (2 Kgs 15.10 [Shallum]); (c) indefinite noun + burg 2002 (concerning the northern material
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