4 A Modern Grammar for Biblical Hebrew CHAPTER 1 THE HEBREW ALPHABET AND VOWELS Aleph) and the last) א The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants, the first being -Shin) were originally counted as one let) שׁ Sin) and) שׂ Taw). It has 23 letters, but) ת being ter, and thus it is sometimes said to have 22 letters. It is written from right to left, so that in -is last. The standard script for bibli שׁ is first and the letter א the letter ,אשׁ the word written cal Hebrew is called the square or Aramaic script. A. The Consonants 1. The Letters of the Alphabet Table 1.1. The Hebrew Alphabet Qoph ק Mem 19 מ Zayin 13 ז Aleph 7 א 1 Resh ר Nun 20 נ Heth 14 ח Beth 8 ב 2 Sin שׂ Samek 21 ס Teth 15 ט Gimel 9 ג 3 Shin שׁ Ayin 22 ע Yod 16 י Daleth 10 ד 4 Taw ת Pe 23 פ Kaph 17 כ Hey 11 ה 5 Tsade צ Lamed 18 ל Waw 12 ו 6 To master the Hebrew alphabet, first learn the signs, their names, and their alphabetical or- der. Do not be concerned with the phonetic values of the letters at this time. 2. Letters with Final Forms Five letters have final forms. Whenever one of these letters is the last letter in a word, it is written in its final form rather than its normal form. For example, the final form of Tsade is It is important to realize that the letter itself is the same; it is simply written .(צ contrast) ץ differently if it is the last letter in the word. The five final forms are as follows. Table 1.2. Consonants with Final Forms צ פ נ מ כ Normal Form ץ ף ן ם Final Form 9 ,the first letter, reading the Hebrew right to left) has the normal form) מ ,(mlk) מל In (1) .(in its final form (9 כ but the last letter in the word is .(ם) has the final form מ has the normal form, but the כ lkm), the) לכם In (2) Chapter 1: The Hebrew Alphabet and Vowels 5 Blackboard 1.1. The Use of Final Forms of Letters Final Form Final Form #"! %$" Normal Forms Normal Forms 3. Confusing Letters Hebrew can be difficult to read because many letters look very similar. Observe the letters in the following chart. In each box, you see a series of letters that look similar to one anoth- er. Be sure that you can distinguish which letter is which. Table 1.3. Easily Confused Letters ד ר 9 י ו ז ן ס מ ט ם ע צ נ ג ו ה ח ת ב כ פ 4. The Phonetic Value of the Alphabet For learning purposes, Hebrew consonants can be divided conveniently into six groups: be- gutturals, liquids, and nasals. These six groups are not ,ק and ט ,gadkephat letters, sibilants built around phonetic definitions of the Hebrew consonant system, although some phonetic terminology is used. These groups simply provide a framework for learning to pronounce the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. a. Begadkephat Letters -the let ,( ְבַּגד ְכַּפת Referred to as the begadkephat letters (from the artificial memory words are unique in that each has two distinct phonetic values. Each of ת and ,פ ,כ ,ד ,ג ,ב ters these may be found with a dot called a Daghesh Lene (e.g., בּ) or without the Daghesh Lene .(ב ,.e.g) (1) If the Daghesh Lene is present, the letter is a plosive, like the English B. (2) If there is no Daghesh Lene, the sound is a fricative or spirant (there is a strong breathing sound, as with the English V sound). Table 1.4. The “Begadkephat” Letters With בּ גּ דּ כּ פּ תּ Daghesh G as in P as in B as in boy D as in dot K as in kite T as in tin Lene good paste ת פ כ ד ג ב Without Daghesh V as in GH as voiced TH C as in F as in fix unvoiced Lene very in dog as in then cool TH as in house thin 6 A Modern Grammar for Biblical Hebrew Do not think of the begadkephat letters as twelve different letters. There are only six. In a given word the same begadkephat letter will sometimes be written with, and sometimes without, a Daghesh Lene, according to rules we will learn in the next chapter. The Daghesh Lene is used only with these six begadkephat letters. b. The Gutturals The sounds of these letters are made at the .ח and ,ה ,ע ,א :Hebrew has four guttural letters -are especially odd. The let ע and א back of the throat. For English speakers, the “sounds” of is a mild “glottal stop,” the tiny sound made by the tightening of the throat before the א ter ,was necessary א .has no sound at all א ,oh sound in uh-oh. But for all practical purposes however, because originally Hebrew was written with no vowels. Writing without vowels obviously posed a problem if, for example, a word began with a vowel sound. Some letter .had that role א had to be an “empty” consonant to show that there was a vowel there, and is a strong “glottal stop,” and it has a much stronger guttural sound. It is important to ע The as redundant ע and א try to pronounce the letters distinctly. Today, people frequently treat -as redundant (both having an H sound). Bibli ח and ה both having no sound) and also treat) cal Hebrew does not confuse these letters. Table 1.5. The Gutturals Almost no sound; a weak glottal stop. The tiny sound made by the tightening .of the throat before the oh sound in uh-oh א A strong glottal stop. Exaggerate the sound made by the tightening of the .throat before the oh sound in uh-oh, and add a slight but hard G sound ע Somewhat similar to the final guttural sound of the English -ING ending. .H as in hot ה .Like H but with friction at the back of throat; like the CH in Scottish loch ח c. The Sibilants These are the S-type letters. They are created by passing air between the teeth. These letters differ from one another in several respects as described in the chart below. (1) Voiced refers to a consonant that is pronounced while using the voice (e.g., the sound of Z); unvoiced refers to a consonant pronounced without using the voice (e.g., the sound of S). appear to be redundant letters, but probably most שׂ and ס ,To English speakers (2) speakers of biblical Hebrew could distinguish the two. Table 1.6. The Sibilants Z as in Zion; voiced ז S as in sack; a sharp S made with teeth; unvoiced ס TS as in hats; unvoiced but emphatic צ Chapter 1: The Hebrew Alphabet and Vowels 7 שׂ S as in seen; a softer S than the Samek; unvoiced and slightly aspirated שׁ SH as in sheen; unvoiced and strongly aspirated d. Velar (Emphatic) T and K is a T sound that may have been pronounced more on the palate than was the ט The letter case with its counterpart תּ (the תּ seems to have been pronounced with the tongue on the is a K that was probably pronounced further back in the ק back of the teeth). The letter throat, more in the back of the palate, than כּ. These two consonants are pronounced more .is also a velar צ emphatically and are called velars. The ק and ט .Table 1.7 a T made more on the palate, as in tot; may have had a glottal sound ט a K sound at the back of the throat; no English analogy ק e. The Nasals A nasal is a sound made by vibrating the vocal chords while obstructing the flow of air through the mouth with the lips or tongue with the result that air and its sound comes out the (which obstructs airflow with the lips) מ :nose instead of the mouth. Hebrew has two nasals which obstructs airflow with the tongue on the palate). These are like their English) נ and counterparts M and N. Table 1.8. The Nasals M as in miss מ N as in now נ f. The Linguals A lingual is a consonant sound made by causing the airstream the flow over the sides of the tongue, as in the English L and R. Table 1.9. The Liquids L as in look ל R as in read ר g. The Glides (Semivowels) A semivowel or glide is a consonant with a vowel-like sound; sometimes they are actually used as vowels. For example, English Y is a consonant in yoke but a vowel in easy. Hebrew .י and ו :has two semivowels (W as in wish (modern pronunciation: like V in very ו 8 A Modern Grammar for Biblical Hebrew Y as in yes י h. Phonetic Classification of the Letters The above categorization of the letters is represented in the following table. Unvoiced con- are also plosive like ט and ק sonants are italicized; voiced consonants are bold. The velars Notice also that the begadkephat letters are in three classes: labials .כ not fricative like ,כּ (made with the lips), palatals (made on the palate), and dentals (made with the front teeth). As you can see, the begadkephat letters are subdivided by whether they are voiced or un- voiced and whether they are fricative or plosive.