Other Marks .א3

Reading Chapter 3: Other Marks

John C. Beckman 2016-08-29 Goal: Prepare to Memorize the Other Marks 2 Other marks • Everything other than consonants and vowels

Be able to • Symbol  name and meaning • Name  symbol and meaning

Caveat: We will cover specific accents later Not Part of the Original Manuscripts 3 The original texts had only consonants (including vowel letters) • Vowel letters (using consonants) began in 900 BC • No regular vowels, accents, or other marks

Vowels, accents, and other marks began in post-biblical period • Consider them an early, generally reliable commentary. • Like breathing marks and accents in the Greek NT iff = If and Only If 4 Compact notation

Example: • has meaning iff it is preceded by a vowel, not • Every dagesh that is preceded by a vowel has meaning. • Every dagesh that is not preceded by a vowel is meaningless. is Consonantal 5 ה Indicates Word-Final מַפִּ יק Mappiq is a vowel letter iff word-final ה He הָיְתָ ה יִּהְ יֶה הִּ נֵּה כֹּה is a vowel letter ה Word-final • ,elsewhere is always a consonant ה • הָ אָ רֶ ץ א הֹלהִּ ים never a vowel letter

?ה What if a word needs to end in a he אֹּתָ ּה ה Put a dot inside the word-final • מַפִּ יק Mappiq • Means ‘Dot’ 6 דָ גֵּׁש Dagesh

• Dot inside the consonant (or to the left if there is no ‘inside’)

ה Looks like mappiq, but not in a word-final he •

• ּב ּג ד ּוּזּטּיכ ּל ּמ נ ּס פ ּצ ּק ּׂש ּׁש ּת and (אהחע) Dagesh in all consonants except gutturals • to a point-like sound בכפ Dagesh changes the sound of • Dagesh Doubles Consonant IFF Preceded by Vowel, not Shva 7 בכפ Dagesh always changes the pronunciation of כְ נֶגְ דֹו Meaningless dagesh • Multiple categories and names • Dagesh qal (‘light dagesh’), dagesh lene • Conjunctive dagesh, … (בכפ Ignore it (other than pronouncing • וַ ּתְ דַ ּבֵּ ר Meaningful dagesh • Doubles the consonant • Has meaning. Changes parsing. • Certain verb forms, assimilated consonant, etc. (strong dagesh’; aka dagesh forte‘) דָ גֵּׁש חָ זָק Dagesh ḥazaq • Shuruq or Vav with a Dagesh? 8 ּו Is is vav + dagesh iff it has a vowel (or shva) of its own ּו • Otherwise it is the vowel shuruq • Because never two vowels in a row in Hebrew • Because need vowel before and after a doubled consonant in order to pronounce it. E.g., better, kitten • So actually always vowel before and after vav with dagesh

Examples: צִּ ּוָ ה קִּ ּוִּ יתִּי מִּתְ אַ ּוָה ּבְ ׁשַ ּוְ עִּ י Vav with dagesh • ּורְ בּו סּורּו ּתּובָ לּון ּודְ רָ ׁשּוהּו Shuruq • 9 ־ Maqqaf Hyphen that joins words (מַּקֵּ ף also called maqqef) מַּקָ ף Maqqaf • כִּ י־ט֑ ֹוב (The first word has no accent ( ok • כָ ל־ but כֹֹּּ֫ ל This may cause vowel changes • • Closely connected grammatically לֹֹּֽא־רָאִּ ִ֧יתִּ י E.g., a negative and what it negates • עַל־הָאָ ֑רֶ ץ E.g., a preposition and its object • וַַֹֽֽיְהִּ י־בֹֹּ֖קֶ ר E.g., a verb and its subject • ּבַת־אָבִּ ִ֣יו E.g., two nouns in a construct chain • 10 ׃ Sof Pasuq סֹוף פָ סּוק Sof pasuq • Means ‘end of verse’

Appearance ׃ Looks like a colon • • Occurs after the last word of every verse • E.g., Genesis 1:1-2 ֹ֖ ּבְרֵּאׁשִּ ית ּבָרִָ֣אא הֹלהִּ ֑ים אֵּ ֵ֥ת הַּׁשָמַ ֹ֖יִּם וְאֵּ ֵ֥ת הָאָֹֽרֶ ץ׃ וְהָאָָ֗רֶ ץ הָיְתֵָ֥התֹֹּ֙הּוּ֙ וָבֹֹּ֔ הּו וְ חֹֹּׁ֖שֶ ְך עַל־פְ נֵּ ִ֣י תְ ה֑ ֹום וְרִּ֣וחַ א הֹלהִֹּ֔ים מְרַחֶ ֹ֖פֶ תעַל־פְ נֵּ ֵ֥יהַּמָֹֽיִּם׃ 11 פ ס Paragraph Markers English paragraph mark: • ¶ ‘pilcrow’

Hebrew paragraph marks ס and פ • יֵֹ֥ום אֶחָֹֽ ד׃ פ וַּיִֹּ֣אמֶ ר ס and פ No distinction between • • Usually at the end of a verse, after sof pasuq ּתַחְ ּתָֹ֔ יו פ ּבִּׁשְ נַ ִ֣ת Sometimes within a verse • הַ נְטֹּפָתִּ ֑י ס אִּּתַ יּ֙ At the end of a paragraph • after each item of a list ס Occasionally • 12 ׀ Paseq וַּיִֹּ֣אמֶ ר ׀ Paseq is a vertical line after a word

Looks important, but it is very minor • Some occurrences are part of certain minor accents • Other occurrences are not part of an accent • No consensus on the meaning • Perhaps a minor separation between two words • Perhaps a scribe’s concerns about a text Accent Marks 13 Over 20 different accent marks • Any mark we haven’t discussed yet is an accent (almost) • aka ‘cantillation marks’

(’tastes‘) . טְ עָמִּ ים aka • • Have musical value for chanting the text in unison • We will pronounce as stress accents, not tone

Every Hebrew word has an accent mark • Except for a word followed by maqqaf לֹּא־ but לֹֹּ֙ א and לִֹּ֣ א Placement of Accent Marks 14 Only the last two syllables of a word can be accented הַּמָ ֑יִּם ּבְתִ֣ ֹוְך • Most go over or under first consonant of accented syllable וְהָאָָ֗רֶ ץ ֹ֖ ּבְרֵּאׁשִּ ית • If vowel and accent both under same consonant, the accent is ALWAYS to the left ִּ both have a tevir accent ּ֛ , not a ḥiriq ּ֛ צַדִּ יק and אִּּמּ֛ ֹו So • A few precede (‘prepositive’) of follow (‘postpositive’) the word הָרָ קִּיעַ עֵּ ֵ֚שֶ ב • A few have two parts, and pashta is repeated if on the penult הַּמַ ּ֙יִּםּ֙ and וַ ּּ֙יֹּאמֶ רּ֙ רְ ׁשָֹּ֫עִּ ֵ֥ים ׁשַלְ ׁשֶֶׁ֓ לֶ ת׀ • Functions of Accent Marks 15 Pronunciation • Pitch for chanting in the synagogue (traditions vary) • We’ll treat as stress accents • Some accents can cause vowel changes • Loss or movement of accent can cause spelling changes

Helps with the parsing of certain words ’they captured‘ ׁשָבֹּ֫ ּו .they returned’ vs‘ ׁשָֹּ֫ בּו • • Discussed in detail later

Function like detailed punctuation within a verse • Discussed in detail later 16 ֹֽ מֶֹּ֫תֶ ג Meteg מֶֹּ֫תֶ ג Meteg • Also called metheg הֹֽ Small vertical line under a consonant • • Never part of a two-part accent If there is a vowel under the consonant הָֹֽ Meteg usually to the left • הֹֽ ָ Rarely to the right of a vowel • The normal secondary accent • Goes on any syllable • Does not have the functions of a regular accent הָֹֽ .vs הָ Used on qamats but not qamats qatan • טְ קָֹֽ לָֹּ֫ ה Precedes vocal shva but not silent shva •